The answer surprised us too. First in a series.
UBC's new $34-million Biomass Research and Development Facility is top-of-the-line in the age-old practice of burning wood for heat and light. But the very features that make it clean-burning also make the plant hard to replicate. Most biomass-fueled generators don't meet the same standards. Photo: Paul Joseph Brown/ecosystemphoto.com.
[Editor's note: Shipments of B.C. fuelwood pellets are worth nearly $200 million a year to the provincial economy. But with fire comes smoke -- and, inevitably, greenhouse gases, and a growing chorus of biomass skeptics questions how green and climate-friendly wood fuel truly is. The subject is complicated, but we thought Tyee readers needed to know whether B.C. forests were being used to save the climate, or greenwash. So we partnered with InvestigateWest, a Seattle-based non-profit journalism studio, to examine B.C.'s biomass bonanza. Investigate West's Robert McClure presents the first of three reports today.]
Nestled into a seaside forest on the University of British Columbia's lands, amid a carpet of sword ferns and salal, sits a gleaming industrial facility that's been hailed as a significant step toward a carbon-neutral future for B.C., Canada and even the world.
The wood-gas fired plant just off Marine Drive in Vancouver, the university boasts, "will reduce UBC's natural gas consumption by 12 per cent and campus greenhouse gas emissions by nine per cent (5,000 tonnes), the equivalent of taking 1,000 cars off the road."
"It's very exciting," said Brent Sauder, UBC's director of strategic partnerships, who helped shape plans for the plant. "It's not a research activity -- it's a mission."
That mission is to replace finite, climate-baking fossil fuel with renewable wood to generate electricity. It sounds so darn cool: UBC students charging their iPods on solar energy stored in wood.
And indeed, if there is a state-of-the-art to turning wood into power, this is surely it. Its very sophistication may make its accomplishments difficult to reproduce, however. Which is too bad, because when it comes to extracting energy from "biomass"-- basically any plant matter that will burn, from switchgrass to whole trees -- the impacts on the environment depend very much on the details.
And British Columbia is ramping up to sell the world an awful lot of biomass.
Most dry biomass will burn. And just like your holiday campfire, it will produce heat, some light, smoke, and invisible gases that are the result of its combustion. The heat is what we're looking for. But to turn the old saying on its head, "Where there's fire, there's smoke." We want the heat, but smoke is a health hazard. One of the breakdown products of combustion is climate-changing carbon dioxide.
The trick is to harvest the heat, without creating noxious smoke pollution or greenhouse gases.
The technology at work in UBC's shiny new plant is the offspring of a partnership between Vancouver's Nexterra Energy Systems and General Electric. And it's nothing like heating a kettle on your campfire. In a two-stage process, the facility first converts chipped wood into a gas with about one-fifth the caloric value of natural gas. The gas is then burned to create steam and generate electricity.
Nexterra's proprietary system cleans up the tars that typically make wood combustion dirty. Burning the syngas produces none of the nitrogen oxides found in woodsmoke that can sometimes send people to the hospital. And it produces only minute traces of soot -- 10 times less, in fact, than even natural gas, itself a huge improvement over super-soot-spewing coal.
"We actually rate this plant against Massachusetts and the San Joaquin Valley, which are the two toughest jurisdictions [for air quality] in the world," Sauder said.
As for CO2, the plant's designers believe they have that covered too. As Nexterra engineer and R&D chief Cliff Mui explained, standing near a cavernous cedar-scented room where wood chips are stored at the UBC plant: "It's renewable because over a lifetime, the carbon is stable. You release the carbon, and you put it back in -- the [growing new] trees absorb it."
"This is a natural cycle," Mui argued. "Trees absorb carbon as you breathe. But when they die and they rot, they also release carbon." The benefit of using biomass for energy, he argues, is that by releasing that CO2 in a matter of seconds instead of over a period of years or decades as wood decomposes, we at least get some juice to run our streetlights and dishwashers. It's a way to turn the natural cycle to our advantage.
That's the promise of biomass energy, and the reason that many countries, especially in Europe, are switching from fossil carbons to forest-grown ones: it's renewable energy that, in effect, cleans up after itself.
The trouble with biomass carbon "offsets": Growing trees absorb carbon from the air (1-4). Burning wood releases it again (5); just like burning coal or oil (6). "Offsets" imagine that carbon released from burning wood "cancels out" carbon from fossil fuels (7). It doesn't; it adds to them (8). In fact, it takes decades for new trees to recapture the carbon released when the old ones were burned (9-12). Graphic by Indiana Joel.
For B.C., the promise is far from academic. After disappointing experiences with the other "big three" of renewable energy sources -- wind, solar and run-of-river hydro -- biomass is one thing the province has historically had plenty of.
That's one reason why former premier Gordon Campbell made it a centrepiece of the province's 2007 commitment to become carbon-neutral, with a 2020 goal of slashing greenhouse gas emissions by a third. The province had a big head start: it already relied heavily on electricity generated by dams on its major rivers. Hydro reservoirs emit a small fraction of the greenhouse gasses of thermal power plants, and provide 86 per cent of B.C.'s electricity.
But there is that other 14 per cent. Of the renewable fuels required to close the gap, the BC Bioenergy Strategy declared that more than half would come from some form of biomass. Nine-tenths of that would come out of the forests.
That works out to wood-based energy providing roughly six or seven per cent of B.C.'s total electricity needs.
Triple benefits for remote communities
For some 80 remote communities off the BC Hydro grid, there may be more to gain than climate cred. Today, many rely for winter heat on electric heaters fed from generators run on diesel that's trucked or barged in. In addition to the high cost, burning all that diesel produces its own trail of toxic air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
For those communities, biomass energy makes great sense from every standpoint, argues David Dubois, who leads the Wood Waste To Rural Heat project based in Cache Creek, near Kamloops. His alternate vision: burning the biomass growing at the doorstep of many such communities in high-efficiency burners directly for so-called "district heating" that serves several buildings.
Dubois notes that biomass met only about five per cent of B.C.'s heat needs in 2008. Tripling that to 15 per cent by 2025, he estimates, would save $240 million a year and create more than 600 jobs, most of them in rural areas where they're badly needed. Total up all the CO2 emissions from the current system, he argues, and it would also reduce B.C. carbon emissions by 830,000 tonnes a year -- 166 times the amount claimed for UBC's power plant.
Much the same thinking, on a scale much larger than UBC's, is behind plans to convert a 46-year-old district heating system supplying heat to the Vancouver Public Library, the Queen Elizabeth Theatre and more than 200 other downtown buildings from natural gas to biomass. The facility's private owner, Creative Energy Canada Platforms Corp., suggests the switch would cut 14 times more emissions from the atmosphere than UBC's power plant.
That's assuming, of course, that biomass is carbon-neutral: that burning what can grow back doesn't change the overall balance of carbon in the atmosphere.
This conviction traces to the Kyoto Protocol, the global pact adopted in 1997 that was meant to put the world back on the path to a stable climate by reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
The protocol's framework considered all fossil fuels -- natural gas, coal, basically anything extracted from underground -- as contributors to destabilizing the climate. It also assumed that all biofuels, including wood, were carbon-neutral. As a result, for countries trying to reach their Kyoto commitments (Canada formally repudiated the agreement in 2011), burning biomass represents virtuous energy: a fuel that doesn't add to their emissions total. Selling B.C. biomass to some of those countries has made the province a global-scale exporter, earning about $194 million per year.
But here's what both Kyoto, and today's biomass buyers and shippers, largely overlook. Yes, the carbon we burn today gets absorbed back into trees eventually. "Over a lifetime," as Nexterra's Mui put it. But trees take a long time to grow. And eventually can be many decades into the future. If the forests felled now don't grow back, it may be never.
Kyoto's accounting however, not only regards the carbon that is supposed to be sucked up by trees growing in the future as a sort of "credit" against fossil-fuel carbon "debt"; it also allows that credit to be "cashed," so to speak, as soon as the biomass is burned -- not when the released carbon is fully sequestered back in timber at some time in the future.
Critics argue that's like saying a family carrying a 30-year mortgage is free of debt, because the debt will be repaid eventually.
Meanwhile, guess what? UBC's $34-million Bioenergy Research and Demonstration Facility will not reduce the amount of planet-warming gasses actually being emitted on the campus at all. In fact, it will put out just about as much as was previously produced by burning natural gas: at least 5,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide every year, Sauder said.
"What actually comes out of the tailpipe or smokestack is exactly the same," said Timothy Searchinger, a researcher at Princeton University and co-author of an early article pointing out the flaw in Kyoto's assumption.
So, is B.C.'s biomass the green bonanza its government, its pellet-makers, Dave Dubois and the University of British Columbia think it is? Or is it a form of carbon kiting: spewing emissions, while claiming credit today for carbon that won't be soaked up in future trees for decades to come?
This series tries to unravel that puzzle in its next report, appearing tomorrow on The Tyee.