The Impact of Metabolic Disease Associated with Metabolic Syndrome on Human Pregnancy
Affiliation: University Hospital Zurich, Department of Obstetrics, Research Division, Frauenklinikstr. 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
Metabolic diseases induced by metabolic syndrome (MS) have been increased during the past two decades.
During healthy pregnancy maternal organs and placenta are challenged to adapt to the increasingly physiological changes.
In addition to the increasingly proatherogenic MS, pregnant woman develops a high cardiac output, hypercoagulability,
increased inflammatory activity and insulin resistance with dyslipidemia. The MS describes a cluster of metabolic changes
associated with an impact on the physiology of many organs. While the metabolic syndrome is directly responsible for the
development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, additional impact on human pregnancy like preterm delivery with
low-birth-weight infants as well as the development of diseases such as diabetes, preeclampsia and hypertension. Recent
evidence suggests that MS is originated in fetal life in association with maternal nutrition during pregnancy and fetal programming
which apparently increases the susceptibility for MS in children and later life. This review will describe the MS
in association with the origin of the emerging diseases during pregnancy such as diabetes, preeclampsia and others. The
influence of perinatal environment and maternal diet and smoking on MS as well as the genetic biomarkers of MS will be
Keywords: GLUT4, human pregnancy, metabolic abnormalities, micronutrients, smoking minerals, vitamins.
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