|Native to||Hungary and areas of Austria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine|
|Native speakers||14–15 million (2005)|
|Writing system||Latin (Hungarian alphabet)
|Official language in|| Hungary
European Union Slovakia (regional language), Slovenia (regional language), Serbia (regional language), Austria (regional language), some official rights in Romania, Ukraine and Croatia
|Recognised minority language in|| Romania
|Regulated by||Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences|
hun – Modern Hungarian
ohu – Old Hungarian
|Linguist List||ohu Old Hungarian|
Regions of the Carpathian Basin where the Hungarian language is spoken
The group of Finno-Ugric languages also includes Finnish, Estonian, Lappic (Sámi) and some other languages spoken in the Russian Federation. Out of these it is Khanty and Mansi that are the most closely related to Hungarian. The Hungarian name for the language is magyar.
Speakers and dialects[change | change source]
Hungarian is spoken by about 14 million people. Most of its speakers live in Hungary (around 10 million) and Romania (around 1.5 million), but it is also spoken in Slovakia, the northern part of Serbia (Vojvodina), Ukraine and other countries. Hungarian is the official language of the Republic of Hungary and one of the official languages of the EU (European Union). It is also an official language of the Autonomous Republic of Vojvodina (Serbia) and of some places in the Republic of Slovenia. Hungarians call their language magyar.
Hungarian has several dialects but they are not too different to make understanding difficult. The only such example may be the dialect of the Csángós of Romania. That dialect is an old and archaic version of the language.
Hungarian literary language is based on the Northeastern dialect.
Grammar and words[change | change source]
Hungarian grammar is rather different from the grammar of Indo-European languages. People may find this grammar complicated the first time if they speak an Indo-European language, until they realize that it works along some pretty logical rules.
Hungarian has no grammatical gender. For example there are no separate words for 'he' and 'she' but there is one pronoun ('ő'). Instead of prepositions (like English 'from' or 'with'), Hungarian has suffixes (little words stuck to the end of main words). 'From Budapest' becomes 'Budapestről', and 'with Alexandra' becomes 'Alexandrával' in Hungarian. Another feature of the language is vowel harmony. This means that suffixes must tone in (harmonize) with the vowel of the main word. To over-simplify it, if they have an 'a' in the word then the suffix will also contain an 'a' ('fa' - 'tree' and 'fával' - 'with a tree'), and if their word has an 'e' then its suffix too will get an 'e' (teve - 'camel' and 'tevével' - with a camel). In Hungarian they must put the stress always on the first syllable (the beginning) of the words.
Although Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, its lexicon (all the words of the language together) has many words from Slavic and Turkic languages, and also from German.
Writing[change | change source]
Hungarian is written in the Latin alphabet. Some letters have accents (dots or commas above them) so while the English alphabet has 26 letters, Hungarian has 44. The writing of Hungarian is largely phonetic. This means that each letter has its own pronunciation, and it is easy to read any text once they learn how the letters are pronounced.
The history of the language[change | change source]
The earliest known written Hungarian words are to be found in a Latin document, the Foundation Charter of the Abbey of Tihany (1054). The Funeral Oration and Prayer (1192-95) and Old Hungarian Lament of Mary (13th century) are the earliest known continuous Hungarian texts. In the 16th century the first printed Hungarian texts came out. Modern Hungarian literary language appeared in the 18th and 19th centuries. Hungarian replaced Latin as the official language of Hungary first between 1844 and 1849 and then in 1867.
References[change | change source]
- Fenyvesi, Anna (2005), Hungarian Language Contact Outside Hungary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, p. 11, http://books.google.com.au/books?id=y3JYwHGYn7MC&pg=PA11&dq=hungarian+language+speakers+million&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_O0sT5DeN8WjiAfRsLjvDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22there%20are%20about%2014%2C500%2C000%20Hungarian%20speakers%22&f=false.
Other websites[change | change source]
|This language has its own Wikipedia project. See the Hungarian language edition.|