While there is no doubt that in the present global system the developed industrialized nations tend to have stronger governmentality, such discourses are not absent in Nepal. As many have noted during the Panchayat years (196090 ) the monarchy, Hinduism, and the Nepali language were the triumvirate of Nepal nationalism (Sharma 1992; Shah 1993).
Backed by Nepalšs state apparatus, this national culture was disseminated through print, radio, and visual media (Onta 1994). Pratyoush Onta, in "Ambivalence Denied: The Making of Rashtriya Itihas," describes how King Mahendra (r. 195572 ) used Nepalšs New Educational Plan to inscribe a sense of nationality. Saubhagya Shah (1993), in "Throes of a Fledgling Nation," indicates how educational materials were at the center of state-sponsored efforts to socialize a new generation of students. And Stacy Pig (1992), in "Inventing Social Categories Through Place: Social Representations and Development in Nepal," has shown how this works on the village level.