It won't help the Titanic, but a newly derived, simple law may help scientists improve their climate models and glaciologists predict where icebergs will calve off from their parent ice sheets, according to a team of Penn State researchers.
"To predict the future of the ice sheet and to understand the past, we have to put the information into a computer," says Richard B. Alley, the Evan Pugh professor of geosciences. "The models we have do not currently have any way to figure out where the big ice sheets end and where the ice calves off to form icebergs."
Ice sheets, such as those in Antarctica and Greenland, spread under their own weight and flow off land over the oceans. The Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica floats for as much as 500 miles over the ocean before the edges begin to break and create icebergs. Other ice shelves only edge over the water for a mile or two.
"The problem of when things break is a really hard problem because there is so much variability," says Alley. "Anyone who has dropped a coffee cup knows this. Sometimes the coffee cup breaks and sometimes it bounces."
The coffee cup's breaking depends on what it hits and where it hits, but the most important variable is the distance the cup falls or is thrown. Below a certain distance, the cup will always remain intact, while above a certain distance, it will always break; for in-between distances, the results are variable.
For iceberg calving, the important variable - the one that accounts for the largest portion of when the iceberg breaks -- is the rate at which ice shelves spread, the team reports in today's (Nov. 28) issue of Science. When ice shelves spread, they crack because of the stresses of spreading. If they spread slowly, those cracks do not propagate through the entire shelf and the shelf remains intact. If the shelf spreads rapidly, the cracks propagate through the shelf and pieces break off.
"Spreading explains most of what is observed on the ice sheet," says Alley. "However, the equations come out a little better if we include a few other things."
These factors are the width of the ice shelf and the thickness. With a narrow shelf between two ridges, for example, the sides hold back the ice movement, slowing the overall movement and making it harder to break the ice. Thicker ice shelves spread more quickly so this affects the location of ice calving as well.
The basic equation for ice calving is the rate of spreading times the width of the shelf times the thickness times a constant. The researchers realize that this does not capture the totality of variation in the ice calving process but does account for a large percentage of the variability.
The research team included Alley; Huw J. Horgan, graduate student in geosciences, and Sridhar Anandakrishnan, associate professor of geosciences, Penn State; Ian Joughin, research associate, University of Washington; Kurt M. Cuffey, professor of geography, University of California, Berkeley; Todd K. Dupont, assistant professor of Earth system science, University of California, Irvine; Byron R. Parizek, assistant professor geosciences and mathematics, Penn State DuBois; and Jeremy Bassis, postdoctoral fellow, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
The National Science Foundation, NASA and the Gary Comer Science and Education Foundation supported this work.