Pneumonia is the leading cause of death of young children around the world, and a study from an international group of researchers now finds that the risk of poor outcomes – including persistent pneumonia, secondary infections, organ failure or death – in children who contract pneumonia is four times higher in those who also have anemia and live at high altitudes (over 2,000 meters or about 6,500 feet). The report in the November issue of Pediatrics has been released online.
"We know that anemia is very common among young children, affecting 45 percent of preschool children worldwide and 65 percent of children in Africa and Southeast Asia," says Peter Moschovis, MD, MPH, of the divisions of Global Health at MassGeneral Hospital for Children and Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, corresponding author of the report. "While the effect of high altitude on children with lung disease is well described, we were not aware of any studies looking at the particular combination of altitude, anemia and pneumonia. Demonstrating the importance of anemia, which is a treatable risk factor, lays the groundwork for potential therapeutic studies."
Moschovis and his colleagues note that almost 140 million people live at high altitudes, many in low- or middle-income countries. While healthy people usually have no problem with the reduced oxygen levels found at high altitudes, effects on individuals with lung disease can be serious and even fatal. Pneumonia is known to be more common and more severe at high altitudes, and anemia – often the result of poor nutrition or parasitic infection – is common among children in low-resource countries. The current study was designed to take a closer look at the effects of both high altitude and anemia on children with severe pneumonia.
The investigators analyzed data collected in the World Health Organization-sponsored SPEAR (Severe Pneumonia Evaluation Antimicrobial Research) study, which compared two different treatment regimens for children under age 5 who were hospitalized with severe pneumonia at eight sites in seven countries. Six of those sites – in Bangladesh, India, Ecuador, Zambia, and two in Pakistan – were at low altitudes of 500 meters or less; two – Sana'a, Yemen, and Mexico City – were at high altitudes of more than 2,000 meters. The SPEAR study enrolled 958 children, 765 at the low-altitude sites and 193 at high altitudes, and the current investigation examined how the factors of anemia and altitude affected the risk of treatment failure – defined as recurrent or persistent pneumonia, development of additional infections or organ failure, the need to change treatment medications or death.
Overall the study found that, while neither anemia nor high altitude alone increased the risk of treatment failure, the combination of both factors caused a fourfold increase in failure risk. Controlling for the two treatment regimens of the SPEAR study did not change the impact of altitude and anemia. Children living at high altitudes also were much more seriously ill when diagnosed – with lower blood pressure and blood oxygen levels and an increased respiratory rate – and took much longer to recover normal blood oxygen levels after treatment. Since low blood oxygen significantly increases the risk of death, Moschovis notes, these findings highlight the importance of providing high-quality care to children in high-altitude environments who develop pneumonia.
"Given the high global prevalence of both anemia and pneumonia," he adds, "it's critically important that we further study this intersection of disease with environmental factors. Our results raise the possibility that preventing the development of anemia in children through community-based efforts – such as access to clean water, better nutrition and treating intestinal parasites – and treating anemia when it does occur could have an important impact on pneumonia outcomes. While we saw no effect at low altitudes, this study did not include many children who were severely anemic, who may be at risk of poor pneumonia outcomes even at low altitudes. Those questions and better strategies for treating and preventing anemia need to be addressed in future studies." Moschovis is a clinical and research fellow in Medicine at Harvard Medical School.
Patricia L. Hibberd, MD, PhD, division of Global Health, MGHfC, is senior author of the Pediatrics report. Additional co-authors are Douglas Hayden, PhD, and David Christiani, MD, MPH, of MGH; Salem Banajeh, MD, Sana'a University, Yemen; William MacLeod, ScD, and Donald M. Thea, MD, MSc, Boston University; Samir Saha, PhD, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh; Greta Mino, MD, Children’s Hospital Dr Francisco de Ycaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Mathuram Santosham, MD, MPH, Johns Hopkins University; and Shamim Qazi, MD, World Health Organization. Funding for the study includes support from the World Health Organization and the National Institutes of Health.
Massachusetts General Hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, with an annual research budget of more than $775 million and major research centers in AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine.