STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
November 18, 2004
v No. 250143
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 03-003311-01
Before: Borrello, P.J., and Murphy and Neff, JJ.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of three counts of assault with a dangerous weapon
(felonious assault), MCL 750.82, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony,
MCL 750.227b. He was sentenced to one to four years in prison, concurrently, for each of the
felonious assault convictions and to a consecutive term of two years? imprisonment for the
felony-firearm conviction. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm.
Defendant?s sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in admitting testimony
regarding the theft of glasses that had occurred two days before the shooting. Defendant argues
that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting testimony about the prior armed robbery
because it amounted to improper character evidence and the prejudicial effect substantially
outweighed the probative value. We disagree.
This Court reviews a trial court?s decision whether to admit evidence for an abuse of
discretion. People v Katt, 468 Mich 272, 278; 662 NW2d 12 (2003). An abuse of discretion
exists when the trial court?s ruling is so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it
evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but the
defiance of it. People v Hine, 467 Mich 242, 250; 650 NW2d 659 (2002). When the decision
whether to admit evidence involves a preliminary question of law, such as whether a rule of
evidence precludes the admission of the evidence, our review of the question of law is de novo,
and this Court will find an abuse of discretion when a trial court admits evidence that is
inadmissible as a matter of law. Katt, supra at 278.
MRE 404(b)(1) provides:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity,
or absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other
crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the
conduct at issue in this case.
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is admissible if: (1) the prosecutor offers it to prove
something other than character or propensity, (2) the evidence is relevant under MRE 401-402,
and (3) the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice under MRE 403. People v Knox, 469 Mich 502, 509; 674 NW2d 366 (2004);
People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 74-75; 508 NW2d 114 (1993), mod 445 Mich 1205 (1994).
One of the complainants, Calvin Spencer, testified that he believed defendant had taken
his glasses. The prosecutor began to ask Spencer about the circumstances of the robbery of the
glasses and defense counsel promptly objected, arguing that the testimony would constitute
improper bad acts evidence. The trial court overruled the objection and allowed the question.
Spencer then testified that, ?when I was coming out two guys were dressed in black clothes . . .
with hoods on and one pulled a gun on me while the other one snatched [the glasses].? He did
not see the men?s faces. The next day, Spencer saw defendant wearing the glasses. The theft of
the glasses played a significant role in the unfolding of events that eventually led to the shooting.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the testimony regarding the armed
robbery of the glasses. First, the prosecutor offered the evidence for a proper purpose. A proper
purpose is a non-character purpose; the list of purposes enumerated in MRE 404(b) is not
exclusive. People v Ortiz, 249 Mich App 297, 305; 642 NW2d 417 (2002), citing People v
Starr, 457 Mich 490, 496; 577 NW2d 673 (1998). The prosecutor articulated proper, non-
character purposes for the admission of the testimony, namely, to provide the context of the
confrontation that led to the shooting in the present case and to establish Spencer?s credibility.
?[I]t is essential that prosecutors and defendants be able to give the jury an intelligible
presentation of the full context in which disputed events took place.? People v Sholl, 453 Mich
730, 741; 556 NW2d 851 (1996). The Sholl Court relied on People v Delgado, 404 Mich 76, 83;
273 NW2d 395 (1978), in which the Michigan Supreme Court stated:
It is the nature of things that an event often does not occur singly and
independently, isolated from all others, but, instead, is connected with some
antecedent event from which the fact or event in question follows as an effect
from a cause. When such is the case and the antecedent event incidentally
involves the commission of another crime, the principle that the jury is entitled to
hear the ?complete story? ordinarily supports the admission of such evidence.
[Citations omitted.] Stated otherwise, evidence of other criminal acts can be admitted by the trial court when
the acts are so blended or connected with the crime of which the defendant is accused that proof
of one incidentally involves the other or explains the circumstances of the crime. Sholl, supra at
742 (citation omitted).
Here, the evidence was introduced for a proper purpose and was relevant. ??Relevant
evidence? means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
without the evidence.? MRE 401. The relevancy ?threshold is minimal: ?any? tendency is
sufficient probative force.? People v Crawford, 458 Mich 376, 390; 582 NW2d 785 (1998). If
the proposed evidence is relevant only to the defendant?s character or propensity to commit the
crime, the evidence must be excluded. Knox, supra at 510.
The trial court found the circumstances of the theft relevant:
As I understand in both of the opening statements reference was made to
bad blood or a dispute existing between the Defendant and Mr. Spencer. To me it
would appear relevant, at least on its face.
The question delves into what lead [sic] to this dispute of bad blood
between Mr. Spencer and the Defendant. . . . It could, perhaps, explain the
actions that Mr. Spencer took that caused a reaction by Mr. Borden and it
certainly sheds some light on the circumstances.
As the trial court noted, the circumstances involving the robbery of the glasses were
made relevant by the opening statements of both the prosecutor and defense counsel. The
prosecutor stated, ?[t]here?s an argument and accusations involving a pair of glasses. . . . This
argument turns life threatening. . . . Mr. Spencer will say that he believes that he holds Mr.
Borden responsible for a pair of glasses of his that were snatched from him.? Similarly, defense
counsel stated, ?I believe that the evidence is going to come out that there was, as [the
prosecutor] said, some bad blood because the Spencers believed that my client stole some
glasses.?1 The proposed evidence is relevant to shed light on the circumstances of the offense at
issue. Sholl, supra. The theft of the glasses caused the bad blood between Spencer and defendant
and led directly to the confrontation and shooting two days later.
Also, the prosecutor argued that the evidence was relevant to Spencer?s credibility. This
case involved a credibility contest between the complainants and defendant. The testimony
regarding the theft of the glasses may have had a tendency to make Spencer?s testimony more
credible as it explained both Spencer?s actions in confronting defendant and defendant?s violent
reaction. Given the low threshold for relevancy, the evidence regarding the theft of the glasses
clearly had relevance ?distinct from the impermissible character inference.? Crawford, supra at
Next, the probative value of the bad acts evidence was not substantially outweighed by
unfair prejudice. The weighing of probative value and unfair prejudice under MRE 403 is best
left to a contemporaneous assessment of the presentation, credibility, and effect of the testimony.
People v Magyar, 250 Mich App 408, 415-416; 648 NW2d 215 (2002), quoting People v
1 It is certainly arguable that defense counsel?s opening statement in fact waived any claim of
error regarding the admission of evidence regarding the theft of the glasses. See People v
Carter, 462 Mich 206, 215-216; 612 NW2d 144 (2000).
Bahoda, 448 Mich 261, 291; 531 NW2d 659 (1995). ?Evidence is unfairly prejudicial when
there exists a danger that marginally probative evidence will be given undue or preemptive
weight by the jury. In the context of prior bad acts, that danger is prevalent.? Crawford, supra
at 398. However, if the prior bad act is not the same as the crime for which the defendant is on
trial, the danger of unfair prejudice is greatly lessened. Ortiz, supra at 307.
The trial court made a contemporaneous assessment of the presentation, credibility, and
effect of the testimony and found that it was not more prejudicial than probative. The trial court
could properly conclude that the probative value of Spencer?s testimony was not substantially
outweighed by unfair prejudice. It is unlikely that the testimony at issue was given undue or
preemptive weight by the jury given that Spencer had already testified that he believed defendant
took his glasses and his testimony made clear that he could not identify defendant as one of the
robbers of the glasses, much less as the robber that pulled the gun on him. Also, the alleged
armed robbery offense is different from the felonious assault in the sense that the felonious
assault involved the discharge of a weapon and it was unrelated to any robbery or theft
motivation. Although, in this case, the armed robbery and felonious assault offenses both
involved firearms, the underlying crimes were sufficiently different such that the jury was
unlikely to conclude that, ?if he did it before, he probably did it again.? Ortiz, supra at 307.
Therefore, the jury was unlikely to give undue weight to the testimony or convict defendant
based on propensity to commit gun-related offenses. Moreover, and importantly, the probative
value of the evidence was significant and weighed heavily in favor of admission in that it
provided the jury with the ?complete story.?2
We hold that the trial court?s decision to admit the testimony was not an abuse of
discretion and Spencer?s testimony was not inadmissible as a matter of law, where the record
supports a finding that the testimony (1) was offered to prove something other than character, (2)
was relevant, and (3) the probative value was not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice.
Knox, supra at 509.
Even if the trial court?s admission of the testimony was erroneous, a preserved, non-
constitutional error is not a ground for reversal unless it is more probable than not that the error
was outcome determinative. People v Lukity, 460 Mich 484, 495-496; 596 NW2d 607 (1999).
Error requires reversal only if it is prejudicial, and the prejudice inquiry focuses on the nature of
the error and assesses its effect in light of the weight and strength of the untainted evidence.
Crawford, supra at 399-400 (citation omitted).
Admission of the testimony, even if erroneous, was harmless. As the jury was unlikely to
give preemptive weight to the testimony, it is also unlikely that the admission of the testimony
was outcome determinative. When considered in light of the other evidence against defendant,
the effect of the testimony was harmless. Two of the complainants testified that defendant pulled
2 Defendant attempts to draw a distinction between evidence that Spencer blamed defendant for
the theft, which defendant admits was relevant and admissible, and evidence of how the theft
occurred. However, this distinction, if it were observed, would result in the jury hearing
piecemeal evidence of the underlying circumstances that ultimately led to the shooting; the jury
was entitled to the complete story. Sholl, supra at 741-742; Delgado, supra at 83.
out an AK-47, loaded the gun, and fired in their direction. The police traced defendant?s
footprints in the snow to a vacant garage where they found the AK-47. The path created by
defendant?s footprints did not cross any other path. The footprints matched the soles of
defendant?s shoes. Given this evidence, the admission of the testimony regarding the theft of the
glasses was harmless.
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
/s/ William B. Murphy
/s/ Janet T. Neff