Non-Soul ( AJIVA )
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20. The substance matter is of two kinds; in the form of an atom (
Paramanu ) and in the form of molecules ( Skandha }. And the molecules are
of six kinds and atom ( is ) of two kinds.
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gross, gross, gross-fine, fine-gross, fine, and fine-fine are the six
kinds, earth, etc.
Solids like earth, stone, consist of gross-gross molecules ( Liquids )
like ghee, water, oil are gross. Shade, sunshine, etc , consist of
the four senses ( of touch, taste smell and hearing ) are of fine-gross
molecules. Karmic molecules, in the condition of being bound up with soul
are fine. Those which are unlike these are of fine-fine molecules.
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25. That which is the cause of the four root matters ( earth, water, fire
and air ) should be known as cause-atom. ( Karana Paramanu ). The smallest
possible part of a molecule should be known as effect atom ( Karya
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26. That substance which ( is ) the beginning, the middle and the end by
itself, inapprehensible by the senses, and ( is ) indivisible, should be
known as an atom.
In Gathas Nos. 20-26 is described the substance � Matter,� It is called
Pudgala, because it unites � Pooryati � and forms into molecules and �
galati � dissolves into atoms; also because it changes in its attributes
of colour, smell, taste and touch.
An atom is the smallest possible part of matter. It cannot be divided
Those atoms which cause the formation of four root matters: earth, water,
fire and air, are called cause-atom. When any molecule is dissolved into
the smallest possible atoms, the atoms so obtained are called
effect-atoms. By the combination of atoms in different proportions,
various kinds of molecules are formed (vide Gommatasara Jiva Kanda Gathas
In gathas 21-24 are mentioned the six prominent divisions of material
Gross-gross are solid objects, which when separated or broken asunder,
cannot unite themselves without the help of some third object, such as
paper, wood, cloth.
Gross are liquid objects which when once separated have the capacity of
again combining together, without the intervention of any other object,
such as water, milk.
Gross-fine are those objects which are visible to the eye but cannot be
grasped by the hand such as shade, light, sunshine. ,
Fine-gross are those objects which are not visible to the eye, but are
apprehensible by the other four senses, such as air, sound, smell, taste.
Fine are those molecules which are not cognizable and perceivable by any
of the five senses, such as karmic molecules.
Fine-fine are those molecules which are composed of at least two ultimate
atoms ( Paramanu ) and do not fall into the category of the first five
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27. That which possesses one taste, color, and smell, and two touches is
of natural attributes. � Those tangible to all ( senses ) are in Jain
Philosophy said to be of non-natural attributes.
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28. The modification which is independent of other objects is the natural
modification (Svabhava-Paryaya); and- modification in the molecular form
is the non-natural modification, (Vibhava Paryaya).
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29. From the real point of view an atom is said � Matter substance�; but
from the other ( i.e., p:acticals point of view) the term �Matter
substance� has been applied to a molecule.
In reality an indivisible and the smallest possible particle of matter,
i.e. an atom is the real � matter substance. � Its attributes are the
natural attributes of matter. Such an atom must have five attributes :-
(1) any one of the five colours;
(2) any �one of the two smells;
( 3 ) any one of the five tastes;
(4) any one of the two touches, i.e., roughness and smoothness;
(5) any oue of the two touches, i.e., coldness �and heat.
As the modification of an atom is independent of all other objects it is
called natural modification.
When two or more atoms combine together a molecule is formed. A molecule
is said to be substance � Matter � format be practice point of view.
Attributes and modifications of molecules so formed are known as
non-natural attributes find modifications. Atoms are never apprehensible
by the scnse, while molecules may be tangible tp the senses.
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30. The auxiliary causes of motion and rest to soul and matter (are
called) the medium of motion, and medium of rest (respectively). - (That
which is1 the auxiliary cause of ) giving space to all the
substances, soul, etc , (is) space.