See also : Grammar - Prepositions of Location
To and from imply movement toward or away from something. However, to can also function as part of an infinitive.
See also : Grammar - Infinitives, To V or Not To V
To and for can introduce indirect objects.
See also : Grammar - Indirect Objects
For and since can also indicate duration.
See also : Grammar - Present Perfect Progessive
Of is used in partitives (all of, some of . . .) and other expressions.
See also : Grammar - Quantifiers
Many prepositions are also used in expressions.
See also : Grammar - Preposition Collocations with "Be"; Verb and Preposition Collocations
For further reference:
Grammar : Prepositions and Time Words
Grammar : Adverbs and Prepositions
Grammar : Prepositions and Subordinators
The Preposition (from Grammar Bytes)