|2012 Annual Report, Agency 229 - Partners for Progress||Jan 24, 2013||VCE-16||
|2013 Annual Report, Agency 229 - Partners for Progress||Nov 12, 2014||VCE-196||
|2014 Annual Report, Agency 229 - Partners for Progress||Nov 12, 2014||VCE-444||
|2015 Annual Report, Agency 229 — Partners for Progress||Sep 30, 2015||VCE-583NP||
|4-H PetPALS Leader's Guide||Nov 10, 2009||380-006|
|4-H PetPALS Member Resource||Nov 10, 2009||380-005|
|A Many Tiered Cattle Marketing System: From a Health Perspective||May 8, 2009|
|Abortions in Dairy Cattle - I: Common Causes of Abortions||
Abortion in dairy cattle is commonly defined as a loss of the fetus between the age of 42 days and approximately 260 days. Pregnancies lost before 42 days are usually referred to as early embryonic deaths, whereas a calf that is born dead between 260 days and full term is defined a stillbirth. A low rate of abortions is usually observed on farms and 3 to 5 abortions per 100 pregnancies per year is often considered "normal." However, the loss of any pregnancy can represent a significant loss of (potential) income to the producer and appropriate action should therefore be taken to prevent abortions and to investigate the cause of abortions that may occur. Each abortion is estimated to cost the producer $500 to $900
|May 1, 2009||404-288|
|Abortions in Dairy Cattle - II: Diagnosing and Preventing Abortion Problems||
Abortions can represent a significant loss of (potential) income - an estimated $500 to $900 per case - and present a frustrating challenge to dairy producers and veterinarians. The procedures presented here should help producers and their veterinarians increase the likelihood of diagnosing the cause of any abortions that may occur. In some situations, the prompt diagnosis of an abortion may help reduce the severity of an impending outbreak.
|May 1, 2009||404-289|
|Anaplasmosis in Beef Cattle||
Anaplasmosis is an infectious disease of cattle caused by several species of the blood parasite Anaplasma. A. marginale is the most common pathogen of cattle.
|May 1, 2009||400-465|
|Beef Cow/Calf Herd Health Program and Calendar||
It is widely agreed that prevention rather than treatment is the most economical approach to keeping disease losses low. Treatment of a disease after its onset is not always
|May 1, 2009||400-007|
|Calving Emergencies in Beef Cattle: Identification and Prevention||
Calving difficulty, technically called dystocia, is a major cause of death loss in cow-calf herds. CHAPA (Cow-calf Health and Productivity Audit) studies indicate that dystocia is responsible for 33 percent of all calf losses and 15.4 percent of beef cattle breeding losses.
|May 1, 2009||400-018|
|Club Lamb Fungus||May 1, 2009||410-018|
|Common Diseases of Cultured Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis, and Its Hybrid (M. saxitilis x M. chrysops)||Jun 10, 2010||600-080|
|Control of Internal Parasites in Sheep||May 1, 2009||410-027|
|Control, Treatment, and Elimination of Foot Rot from Sheep||May 1, 2009||410-028|
|Current Strategies in Parasite Control in Virginia Beef Cattle||
Many advances have been made in the field of livestock parasite control over the past few years. Because parasites decrease production, usually through decreased weight gain, advances in the control of parasites can have a direct economic impact on beef cattle operations.
|May 1, 2009||400-802|
|Dairy Heifer Health, Disease Control, and Vaccinations||
The future of the dairy herd is dependent on the production of superior heifers to replace culled lactating animals. Therefore, it is imperative that the health status of the replacement animal is optimized to present a healthy first calf heifer to the lactating herd. Studies have consistently demonstrated the detrimental effects of pneumonia in calves on age at first calving and on milk production once these animals enter lactation. Calves with respiratory infections were twice as likely to leave the herd and age at first calving was delayed by 6 months when compared with calves that did not experience respiratory disease or pneumonia. In another study, calves treated for scours were three times more likely to calve at 30 months of age or greater.
|May 1, 2009||404-284|
|Early Heifer Development and Colostrum Management||
Raising dairy replacement heifers is expensive. In fact, if the dairy is divided into different enterprises (eg. labor, feed cost for lactating cows, facilities, etc.), rearing replacements is the second largest cost, behind feed cost for lactating cows. The percentage will vary from farm to farm, but approximately 9% to 20% of the expenses incurred will involve rearing and developing heifers. Therefore, heifers should represent a sound investment, as their impact on future herd profitability is enormous.
|May 1, 2009||404-282|
|Escherichia coli: A Practical Summary for Controlling Mastitis||Jul 29, 2011||404-224|
|Estrus Synchronization for Heifers||
Developing replacement heifers is the most expensive enterprise in the cow-calf operation. You can increase returns to heifer development if the heifers calve at 24 months of age and calve early in the calving season.
|May 1, 2009||400-302|
|Fall Panicum Toxicity In Horses||
Fall Panicum is a common annual warm season grass that can be hepatotoxic (cause liver disease) in horses under certain growing conditions. Toxicity in horses was documented in Virginia in 2004 when fourteen horses were diagnosed with liver disease as a result of consuming Fall Panicum hay. Currently, there have been several cases of suspected toxicity in horses grazing Fall Panicum in Northern Virginia pastures since late summer 2015. The trigger that causes toxicity and the amount of grass required to cause illness are not well understood, thus proper identification and treatment are essential for recovery.
|Oct 16, 2015||APSC-116NP|
|Feeder and Stocker Health and Management Practices||
Disease represents a major problem in most feeder and stocker settings. In some instances, outbreaks of disease can result in as much as a 30% death loss. In addition, treatment costs, feed efficiency losses, and the expenditures and labor necessary for treatment, as well as the necessity of culling animals which fail to respond to treatment, make disease loss substantial in many situations.
|May 1, 2009||400-006|
|Fish Kills: Their Causes and Prevention||May 1, 2009||420-252|
|Foot Rot in Beef Cattle||
Foot rot is a common disease of cattle that can cause severe lameness and decreased weight gain. Other common names for the disease are sore foot and foul foot.
|May 1, 2009||400-310|
|GnRH Based Estrus Synchronization Systems for Beef Cows||
New systems of synchronizing estrus (heat) in cows for artificial insemination (AI) have been developed using commercially available Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH). These systems allow producers to artificially inseminate cows with little or no heat detection. For the first time, producers have a reliable system that results in acceptable pregnancy rates to timed AI.
|May 1, 2009||400-013|
|Goat-Herd Health Calendar||
The goal of any goat-herd health program should be to increase efficiency and productivity. Herd health programs should include general husbandry, nutrition, and parasite and vaccination programs. Your emphasis should be on disease prevention rather than treatment. There are three major approaches for disease control:
|May 1, 2009||412-501|
|Health Care for Horses||
Thoughtful and planned care will allow your horse to live a longer and healthier life. Good equine husbandry is based upon the principle of preventive care: problem prevention rather than problem treatment.
|May 1, 2009||406-308|
|Health Influence on Calf Prices||May 8, 2009|
|Heifer Inventory and the Economics of Replacement Rearing||
Profitability in the dairy business is NOT the herd with the larger milk check, or the greater volume in the bulk tank, but the producer who retains a larger sum of revenues at the end of the month (income minus expenses equals profits). One of the larger expenses incurred on the dairy is replacement heifer rearing. Replacement rearing is second only to feed cost for the lactating cows. In surveys of dairy expenditures, this item accounts for 9 to 20% of the total expenses on the farm. In the authors' experience, producers are seldom aware of what heifers cost to raise, and most producers think that these expenses are negligible. Heifers are a high cost item when expenses are divided among the various enterprises on the farm.
|May 1, 2009||404-287|
|Klebsiella spp.: A Practical Summary for Controlling Mastitis||Jul 29, 2011||404-223|
|Mid-Summer Calf Working, Especially in Tight Times||May 8, 2009|
|Milk Production Evaluation In First Lactation Heifers||
A critical evaluation of production in first lactation heifers once they reach the milking herd is important to determine the effects of the heifer rearing program. This can easily be done by monitoring start-up milk (milk production 0 to 40 days in milk), start-up milk butterfat and protein, and peak milk, peak milk butterfat and protein (41 to 100 days in milk) because these are directly related to heifer development.
|May 1, 2009||404-285|
|Monitoring Dairy Heifer Growth||
Monitoring dairy heifer growth and development will insure that calves are on target to reach a weight of 1350 pounds at calving, with a height of 54 inches at the shoulders, and a body condition score of 3.25 to a 3.5 (5 Point scale) at 24 months of age (Figure 1). Heifers should start lactation with a post-calving weight between 1225 and 1250 pounds; therefore, they will need to add 50 pounds of body weight per month from birth to first calving for an average daily gain of 1.8 pounds per day. Average daily gains of 1.3 pounds per day are too low because they add only 40 pounds per month, resulting in a post-calving weight of 950 pounds. By strategically feeding during specific growth phases, producers can set goals for different months of age, cut expenses, and increase profits for the dairy.
|May 1, 2009||404-286|
|Mycoplasma in Beef Cattle||
Mycoplasma is a tiny bacterium that has a long history of causing disease in the cattle industry. Beginning in the early 2000s, it has emerged as an important entity in Virginia.
|May 1, 2009||400-304|
|Nutrition For The Early Developing Heifer||
Several factors can dramatically reduce replacement-rearing cost and increase potential profits for the producer: (1) maximizing immunity from colostrum to minimize mortality and sickness, (2) formulating rations for specific weight gains during strategic periods of development and avoiding over-fattening prior to puberty because it impairs mammary development, (3) formulating rations for an average daily gain of 1.8 lb. for Holstein heifers, (4) using AI sires ranking in the top 20% for (PTA$) to optimize genetic improvement, (5) monitoring age, body weight, wither height, body condition score as well as peak milk and ME milk yield of first lactation heifers to evaluate management at first calving, and (5) controlling the size of the replacement herd by calving heifers at 24 months and raising no more than needed.
|May 1, 2009||404-283|
|Pinkeye in Beef Cattle||
Pinkeye, also known as infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), is one of the most common diseases of beef cattle in Virginia. It is a highly contagious disease, causing inflammation of the cornea (the clear outer layer) and conjunctiva (the pink membrane lining the eyelids) of the eye.
|May 1, 2009||400-750|
|Powell River Project - Management of Cow-Calf Production on Reclaimed Surface-Mined Land||Feb 12, 2010||460-128|
|Practices Associated with Profitable Cow-Calf Herds||May 8, 2009|
|Pre-weaning Calves: Decreasing Disease and Increasing Value||May 8, 2009|
|Predicting Bull Fertility||
Reproductive efficiency is a major determinant of cow-calf profitability. The bull’s contribution to pregnancy rates is often overlooked.
|May 1, 2009||400-009|
|Recognition and Treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex||
The recognition and treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) is vital to the economic well-being of the stocker cattle producer. This disease is also known as shipping fever, or simply pneumonia.
|May 1, 2009||400-008|
|Reference Guide for Mastitis-Causing Bacteria||Jun 10, 2010||404-230|
|Serratia spp.: A Practical Summary for Controlling Mastitis||Jul 29, 2011||404-225|
|Staphylococcus aureus: A Practical Summary for Controlling Mastitis||Jul 29, 2011||404-226|
|Strategic Use of Antibiotics in Stocker Cattle||
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), or shipping fever, remains the most important health issue facing stocker-cattle producers. Despite many advances in our understanding of BRDC, vaccine technology, and new antibiotics in the last 40 years, the percentage of cattle that develop BRDC and the number that die from it have remained relatively unchanged.
|May 1, 2009||400-307|
|Understanding Fish Nutrition, Feeds, and Feeding||May 1, 2009||420-256|
|Understanding the Basics of Mastitis||
Mastitis occurs when the udder becomes inflammed because leukocytes are released into the mammary gland in response to invasion of the teat canal, usually by bacteria. These bacteria multiply and produce toxins that cause injury to milk secreting tissue and various ducts throughout the mammary gland. Elevated leukocytes, or somatic cells, cause a reduction in milk production and alter milk composition. These changes in turn adversely affect quality and quantity of dairy products.
|May 1, 2009||404-233|
|Zoonotic Diseases of Cattle||
Zoonotic diseases are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans and from humans to animals. Zoonotic diseases may be acquired or spread in a variety of ways: through the air (aerosol), by direct contact, by contact with an inanimate object that harbors the disease (fomite transmission), by oral ingestion, and by insect transmission.
|May 1, 2009||400-460|