Harvard University Press ISBN 978-0674033276
Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths About Science and
Religion is a volume of 25 essays edited by Ronald L. Numbers, who is the Hilldale
Professor of the History of Science and Medicine at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison. Numbers is the
author or editor of more than 20 books on the history of science, medicine, and
religion in America. In addition
to Numbers, this book ???sports an impressive array and diversity of
authors. There are professors with
appointments in areas including Science and Religion, History, English, Social
Sciences, Geography, Chemistry, Philosophy, History of Science, Philosophy,
Arts, and the Humanities.
Galileo Goes to Jail was written specifically to dispel
common myths about science and religion that originated primarily as the result
of two works from the late 1800s.
These two books “The Battle-Fields of Science”, written by Andrew
Dickson White in 1869, and “History of the Conflict between Religion and
Science”, written by John William Draper in 1874, served to promote the now
commonly held warfare model of science and religion. And in this war… science would hopefully and finally
overcome the shackles of religion and win. According to Numbers, however, “Historians of science
have known for years that White’s and Draper’s accounts are more propaganda
than history.” It is apparent that
their works are written to present an attack against revealed religion and its
apparent “control” over ideas, progress, and culture. The story behind White’s and Draper’s reasons for these
attacks is quite interesting in its own regard and is presented by Numbers in
the introduction to the book.
Thus, one could say that the science and religion warfare model was the
result at least in part of manufacturing by White and Draper.
But the general public does not know this. And this warfare model is now ingrained
in popular culture.
Numbers contrasts the propaganda of the “master mythmakers”
White and Draper with the authors of Galileo Goes to Jail who “have no obvious
scientific or theological axes to grind”.
According to Numbers, 12 of the 25 contributors self-identify as
agnostic or atheist and thus are not writing this book as an attack against
atheism. Instead, they are writing
it because of the poor research and clear agenda that they see in White and Draper. Their goal is a more accurate view of
the history of science and religion.
To do that, they must bust the myths that have largely developed as the
result of White’s and Draper’s influential work.
The myths debunked range from “big” ones that many are
likely already familiar with: that Galileo was imprisoned and tortured for
advocating Copernicanism (Ch. 8), that the scientific revolution liberated
science from religion (Ch. 10), that Isaac Newton’s mechanistic cosmology
eliminated the need for God (Ch. 13), that evolution destroyed Darwin’s faith
in Christianity – until he reconverted on his deathbed (Ch. 16), that Huxley
defeated Wilberforce in their debate over evolution and religion (Ch. 16), that
Einstein believed in a personal God (Ch. 21) to myths that seem rather
insignificant to me in the larger science and religion discussion: that the
medieval church prohibited human dissection (Ch. 5) and that the Church
denounced anesthesia in childbirth on Biblical grounds (Ch. 14). Lest it seem that religion “won” the
battle (in this book), there is also a chapter on the myth that Christianity
gave birth to modern science (Ch. 9).
Lastly, and most relevant today are the final three myths of the book:
that “Intelligent Design” represents a scientific challenge to evolution (Ch.
23), that Creationism is a uniquely American phenomenon (Ch. 24), and that
modern science has secularized Western culture (Ch. 25).
This book clearly succeeds in the aim to show the reader
that the warfare model of science and religion does not provide an accurate
view of the history of science and religion. While the chapters are not all created equally and readers
may feel that some myths have not been sufficiently debunked (Ch. 25 to this
reader), taken as a whole the history of science and religion is not one that
is littered with battle scenes and mass casualties. The war between science and religion was manufactured (and
fairly recently). That is not to
say that there have not been dustups historically, but the idea that science
and religion have always been at
conflict is simply not true.
I really enjoyed reading this book. So much writing in the science and
religion field is polemical; this book exhibits strong scholarship and the
presentation feels objective and detached. These authors believe history shows that science and
religion have not been at the constant and perpetual war that is presented to
the public. Even so, the
contributors were fair to point out counter-evidence to their myth claims when applicable. This book was well researched. While this book is certainly academic,
it should be accessible to a broader audience with the expectation that a book
with contributions from 25 individuals will vary in ease of read. This book is highly recommended to all with an
interest in science and religion or the history of science.
Can the findings of this book speak to the interaction of
science and religion in present day?
If so, how?
First, proponents of the warfare model cannot simply say,
“it’s always been that way.” It
takes a very narrow and incorrect view of history to make that statement. This is a recent phenomenon. What then are the reasons that have led
many to put science against religion?
It should be noted that just because there is not a history to the
warfare model of science and religion it doesn’t mean that the model should
automatically be discredited. This
book is not arguing for that. It
is instead saying that the historical relationship between science and religion
is much more nuanced and complex.
Second, I would argue that it would be beneficial then to
look at how the interaction of science and religion has actually been modeled throughout history. If the simple model of warfare is incorrect, then what are
some other possibilities?
Third, perhaps it is time to look at constructing some new models. Evolution, the great unifying theory of
biology, has made a profound impact not only on the myriad subdisciplines of
biology, but also other areas such as psychology, cognition, and sociobiology
(just to name a few). Perhaps it
is time for religion to take it seriously as well.