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BiologyA long-lived perennial, the stems are produced from 'rhizomes' that allow the plant to slowly spread by vegetative reproduction (1). New stems are produced each year in April and May, and flower from May and June. The plants are 'dioecious', with male and female flowers occuring on different plants (5). Insects pollinate the flowers, and the berries, which are dispersed by birds and small mammals, begin to turn red from July to October (1).