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101-Key "Enhanced" Keyboard Layout
In 1986, IBM introduced the IBM PC/AT Model 339. Included in this last AT-family system
was the new Enhanced 101-key keyboard. Little did IBM realize at the time, perhaps,
but this 101-key keyboard would become the de-facto standard for keyboards for the next
decade and beyond. Even today's Windows keyboards and fancy variants with extra buttons
and keys are based on this layout.
Closeup photo of a 101-key "Enhanced"
keyboard, showing the layout of the various
key groups. Contrast this layout to that of the 104-key
The "Enhanced" keyboard was electrically the same as the 84-key AT keyboard,
but featured a radically redesigned key layout. The major changes included these:
- Dedicated Cursor and Navigation Keys: Finally, separate keys were provided for cursor control and navigation. This enabled the numeric
keyboard to be used along with the cursor and navigation keys. The cursor keys were also
made into an "inverted-T" configuration for easier switching between
"Up" and "Down" with a single finger.
- Relocated Function Keys: The function keys were moved from the left-hand side of
the keyboard to a row along the top, and divided into groups of four for convenience.
While many users had been asking for this, they found that sometimes the grass really
isn't greener on the other side of the fence, as I discuss below...
- Relocated <Esc> and <Caps Lock> Keys: The <Esc> key was moved
back to the left-hand side of the keyboard, though it was placed up above the main typing
area. The <Caps Lock> key was moved above the left <Shift> key.
- Extra Function Keys: Two additional function keys, <F11> and <F12>
were added to the keyboard.
- Extra <Ctrl> and <Alt> Keys: Additional <Ctrl> and <Alt>
keys were added on the right side of the <Space Bar>.
- Extra Numeric Keypad Keys: The numeric keypad was fitted with an additional
<Enter> key, as well as the "/" (divide operator) that had been missing up
to that point.
Compared the 84-key keyboard the Enhanced keyboard layout was perceived by most users
to be far superior. It was an immediate hit despite its one obvious inferiority to the AT
keyboard: the smaller main <Enter> key. (The <Space Bar> is also a bit
smaller.) Obviously, some of the changes made with the Enhanced keyboard are undeniable.
However, others are in this author's opinion good examples of the old warning: "be
careful what you ask for"...
Many PC users, after having complained for years about changes they wanted made to the
PC keyboard layout, found they weren't all that happy with them once their wish was
granted! Having never complained about the issues that were changed with the Enhanced
keyboard myself, I found some of the changes quite frustrating--and I later discovered
that I was not alone. My personal beefs with this layout involve the locations of the
- Left <Ctrl> Key: With the older layout, the left-hand <Ctrl> key is
readily accessible, and it is used by computer enthusiasts dozens, if not hundreds of
times a day. (For example, cut, copy and paste are universal functions with standard
Windows short-cuts of <Ctrl>+X, <Ctrl>+C and <Ctrl>+V respectively.) The
new design puts the <Ctrl> key below the main keyboard, requiring a move of the
entire left hand to reach it. And while having the <Caps Lock> key above the left
<Shift> may be of use to some, I use the <Caps Lock> key maybe once or twice a
month, how about you? :^) Overall, a really bad swap in my opinion.
- Function Keys: Having the function keys on the left-side of the keyboard makes
them easy to reach, particularly in combination with the <Shift>, <Ctrl> and
<Alt> keys. Again, these are frequently used keys which are hard to reach when above
the keyboard; most combinations that used to be simple with one hand now require two. For
example, a command I use frequently when writing is <Ctrl>+<F6>, the Microsoft
Word (and FrontPage) function to switch between documents. Compare the motion required to
type this combination on an Enhanced keyboard to what was required with the function keys
on the left side and the <Ctrl> key above the <Shift> key. Also consider
<Alt>+<F4>, the standard combination to close a Windows application... and so
The real irony, of course, is that the "on-screen labels corresponding to function
keys", which is what caused people to want the function keys along the top of the
keyboard, disappeared from software applications many years ago!
- <Esc> Key: This key is still a reach with the Enhanced design. Compare how
often you use the <Esc> key in a day to the number of times you type a backwards
quote or tilde! Again, a poorly-considered decision.
Despite these limitations, the 101-key keyboard remains the standard (actually, the
104-key Windows keyboard is the standard now, but the two layouts are nearly identical).
Of course, countless variations of the basic design exist. A common modification is to
enlarge the <Enter> key back to its "84-key layout size", and squeeze the
backslash / vertical-pipe key between the "=/+" key and the <Backspace>.
An improvement in my estimation!
As for me, rather than curse the darkness, I lit a candle: I use a 124-key Gateway
Anykey programmable keyboard with function keys both above and to the left of the
main typing area, and a large main <Enter> key. I relocate the left <Ctrl> to
where it belongs and the <Caps Lock> key somewhere out of the way where it
belongs. :^) I swap the <Esc> key and the backquote/tilde key as well. Ah, freedom.
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