Students know a force has both direction and magnitude.
Students know when an object is subject to two or more forces at once, the result is the cumulative effect of all the forces.
Students know when the forces on an object are balanced, the motion of the object does not change.
Students know how to identify separately the two or more forces that are acting on a single static object, including gravity, elastic forces due to tension or compression in matter, and friction.
Students know that when the forces on an object are unbalanced, the object will change its velocity (that is, it will speed up, slow down, or change direction).
Students know the structure of the atom and know it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Students know that in solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate; in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another; and in gases the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently.
Students know how to predict the voltage or current in simple direct current (DC) electric circuits constructed from batteries, wires, resistors, and capacitors.
Students know how to solve problems involving Ohm's law.
Students know any resistive element in a DC circuit dissipates energy, which heats the resistor. Students can calculate the power (rate of energy dissipation) in any resistive circuit element by using the formula Power = IR (potential difference) x I (current) = 1² R.
Students know the properties of transistors and the role of transistors in electric circuits.
Students know charged particles are sources of electric fields and are subject to the forces of the electric fields from other charges.
Students know magnetic materials and electric currents (moving electric charges) are sources of magnetic fields and are subject to forces arising from the magnetic fields of other sources.
Students know how to determine the direction of a magnetic field produced by a current flowing in a straight wire or in a coil.
Students know changing magnetic fields produce electric fields, thereby inducing currents in nearby conductors.
Students know plasmas, the fourth state of matter, contain ions or free electrons or both and conduct electricity.
Students know electric and magnetic fields contain energy and act as vector force fields.
Students know the force on a charged particle in an electric field is qE, where E is the electric field at the position of the particle and q is the charge of the particle.
Students know how to calculate the electric field resulting from a point charge.
Students know static electric fields have as their source some arrangement of electric charges.
Students know the magnitude of the force on a moving particle (with charge q) in a magnetic field is qvB sin(a), where a is the angle between v and B (v and B are the magnitudes of vectors v and B, respectively), and students use the right-hand rule to find the direction of this force.
Students know how to apply the concepts of electrical and gravitational potential energy to solve problems involving conservation of energy.
describes and compares the properties of particles and waves.
knows the general properties of the atom (a massive nucleus of neutral neutrons and positive protons surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons) and accepts that single atoms are not visible.
knows that radiation, light, and heat are forms of energy used to cook food, treat diseases, and provide energy.
knows that many forces (e.g., gravitational, electrical, and magnetic) act at a distance (i.e., without contact).
knows common contact forces.
knows that if more than one force acts on an object, then the forces can reinforce or cancel each other, depending on their direction and magnitude.
Some forces act through physical contact, while others act at a distance.
Investigate and describe types of forces including contact forces and forces acting at a distance, such as electrical, magnetic, and gravitational.
Investigate and describe that an unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed, or direction of motion, or both.
Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by using models to explain the motion of particles in solids, liquids, and gases.
Classify and compare substances on the basis of characteristic physical properties that can be demonstrated or measured; for example, density, thermal or electrical conductivity, solubility, magnetic properties, melting and boiling points, and know that these properties are independent of the amount of the sample.
Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by recognizing that atoms are the smallest unit of an element and are composed of sub-atomic particles (electrons surrounding a nucleus containing protons and neutrons).
Matter can undergo a variety of changes.
analyze energy conversions such as those from radiant, nuclear, and geothermal sources; fossil fuels such as coal, gas, oil; and the movement of water or wind; and