Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans, a collection of original articles on self-awareness in monkeys, apes, humans, and other species, focuses on controversies about how to measure self-awareness, which species are capable of self-awareness and which are not, and why. Several chapters focus on the controversial question of whether gorillas, like other great apes and human infants, are capable of mirror self-recognition (MSR) or whether they are anomalously unable to do so. Other chapters focus on whether macaque monkeys are capable of MSR. The focus of the chapters is both comparative and developmental: several contributors explore the value of frameworks from human developmental psychology for comparative studies. This dual focus - comparative and developmental - reflects the interdisciplinary nature of the volume, which brings together biological anthropologists, comparative and developmental psychologists, and cognitive scientists from Japan, France, Spain, Hungary, New Zealand, Scotland and the United States.
Foreword, Louis J. Moses; Acknowledgments; Part I. Comparative and Developmental Approaches to Self-Awareness: 1. Expanding dimensions of the self: through the looking glass and beyond Sue Taylor Parker, Robert W. Mitchell and Maria L. Boccia; 2. Myself and me Michael Lewis; 3. Self-recognition: research strategies and experimental design Gordon G. Gallup, Jr.; 4. From self-recognition to theory-of-mind György Gergely; 5. Mutual awareness in primate communication: a Gricean approach Juan Carlos Gómez; 6. Multiplicities of self Robert W. Mitchell; 7. Contributions of imitation and role playing games to the construction of self in primates Sue Taylor Parker and Constance Milbrath; Part II. The Development of Self in Human Infants and Children: 8. Detection of self: the perfect algorithm John S. Watson; 9. Social imitation and the emergence of a mental model of self Daniel Hart and Suzanne Fegley; 10. Minds, bodies and persons: young children's understanding of the self and others as reflected in imitation and 'theory of mind' research Alison Gopnik and Andrew N. Meltzoff; Part III. Self-Awareness in Great Apes: 11. Social and cognitive factors in chimpanzee and gorilla mirror behavior and self-recognition Karyl B. Swartz and Siân Evans; 12. The comparative and developmental study of self-recognition and imitation: the importance of social factors Deborah Custance and Kim A. Bard; 13. Shadows and mirrors: alternative avenues to the development of self-recognition in chimpanzees Sarah T. Boysen, Kirstan M. Bryan and Traci A. Shreyer; 14. Symbolic representation of possession in a chimpanzee Shoji Itakura; 15. Self-awareness in bonobos and chimpanzees: a comparative perspective Charles W. Hyatt and William D. Hopkins; 16. Me Chantek: the development of self-awareness in a signing orangutan H. Lyn White Miles; 17. Self-recognition and self-awareness in lowland gorillas Francine G. P. Patterson and Ronald H. Cohn; 18. How to create self-recognizing gorillas (but don't try it on macaques) Daniel J. Povinelli; 19. Incipient mirror self-recognition in zoo gorillas and chimpanzees Sue Taylor Parker; 20. Do gorillas recognize themselves on television? Lindsay E. Law and Andrew J. Lock; Part IV. Mirrors and Monkeys, Dolphins and Pigeons: 21. The monkey in the mirror: a strange conspecific James R. Anderson; 22. The question of mirror-mediated self-recognition in apes and monkeys: some new results and reservations Robert L. Thompson and Susan L. Boatright-Horowitz; 23. Mirror behavior in macaques Maria L. Boccia; 24. Evidence of self-awareness in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Kenneth Marten and Suchi Psarakos; 25. Mirror self-recognition in bottlenose dolphins: implications for comparative study of highly dissimilar species Lori Marino, Diana Reiss and Gordon G. Gallup, Jr.; 26. Further reflections on mirror-usage by pigeons: lessons from Winnie-the-Pooh and Pinocchio too Roger K. R. Thompson and Cynthia L. Contie; Part V. Epilogue: 27. Evolving self-awareness Sue Taylor Parker and Robert W. Mitchell; Indexes.