The Hellenic World
Upon what foundations did the Greeks build their civilization? What was the role of women or slaves in Greek society?
When we think of the ancient Greek world, it is usually the Classical or Hellenic Age of the 5th century B. C. E. that we have in mind. Although the century began and ended with brutal warfare, the fact remains that the Greeks created a civilization that has been emulated and glorified for centuries. The Greek experience exerted a powerful influence on the Romans that followed them and as most historians would argue, without the Greek contribution the history of western civilizations would be decidedly different.
- Pausanias, A Description of Olympia in the Days of its Glory
The 2nd century C. E. Greek geographer, Pausanias, describes the religious art and architecture of Olympia as it must have appeared in the 8th century B.C.E.
- Herodotus, Cleisthenes and Athenian Democracy (c. 500 B.C.E.)
In this passage Herodotus illuminates to ways in which Cleisthenes brought democracy to Athens and recounts how Athens grew into a Mediterranean power.
- Plutarch, Pericles Beautifies Athens
Pericles used his influence to increase the prosperity of Athens and made the most beautiful city in the Hellenic world.
- Pindar, Second Olympian Ode (c. early 5th century B.C.E.)
Pindar was a 5th century B.C.E. Greek poet whose victory ode extolled the aristocratic virtues to be found at the Olympian festivals.
- Herodotus, The Battle of Salamis
The Greek naval victory at the Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.E.) became a major turning point in the wars between the Greeks and the Persians under Xerxes I.
- Plutarch, The Spartan Discipline for Youths
Spartan discipline for its youngest citizens rendered absolute obedience to the laws and customs of the state and created an efficient army in the field.
- Xenophon, The Ideal Household
In this passage, the well-known pupil of Socrates describes the life of aristocratic women in Athens.