|Numéro de publication||US7218814 B2|
|Type de publication||Octroi|
|Numéro de demande||US 10/515,926|
|Date de publication||15 mai 2007|
|Date de dépôt||28 mai 2003|
|Date de priorité||28 mai 2002|
|État de paiement des frais||Payé|
|Autre référence de publication||US20050157979|
|Numéro de publication||10515926, 515926, PCT/2003/445, PCT/IL/2003/000445, PCT/IL/2003/00445, PCT/IL/3/000445, PCT/IL/3/00445, PCT/IL2003/000445, PCT/IL2003/00445, PCT/IL2003000445, PCT/IL200300445, PCT/IL3/000445, PCT/IL3/00445, PCT/IL3000445, PCT/IL300445, US 7218814 B2, US 7218814B2, US-B2-7218814, US7218814 B2, US7218814B2|
|Inventeurs||Ilya Vorobeichik, Maxim Greenberg, Yoav Berlatzky, Edvardas Narevicius, Romanas Narevich|
|Cessionnaire d'origine||Optun (Bvi) Ltd.|
|Exporter la citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citations de brevets (26), Citations hors brevets (12), Référencé par (6), Classifications (12), Événements juridiques (6)|
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet|
This application is a National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/IL03/00445, International Filing Date May 28, 2003, claiming priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, 60/383,326, filed May 28, 2002, and Ser. No. 60/383,325, filed May 28, 2002.
The present invention relates generally to the field of optical devices and, more specifically, to optically converting a mode order of a light signal.
In the field of integrated optics, there may be a need to use a mode conversion device, such as a mode converter (MC).
European Patent Application EP-0513919-A1 to Van Der Tol describes a passive device for mode conversion of a first mode into a second pre-defined mode. The device is described to include a periodic geometrical structure consisting of a periodic sequence of two wave-guiding subsections within each period, wherein the lengths of the subsections and the number of periods being matched to a pre-determined conversion fraction may be designed to allow coupling of a first pre-defined guided mode to a second pre-defined guided mode. Similar devices are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,977 to Pedersen et al and in European Patent Application EP0645650A1 to Van Der Tol. In such passive devices, the fraction of light being converted is pre-determined by the geometry of the device and, therefore, the activation and operation of such devices cannot be selectively adjusted or controlled.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,808 to Van Der Tol et al describes a mechanism for activating and de-activating a mode-conversion device. The described device is activated by activating an electrode designed to disrupt the coupling between guided modes of the device, thereby to convert the coupling of a signal from a first guided mode to a second guided mode.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a Mode Converter (MC), which may operate in conjunction with one or more single-mode and/or multi-mode waveguides. The MC according to embodiments of the invention may have at least two states of operation, namely, “On” and “Off”. When the MC is at the “Off” state, a mode of order i enters the MC and the same mode of order i may exit the MC. In contrast, when the MC is set to the “On” state, the mode of order i entering the MC may be at least partially converted to a mode of order j exiting the MC. According to some of these exemplary embodiments, only a certain portion of the mode of order i may be converted into the mode of order j, such that two mode-orders, for example, i and j, may exit the MC. The relative portion of converted light may be controllably varied, if desired. In other exemplary embodiments, the signal carried by mode order i is converted substantially entirely to mode order j.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention enable dynamic and/or selective and/or tunable mode conversion of a fraction of a signal component propagating according to a first guided mode, or substantially the entire signal component, into a signal component propagating at least partially according to a desired second guided mode.
In accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention, a MC may include an input section, a dynamic waveguide section, and an output section. The dynamic waveguide section may be surrounded by a top cladding, a bottom cladding, a base substrate and a set of control elements, e.g., heating elements, which may be attached to an outer surface of the top or bottom cladding surrounding the dynamic waveguide section.
In exemplary embodiments of the invention, a thermo-optical effect may be utilized to achieve selective and/or dynamic and/or tunable refractive-index perturbation. The heating elements may be implemented in the form of electrodes, for example, strips of material having a suitable electrical resistance supplied with electrical current to produce a predetermined increase in temperature, thereby tunably controlling the temperature distribution along the dynamic section of the device.
According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, the magnitude of electrical power supplied to the heating elements may be controllably and/or selectively varied to allow controllable tuning of the conversion between the first guided mode and the desired second guided mode. Supplying the heating elements with greater electrical power per unit length may increase the temperature more sharply and, thus, may result in a higher coupling coefficient between the first and second guided modes. The coupling coefficient may influence the fraction of light converted between the modes. Thus, the power supplied to the heating elements may be dynamically tunable to provide at least a partial conversion between the first guided mode and the desired second guided mode.
According to embodiments of the invention, the MC may be combined with additional elements, e.g., with appropriate input and output waveguides, to form a Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA), which may provide controllable attenuation of an optical signal.
In further exemplary embodiments of the invention, the MC may be adapted for use as a wavelength filter, which may be tunable to convert signals only within a predetermined wavelength range.
According to some exemplary variations of this embodiment, a set of one or more mode converters may be adapted to provide a Dynamic Gain Equalizer (DGE), which may be used in optical networks, for example, to “flatten” the spectra of optical signals.
The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanied drawings in which:
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn accurately or to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity or several physical components included in one element. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. It will be appreciated that these figures present examples of embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits may not have been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.
According to embodiments of the invention, a Mode Converter (MC) may operate in conjunction with one or more single mode and/or multi-mode waveguides, and may have at least two states of operation, e.g., “On” and “Off”. When the MC is at the “Off”state, the mode of order i enters the MC and the same mode of order i exits the MC. When the MC is at the “On” state, the mode of order i entering the MC may be at least partially converted into a mode of order j that exits the MC. According to some of these embodiments, the mode of order i may be partially converted into the mode of order j, such that two mode-orders, e.g. i and j, exit the MC. The fraction converted between the two modes may be controlled as described below. In other exemplary embodiments, the signal carried by mode order i is converted substantially entirely to mode order j.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention enable dynamic, tunable, mode conversion of a fraction of a signal component propagating according to a first guided mode, or substantially the entire signal component, into a signal component propagating according to a desired second guided mode.
Reference is made to
According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, input section 101 may support up to N guided modes. An input end 104 of input section 101 may have a width sufficient to support a required amount of N guided modes, yet sufficiently narrow to avoid unnecessary mixing between the N guided modes. In embodiments of the invention, the effective refractive index, which relates to a propagation constant of the signal, of a signal carried by a mode of a waveguide having a waveguide-core and a waveguide-cladding, may be smaller than the refractive index of the waveguide-core and larger than the refractive index of the waveguide-cladding. For given refractive indices of the waveguide-core and to waveguide-cladding, a waveguide supporting a larger number of mode-orders, e.g., a relatively wider waveguide, may result in a smaller difference between the propagation constants corresponding to each of the supported mode orders, respectively. The smaller the difference between the propagation constants corresponding to different mode orders, the higher the coupling, which may result in unnecessary mixing, between the different mode orders, for example, due to variations in the waveguide structure.
According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, input section 101 may be shaped as an adiabatic waveguide expander, for example, having a tapered structure, whereby the width of the waveguide gradually increases to substantially the width of dynamic section 102 at an interface 106 between input section 101 and dynamic section 102. Output section 103 may be shaped as an adiabatic waveguide restrictor, for example, having a tapered structure substantially analogous to the input section structure, yet in a reversed direction, whereby the waveguide is gradually decreased from the width of dynamic section 102 to a relatively narrow width at output end 110, for example, to the width of input end 104.
The length of the input and output sections may be adapted to allow a desired adiabatic expansion and constriction, respectively, of the waveguide. Adiabatic expansion/constriction in this context means that an i-th mode of input waveguide 101 at its input end 104 may become the i-th mode at interface 105, and vice-versa, substantially without affecting any other modes. The degree of adiabaticity of the expansion/constriction may increase with the length of the tapered sections. The adiabatic expansion/constriction of input section 101 and output section 103 may be achieved in the form of various tapered structures known in the art, including but not limited to linear, polynomial, exponential, or hyperbolic tapered structures.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, dynamic section 102 may be surrounded by a top cladding 106, a bottom cladding 107, a base substrate 109, and a plurality of control elements, e.g., heating elements 108, which elements may be attached, e.g., located on, the outer surface of top cladding 106. The top and bottom cladding may be formed of any material suitable to line or cover dynamic section 102, for example, a plastic or glass sheath that may surround dynamic section 102 and may be fused to the waveguide. The cladding may reflect light guided by dynamic section 102 thereby to prevent unnecessary loss of light and strengthen the guided light intensity. According to embodiments of the invention, the refractive index of the material of dynamic section 102 at normal temperature may be generally higher than the refractive index of claddings 106 and 107. Base substrate 109 may be formed of any material known in the art, for example, silicon.
Base substrate 109 may act as a heat sink, and may be held at a substantially constant temperature by use of a Thermo-Electric Cooler (TEC) or any other device adapted to keep the substrate at a substantially constant temperature.
Embodiments of the present invention allow for dynamic, tunable, effective refractive-index perturbation. Such perturbation may be implemented by several methods including but not limited to charge carrier injection, acousto-optic effect, electro optical effect, optical-optic effect, or thermo-optic effect.
Refractive-index perturbation, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, may be achieved by creating a periodical refractive-index pattern including a periodic concatenation of two subsections with different refractive indices. According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, refractive-index perturbation as described herein, or any other suitable perturbation scheme, may be applied by elements 108 to a region of dynamic section 102, while other regions of dynamic section 102 may remain unaffected.
In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a thermo optical effect may be utilized to achieve dynamic refractive index perturbation. Heating elements 108, which may act as thermo-optical refractive index modifiers, may be implemented in the form of electrodes, for example, strips of material having predetermined electrical resistance. By controllably and/or selectively supplying electrical current to the electrodes, an increase in temperature in the vicinities of each of the electrodes results in a predetermined temperature distribution across dynamic section 102. An example of such temperature distribution is illustrated schematically by isothermal lines 150 in
The thermo-optical effect evoked by the controllable and/or selective temperature increase may create a refractive index perturbation in regions of dynamic section 102 covered by heating elements 108, while regions not covered by heating elements 108 may not undergo any refractive index perturbation. Thus, a periodic refractive index perturbation may be achieved by implementing a periodic arrangement of heating elements 108.
According to perturbation theory, a coupling coefficient between two modes may be estimated by the following equation:
Coupling coefficient=∫Ψ1ΔΨ2 dxdy (1)
wherein ψ1 and ψ2 are transverse profiles of a zero-order mode and a first-order mode, respectively, and Δ is a refractive index perturbation term.
Since the zero-order mode, ψ1, and refractive index perturbation term, Δ, are constantly positive, the sign of the coupling coefficient depends on the sign of the first-order mode, ψ2. To analyze the significance of Equation 1, two cases may be examined, as illustrated schematically in
According to embodiments of the invention, the width of dynamic section 102 may be designed to provide a degree of coupling sufficient for conversion of a signal from the first guided mode to the desired second guided mode. A required width of the dynamic section may be determined according to the desired order of the second mode and according to the slope of the index perturbation profile created by the heating elements, e.g., the steeper the slope of the perturbation profile and the lower the order of the desired second mode, the narrower the dynamic section required to provide the degree of coupling sufficient to allow the conversion from the first guided mode to the desired second guided mode.
According to embodiments of the invention, the refractive-index perturbation may be performed periodically along the dynamic section. A grating period, Λ0, i.e., the period of the refractive-index perturbation, may be proportional to the width of the dynamic section, e.g., the wider the dynamic section the larger the grating period, as explained below.
According to embodiments of the invention, in order to increase the coupling coefficient between the first guided mode and the desired second guided mode, the grating period may be reciprocal to a phase difference between the first guided mode and the second guided mode, as described above. The phase of each of the mode-orders is proportional to the effective refractive index of the mode-order, respectively. Since the difference between the refractive indices is reciprocally proportional to the width of the waveguide, as described above, the grating period may be proportional to the width of the waveguide, i.e., a wider waveguide will correspond to a larger grating period.
Therefore, the grating period, Λ0, may be calculated using the following equation:
wherein λ0 is the wavelength of the signal, and n1(λ0) and n2(λ0) are the refractive indices corresponding to the first guided mode and the second guided mode, respectively.
According to embodiments of the invention, the conversion of the first guided mode into the second guided mode may be preformed gradually, such that each period of the perturbation converts a portion of the first guided mode into the second guided mode. Therefore, a number of successive grating periods may be used to convert a desired aggregated fraction of at least part of the first guided mode into the second guided mode.
According to embodiments of the invention, the heating elements may be dynamically activated, e.g., by controlling the electric power supplied to the control elements, to control the portion of the first guided mode which is converted into the second guided mode at each grating period, as described above.
According to embodiments of the invention, the refractive index perturbation profile may change the mode-coupling coefficient between the first guided mode and other mode orders. By controlling the refractive index perturbation profile, e.g., by tunable activation of the control elements, the conversion of a desired fraction of the light signal from the first guided mode to the desired second guided mode may be controlled.
According to embodiments of the invention, the magnitude of electrical power supplied to heating elements 108 (
According to some embodiments of the invention, the heating elements may be selectively activated, e.g., by selectively, controllably supplying electric power to some of the control elements, so as to create a grating period corresponding to a desired aggregated conversion fraction, as described above.
Referring again to
In exemplary embodiments of the invention, the MC may also include heating elements 108 (
According to other embodiments of the invention, different configurations, e.g. height and width of the different MC sections, Λ0, Ltapering, P, or any other parameter defining the MC, may be designed in order to allow at least partial, tunable mode conversion between any two desired mode-orders.
According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, MC 100 (
Reference is now made to
According to embodiments of the invention, heating elements 108 (
To produce the configuration of
According to embodiments of the invention, MC 100 may be combined with additional elements in order to create a Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA), which may provide controllable, e.g., tunable, attenuation of an optical signal, as discussed below.
Reference is now made to
In order to implement VOA 500, according to exemplary embodiments of the invention, a VOA input section 502 and a VOA output section 504 may be added to the input and output ends, respectively, of a MC such as MC 100. In some embodiments of the invention, VOA input section 502 may be adapted to provide adiabatic expansion from a width of an input waveguide (not shown), for example a narrow waveguide designed to support only one mode, e.g., a zero-order mode, of an input signal, to the width of MC input section 102, which may support higher-order modes. VOA output section 504 may be designed to provide adiabatic constriction from the width of MC output section 103, which is may support higher-order modes, to the width of an output waveguide (not shown), which may support only one mode, for example, the same order mode supported by the input waveguide.
According to embodiments of the invention, attenuation of the input light signal may be achieved by using MC 100 to convert a desired fraction of the input light signal from the input mode into a higher-order mode. Thus, a partially converted light signal, exiting the MC, may include the converted fraction of the higher-order mode and a non-converted fraction of the input-order mode. However, because the output waveguide may be designed to support only the input-order mode, all the power carried by the higher-order mode may be diffracted, dispersed, or otherwise dissipated by a cladding of the output waveguide. Therefore, the final output of VOA 500 is an attenuated signal retaining the mode order of the input signal.
According to embodiments of the invention, the MC may be tunably controlled, as described above, to provide mode conversion of the desired fraction of the light signal. The larger the converted fraction, the smaller the non-converted fraction and, therefore, more conversion results in less power of the light signal exiting the VOA. In other words, a larger conversion fraction results in a higher attenuation level of the VOA. Thus, the maximal attenuation level achievable by VOA 500 may depend on the efficiency at which the MC of the VOA may convert the input-order mode into the higher-order mode. According to some of these embodiments, a number of VOA devices 500 may be cascaded to obtain a desired aggregated attenuation level. Implementation of such cascading will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
According to embodiments of the invention, in order to provide a desired mode conversion, heating elements 108 (
A wavelength response of the MC may be defined as a correlation between the conversion ability of the MC and the wavelength of an input signal.
In exemplary embodiments of the invention, the MC may be adapted to operate as a wavelength filter, for example, by using various techniques that improve the wavelength response of the MC, for example, apodization or chirping, as described below.
The areas confined under curves 602 and 601 may define the wavelength-ranges of signals that may be converted by each of the mode converters.
As described above with reference to Equation 2, the grating period, Λ0, of the MC may relate to the wavelength of the input signal, Λ0. Thus, by controllably tuning the grating period of MC 100 (
A Full-Width-Half-Maximum (FWHM) of a wavelength response curve of a MC may depend on the coupling strength of the MC. The stronger the coupling, the larger the FWHM of the wavelength response curve. Accordingly, a weaker coupling may result in a relatively smaller FWHM. Thus, a relatively small FWHM may provide a relatively sensitive wavelength filter, allowing conversion of signals having a pre-determined range of wavelengths. However, a weaker coupling may require a larger number of grating periods to achieve full mode-conversion, as described above. A larger number of grating periods may require a longer MC, which may have a wavelength response as illustrated by curve 601.
As shown in
As further shown in
Apodization, in this context, means that a perturbation field applied by heating elements 108 may not be homogeneous, so that the mode-coupling strength may vary with length. In arrangement 702, the positions of heating elements 108 relative to the center of dynamic section 102 may be varied to produce the desired apodization effect. The apodization effect may be used to create a varying coupling strength, within a range 703, along dynamic section 102, as illustrated schematically in
Chirping, according to embodiments of the invention, may be based on slight period variations along the length of the dynamic section. In arrangement 704, the width of heating elements 108 may be varied along the length of the dynamic section to produce a desired chirping effect. The chirping effect may be used to create a varying grating period, within a range 705, along dynamic section 102, as illustrated schematically in
According to further embodiments of the invention, one or more mode converters as described herein may be adapted to perform the function of a Dynamic Gain Equalizer (DGE), which may be used in optical networks, e.g., for “spectrum flattening” of an optical signal. In exemplary embodiments of the invention, the DGE may provide a predetermined wavelength filtering function, for example, to compensate for a wavelength dependent response of an amplifier. A filter function over a given spectrum may be implemented by dividing the spectrum to N sections, each having a representative, e.g., central wavelength, λi. Then, by appropriately combining N basic filter functions, each centered at a different wavelength λi, wherein at least one filter function is implemented using a mode converter as described above with reference to
According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a DGE may be implemented by combining N mode converters, such as MC 100 (
According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, DGE 800 may include a combination of six mode converters 100 (
As is known in the art, a C-band represents a range of wavelengths commonly used in Optical communications, for example, between approximately 1.525 micrometers and approximately 1.57 micrometers.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the invention may be made. Embodiments of the present invention may include other apparatuses for performing the operations herein. Such apparatuses may integrate the elements discussed, or may comprise alternative components to carry out the same purpose. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
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|Classification aux États-Unis||385/37, 385/15|
|Classification internationale||G02B6/34, G02F1/01, G02B6/26, G02B6/14, G02B6/12|
|Classification coopérative||G02F1/011, G02B6/14, G02B6/266, G02B2006/121|
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