For release: Monday, January 19, 2009
People who received a mild electrical current to a motor control area of the brain were significantly better able to learn and perform a complex motor task than those in control groups. The findings could hold promise for enhancing rehabilitation for people with traumatic brain injury, stroke and other conditions.
The study is presented in the January 20, 2009 early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, and was conducted by researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The research team from NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) worked in collaboration with investigators at Columbia University in New York City and Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.
Motor skills, which are used for activities from typing and driving, to sports, require practice and learning over a prolonged period of time. During practice, the brain encodes information about how to perform the task, but even during periods of rest, the brain is still at work strengthening the memory of doing the task. This process is known as consolidation.
“Our results show that overnight consolidation of a motor skill is enhanced by mild stimulation to the primary motor cortex. Although our study involved healthy participants, this technique potentially could be used to help people with brain injuries relearn or acquire motor skills,” said Leonardo G. Cohen, M.D., a senior investigator at NINDS and a study author.
Subjects in this study were presented with a novel and challenging motor task, which involved squeezing a “joy stick” to play a targeting game on a computer monitor, which they practiced over five consecutive days. During practice, one group received 20 minutes of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and the other group received only a 30 second “sham” stimulation. tDCS involves mild electrical stimulation applied through surface electrodes on the head, and works by modulating the excitability, or activity, of cells in the brain's outermost layers. In this study, Dr. Cohen and his team directed tDCS to the primary motor cortex, the part of the brain that controls movement.
The study is the first to look at the effectiveness of tDCS on motor skill learning and retention at several different stages of the learning process—during the practice sessions, (online); between the sessions, (offline); and three months after the training ended, which enabled the investigators to measure long term retention of the skill. The most dramatic effects were seen in the offline period, indicating that the stimulation had a marked effect on consolidation.
Over the five-day training period, the skill of the tDCS group improved significantly more that that of the control (sham) group, with most of the improvement occurring offline. During the three month follow-up period, the two groups forgot the skill at about the same rate, but the tDCS group continued to perform better because they had learned the skill better by the end of training.
-By Margo Warren
*Reis J et al. “Noninvasive cortical stimulation enhances skill acquisition over multiple days through an effect on consolidation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106(5), pp. 1590-5, February 3, 2009.
Last Modified August 23, 2010