Scientific name: prunus dulcis
The almond is the seed inside the fruit of the almond tree. Almond trees grow up to 10 metres tall. They are related to plums, cherries and apricots. Most people think of almonds as a nut, not the seed of a fruit. Almonds can be eaten raw or roasted and salted, or used in cooking cakes and puddings.
Scientific name: bertholletia excelsa
Brazil nuts are the seeds of a tree from South America. The Brazil nut tree is a very large tree, and the nuts only grow when the tree is in an undisturbed forest. The insects that pollinate the Brazil nut flowers are only found near a particular kind of orchid. The Brazil nuts themselves grow inside a large fruit the size of a coconut, with the nuts in shells like in the picture arranged like the segments of an orange.
Scientific name: anacardium occidentale
The cashew, or caju, is a small tree native to Brazil. Cashew nuts are the seeds of the cashew apple, and are found in the grey bump at the end of the fruit in the picture. The cashew apple itself is sweet, soft and juicy. Cashews are usually sold roasted and salted and eaten as a snack.
Scientific name: castanea sativa
A chestnut is the seed of a tree related to the oak tree, which grows in the northern hemisphere. It grows its seeds in a spikey shell. Chestnuts can be eaten raw but they do not taste very good this way. They are most often roasted before you eat them, but they can also be eaten candied, boiled, steamed, grilled or used as a stuffing.
Scientific name: corylus avellana
Hazelnuts are the nut of the hazel tree, and are very commonly used as an ingredient in chocolates, cakes and cookies (biscuits). Most hazelnuts are grown in Turkey. Hazelnuts can also be eaten raw or roasted.
Scientific name: genus: macadamia
Macadamias are medium sized evergreen trees native to the northern parts of Australia. Not all macadamia trees have edible seeds, only macadamia integrifolia and macadamia tetraphylla are cultivated. The others have toxic seeds. The macadamias that people eat are toxic to dogs, and can temporarily paralyze them.
Scientific name: carya illinoinensis
Pecans are the fruit of a kind of hickory tree, native to North America and Mexico. They have a rich taste, and are most commonly used in sweets and desserts.
Scientific name: pinus pinea
Pine nuts are the seeds of pine trees, most notably the stone pine. All pine tree seeds are edible, but only some varieties are big enough to be worth harvesting. Most pine nuts you buy in shops come from stone pines. Pine nuts are a major ingredient of pesto.
Scientific name: pistacia vera kerman
Pistachios are the seeds of a medium sized tree native to Iran, Syria, Greece, Turkey, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. They are also called the green nut. The trees are slow to mature and are most productive at 20 years old. The trees grow best in desert areas, and tolerate very salty soil. Pistachio shells pop open when they are ripe. They are most often sold roasted and salted and just eaten plain, but they can also be used in desserts and some other types of food.
Scientific name: sesamum indicum
Sesame seeds are the seeds of a plant from Africa and India that grows to about a metre high. The seeds can be pressed to extract the oil but are used most often sprinkled on other foods as a flavour and garnish. You often see them stuck to the top of loaves of bread. The sesame seeds in the picture are on top of some cooked spinach.