|Publication number||US7458800 B2|
|Application number||US 11/584,295|
|Publication date||Dec 2, 2008|
|Filing date||Oct 20, 2006|
|Priority date||Jan 4, 2002|
|Also published as||CA2472224A1, CA2472224C, CA2720482A1, CN1612968A, CN100359113C, EP1466058A1, EP1466058B1, EP2095923A2, EP2095923A3, EP2095923B1, EP2559824A1, US7140867, US20030126821, US20070062149, US20090277121, WO2003060251A1|
|Publication number||11584295, 584295, US 7458800 B2, US 7458800B2, US-B2-7458800, US7458800 B2, US7458800B2|
|Inventors||Ronald J. Scherer, David M. LaCroix, Paul W. Bailey|
|Original Assignee||Anchor Wall Systems, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (82), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (18), Classifications (26), Legal Events (2)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/038,639, filed Jan. 4, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,140,867, issued Nov. 28, 2006. Application Ser. No. 10/038,639 is incorporated by reference herein
The invention relates generally to concrete masonry blocks and the manufacture thereof. More specifically, the invention relates to concrete masonry blocks suitable for use in landscaping applications, such as retaining walls, and manufacturing processes useful in the production of such blocks.
Modern, high speed, automated concrete block plants and concrete paver plants make use of molds that are open at the top and bottom. These molds are mounted in machines which cyclically station a pallet below the mold to close the bottom of the mold, deliver dry cast concrete into the mold through the open top of the mold, densify and compact the concrete by a combination of vibration and pressure, and strip the mold by a relative vertical movement of the mold and the pallet.
Due to the nature of such plants and the equipment used to perform this process, it is difficult to impart a natural appearance to the face of a concrete block, particularly if the block needs to include other features, such as converging side walls, and an integral locator/shear flange(s) formed on the top and/or bottom face of the block. U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,015, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses such a concrete masonry block suitable for use as a retaining wall block, and the common method for producing such a unit in a high speed, automated concrete block plant.
There is demand for a pre-formed concrete masonry unit, particularly a retaining wall block with converging side walls and/or an integral locator/shear flange formed on the top and/or bottom face, and having a more natural appearing face than is achievable by the splitting process described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,015, or by the splitting process described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,321,740, which is also incorporated herein by reference. In particular, there is a demand for processes and tooling that will create such blocks with such faces in high-speed, automated fashion on the type of equipment commonly available in a concrete block or concrete paver plant.
The invention relates to molds and processes that permit high speed, mass production of concrete masonry units, and, in particular, retaining wall blocks. These molds and processes can be used to create relatively simple decorative front faces on such blocks, similar to the split faces described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,015. These molds and processes can also be used to create more complex front faces on such blocks, similar to the split and distressed faces produced by conventional tumbling or hammermill processing, or by the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,321,740. These molds and processes can also be used to create unique blocks that have heretofore not been available: retaining wall blocks with converging side walls and/or integral locator/shear flanges and with front faces with significantly more complex faces, including faces with significant detail and relief not heretofore available in dry cast concrete block technology.
In a preferred embodiment, the resulting blocks have patterned front faces that simulate natural stone, as well as upper and lower faces, a rear face, opposed converging side faces, and a flange extending below the lower face. Blocks having this construction, when stacked in multiple courses with other similarly constructed retaining wall blocks, permits construction of serpentine or curved retaining walls that appear to have been constructed with naturally-occurring, rather than man-made, materials.
One aspect of this invention is that a mold made in accordance with the invention is arranged so that the portion of the block that will be the front face when the block is laid is facing the open top of the mold cavity during the molding process. This orientation permits the front face of the block to be formed by the action of a patterned pressure plate (“stripper shoe”) in a high-speed, masonry block or paver plant. The stripper shoe can be provided with a very simple pattern, a moderately complex pattern, or a highly detailed, three-dimensional pattern with significant relief, simulating naturally occurring stone. Molding the block in this orientation also makes the block face readily accessible for other processing to affect the appearance of the face, including the application of specially-selected aggregate and/or color pigments to the face.
Another aspect of this invention is that a side wall of the mold has an undercut portion adjacent the open bottom of the mold cavity. This undercut portion cooperates with the pallet that is positioned under the mold to form a subcavity of the mold. In a preferred embodiment, this subcavity forms the locator/shear flange on the surface of the block that will be the bottom of the block as laid.
Another aspect of this invention is that at least one of the side walls of the mold is angled from vertical, to form a side wall of the block as laid that includes a portion that converges toward the opposite side wall as it gets closer to the rear face of the block. This angled mold side wall is moveable, so that it moves into a first position to permit the mold to be filled with dry cast concrete and the concrete to be compacted and densified, and moves into a second position to permit the densified concrete to be stripped from the mold without interference from this mold side wall. In a preferred embodiment, the opposed mold side wall is similarly moveable, so that at least portions of the opposed side walls of the resulting block converge towards each other as they approach the rear of the block.
These and various other advantages and features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and forming a part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, its advantages and objects obtained by its use, reference should be made to the drawings which form a further part hereof, and to the accompanying description, in which there is described a preferred embodiment of the invention.
The present invention provides a process for producing a concrete masonry block, as well as a block resulting from the process, and a mold and mold components used to implement the process, in which a pre-determined three-dimensional pattern is impressed into the face of the block, and the front face of the block can be otherwise directly processed or worked so that a pre-determined block front face can be produced in a standard dry cast concrete block or paver machine. Direct processing or working of the front face includes molding, shaping, patterning, impressing, material layering, combinations thereof, and other processes in which the texture, shape, color, appearance, or physical properties of the front face can be directly affected. Further, the process can be implemented using multiple-cavity molds to permit high-speed, high-volume production of the masonry blocks on standard dry cast concrete block or paver equipment. Moreover, use of the inventive process and equipment eliminates the need for a splitting station, and/or a hammermill station, and/or a tumbling station, and the additional equipment and processing costs associated with such additional processing stations.
The blocks produced by the process of the present invention can have a configuration that allows construction of walls, including serpentine or curved retaining walls, by stacking a plurality of blocks, having the same or different pre-determined front faces, in multiple courses, with an automatic set-back and shear resistance between courses.
The preferred embodiment will be described in relation to the impressing of a pre-determined, three-dimensional, rock-like pattern into the front face of a retaining wall block. As a result, the block, and a wall that is constructed from a plurality of the blocks when stacked into courses, appears to have been constructed with “natural” materials. The process described herein could also be used to construct masonry blocks that are used in the construction of building walls, as well as for concrete bricks, slabs and pavers.
A masonry block 10 according to the present invention is illustrated in
The front face 12, as shown in
The pattern that is imparted to the front face 12 can vary depending upon the desired appearance of the front face. Preferably, the pattern simulates natural stone so that the front face 12 appears to be a natural material, rather than a man-made material. The particular stone pattern that is used will be selected based on what is thought to be visually pleasing to users of the blocks. By way of example, the face of the block can be impressed with a pattern that appears to be a single stone, such a river rock. Or the block can be impressed with a pattern that appears to be multiple river rocks in a mortared together pattern. Or the block can be impressed with a pattern that simulates a single piece of quarry rubble, or multiple pieces of field stone, stacked in layers. Endless possibilities are available. By providing stripper shoes with a variety of different patterns, the resulting patterns on the blocks can be varied by changing stripper shoes.
The resulting detail and relief that can be provided on the front face is greater than that which can be provided on a front face of a block that results from conventional splitting techniques, and the tumbling, hammermilling and other distressing techniques previously described. The relief on the patterned front face 12, measured from the lowest point to the highest point, is preferably at least 0.5 inches, and more preferably at least 1.0 inches.
In the preferred embodiment, the front face 12 lies generally in approximately a single plane between the side faces 20, 22, as opposed to the common, three-faceted and curved faces that are frequently seen in split-face retaining wall blocks, although such multi-faceted and curved faces can be easily produced with the present invention. As shown in
Typically, when retaining wall blocks are stacked into set-back courses to form a wall, a portion of the upper face of each block in the lower course is visible between the front face of each block in the lower course and the front face of each block in the adjacent upper course. The visible portions of the upper faces creates the appearance of a ledge. And, in the case of dry cast masonry blocks, this ledge typically has an artificial appearance. By providing a rearward incline angle to the front face 12 of the block 10, the appearance of the ledge can be reduced or eliminated, thus enhancing the “natural” appearance of the resulting wall.
The front face 12 also includes radiused edges 24 a, 24 b at its junctures with the side faces. The radiused edges 24 a, 24 b are formed by arcuate flanges provided on the stripper shoe. The radius of the edges 24 a, 24 b is preferably about 0.25 inches. The radiused edges 24 a, 24 b shift the contact points between the sides of the block 10 with adjacent blocks in the same course, when a plurality of blocks are laid side-by-side, away from the front face 12, and result in better contact between the blocks to prevent soil “leakage” between adjacent blocks. If desired, the top and bottom edges at the junctures between the front face 12 and the upper and lower faces 16, 18 could also be radiused, similar to the radiused edges 24 a, 24 b, by the provision of arcuate flanges on the stripper shoe.
With reference to
Further, the upper face 16 is illustrated in
The lower face 18 of the block 10 is formed so as to be suitable for engaging the upper face 16 of the block(s) in the course below to maintain the generally parallel relationship between the upper faces of the blocks 10 when the blocks are stacked into courses. In the preferred embodiment, as illustrated in
In the preferred block 10, the side faces 20, 22 are generally vertical and join the upper and lower faces 16, 18 and join the front and rear faces 12, 14, as seen in
Alternatively, the block 10 can be provided with only one converging side face or side face portion, with the other side face being substantially perpendicular to the front and rear faces 12, 14. A block with at least one converging side face permits serpentine retaining walls to be constructed.
The block 10 also preferably includes a flange 26 that extends below the lower face 18 of the block, as seen in
With reference to
As shown in
With reference to
The concepts described can also be applied to masonry blocks that are used in the construction of building walls, as well as to concrete bricks, slabs and pavers. In these cases, it is contemplated and within the scope of the invention that neither side face of the block or brick would converge, and that the flange would not be present. However, the patterned front face would provide the block or brick a decorative appearance.
The masonry block 10 of the present invention may be used to build any number of landscape structures. An example of a structure that may be constructed with blocks according to the invention is illustrated in
As discussed above, the flange 26 on the block 10 provides set-back of the block from the course below. As a result, the course 42 b is set-back from the course 42 a, and the course 42 c is set-back from the course 42 b. Further, as discussed above, the rearward incline of the front face 12 reduces the ledge that is formed between each adjacent course, by reducing the amount of the upper face portion of each block in the lower course that is visible between the front face of each block in the lower course and the front face of each block in the adjacent upper course.
The retaining wall 40 illustrated in
Block Forming Process
An additional aspect of the invention concerns the process for forming the block 10. With reference to
Once the concrete is mixed, it is transported to a hopper, which holds the concrete near the mold. As discussed below, the mold assembly 50 includes at least one block-forming cavity 56 suitable for forming the preferred block. The cavity 56 is open at its top and bottom. When it is desired to form a block, a pallet is positioned beneath the mold so as to close the bottom of the cavity 56. The appropriate amount of dry cast concrete from the hopper is then loaded, via one or more feed drawers, into the block-forming cavity through the open top of the cavity 56. The process and equipment for transporting dry cast masonry concrete and loading a block-forming cavity are well known in the art.
The dry cast masonry concrete in the cavity 56 must next be compacted to densify it. This is accomplished primarily through vibration of the dry cast masonry concrete, in combination with the application of pressure exerted on the mass of dry cast masonry concrete from above. The vibration can be exerted by vibration of the pallet underlying the mold (table vibration), or by vibration of the mold box (mold vibration), or by a combination of both actions. The pressure is exerted by a compression head, discussed below, that carries one or more stripper shoes that contact the mass of dry cast masonry concrete from above. The timing and sequencing of the vibration and compression is variable, and depends upon the characteristics of the dry cast masonry concrete used and the desired results. The selection and application of the appropriate sequencing, timing, and types of vibrational forces, is within the ordinary skill in the art.
Generally, these forces contribute to fully filling the cavity 56, so that there are not undesired voids in the finished block, and to densifying the dry cast masonry concrete so that the finished block will have the desired weight, density, and performance characteristics.
Pressure is exerted by a stripper shoe 94 that is brought down into contact with the top of the dry cast masonry concrete in the cavity 56 to compact the concrete. The stripper shoe 94 acts with the vibration to compact the concrete within the cavity 56 to form a solid, contiguous, pre-cured block. In the preferred embodiment, the stripper shoe also includes a three-dimensional pattern 96 on its face for producing a corresponding pattern on the resulting pre-cured block as the stripper shoe compacts the concrete. Preferably, the portion of the pre-cured block contacted by the patterned shoe face comprises the front face of the block.
After densification, the pre-cured block is discharged from the cavity. Preferably, discharge occurs by lowering the pallet 82 relative to the mold assembly, while further lowering the stripper shoe 94 through the mold cavity to assist in stripping the pre-cured block from the cavity. The stripper shoe is then raised upwardly out of the mold cavity and the mold is ready to repeat this production cycle.
If the block is to have one or more converging side walls, then corresponding mold side walls, as described in detail below, must be provided in the mold. Such mold side walls must be adapted to move into a first position to permit filling of the mold, and compaction and densification of the dry cast masonry concrete, and must be adapted to move into a second position to permit stripping of the mold without damage to the pre-cured block.
Once the pre-cured block has been completely removed from the cavity, it can be transported away from the mold assembly for subsequent curing. The block may be cured through any means known to those of skill in the art. Examples of curing processes that are suitable for practicing the invention include air curing, autoclaving, and steam curing. Any of these processes for curing the block may be implemented by those of skill in the art.
Once cured, the blocks can be packaged for storage and subsequent shipment to a jobsite, and can then be used with other cured blocks in forming a structure, such as the retaining wall 40 in
The mold assembly 50 according to the present invention that is used to practice the invention is illustrated in
The mold assembly 50 is constructed so that the pre-cured block is formed with its front face facing upward, and with its rear face supported on the pallet 82 positioned underneath the mold assembly 50. This permits pattern impressing or other direct processing to occur on the front face 12 of the block, to allow the formation of pre-determined block front faces. Pre-determined front faces can include front faces having pre-determined patterns and textures, front faces having pre-determined shapes, front faces made from different material(s) than the remainder of the block, and combinations thereof.
Further, the mold assembly 50 is designed so that a pre-cured block, including a block with a lower lip or flange and/or one or more converging side faces, can be discharged through the bottom of the mold assembly.
With reference to
In the preferred embodiment, the division plates 58 form the upper and lower faces 16, 18 of the blocks 10, while the end liners 60 form the side faces 20, 22. For convenience, the division plates and end liners will hereinafter (including in the claims) be referred to collectively as the side walls of the cavities. Thus, side walls refers to division plates and end liners, as well as to any other similar structure that is used to define the boundaries of a block-forming cavity.
Referring now to
Pivoting of the side walls 60 is required in order to form the preferred block 10. As discussed above, the block 10 is formed “face-up” in the mold 52 with its converging side faces formed by the side walls 60. Thus, the converging side walls 60, when they are angled as illustrated in
Biasing mechanisms 68 are provided to maintain the side walls 60 at the converging position during introduction of the concrete and subsequent compacting of the dry cast masonry concrete, and which allow the side walls 60 to pivot to a vertical position during discharge of the pre-cured block. Preferably, a single biasing mechanism 68 is connected to each side wall 60 that is common to all cavities 56, so that the movement of each side wall 60 is controlled via a common mechanism (see
When pressurized with air, the air bags will force the side walls 60 to the position shown in
Rather than pivoting the side walls 60, it is possible to use other mechanisms to permit movement of the side walls 60 to allow discharge of the pre-cured block. For example, the side walls 60 could be mounted so as to slide inwards to the position shown in
As shown in
Referring now to
The side wall 58 that forms the upper face 16 (the left side wall 58 in
The side wall 58 that forms the lower face 18 (the right side wall 58 in
In particular, the undercut portion 80 includes a shaping surface 84 that forms the front surface 28 of the flange 26, a shaping surface 86 that forms the bottom surface 30 of the flange, and a shaping surface 88 that forms the edge 32 of the flange 26. The portion of the flange 26 that is an extension of the rear face 14 is formed by and on the pallet 82, along with the remainder of the rear face 14. The shape of the surfaces 84 and 86 facilitate filling of the undercut portion 80 with the concrete during introduction and subsequent compacting of the concrete so that the flange 26 is completely formed, as well as aid in release of the flange 26 from the surfaces 84, 86 during block discharge.
In the case of a block having a flange on the lower face and no converging side faces, the side walls 60 would be oriented vertically instead of being converging. Further, in the case of a block without a flange on the lower face and with converging side faces, the undercut 80 would not be present. In the case of a block without a flange on the lower face and without converging side faces, the undercut 80 would not be present and the side walls 60 would be oriented vertically.
Connected to and extending from the bottom of the head 90 are a plurality of stand-offs 92, one stand-off for each block-forming cavity 56 as shown in
A stripper shoe 94, illustrated in
Flanges 98 a, 98 b are formed on opposite ends of the face of the stripper shoe 94, as best seen in
As discussed above, a face of the shoe 94 is preferably provided with a pre-determined pattern 96 so that, as the shoe 94 compacts the concrete, the pattern is imparted to the front face of the block. The pattern 96 preferably simulates natural stone, so that the front face of the resulting block simulates natural stone thereby making the block appear more natural and “rock-like”. A variety of different patterns 96 can be provided on the shoe 94, depending upon the appearance of the front face that one wishes to achieve. In addition to, or separate from, the pattern 96, the face of the shoe 94 can be shaped to achieve a faceted or curved block front face. Indeed, the face of the shoe 94 can be patterned and/or shaped in any manner which one desires in order to achieve a desired appearance of the block front face.
Initially, one or more natural rocks having surfaces which one considers to be visually pleasing are selected. One or more of the rock surfaces are then scanned using a digital scanning machine. An example of a suitable scanning machine for practicing the invention is the Laser Design Surveyor 1200 having an RPS 150 head, available from Laser Design Incorporated of Minneapolis, Minn. The Laser Design Surveyor 1200 has a linear accuracy of 0.0005″ in the XYZ coordinates, and a resolution of 0.0001″. The scan data for the rock surfaces is collected and manipulated to blend the scan data for each scanned surface together to create a seamless data blend of the various rock surfaces. The software for collecting and manipulating the scan data is known in the art, for example, DataSculpt available from Laser Design Incorporated of Minneapolis, Minn.
The data blend is then scaled and/or trimmed to the dimension of the block front face. The scaled data blend represents a single rock surface blended from the individually scanned rock surfaces. The scaled blend data is then output to a three or four axis, numerically controlled milling machine for milling of the stripper shoe 94. A suitable milling machine for practicing the invention is the Mikron VCP600 available from Mikron AG Nidau of Nidau, Switzerland. The milling machine mills a mirror image of the rock surface, represented by the scaled data blend, into the face of the stripper shoe 94, which is suitably mounted in the milling machine in known fashion. The result is a pre-determined pattern milled into the face of the shoe 94, which, in turn, results in a pre-determined pattern impressed into the front face of the block when the shoe 94 compacts the concrete.
This process can be repeated to produce additional shoes having the same or different face patterns. This is advantageous because the patterned face of each shoe is subject to wear, and the shoe will need to be replaced when the pattern becomes excessively worn. Further, by forming a variety of different pre-determined shoe patterns, a variety of different block front face appearances can be achieved. Other shoe patterns can be formed by combining the scanned surfaces of a plurality of different rocks.
As discussed above, the resulting detail and relief that is provided on the block front face can be significantly greater than the detail and relief that is provided on the front face of a block that results from conventional splitting techniques, and the other front face distressing techniques discussed above. If desired, the scan data can be manipulated in order to increase or decrease the relief that is milled into the shoe face, which will alter the relief that is ultimately provided on the block front face.
It is known in the art that dry cast masonry concrete may have a tendency to stick to mold surfaces, such as the patterned surface of the stripper shoe 94. Various techniques to enhance the release of the stripper shoe 94 from the dry cast concrete are known, and one or more of them may need to be employed in the practice of this invention. For example, the pattern formed on the stripper shoe has to be designed to enhance, rather than inhibit, release. In this regard, appropriate draft angles have to be employed in the pattern. The pattern-forming techniques described above permit manipulation of the scanned images to create appropriate draft angles. Release agents, such as a fine mist of oil, can be sprayed onto the stripper shoe between machine cycles. Head vibration can be employed to enhance release. And heat can be applied to the stripper shoe to enhance release. Heating mold components to prevent sticking of dry cast masonry concrete is known in the art. In the present invention, due to the detailed pattern that is to be imparted to the block front face, it is even more important to prevent sticking. In particular, it is important to be able to control the temperature of the shoe so that the temperature can be maintained at selected levels.
Preferably, as shown diagrammatically in
The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.
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|U.S. Classification||425/413, 425/253, 425/442, 425/452, 425/DIG.58|
|International Classification||B28B7/38, B28B7/00, B28B3/08, E04C1/39, B28B7/10, B28B7/20, E02D29/02, B28B3/02, B28B7/34, E04B2/02|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10S425/058, E04B2002/0269, B28B7/20, B28B7/0044, B28B7/0097, E04C1/395, B28B7/007, B28B7/38|
|European Classification||B28B7/00F2, B28B7/00K, E04C1/39B|
|Aug 25, 2009||CC||Certificate of correction|
|May 25, 2012||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4