|Publication number||US4338552 A|
|Application number||US 06/154,092|
|Publication date||Jul 6, 1982|
|Filing date||May 28, 1980|
|Priority date||May 31, 1979|
|Also published as||DE2922197A1, EP0019695A1|
|Publication number||06154092, 154092, US 4338552 A, US 4338552A, US-A-4338552, US4338552 A, US4338552A|
|Inventors||Karl-Heinz Pilz, Wolfgang Grater, Hans-Dietrich Mayer|
|Original Assignee||Richard Hirschmann, Radiotechnisches Werk|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (28), Classifications (9)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Our present invention relates to a system for automatically controlling the operation of a direct-current motor, preferably one of the reversible kind, is to be drivingly connected to a load for displacing same over a limited distance. Representative of the loads here contemplated are installations aboard automotive vehicles, such as retractable radio antennas, sliding roofs or windows, which are to be driven by the vehicular battery.
Since devices of this type cannot be moved beyond a certain terminal position, the associated d-c motor tends to become overloaded and must therefore be protected against excessive current flow in its armature winding which would not only drain the vehicular battery but also cause overheating with possible destructive effects. Conventional protective systems used for this purpose can be divided into two groups, namely those operating mechanically to cut off the motor in response to a physical obstacle encountered by the load and those using the armature current as a cut-off criterion.
Typical overload-protection systems of the first group, comprising spring-loaded disconnect switches, are described in commonly owned German Pat. No. 1,079,133 and German published specification No. 25 12 791. Also included in this group are systems using a slipping clutch, e.g. as described in commonly owned German utility model No. 7,125,992.
A protective system of the second group, described in commonly owned German published specification No. 2 001 745, comprises a resistor in series with the armature winding and means for de-energizing this winding upon detecting an excessive voltage drop across the series resistor due to a stoppage of the load (i.e. a telescoping radio antenna) in a terminal position. This system also includes a delay circuit designed to prevent premature de-energization during start-up when the armature winding draws a large current.
An electronically operating motor-control system of the kind last described avoids the disadvantages of bulk, wear and lack of convenient adjustability inherent in protective systems of the first group, yet the need for letting the armature current rise--albeit for a brief period--above a normally admissible limit is still a drawback, requiring the rotor and its winding to be designed in an uneconomical manner for larger loads than would basically be necessary
An object of our present invention, therefore, is to provide an improved motor-control system of the electronically operated type which automatically de-energizes a d-c motor, without reliance on an excessive current flow, whenever the entrained load arrives in a terminal position or encounters a major obstacle.
Another object is to provide means in such a system for limiting the length of time during which such a motor can run idle when somehow detached from its load and therefore not subject to positional de-energization.
Our improved system for automatically controlling a d-c motor, whose rotor carries an armature winding in a magnetic stator field, comprises electronic switch means activable by a start circuit to close an energizing circuit connecting the armature winding across a supply of direct current, this energizing circuit including current-limiting means designed to prevent the development of an excessive torque in a terminal load position or in the presence of an obstacle. We further provide sensing means operatively coupled to the armature winding but independent of the aforementioned current-limiting means for detecting the motor speed and opening the energizing circuit when that speed drops below a predetermined threshold, the start circuit being effective to override the sensing means in an initial operating phase.
The current-limiting means may comprise, pursuant to a more particular feature of our invention, a pair of cross-coupled transistor stages and a feedback resistor, the latter being in series with one of the transistor stages and with the armature winding. In the case of a reversible motor, its energizing circuit is divided into two branches adapted to drive it in one or the other direction, the pair of transistor stages being duplicated in these branches while the feedback resistor is common to both branches.
Though a variety of sensing means independent of the current-limiting circuitry could be used to de-energize the motor when its speed approaches or reaches zero, we prefer to employ one or two voltage dividers connected across the armature winding together with electronic holding means having input circuitry connected across part of the voltage divider or dividers for maintaining one or the other circuit branch operated in response to a predetermined voltage drop of a respective polarity. The voltage drop thus measured, determined in large part by the counter-e.m.f. induced in the rotating armature winding by the stator field, drops to a low value when the rotor approaches standstill even though the current flow through the winding at that stage has the maximum magnitude determined by the current-limiting means.
Another advantageous feature of our invention resides in the provision of timing means triggerable by the start circuit to measure a maximum idling period for the motor, the timing means being deactivated by disabling means controlled by the aforementioned feedback resistor during flow of a predetermined minimum armature current indicative of a no-load condition. In lieu of such timing means, however, we may provide means such as a pulse counter for measuring a predetermined number of motor revolutions before cutting off the current supply.
The above and other features of our present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a motor-control system embodying our invention;
FIG. 2 shows details of a timer included in the circuitry of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a partial modification of the circuitry of FIG. 1; and
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate other partial modifications.
In FIG. 1 we have shown a reversible d-c motor M whose rotor RR (see FIG. 4) has a shaft RS connected to a load here represented by a telescoping vehicular antenna AN which can be extended and retracted by a Bowden wire wound on a capstan CP. The vehicle is provided with a battery whose positive terminal delivers a voltage +VB to a bus 11; its negative terminal is connected to a conductor 12 which may be grounded, as indicated. A radio receiver RC associated with antenna AN is connectable to bus 11 by a manual switch S.
The motor-control system shown in FIG. 1 is divided into an energizing circuit MS, a start circuit ST and a protective circuit SCH, the latter including a timer T with terminals 1-6. Input terminals 1 and 4 of the timer, bridged by a capacitor C5 designed to absorb transients due to the cut-in or cutoff of other loads, are respectively connected to ground at conductor 12 and to positive potential on bus 11.
Energizing circuit MS is divided into two symmetrical branches, i.e. a first branch with PNP power and pilot transistors T1, T2 and NPN holding, current-limiting and feedback transistors T3 -T5 and a second branch with PNP power and pilot transistors T6, T7 and NPN holding, current-limiting and feedback transistors T8 -T10. The emitters of current-limiting transistors T4 and T9 are grounded through a common feedback resistor R0, their collectors being respectively connected to those of power transistors T6 and T1 whose emitters are tied to bus 11. Pilot transistors T2 and T7 have their emitters respectively connected to the bases of the associated power transistors and further connected to bus 11 via respective resistors R2 and R5. The collector of holding transistor T3 is connected to bus 11 via a voltage divider consisting of resistors R1 and R8 whose junction is tied to the base of pilot transistor T2. Similarly, the collector of holding transistor T8 is connected to bus 11 via a voltage divider consisting of resistors R9 and R12 whose junction is tied to the base of pilot transistor T7. A resistor R3 lies between the collectors of transistors T2 and T5, the latter having a grounded emitter and a base connected via a resistor R4 to the emitter junction of transistors T4 and T9. Similarly, a resistor R11 lies between the collectors of transistors T7 and T10, the latter also having a grounded emitter and having its base connected to the aforementioned emitter junction (and thus to the ungrounded terminal of feedback resistor R0) by way of a resistor R10. The bases of current-limiting transistors T4 and T9 are connected to ground, on the one hand, via respective capacitors C1, C2 and, on the other hand, via respective resistors R.sub. 22, R23. These bases are further connected, via respective diodes D1 and D2, to a lead 13 extending to terminal 3 of timer T.
The armature winding AW of motor M (see FIG. 4) is inserted between the collectors of transistors T1 and T6 (and thus also between those of transistors T4 and T9) in parallel with two voltage dividers respectively consisting of resistors R6, R7 and R13, R14. The junction of resistors R6 and R7 is tied to the base of holding transistor T3 whose emitter is connected to the opposite terminal of resistor R7. In an analogous manner, the junction of resistors R13 and R14 is tied to the base of holding transistor T8 whose emitter is connected to the opposite terminal of resistor R13.
Two leads 14 and 15 extend from the bases of pilot transistors T2 and T7 to start circuit ST. This start circuit is also divided into two substantially symmetrical halves respectively including complementary switching and ancillary transistors T11, T12 and T13, T14, the collectors of NPN switching transistors T11 and T14 being coupled to the bases of PNP ancillary transistors T12 and T13 via respective capacitors C3 and C4. The base of transistor T11 is biased at a substantially constant potential by a voltage divider comprising the resistor R9 of energizing circuit MS and two further resistors R15 and R16 serially inserted between lead 15 and conductor 12; lead 15 is further connected through respective resistors R17, R18 and R30 to the collector of transistor T11, to the emitter of transistor T12 and to the base of the latter transistor. Transistor T13, whose emitter is connected to lead 14 via a resistor R19, has its base connected through a resistor R31 to bus 11 which is also connected by way of a resistor R20 to the collector of transistor T14. Switching transistors T11 and T14 constitute respective stages of a voltage comparator by having their emitters grounded through a common lockout resistor R28. Grounded conductor 12 is also directly connected to the collectors of ancillary transistors T12 and T13 while being further connected to the base of switching transistor T14 via two resistors R24 and R34 whose junction is tied to a lead 16 which is energized from bus 11 upon closure of switch S.
Protective circuit SCH comprises a PNP transistor T15 and two NPN transistors T16 and T17 along with several storage capacitors C6, C8 and C9 besides the aforedescribed smoothing capacitor C5. Transistor T15, whose base is connected to the collector of transistor T14 via a resistor R21, has its emitter tied directly to bus 11 and its collector grounded through a resistor R27. Transistor T16, conversely, has a grounded emitter and a collector connected to bus 11 through a resistor R26, its base being tied to lead 16 via a resistor R25. Transistor T17, serving to disable the timer T during normal operation of motor M, has its emitter grounded through a resistor R32 and is connected together with that resistor across capacitor C6 whose ungrounded plate is connected, together with the collector of this transistor, to timer terminal 6 which is linked with terminal 5 via a charging resistor R29. The base of transistor T17 is connected by way of a resistor R33 to a lead 17 which extends to the junction of resistors R0, R4, R10 with the emitters of current-limiting transistors T4 and T9 in energizing circuit MS. Capacitor C8 has one plate tied to the collector of transistor T15, its other plate being connected to bus 11 through a resistor R35 and to timer terminal 2 via a diode D3. Capacitor C9, similarly, has one plate tied to the collector of transistor T.sub. 16, its other plate being connected to bus 11 through a resistor R36 and to terminal 2 via a diode D4.
Timer T of FIG. 1 may have the construction illustrated in FIG. 2, including an electronic relay in the form of a thyristor TH whose anode is connected through a resistor R37 to positive voltage on input terminal 4. A PNP triggering transistor T18 has its emitter and its base connected to input terminal 4 via respective resistors R38 and R39, that base being also tied to output terminal 2; the emitter and the collector of transistor T18 are grounded by way of respective resistors R40 and R41, the collector being also tied to the gate of thyristor TH. A resistor R42 grounds the cathode of the thyristor which is furthermore connected to output terminal 3 and to the base of an NPN transistor T19 having its collector and emitter respectively tied to terminals 4 and 5. An NPN quenching transistor T20 has its collector tied to the anode of thyristor TH, its base joined to terminal 6 and its emitter connected to the junction of two resistors R43, R44 serially inserted between terminals 1 and 5. Under steady-state conditions, and with thyristor TH cut off, transistors T19 and T20 are also nonconducting and terminals 3, 5, 6 are at ground potential while terminal 2 is at voltage level +VB.
Another type of timer which could be used in lieu of the circuitry of FIG. 2 is a module shown on page 243 of a handbook entitled "Valvo Data Manual", published 1977 by Signetics Corp. of Sunnyvale, Calif.
In the quiescent state, with switch S open and radio receiver RC thus disconnected from the power supply, only transistor T11 is conductive. Current-limiting transistors T4 and T9 are cut off since their bases are connected via diodes D1 and D2 to the ground on lead 13. Capacitor C8 is charged while capacitor C9, with both plates connected to potential +VB, is discharged.
Closure of switch S then saturates the transistor T14 with consequent cutoff of transistor T11 and conduction of transistors T15 and T16 whereby capacitor C8 is discharged and capacitor C9 is charged. Via diode D4, capacitor C9 transmits a negative pulse to terminal 2 and thus to the base of triggering transistor T18 (FIG. 2) which thereupon conducts long enough to fire the thyristor TH. This turns on the transistor T19 and also removes the negative bias from lead 13, thereby unblocking the transistors T4 and T9. As terminal 5 goes positive, a charging current begins to flow into capacitor C6 which together with resistor R29 forms an R/C network with a time constant of about 20 seconds, more than enough to extend the antenna AN of receiver RC.
A negative pulse is also transmitted via capacitor C4, upon the saturation of switching transistor T14, to the base of transistor T13 which thereupon conducts and, via lead 14, drives the base of pilot transistor T2 negative, thus turning on the latter transistor which quickly charges the capacitor C1 and biases the transistor T4 into conduction. With power transistor T1 also opened up by transistor T2, current can now pass from bus 11 through the armature winding of motor M by way of the forward-driving branch of circuit MS, including transistors T1 and T4, as well as through feedback resistor R0 to ground conductor 12. The R/C network of start circuit ST constituted by capacitor C4 and resistors R28, R31 has a sufficiently large time constant to allow the associated holding transistor T3 to become eventually conductive as a result of the voltage drop developed across voltage divider R6, R7 which is determined by the combined magnitude of the resistance of the armature winding, the counter-e.m.f. induced in that winding by the stator field (which could be generated by a permanent magnet or by an electromagnetic coil) and the contact resistance of the commutator brushes in series therewith. Conduction of transistor T3 maintains, via resistor R8, a negative bias on the base of pilot transistor T2 so that the motor M remains energized even after the cut-in pulse from capacitor C4 has decayed. Thanks to the high input resistance of transistor T13, operating in the common-collector mode, this capacitor can be relatively small.
The voltage drop developed by the armature current across feedback resistor R0 is sensed by transistor T5 which becomes limitedly conductive and, by lowering the base voltage of transistor T4 cross-coupled therewith, throttles the flow of that current which is thereby stabilized at a predetermined maximum value during the initial phase of operation. This value is so low that the potential difference across the divider R6, R7 will not turn on the holding transistor T3 until the motor has reached a certain minimum speed giving rise to a significant counter-e.m.f. The moderate torque available from the limited current flow does not lead to a substantial increase in motor speed as long as rotor shaft RS remains operatively coupled to the load. Under these circumstances, the ungrounded end of resistor R0 connected to lead 17 stays sufficiently positive to saturate the disabling transistor T17 shunting the capacitor C6 of protective circuit SCH so that this capacitor does not charge and the 20-second period measured by timer T does not start running. If, however, motor M were started with antenna AN removed for replacement purposes, for example, or with a break in the Bowden cable linking the antenna with capstan CP, the motor would idle at high speed on a greatly diminished armature current substantially cutting off the shunting transistor T17 so that protective circuit SCH becomes effective at the end of that charging period. With terminal 6 now biased sufficiently positive, quenching transistor T20 (FIG. 2) conducts and extinguishes the thyristor TH, thereby also cutting off the transistor T19 whereupon capacitor C6 begins to discharge via resistors R43 and R44. Terminal 3 goes again to ground potential and, via lead 13 and diodes D1, D2, reblocks the transistor T4 (along with its inactive mate T9) to terminate the energization of motor M.
If the motor M operates normally and reaches the terminal position of its forward stroke, i.e. fully extends the antenna AN, its shaft RS is arrested so that the counter-e.m.f. induced in its armature winding disappears. This deactivates the holding transistor T3 and with it the pilot and power stages T2, T1 whereby the motor is promptly de-energized: A like de-energization would occur if the motor were stalled prematurely by some obstacle in the path of its load.
The disappearance of the induced counter-e.m.f. upon the halting of the forward drive gives rise to a transient voltage across resistors R13, R14 which could turn on the transistor T8 along with transistors T7, T6 and T9 so as to start the motor in the reverse direction. Capacitor C2, however, bypasses the current pulse of transistor T7 to ground and thus prevents the conduction of transistors T9 and T10. Capacitor C1 plays an analogous role upon the halting of the motor in reverse drive.
When the user reopens the switch S, transistors T14, T15 and T16 are cut off to restore the initial state of charge of capacitors C8 and C9. The charging of capacitor C8 again drives the terminal 2 and, with it, the base of transistor T18 negative with reference to its emitter so that thyristor TH is fired and the timer T is activated as before. Switching transistor T11, saturated by the cutoff of transistor T14, sends a negative pulse via capacitor C3 to the base of pilot transistor T7 to enable the associated power transistor T6 along with current-limiting transistor T9. Motor M is thus operated in reverse by the second half of circuit MS, including transistors T6 and T9, the armature current passing again through feedback resistor R0 controlling the flow-limiting action of transistors T9 and T10. This operation is perfectly analogous to that described for the forward drive, with holding transistor T8 coming into play as soon as the motor has gathered enough speed to generate a significant counter-e.m.f. whereby pilot transistor T7 is maintained conductive via resistor R12 after the cut-in pulse from capacitor C3 has decayed. De-energization occurs, as before, when the motor is installed in the terminal position of the return stroke (antenna AN fully retracted) or, possibly, in the presence of an obstacle which cannot be surmounted by the limited motor torque. Protective circuit SCH comes into play, again, if the motor should idle for longer than the preset timing period of 20 seconds.
The interconnection of transistors T11 and T14 through lockout resistor R28 ensures a rapid switchover between forward and reverse drive even when, owing to the presence of capacitances connected to lead 16 within receiver RC, the base voltage of transistor T11 changes only gradually upon the opening or closure of switch S. Such a quick switchover is needed to generate the cut-in pulse on lead 14 or 15 which initiates the forward or reverse drive.
In lieu of the voltage dividers R6, R7 and R13, R14 shown in FIG. 1, other means independent of the current-limiting circuitry T4, T5, T9, T10 could be used for controlling the holding transistors T3 and T8 in response to the motor speed. Thus, FIG. 3 shows a photoelectric speed sensor comprising a slotted disk SD mounted on rotor shaft RS, this disk lying in a ray path between a light-emitting diode LD and a photoresistor PH delivering a fixed number of voltage pulses per revolution to an integrator IN and to a counter PC. The number of light pulses striking the photoresistor PH in a given unit of time is proportional to the motor speed and is converted by integrator IN into an electrical signal Vs fed together with a reference voltage Vr to a comparator CO. When the motor reaches its predetermined minimum speed, signal Vs surpasses the reference voltage Vr whereupon comparator CO biases one or the other holding transistor T3, T8 into conduction according to the energized or de-energized state of a relay RL. This relay is controlled, in a manner not specifically illustrated, by the switch S of FIG. 1 and may also be used for the selective energization of switching transistors T11 and T14 in lieu of the direct connection shown in FIG. 1. Relay RL could, of course, be of the electromagnetic or the electronic type.
Pulse counter PC measures the travel of the load by counting the number of shaft revolutions. With the aid of a manual selector SL, counter PC can be set to zero or otherwise preloaded to vary the number of pulses counted and with it the extent of the load travel. Thus, the user may decide to extend the antenna AN only partially, on driving through an area of strong radio signals, by de-energizing the motor M before its automatic cutoff in the terminal position of the load. The full count of pulse counter PC is detected by a decoder DC which thereupon grounds the lead 13 to block the transistors T4 and T9 via diodes D1 and D2. The protective circuit SCH of FIG. 1 will not be needed in this case since the motor M will be invariably arrested after a maximum number of revolutions determined by the capacity of the counter.
Selector SL, allowing the user to stop the motor in any desired intermediate position, is also useful with loads other than radio antennas, e.g. windows or a sliding roof of an automotive vehicle. If such adjustability is not required, as where the antenna AN is to be either fully extended or fully retracted, counter PC may be reset by a cut-in pulse from lead 14 or 15 (FIG. 1) generated upon any reversal of switch S.
In FIG. 4 we have illustrated the possibility of using yet another type of substantially current-independent speed-sensing means for de-energizing the motor M when its speed drops below a predetermined limit. A Hall-effect device, designed as a field plate FP, is here inserted in the air gap between a stator magnet SM and the rotor RR bearing armature winding AW. The variations in magnetic flux sensed by the field plate FP are translated into voltage pulses fed to integrator IN which controls the holding transistors T3 and T8 in the manner described with reference to FIG. 3. Here, too, the electrical pulses could be further fed to a counter for the purpose of preselecting a load position and/or establishing a maximum idling period as discussed above.
Still another tachometric device has been shown in FIG. 5 where commutator brushes CB1 and CB2 in series with the armature winding of motor M, separated from the remainder of its energizing circuit by respective low-pass filters LF1 and LF2, are connected across the input diagonal of a rectifier bridge RB whose output diagonal is connected across a threshold circuit TC. The latter, upon detecting a significant voltage difference between the two brushes, steps the pulse counter PC in parallel with integrator IN which operate as in FIG. 3.
The electronic components of the control system, in particular those of the current-limiting circuitry including cross-coupled transistor stages T4, T5 and T9, T10 as well as diodes D1, D2, can be realized in integrated form and can be safely encased for protection against dust and atmospheric influences.
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|U.S. Classification||318/266, 318/284, 318/366, 318/286|
|International Classification||H02H7/085, H02H7/093|
|Cooperative Classification||H02H7/093, H02H7/0851|