Radiological and pathological characteristics of giant cell tumor of bone treated with denosumab
© Hakozaki et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 25 March 2014
Accepted: 15 May 2014
Published: 7 June 2014
We describe a case of giant cell tumor of the proximal tibia with skip bone metastases of the ipsilateral femur in a 20-year-old man. After the neoadjuvant treatment with denosumab, plain radiographs and computed tomography showed marked osteosclerosis and sclerotic rim formation, and 18F-FDG PET/CT showed a decreased standardized uptake value, whereas magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse enhancement of the tumor, nearly the same findings as those at pretreatment. Pathological findings of the surgical specimen after the denosumab treatment showed benign fibrous histiocytoma-like features with complete disappearance of both mononuclear stromal cells and multinuclear osteoclast-like giant cells.
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KeywordsGiant cell tumor of bone Denosumab Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) Plain radiograph MRI 18F-FDG PET/CT Benign fibrous histiocytoma
Letter to the Editor
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a rare, benign primary bone tumor that commonly occurs in young adults. It accounts for approximately 5% of all primary bone tumors and approximately 20% of all benign bone tumors [1–5]. Though categorized as a benign skeletal tumor, GCTB is also known for its locally aggressive behavior and high recurrence rates; 15%–50% after usual curettage only, and 2.3%–20% after curettage with adjuvant treatment (i.e., further debridement with a high-speed burr, cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen, chemical debridement with phenol, or bone cementing) [1, 2, 4, 5]. To improve GCTB’s aggressive course, therefore, new developments in therapy have been sought.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intraosseous tumor in the left proximal tibia, measuring 9.8 × 6.4 × 5.8 cm in size and displaying iso-intensity to the surrounding muscle on T1-weighted imaging (Figure 1C), heterogeneous high intensity on T2-weighted fat-suppression imaging (Figure 1D), and diffuse enhancement on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted fat-suppression imaging (Figure 1E). Positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro- D-glucose integrated with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) showed bone destruction of both cortical and cancellous bone without sclerotic rim (Figure 1I), and an increased standardized uptake value (SUV) on the proximal tibial tumor (SUVmax: 9.6) (Figure 1J).
Although we did not diagnose the femoral tumor pathologically, we judged the femoral tumors as skip metastatic tumors from the primary GCTB of the proximal tibia, based mainly on the radiological findings. We decided to treat this patient with denosumab. After dental treatment to prevent osteonecrosis of the jaw, the patient received a hypodermic injection of 120 mg of denosumab at 4-week intervals a total of six times, along with oral calcium lactate (3 g/day) and eldecalcitol (0.75 μg/day). During this treatment, no adverse side effect occurred other than slight hypocalcemia (grade 1, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] Version 4 ).
From the post-therapeutic findings of the proximal tibial tumor, there seemed to be BFH-like tissue with no viable stromal cells or giant cells in the femoral tumors. Thus, we decided not to perform surgical treatment on the femoral tumors and to continue radiological observation only.
The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful, and a plain radiograph taken six months after the operation revealed bone union and consolidation without findings of local recurrence. The radiological findings of the femoral tumors showed no remarkable changes after the operation.
GCTB is histologically characterized by the diffuse growth of RANKL-positive mononuclear stromal cells and RANK-positive osteoclast-like giant cells . Since RANKL is a key mediator of osteoclast activation, the RANK-RANKL interaction in GCTB is thought to participate in the growth of the tumor cells, possibly as a result of the production of growth factors by osteoclast-like giant cells through a paracrine loop [8, 13]. The inactivation of osteoclasts by denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody that specifically inhibits RANKL, disturbs the bone destruction in patients with osteoporosis  and in malignant bone tumors, such as multiple myelomas  and metastatic bone tumors . In light of its mechanism of action, clinical efficacy of denosumab for GCTB had been expected.
Since the first report of the efficacy of denosumab for GCTB by Thomas and colleagues in 2010 , several studies about this new treatment for GCTB have been published. In these reports, the efficacy of denosumab was evaluated mainly by pathological findings; i.e., the disappearance or decreased number of stromal cells and giant cells, apoptosis or necrosis of tumor cells, fibrosis or increased fibro-osseous tissue, and osteogenesis [7–9, 12]. However, these reports did not provide radiological findings, especially in a comparative analysis with radiological and pathological findings.
In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of denosumab for GCTB both radiologically and pathologically. Our comparative observation demonstrated that the marked osteosclerosis and sclerotic rim formation shown by plain radiographs and CT reflect the devitalization of giant cells and reactive bone formation, and we found that the decreased SUVmax shown by 18F-FDG PET/CT relates to the disappearance of tumor cells, mononuclear stromal cells and giant cells.
Conversely, the findings obtained by enhanced MRI pre- and post-treatment were similar, presenting a diffuse proliferation of a BFH-like lesion which was enhanced by gadolinium. Enhanced MRI thus seems to be less useful than plain radiographs or 18F-FDG PET/CT for evaluating the efficacy of denosumab treatment for GCTB. However, on plain MRI, T1-weighted imaging was not changed after the denosumab treatment, whereas the intensity of the post-treated tumor on T2-weighted imaging was high (but lower than at pretreatment) in contrast to the circumferential muscle, which was thought to reflect the fibrosis of the tumor. Since the pre- and post-treatment T2-weighted MRIs were not the same, imaging at pre-treatment was with fat-suppression whereas imaging at post-treatment was without fat-suppression, comparative studies with sufficient numbers of GCTB patients treated with denosumab are needed to test this opinion.
Although we did not perform a biopsy for the femoral lesions and did not diagnose them pathologically, the clinical course of the femoral lesions was compatible to that of the GCTB; the radiological reaction to denosumab treatment was the same as that of the tibial tumor. Because multicentric GCTB is an extremely rare entity  and the femoral lesions in the present case were much smaller than the proximal tibial tumor, we diagnosed the femoral lesions as skip bone metastases from the primary tibial GCTB. The long-term prognosis of GCTB treated only with denosumab (without surgical treatment) is not yet known, and thus femoral lesions should be carefully monitored.
In conclusion, we have reported a case of GCTB of the tibia with skip bone metastases to the ipsilateral femur, successfully treated with denosumab administration followed by surgical treatment. Based on the results of our comparative radiological and pathological analysis of the pre-/post-treatment tumor, we found that plain radiographs and 18F-FDG PET/CT are useful tools for clinical evaluations of the efficacy of denosumab treatment for GCTB. The present study is preliminary, investigating only one patient; this is a major limitation. Further radiological and pathological investigations using larger numbers of GCTB patients treated with denosumab are necessary.
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
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