This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
cash effects of transactions that enter into the determination of net income. Investing activities: concern with buying (and selling) property, plants, and equipment (PPE); acquiring and disposing of securities of other entities; Financing activities: include issuance and reacquisition of a firm's debt and capital stock, and dividend payments. • Operating cash flows information indicates the business' ability to generate sufficient cash from its continuing operations • Investing cash flows information indicates how the business plans to expand Information about financing cash flows illustrates how the business plans to finance its expansion/reward shareholders.
Cash Flows - 1
000 $35.g.000 5. Cash Flows . “Non-cash” expenses’ 2. Depreciation Change in operating accounts: Decrease in inventory Cash from operations $30. (as we shall see). For analytical purposes.000 The format illustrated above follows the indirect method of presentation.: Net Income Non Cash Expenses: e.g.000 $50.2 . Changes in operating (working capital) e.Cash from operations: The statement of cash flows typically arrives at cash from operations by adding to (or subtracting from) net income two types of adjustments: 1. the direct method is more useful.000 15.
1990 CFA adapted] The following financial statements are from the 19X2 Annual Report of the Niagara Company: Income Statement for Year Ended December 31.350 550 $1. 19X2.3 .[Cash flow.300 500 $1. Use the direct method.5. transactional analysis.900 Fixed Assets Notes Payable F I N A N C ING Debt Payment Stock Issue Dividend Net Income LTD Capital Stock Ret Earnings Cash Flows .900 $75 615 20 $710 350 310 400 130 $1.000 Cost of goods sold (650) Depreciation expense (100) Sales and general expense (100) Interest expense (50) Income tax expense (40) Net income $60 Balance Sheets at December 31. 19X1 and 19X2 19X2 Δ Sales COGS Sales & General A/R Inventory A/P Interest Tax Expense Depreciation PP&E Purchase Int Payable Def Tax 19X1 Assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Current assets Fixed assets (net) Total assets Liabilities and equity Notes payable to banks Accounts payable Interest payable Current liabilities Long-term debt Deferred income tax Capital stock Retained earnings Total liabilities & equity $50 500 750 $1. 19X1 O P E R A T I O N S I N VESTMENT Sales $1. 19X2 Prepare a statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31.800 $100 590 10 $700 300 300 400 100 $1.800 19X2 $60 520 770 $1.
Niagara Company Sales $1.000 Cost of goods sold (650) Depreciation expense (100) SGA (100) Interest expense (50) Income tax expense (40) INDIRECT METHOD Cash from Operations Net Income 60 Non Cash Items Depreciation 100 Deferred taxes 10 Δ in operating accounts A/R (20) Inventory (20) Interest payable 10 A/P 25 165 Cash for Investment Capital Expenditures Cash for Financing ST Debt repayment LT Debt borrowing Dividends Change in Cash (150) (25) 50 (30) ( 5) 10 DIRECT METHOD Cash from Operations Cash collections Cash for inputs Cash SGA Cash for Interest Cash for Taxes 980 (645) (100) ( 40) ( 30) 165 Cash for Investment Capital Expenditures Cash for Financing ST Debt repayment LT Debt borrowing Dividends Change in Cash (150) (25) 50 (30) ( 5) 10 Cash Flows .4 .
• Increases (decreases) in liabilities represent net cash inflows (outflows). and equipment Investment in affiliates Cash Flow Description Capital expenditures Proceeds from property sales Cash paid for acquisitions and investments Changes Included in Cash Flow from Financing Activities (CFF) Balance Sheet Account Notes payable Short-term debt Long-term debt Bonds payable Common stock Retained earnings Cash Flow Description Increase or decrease in debt Increase or decrease in debt Increase or decrease in debt Increase or decrease in debt Equity financing or repurchase Dividends paid The relationship between balance sheet changes and cash flows can be summarized as follows: • Increases (decreases) in assets represent net cash outflows (inflows). Cash Flows . 5 . When a liability increases.P. the firm must have paid cash in exchange.Changes Included in Cash Flow from Operating Activities (CFO) Balance Sheet Account Accounts receivable Inventories Prepaid expenses Accounts payable Advances from customers Rent payable Interest payable Income tax payable Deferred income taxes Cash Flow Description Cash received from customers Cash paid for inputs (materials) Cash expenses Cash paid for inputs/expenses Cash received from customers Cash expenses Interest paid Income taxes paid Income taxes paid Changes Included in Cash Flow from Investing Activities (CFI) Balance Sheet Account Property. plant. the firm must have received cash in exchange. If an asset increases.
6 .P.000 10.000 12.000 10.000 60.000) 36.000 3.Converting Indirect Method Cash Flows to Direct Method: (Creating CFO from FFO) Cash Flows = Income Statement +/Balance Sheet Changes From Customer Sales ∆ A/R ∆ Advances To Suppliers COGS ∆ A/P ∆ Inventory For Expenses SG&A ∆ Accrued expense ∆ Prepaid Expense The Income Statement and the Cash Flow from Operations portion of the Statement of Cash Flows of the XYZ Company follow: Sales COGS Depreciation Wages Rent Interest Taxes 90.000) (3.000 5.000 2.000) (2.000 Net Income Add: Depreciation ∆ in A/R ∆ in A/P Less: ∆ in Inventory ∆ in Rent Payable ∆ in Tax Payable 30.000 20.000 10.000 Prepare the Cash Flow from Operations using the Direct Method: Cash Flows .000 3.000 (4.000 30.
and financing categories 1. depreciation is added back into income in arriving at cash from operations. 7 . • Cash from operations does not include cash outlays for replacing old equipment (required to ensure uninterrupted operating activities). Differences due to some accounting methods 3. Cash Flows .P. Cash flows involving Property Plant and Equipment 2.Cash Flow Classification Issues While the classification of cash flows into the three main categories is important. • Cash from operations does not include charges for the use of long-lived assets. • Identical firms that make different accounting choices may report different cash from operations. we must recognize that classification guidelines can be arbitrary. Interest paid 5. Noncash transactions Drawbacks of cash from operations (analyst point of view). investing. Leasing firms report lower cash from operations than purchasing firms as lease rentals reduce cash from operations whereas payments for purchasing reduce cash from investing activities. Capitalizing expenditures-firms report higher cash from operations than expensing-firms. Examples: 1. Although total cash flow is not subject to manipulation CFO (and CFF and CFI) is affected by reporting methods that alter the classification of cash flows among operating. Interest and dividends received 4. 2.
000 1.000 1.Example: Assumptions: Project -3 year life Cash disbursements measure progress.200 1.000 2.000 0 1.800 1.800 Year Cash Accounts Receivable1 Current Assets Advances (CL) Retained Earnings Liability & Equity 1 100 2 500 3 1. 8 .200 600 1.500 (2.200 0 1.800 1.000 CFO 100 400 BALANCE SHEET Completed Contract 3 3.000 1.000 2.000) 700 Total 3.000 1.000 600 400 500 3 1.800 1.200 INCOME & CASH FLOW Completed Contract Year 1 2 0 0 Revenues Expenses 0 0 0 0 Income Δ Inventory (900) (600) ΔAdvances 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.200 Year Cash Inventory Current Assets Advances (CL) Retained Earnings Liability & Equity 1 100 900 2 500 1.200 500 500 0 600 1.200 1.500 3 1.000 1.P.000 300 700 1.000 1.200 Total 3.000 900 100 100 2 1.000 1.200 Percentage of Completion Percentage of Completion Year Revenues Expenses Income Δ A/R 1 1.200 0 1.200 1.000 600 400 0 400 3 500 300 200 500 700 Total 3. Year Cash Receipts Disbursements Δ cash Δ cash cumul 1 1.000 0 2.200 600 1.200 CFO 1.500 900 600 (500) 100 2 1.200 1 May be called Inventory: Work in Process at Contract Price and may be reported at times net of advances Cash Flows .
500 1.000 CFO (1.500 1.500 4.500 4. Year Cash / Income Pre "Up front item" Δ cash Δ cash cumul 1 2.000 3 2.000 4.500 INCOME & CASH FLOW Expense Year Revenues Expenses Income CFO BALANCE SHEET Expense 1 2.000 0 2.500 1.000 3 2.500 4.500 3.500 500 500 2 2.500) 4.500 Capitalize / Amortize Year Cash UFI Assets Retained Earnings Liability & Equity 1 500 2 2.500 Cash Flows .500 1.500 may be capitalized or expensed immediately.500 Total 6.500 3.500 500 2.500 4.500 6.500 500 500 2 2.000 4.500) CFI 500 Δ Cash 2 2.000 500 1.500 0 3 4.000 0 2.000 (1.500 4.500 Year Cash UFI Assets Retained Earnings Liability & Equity 1 500 0 2 2.000 1.500 Capitalize / Amortize Year 1 2.P.500 500 2. 9 .000 1.000 Revenues 500 Expenses 1.000 0 2.500 2.000 500 1.000 0 2.000 1.000 1.000 Total 6.000 0 2.500 3 2.500 3 4.500 3.000 0 2.000 500 0 1.000 2.000 Total 6.500 2.500 4.500 Income 500 Add Deprec 2.500 0 500 500 500 2.000 4.000 4.Example: Assumptions: Project -3 year life Up front item (UFI) cost of $1.000 2.500 4.000 1.000 2.
analysts typically use free cash flows as an alternative measure for cash from operations defined as: CFO less net cash outlays for the replacement of operating capacity.P.FREE CASH FLOWS To overcome these problems. Free cash flows still shares two drawbacks of cash from operations • Interest and dividends received. This may overstate (understate) the net investment in replacing equipment because some of the investment reported under cash used by investing activities may represent expansion (downsizing). should be reclassified (using the after-tax numbers) as investing cash flows. Thus. the free cash flow may overstate or understate true cash from operations. Although the definition implies that only net investment in replacing old equipment is subtracted from cash from operations. This has the advantage of reporting identical cash from operations by two firms with different capital structure but otherwise identical. 10 . which are classified as operating cash flows. This has the advantages of reporting operating cash flows that reflect only operating activities of the firm's core business • Interest payments. which are classified as operating cash flows. should be reclassified (using the after-tax numbers) as cash used by financing activities. • Significant Noncash transactions Cash Flows . in practice total investment appearing in the cash used by investing activity section of the statement of cash flows is used.
Analysis of Cash Flow Trends The data contained in the statement of cash flows can be used to 1. The Effect of Accounting Policies • The cash flow statement allows the analyst to distinguish between the actual events that have occurred and the accounting assumptions that have been used to report these events. 11 . Examine the trend of different cash flow components over time and their relationship to related income statement items. The (Validity) of the Going Concern Assumption • the statement of cash flows serves as a “check” on the assumptions inherent in the income statement. 3. Review individual cash flow items for analytic significance 2.Alternatively CFO provides information as to Liquidity • The cash flow statement provides information about the firm's liquidity and its ability to finance its growth from internally generated funds. Consider the interrelationship between cash flow components over time Cash Flows .P.
Cash Flows .P. 12 .
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
We've moved you to where you read on your other device.
Get the full title to continue listening from where you left off, or restart the preview.