Liquid laundry detergent composition and method of use
||Liquid laundry detergent composition and method of use
||Ouhadi, et al.
||June 28, 1988
||December 31, 1984
||Bastin; Danielle (Soumagne, BE)
Broze; Guy (Grace Hollogne, BE)
Dehan; Louis (Seraing, BE)
Ouhadi; Trazollah (Liege, BE)
||Delaware (New York, NY)|
||Willis; Prince E.
|Attorney Or Agent:
||Blumenkopf; N.Sylvester; H. S.Grill; M. M.
||510/304; 510/321; 510/325; 510/338; 510/343; 510/413; 510/418; 510/467; 510/506
|Field Of Search:
||252/95; 252/135; 252/139; 252/170; 252/174.21; 252/174.22; 252/DIG.2; 252/DIG.14; 252/DIG.17; 252/174.16
|U.S Patent Documents:
||2940938; 3169930; 3579453; 3630929; 3850831; 3951826; 4018696; 4137190; 4246466; 4316812; 4326979; 4622173
|Foreign Patent Documents:
||A liquid heavy duty laundry detergent composition comprising a suspension of builder salt in liquid nonionic surfactant. To improve dispensibility in automatic washing machines, the composition contains as a viscosity and gel controlling agent an alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether, especially diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether.
||What we claim is:
1. A nonaqueous heavy duty laundry composition comprising a suspension of a detergent builder salt in a liquid nonionic surfactant, an amount of mono- or poly-(C.sub.2 toC.sub.3 alkylene)glycol mono-(C.sub.1 to C.sub.5 alkyl)ether sufficient to decrease the viscosity of the composition both in the absence of water and upon contacting of the composition with water, and an acid-terminated nonionic surfactant which isobtained by converting a free hydroxyl group of a nonionic surfactant to a moiety having a free carboxyl group, the amount of said acid-terminated nonionic surfactant being sufficient to further lower the temperature at which the liquid nonionicsurfactant forms a gel with water, said composition comprising from about 30 to about 70% of the liquid nonionic surfactant and the alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether at a weight ratio of nonionic surfactant to glycol ether in the range of from about 100:1to 3:1, and from about 10 to about 60% of the suspended detergent builder.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether is diethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein the liquid nonionic surfactant is a C.sub.10 to C.sub.18 fatty alcohol alkoxylated with from 3 to 12 moles of a C.sub.2 to C.sub.3 alkylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the liquid nonionic surfactant is a C.sub.10 to C.sub.18 fatty alcohol alkoxylated with from 3 to 12 moles of a C.sub.2 to C.sub.3 alkylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol.
5. The composition of claim 1 which further comprises an acidic organic phosphorus compound having an acidic - POH group in an amount to increase the stability of the suspension of the detergent builder in the liquid nonionic surfactant.
6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the acid-terminated nonionic surfactant is present in an amount of from about 0.5 to 10 parts of --COOH group thereof per 100 parts of the acid-terminated nonionic surfactant and the liquid nonionicsurfactant; said composition further comprising an acidic organic phosphoric acid compound, as an anti-settling agent, in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 to 5%, and one or more detergent additives selected from enzymes, corrosion inhibitors,anti-foam agents, suds suppressors, thickening agents, dispersants, soil suspending agents, anti-redeposition agents, anti-yellowing agents, colorants, perfumes, optical brighteners, pH modifiers, pH buffers, bleaching agents, bleach stabilizers, bleachactivators, and sequestering agents.
7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the detergent builder comprises an alkali metal polyphosphate, the alkylene glycol ether is diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and the liquid nonionic surfactant comprises a secondary C.sub.13 fatty alcoholethoxylated with about 8 moles ethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol.
8. The composition of claim 7 wherein the acid-terminated nonionic surfactant comprises the partial ester of C.sub.9 to C.sub.11 fatty alcohol ethoxylated with about 5 moles ethylene oxide with succinic acid or succinic acid anhydride, and theacidic organic phosphoric acid compound comprises a partial ester of phosphoric acid and a C.sub.16 to C.sub.18 alkanol.
9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the nonionic surfactant and the glycol ether are present in the composition at a weight ratio of 25:1 to 3:1.
10. A nonaqueous liquid heavy duty laundry composition consisting essentially of
(A) from about 30 to 70% by weight of a liquid phase composed of a liquid non-ionic surfactant and a viscosity-controlling and gel-inhibiting compound of the formula ##STR5## where R is alkyl of 2 to 5 carbon atoms,
R' is hydrogen or methyl, and
n is a number of from 2 to 4 on average,
the weight ratio of surfactant to said compound being from 100:1 to 3:1,
(B) from about 10% to about 60% of detergent builder salt suspended in the liquid phase;
(C) a polyether carboxylic acid gel-inhibiting compound in an amount from about 0.5 to 10 parts of --COOH group per 100 parts of the polyether carboxylic acid and liquid nonionic surfactant;
(D) 0.01 to 5% by weight of an acidic organic phosphorus compound as an anti-settling agent; and
(E) one or more detergent additives selected from the group consisting of (a) enzymes, 0 to 2% by weight, (b) corrosion inhibitors, 0 to 40% by weight, (c) anti-foam agents and suds-suppressors, 0 to 15% by weight, (d) inorganic thickening agentsand dispersants, 0 to 15% by weight, (3) soil-suspending, anti-redeposition and and anti-yellowing agents, 0 to 10% by weight, (f) colorants, perfumes, optical brighteners and bluing agents, 0 to 2% by weight, (g) pH modifiers and pH buffers, 0 to 5% byweight, (h) bleaching agent, 0 to 40% by weight, (i) bleach stabilizers and bleach activators, 0 to 15% by weight, and (j) sequestering agents, 0 to 5% by weight.
11. The composition of claim 10 wherein
(A) the liquid nonionic surfactant is comprised of C.sub.10 to C.sub.18 fatty alcohol ethoxylated with from 3 to 12 moles of a C.sub.2 to C.sub.3 alkylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol and the compound of the formula is diethylene glycolmonobutylether;
(B) the detergent builder is comprised of an alkali metal polyphosphate;
(C) the polyether carboxylic acid is comprised of a partial ester of a C.sub.9 to C.sub.11 fatty alcohol ethoxylated with about 5 moles ethylene oxide with succinic acid or succinic acid anhydride; and
(D) the acidic organic phosphorus compound is comprised of a partial ester of phosphoric acid and an alkanol having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
12. The composition of claim 11 wherein
(A) the liquid nonionic surfactant is comprised of a secondary C.sub.13 fatty alcohol ethoxylated with about 8 moles ethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol or a 1:1 mixture of a secondary C.sub.13 fatty alcohol ethoxylated with about 9 molesethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol, the total amount of the surfactant and the compound of the formula is from about 40 to 60% by weight, and the ratio of surfactant to said compound is from 25:to 3:1;
(B) the detergent builder salt is present in an amount of from about 20 to 50% by weight;
(C) the gel-inhibiting compound is present in an amount of from about 0.05 to 0.6 part per part of the liquid nonionic surfactant;
(D) the acidic organic phosphorus compound is a partial ester of phosphoric acid with a C.sub.16 to C.sub.18 alkanol and is present in an amount of from about 0.05 to 2% by weight.
||BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(1) Field of Invention
This invention relates to liquid laundry detergent compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to non-aqueous liquid laundry detergent compositions which are easily pourable and which do not gel when added to water and to the use ofthese compositions for cleaning soiled fabrics.
(2) Discussion of Prior Art
Liquid nonaqueous heavy duty laundry detergent composition are well known in the art. For instance, compositions of that type may comprise a liquid nonionic surfactant in which are dispersed particles of a builder, as shown for instance in theU.S. Pat. Nos. 4,316,812; 3,630,929; 4,264,466, and British Pat. Nos. 1,205,711, 1,270,040 and 1,600,981.
Liquid detergents are often considered to be more convenient to employ than dry powdered or particulate products and, therefore, have found substantial favor with consumers. They are readily measurable, speedily dissolved in the wash water,capable of being easily applied in concentrated solutions or dispersions to soiled areas on garments to be laundered and are non-dusting, and they usually occupy less storage space. Additionally, the liquid detergents may have incorporated in theirformulations materials which could not stand drying operations without deterioration, which materials are often desirably employed in the manufacture of particulate detergent products. Although they are possessed of many advantages over unitary orparticulate solid products, liquid detergents often have certain inherent disadvantages too, which have to be overcome to produce acceptable commercial detergent products. Thus, some such products separate out on storage and others separate out oncooling and are not readily redispersed In some cases the product viscosity changes and it becomes either too thick to pour or so thin as to appear watery. Some clear products become cloudy and others gel on standing.
The present inventors have been extensively involved in studying the rheological behavior of nonionic liquid surfactant systems with and without particulate matter suspended therein. Of particular interest has been non-aqueous built laundryliquid detergent compositions and the problems of gelling associated with nonionic surfactants as well as settling of the suspended builder and other laundry additives. These considerations have an impact on, for example, product pourability,dispersibility and stability.
The rheological behavior of the non-aqueous built liquid laundry detergents can be analogized to the rheological behavior of paints in which the suspended builder particles correspond to the inorganic pigment and the nonionic liquid surfactantcorresponds to the non-aqueous paint vehicle. For simplicity, in the following discussion, the suspended particles, e.g. detergent builder, will sometimes be referred to as the "pigment."
It is known that one of the major problems with paints and built liquid laundry detergents is their physical stability. This problem stems from the fact that the density of the solid pigment particles is higher than the density of the liquidmatrix. Therefore, the particles tend to sediment according to Stoke's law. Two basic solutions exist to solve the sedimentation problem: liquid matrix viscosity and reducing solid particle size.
For instance, it is known that such suspensions can be stabilized against settling by adding inorganic or organic thickening agents or dispersants, such as, for example, very high surface area inorganic materials, e.g. finely divided silica,clays, etc., organic thickeners, such as the cellulose ethers, acrylic and acrylamide polymers, polyelectrolytes, etc. However, such increases in suspension viscosity are naturally limited by the requirement that the liquid suspension be readily pourableand flowable, even at low temperature. Furthermore, these additives do not contribute to the cleaning performance of the formulation.
Grinding to reduce the particle size is more advantageous and provides two major consequences:
1. The pigment specific surface area is increased, and, therefore, particle wetting by the non-aqueous vehicle (liquid nonionic) is proportionately improved.
2. The average distance between pigment particles is reduced with a proportionate increase in particle-to-particle interaction. Each of these effects contributes to increase the rest-gel strength and the suspension yield stress while at thesame time, grinding significantly reduces plastic viscosity.
The nonaqueous liquid suspensions of the detergent builders, such as lhe polyphosphate builders, especially sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in nonionic surfactant are found to behave, rheologically, substantially according to the Casson equation:
.gamma. is the shear rate,
.sigma. is the shear stress,
.sigma..sub.o is the yield stress (or yield value), and
.eta..infin. is the "plastic viscosity" (apparent viscosity at infinite shear rate).
The yield stress is the minimum stress necessary to induce a plastic deformation (flow) of the suspension. Thus, visualizing the suspension as a loose network of pigment particles, if the applied stress is lower than the yield stress, thesuspension behaves like an elastic gel and no plastic flow will occur. Once the yield stress is overcome, the network breaks at some points and the sample begins to flow, but with a very high apparent viscosity. If the shear stress is much higher thanthe yield stress, the pigments are partially shear-deflocculated the apparent viscosity decreases. Finally, if the shear stress is much higher than the yield stress value, the pigment particles are completely shear-deflocculated and the apparentviscosity is very low, as if no particle interaction were present.
Therefore, the higher the yield stress of the suspension, the higher the apparent viscosity at low shear rate and the better is the physical stability of the product.
In addition to the problem of settling or phase separation the non-aqueous liquid laundry detergents based on liquid nonionic surfactants suffer from the drawback that the nonionics tend to gel when added to cold water. This is a particularlyimportant problem in the ordinary use of European household automatic washing machines where the user places the laundry detergent composition in a dispensing unit (e.g. a dispensing drawer) of the machine. During the operation of the machine thedetergent in the dispenser is subjected to a stream of cold water to transfer it to the main body of wash solution. Especially during the winter months when the detergent composition and water fed to the dispenser are particularly cold, the detergentviscosity increases markedly and a gel forms. As a result some of the composition is not flushed completely off the dispenser during operation of the machine, and a deposit of the composition builds up with repeated wash cycles, eventually requiring theuser to flush the dispenser with hot water.
The gelling phenomenon can also be a problem whenever it is desired to carry out washing using cold water as may be recommended for certain synthetic and delicate fabrics or fabrics which can shrink in warm or hot water.
Partial solutions to the gelling problem in aqueous, substantially builder-free compositions have been proposed and include, for example, diluting the liquid nonionic with certain viscosity controlling solvents and gel-inhibiting agents, such aslower alkanols, e.g. ethyl alcohol (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,380), alkali metal formates and adipates (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,368,147), hexylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, etc.
In addition, these two patents each disclose the use of up to at most about 2.5% of the lower alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) etheric derivatives of the lower (C.sub.2 -C.sub.3) polyols, e.g. ethylene glycol, in these aqueous liquid builder-freedetergents in place of a portion of the lower alkanol, e.g. ethanol, as a viscosity control solvent. To similar effect are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,111,855 and 4,201,686. However, there is no disclosure or suggestion in any of these patents that thesecompounds, some of which are commercially available under the tradename Cellosolve.RTM., could function effectively as viscosity control and gel-preventing agents for non-aqueous liquid nonionic surfactant compositions, especially such compositionscontaining suspended builder salts, such as the polyphosphate compounds, and especially particularly such compositions which do not depend on or require the lower alkanol solvents as viscosity control agents.
Furthermore, British Patent Specification No. 1,600,981 mentions that in non-aqueous nonionic detergent compositions containing builders suspended therein with the aid of certain dispersants for the builder, such as finely divided silica and/orpolyether group containing compounds having molecular weights of at least 500, it may be advantageous to use mixtures of nonionic surfactants, one of which fulfills a surfactant function and the other of which both fulfills a surfactant function andreduces the pour point of the compositions. The former is exemplified by C.sub.12 -C.sub.15 fatty alcohols with 5 to 15 moles of ethylene and/or propylene oxide per mole.
The other surfactant is exemplified by linear C.sub.6 -C.sub.8 or branched C.sub.8 -C.sub.11 fatty alcohols with 2 to 8 moles ethylene and/or propylene oxide per mole. Again, there is no teaching that these low carbon chain compounds couldcontrol the viscosity and prevent gelation of the heavy duty non-aqueous liquid nonionic surfactant compositions with builder suspended in the nonionic liquid surfactant.
It is also known to modify the structure of nonionic surfactants to optimize their resistance to gelling upon contact with water, particularly cold water. As an example of nonionic surfactant modification one particularly successful result hasbeen achieved by acidifying the hydroxyl moiety end group of the nonionic molecule. The advantages of introducing a carboxylic acid at the end of the nonionic include gel inhibition upon dilution; decreasing the nonionic pour point; and formation of ananionic surfactant when neutralized in the washing liquor. Nonionic structure optimization for minimizing gelation is also known, for example, controlling the chain length of the hydrophobic-lipophilic moiety and the number and make-up of alkylene oxide(e.g. ethylene oxide) units of the hydrophilic moiety. For example, it has been found that a C.sub.13 fatty alcohol ethoxylated with 8 moles of ethylene oxide presents only a limited tendency to gel formation.
Nevertheless, still further improvements are desired in the stability, viscosity control and gel inhibition of non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide non-aqueous liquid laundry detergents which do not gel when contacted with or when added to water, especially cold water.
It is a further object of the invention to provide non-aqueous liquid built laundry detergent compositions which are storage stable, easily pourable and dispersible in cold, warm or hot water.
Another object of this invention is to formulate highly built heavy duty non-aqueous liquid nonionic surfactant laundry detergent compositions which can be poured at all temperatures and which can be repeatedly dispersed from the dispensing unitof European style automatic laundry washing machines without fouling or plugging of the dispenser even during the winter months.
A specific object of this invention is to provide non-gelling, stable, low viscosity suspensions of heavy duty tripolyphosphate built non-aqueous liquid nonionic laundry detergent composition which include an amount of a low molecular weightamphiphilic compound sufficient to decrease the viscosity of the composition in the absence of water and upon contact with cold water.
These and other objects of the invention which will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments are generally provided by adding to the liquid nonionic surfactant composition an amount of a low molecularweight amphiphilic compound, particularly, mono-, di- or tri(lower (C.sub.2 to C.sub.3) alkylene)glycol mono(lower (C.sub.1 to C.sub.5) alkyl)ether, effective to inhibit gelation of the nonionic surfactant in the presence of cold water.
BRIEFDESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1-3 are graphs illustrating the effects on viscosity behavior for various viscosity control and gel-inhibiting agents at different concentrations and temperatures.
Accordingly, in one aspect the present invention provides a liquidheavy duty laundry composition composed of a suspension of a builder salt in a liquid nonionic surfactant wherein the composition includes an amount of a lower (C.sub.2 to C.sub.3) alkylene glycol mono(lower) (C.sub.1 to C.sub.5) alkyl ether to decreasethe viscosity of the composition in the absence of water and upon the contacting of the composition with water.
In a more specific embodiment, the present invention provides a non-aqueous liquid cleaning composition which remains pourable at temperatures below about 5.degree. C. and which does not gel when contacted with or added to water at temperaturesbelow about 20.degree. C., the composition being composed of a liquid nonionic surfactant and C.sub.2 to C.sub.3 alkylene glycol mono(C.sub.1 to C.sub.5)alkyl ether and being substantially free of water.
According to another aspect, the invention provides a method for dispensing a liquid nonionic laundry detergent composition into and/or with cold water without undergoing gelation. In particular, a method is provided for filling a container witha non-aqueous liquid laundry detergent composition in which the detergent is composed, at least predominantly, of a liquid nonionic surface active agent and for dispensing the composition from the container into an aqueous wash bath, wherein thedispensing is effected by directing a stream of unheated water onto the composition such that the composition is carried by the stream of water into the wash bath. By including a low molecular weight amphiphilic compound, i.e. a lower C.sub.2 to C.sub.3alkylene glycol mono(lower)(C.sub.1 to C.sub.5)alkyl ether, the composition can be easily poured into the container even when the composition is at a temperature below room temperature. Furthermore, the composition does not undergo gelation when it iscontacted by the stream of water and it readily disperses upon entry into the wash bath.
The nonionic synthetic organic detergents employed in the practice of the invention may be any of a wide variety of such compounds, which are well known and, for example, are described at length in the text Surface Active Agents, Vol. II, bySchwartz, Perry and Berch, published in 1958 by Interscience Publishers, and in McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers, 1969 Annual, the relevant disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Usually, the nonionic detergents are poly-loweralkoxylated lipophiles wherein the desired hydrophile-lipophile balance is obtained from addition of a hydrophilic poly-lower alkoxy group to a lipophilic moiety. A preferred class of the nonionic detergent employed is the poly-lower alkoxylated higheralkanol wherein the alkanol is of 10 to 18 carbon atoms and wherein the number of mols of lower alkylene oxide (of 2 or 3 carbon atoms) is from 3 to 12. Of such materials it is preferred to employ those wherein the higher alkanol is a higher fattyalcohol of 10 to 11 or 12 to 15 carbon atoms and which contain from 5 to 8 or 5 to 9 lower alkoxy groups per mol. Preferably, the lower alkoxy is ethoxy but in some instances, it may be desirably mixed with propoxy, the latter, if present, usually beinga minor (less than 50%) proportion. Exemplary of such compounds are those wherein the alkanol is of 12 to 15 carbon atoms and which contain about 7 ethylene oxide groups per mol, e.g. Neodol 25-7 and Neodol 23-6.5, which products are made by ShellChemical Company, Inc. The former is a condensation product of a mixture of higher fatty alcohols averaging about 12 to 15 carbon atoms, with about 7 mols of ethylene oxide and the latter is a corresponding mixture wherein the carbon atom content of thehigher fatty alcohol is 12 to 13 and the number of ethylene oxide groups present averages about 6.5. The higher alcohols are primary alkanols. Other examples of such detergents include Tergitol.RTM. 15-S-7 and Tergitol 15-S-9, both of which are linearsecondary alcohol ethoxylates made by Union Carbide Corp. The former is mixed ethoxylation product of 11 to 15 carbon atoms linear secondary alkanol with seven mols of ethylene oxide and the latter is a similar product but with nine mols of ethyleneoxide being reacted.
Also useful in the present compositions as a component of the nonionic detergent are higher molecular weight nonionics, such as Neodol 45-11, which are similar ethylene oxide condensation products of higher fatty alcohols, with the higher fattyalcohol being of 14 to 15 carbon atoms and the number of ethylene oxide groups per mol being about 11. Such products are also made by Shell Chemical Company. Other useful nonionics are represented by the Plurafac series from BASF Chemical Company whichare the reaction product of a higher linear alcohol and a mixture of ethylene and propylene oxides, containing a mixed chain of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, terminated by a hydroxyl group. Examples include Plurafac RA30 (a C.sub.13 -C.sub.15fatty alcohol condensed with 6 moles ethylene oxide and 3 moles propylene oxide), Plurafac RA40 (a C.sub.13 -C.sub.15 fatty alcohol condensed with 7 moles propylene oxide and 4 moles ethylene oxide), Plurafac D25 (a C.sub.13 -C.sub.15 fatty alcoholcondensed with 5 moles propylene oxide and 10 moles ethylene oxide), and Plurafac B26. Another group of liquid nonionics are available from Shell Chemical Company, Inc. under the Dobanol trademark: Dobanol 91-5 is an ethoxylated C.sub.9 -C.sub.11 fattyalcohol with an average of 5 moles ethylene oxide; Dobanol 25-7 is an ethoxylated C.sub.12 -C.sub.15 fatty alcohol with an average of 7 moles ethylene oxide; etc.
In the preferred poly-lower alkoxylated higher alkanols, to obtain the best balance of hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties the number of lower alkoxies will usually be from 40% to 100% of the number of carbon atoms in the higher alcohol,preferably 40 to 60% thereof and the nonionic detergent will preferably contain at least 50% of such preferred poly-lower alkoxy higher alkanol. Higher molecular weight alkanols and various other normally solid nonionic detergents and surface activeagents may be contributory to gelation of the liquid detergent and consequently, will preferably be omitted or limited in quantity in the present compositions, although minor proportions thereof may be employed for their cleaning properties, etc. Withrespect to both preferred and less preferred nonionic detergents the alkyl groups present therein are generally linear although branching may be tolerated, such as at a carbon next to or two carbons removed from the terminal carbon of the straight chainand away from the ethoxy chain, if such branched alkyl is not more than three carbons in length. Normally, the proportion of carbon atoms in such a branched configuration will be minor rarely exceeding 20% of the total carbon atom content of the alkyl. Similarly, although linear alkyls which are terminally joined to the ethylene oxide chains are highly preferred and are considered to result in the best combination of detergency, biodegradability and non-gelling characteristics, medial or secondaryjoinder to the ethylene oxide in the chain may occur. It is usually in only a minor proportion of such alkyls, generally less than 20% but, as is in the cases of the mentioned Terigtols, may be greater. Also, when propylene oxide is present in thelower alkylene oxide chain, it will usually be less than 20% thereof and preferably less than 10% thereof.
When greater proportions of non-terminally alkoxylated alkanols, propylene oxide-containing poly-lower alkoxylated alkanols and less hydrophile-lipophile balanced nonionic detergent than mentioned above are employed and when other nonionicdetergents are used instead of the preferred nonionics recited herein, the product resulting may not have as good detergency, stability, viscosity and non-gelling properties as the preferred compositions but use of the viscosity and gel controllingcompounds of the invention can also improve the properties of the detergents based on such nonionics. In some cases, as when a higher molecular weight polylower alkoxylated higher alkanol is employed, often for its detergency, the proportion thereofwill be regulated or limited as in accordance with the results of various experiments, to obtain the desired detergency and still have the product non-gelling and of desired viscosity. Also, it has been found that it is only rarely necessary to utilizethe higher molecular weight nonionics for their detergent properties since the preferred nonionics described herein are excellent detergents and additionally, permit the attainment of the desired viscosity in the liquid detergent without gelation at lowtemperatures. Mixtures of two or more of these liquid nonionics can also be used and in some cases advantages can be obtained by the use of such mixtures.
As mentioned above, the structure of the liquid nonionic surfactant may be optimized with regard to their carbon chain length and configuration (e.g. linear versus branched chains, etc.) and their content and distribution of alkylene oxide units. Extensive research has shown that these structural characteristics can and do have a profound effect on such properties of the nonionic as pour point, cloud point, viscosity, gelling tendency, as well, of course, as on detergency.
Typically most commercially available nonionics have a relatively large distribution of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) units and of the lipophilic hydrocarbon chain length, the reported EO and PO contents and hydrocarbon chainlengths being overall averages. This "polydispersity" of the hydrophilic chains and lipophilic chains can have great importance on the product properties as can the specific values of the average values. The relationship between "polydispersity" andspecific chain lengths with product properties for a well-defined nonionic can be shown by the following data for the "Surfactant T" series of nonionics available from British Petroleum. The Surfactant T nonionics are obtained by ethoxylation ofsecondary C.sub.13 fatty alcohols having a narrow EO distribution and have the following physical characteristics:
______________________________________ EO Pour Point Cloud Point (1% sol) Content (.degree.C.) (.degree.C.) ______________________________________ Surfactant T5 5 <-2 <25 Surfactant T7 7 -2 38 Surfactant T9 9 6 58 Surfactant T12 12 20 88 ______________________________________
To assess the impact of EO distribution, a "Surfactant T8" was artificially prepared in two ways:
a. 1:1 mixture of T7 and T9 (T8a)
b. 4:3 mixture of T5 and T12 (T8b).
The following properties were found:
______________________________________ EO Content Pour Point Cloud Point (avg) (.degree.C.) (1% sol'n) (.degree.C.) ______________________________________ Surfactant T8a 8 2 48 Surfactant T8b 8 15 <20 ______________________________________
From these results, the following general observations can be made:
1. T8a corresponds closely to an actual surfactant T8 as it interpolates well between T7 and T9 for both pour point and cloud point.
2. T8b which is highly polydisperse and would be generally unsatisfactory in view of its high pour point and low cloud point temperatures.
3. The properties of T8a are basically additive between T7 and T9 whereas for T8b the pour point is close to the long EO chain (T12) while the cloud point is close to the short EO chain (T5).
The viscosities of the Surfactant T nonionics were measured at 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80% and 100% nonionic concentrations for T5, T7, T7/T9 (1:1), T9 and T12 at 25.degree. C. with the following results (when a gel is obtained, the viscosityis the Bingham viscosity):
______________________________________ Viscosity (mPa .multidot. s) Nonionic type % T5 T7 T7/T9 T9 T12 ______________________________________ 100 36 63 61 149 80 65 104 112 165 60 750 78 188 239 32200 50 4000 123 233 634 89100 40 2050 96149 211 187 30 630 58 38 27 20 170 78 28 100 ______________________________________
From these results, it may be concluded that Surfactant T7 is less gel-sensitive than T5, and T9 is less gel-sensitive than T12; moreover, the mixture of T7 and T9 (T8) does not gel, and its viscosity does not exceed 225 m Pa.multidot.s. T5 andT12 do not form the same gel structure.
Although not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is presumed that these results may be accounted for by the following hypothesis:
For T5: with only 5 EO, the hydrodynamic volume of the EO chain is almost the same as the hydrodynamic volume of the fatty chain. Surfactant molecules can accordingly arrange themselves to form a lamellar structure.
For T12: with 12 EO, the hydrodynamic volume of the EO chain is greater than that of the fatty chain. When molecules try to arrange themselves together, an interface curvature occurs and rods are obtained. The superstructure is then hexagonal;with a longer EO chain, or with a higher hydratation, the interface curvature can be such that actual spheres are obtained, and the arrangement of the lowest energy is a face-centered cubic latice.
From T5 to T7 (and T8), the interface curvature increases, and the energy of the lamellar structure increases. As the lamellar structure looses stability, its melting temperature is reduced.
From T12 to T9 (and T8), the interface curvature decreases, and the energy of the hexagonal structure increases (rods become bigger and bigger). As the loss in stability occurs, the structure melting temperature is also reduced.
Surfactant T8 appears to be at the critical point at which the lamellar structure is destabilized, i.e. the hexagonal structure is not yet stable enough and no gel is obtained during dilution. In fact, a 50% solution of T8 will finally gel aftertwo days, but the superstructure formation is delayed long enough to allow easy water dispersability.
The effects of the molecular weight on physical properties of the nonionics were also considered. Surfactant T8 (1:1 mixture of T7 and T9) exhibits a good compromise between the lipophilic chain (C13) and the hydrophilic chain (EO8), althoughthe pour point and maximum viscosity on dilution at 25.degree. C. are still high.
The equivalent EO compromise for C10 and C8 lipophilic chains was also determined using the Dobanol 91-x series from Shell Chemical Co., which are ethoxylated derivatives of C.sub.9 -C.sub.11 fatty alcohols (average: C10); and Alfonic 610-yseries from Conoco which are ethoxylated derivatives of C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 fatty alcohols (average C.sub.8); x and y represent the EO weight percentage.
The next table reports the physical characteristics of the Alfonic 610-y and Dobanol 91-x series:
______________________________________ Pour # EO Point Cloud Pt. Max. .eta. on dilution Nonionic (avg.) (.degree.C.) (.degree.C.) at 25.degree. C. (mPa .multidot. ______________________________________ s) Alfonic 610-50R 3 -15 Gel (60%) Alfonic 610-60 4.4 -4 41 36 (60%) Dobanol 91-5 5 03 33 Gel (70%) Dobanol 91-5T 6 +2 55 126 (50%) Dobanol 91-8 8 +6 81 Gel (50%) ______________________________________ Dobanol 91-5 and Dobanol 91-8 are commercially available products; Dobanol 91-5 topped (T) is a lab scale product: it is Dobanol 91-5 from which free alcohol has been removed. As the lowest ethoxylation members are also removed, the average EO number is 6. Dobanol 91-5T provides the best results of C10 lipophile chain as itdoes not gel at 25.degree. C. The 1% cloud point (55.degree. C.) is higher than for surfactant T8 (48.degree. C.). This is presumably due to the lower molecular weight since the mixture entropy is higher. Alfonic 610-60 provides the best results ofthe C8 lipophile chain series.
A summary of the best EO contents for each tested lipophilic chain length is provided in the following table:
______________________________________ Pour Cloud Pt. Max .eta. on dil. Pt. (1% soln) (%) at 25.degree. C. Nonionic # C # EO (.degree.C.) (.degree.C.) (mPa .multidot. s) ______________________________________ Surfactant T8 13 8 +2 48 223(50%) Dobanol 91-5T 10 6 +2 55 126 (50%) Alfonic 610-60 8 4.4 -4 41 36 (60%) ______________________________________
From this data, the following conclusions were reached:
Pour points: as the nonionic molecular weight decreases, its pour points decrease too. The relatively high pour point of Dobanol 91-5T can be accounted for by the higher polydispersity. This was also noticed for T8a and T8b, i.e. the chainpolydispersity increases the pour point.
Cloud points: theoretically, as the number of molecules increases (if the molecular weight decreases), the mixing entropy is higher, so the cloud point would increase as the molecular weight decreases. It is actually the case from Surfactant T8to Dobanol 91-5T but it has not been confirmed with Alfonic 610-60. Here it is presumed that the lipophilic hydrocarbon chain polydispersity is responsible for the theoretically too low cloud point. The relatively large amount of C10-EO present reducesthe solubility.
Maximum viscosity on dilution at 25.degree. C.: none of these nonionics gel at 25.degree. C. when they are diluted with water. The maximum viscosity decreases sharply with the molecular weight. As the nonionic molecular weight decreases, theless efficient becomes the hydrogen bridges. Unfortunately, too low molecular weight nonionics are not suitable for laundry washing: their micellar critical concentration (MCC) is too high, and a true solution, with only a limited detergency would beobtained under practical laundry conditions.
With this information, the present inventors continued their studies on the effects of the low molecular weight amphiphilic compounds on the rheological properties of liquid nonionic detergent cleaning compositions. These studies revealed thatwhile it is possible to lower the pour point of the composition and obtain some degree of gel inhibition by using a short chain hydrocarbon, e.g. about C.sub.8, with a short chain ethylene oxide substitution, e.g. about 4 moles, as amphiphilic additive,such as Alfonic 610-60, these additives do not significantly contribute to the overall laundry cleaning performance and still do not exhibit overall satisfactory viscosity control over all normal usage conditions.
The present invention is, therefore, based, at least in part, on the discovery that the low molecular weight amphiphilic compounds which can be considered to be analogous in chemical structure to the ethoxylated and/or propoxylated fatty alcoholnonionic surfactants but which have short hydrocarbon chain lengths (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5) and a low content of alkylene oxide, i.e. ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide (about 1 to 4 EO/PO units per molecule) function effectively as viscosity control andgel-inhibiting agents for the liquid nonionic surface active cleaning agents.
The viscosity-controlling and gel-inhibiting amphiphilic compounds used in the present invention can be represented by the following general formula ##STR1## where
R is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.5, preferably C.sub.2 to C.sub.5, especially preferably C.sub.2 to C.sub.4, and particularly C.sub.4 alkyl group,
R' is H or CH.sub.3, preferably H, and n is a number of from about 1 to 4, preferably 2 to 4 on average.
Preferred examples of suitable amphiphilic compounds include ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (C.sub.2 H.sub.5 --O--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (C.sub.4 H.sub.9 --O--(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.2 H). Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether is especially preferred and, as will be shown below, is uniquely effective to control viscosity.
While the amphiphilic compound, particularly diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, can be the only viscosity control and gel inhibiting additive in the invention compositions further improvements in the rheological properties of the anhydrous liquidnonionic surfactant compositions can be obtained by including in the composition a small amount of a nonionic surfactant which has been modified to convert a free hydroxyl group thereof to a moiety having a free carboxyl group, such as a partial ester ofa nonionic surfactant and a polycarboxylic acid and/or an acidic organic phosphorus compound having an acidic - POH group, such as a partial ester of phosphorous acid and an alkanol.
As disclosed in the commonly assigned copending application Ser. No. 597,948, filed April 9, 1984 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, the free carboxyl group modified nonionic surfactants, which may be broadlycharacterized as polyether carboxylic acids, function to lower the temperature at which the liquid nonionic forms a gel with water. The acidic polyether compound can also decrease the yield stress of such dispersions, aiding in their dispensibility,without a corresponding decrease.in their stability against settling. Suitable polyether carboxylic acids contain a grouping of the formula ##STR2## where R.sup.2 is hydrogen or methyl, Y is oxygen or sulfur, Z is an organic linkage, p is a positivenumber of from about 3 to about 50 and q is zero or a positive number of up to 10. Specific examples include the half-ester of Plurafac RA30 with succinic anhydride, the half ester of Dobanol 25-7 with succinic anhydride, the half ester of Dobanol 91-5with succinic anhydride, etc. Instead of a succinic acid anhydride, other polycarboxylic acids or anhydrides may be used, e.g. maleic acid, maleic anhydride, glutaric acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, citric acid, etc.Furthermore, other linkages may be used, such as ether, thioether or urethane linkages, formed by conventional reactions. For instance, to form an ether linkage, the nonionic surfactant may be treated with a strong base (to convert its OH group to anONa group for instance) and then reacted with a halocarboxylic acid such as chloroacetic acid or chloropropionic acid or the corresponding bromo compound. Thus, the resulting carboxylic acid may have the formula R--Y--ZCOOH where R is the residue of anonionic surfactant (on removal of a terminal OH), Y is oxygen or sulfur and Z represents an organic linkage such as a hydrocarbon group of, say, one to ten carbon atoms which may be attached to the oxygen (or sulfur) of the formula directly or by meansof an intervening linkage such an oxygencontaining linkage, e.g. a ##STR3##
The polyether carboxylic acid may be produced from a polyether which is not a nonionic surfactant, e.g. it may be made by reaction with a polyalkoxy compound such as polyethylene glycol or a monoester or monoether thereof which does not have thelong alkyl chain characteristic of the nonionic surfactants. Thus, R may have the formula ##STR4## where R.sup.2 is hydrogen or methyl, R.sup.1 is alkylpheny or alkyl or other chain terminating group and "n" is at least 3 such as 5 to 25. When thealkyl or R.sup.1 is a higher alkyl, R is a residue of a nonionic surfactant. As indicated above R.sup.1 may instead be hydrogen or lower alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) or lower acyl (e.g. acetyl, etc.). The acidic polyether compound ifpresent in the detergent composition, is preferably added dissolved in the nonionic surfactant.
As disclosed in the commonly assigned copending application Ser. No. 597,793 filed Apr. 6, 1984, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, the acidic organic phosphorus compound having an acidic - POH group can increase thestability of the suspension of builder, especially polyphosphate builders, in the nonaqueous liquid nonionic surfactant.
The acidic organic phosphorus compound may be, for instance, a partial ester of phosphoric acid and an alcohol such as an alkanol which has a lipophilic character, having, for instance, more than 5 carbon atoms, e.g. 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
A specific example is a partial ester of phosphoric acid and a C.sub.16 to C.sub.18 alkanol (Empiphos 5632 from Marchon); it is made up of about 35% monoester and 65% diester.
The inclusion of quite small amounts of the acidic organic phosphorus compound makes the suspension significantly more stable against settling on standing but remains pourable, presumably, as a result of increasing the yield value of thesuspension, but decreases its plastic viscosity. It is believed that the use of the acidic phosphorus compound may result in the formation of a high energy physical bond between the -POH portion of the molecule and the surfaces of the inorganicpolyphosphate builder so that these surfaces take on an organic character and become more compatible with the nonionic surfactant.
The acidic organic phosphorus compound may be selected from a wide variety of materials, in addition to the partial esters of phosphoric acid and alkanols mentioned above. Thus, one may employ a partial ester of phosphoric or phosphorous acidwith a mono or polyhydric alcohol such as hexylene glycol, ethylene glycol, di- or tri-ethylene glycol or higher polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, mono or diglycerides of fatty acids, etc. in which one, two or more of thealcoholic OH groups of the molecule may be esterified with the phosphorus acid. The alcohol may be a nonionic surfactant such as an ethoxylated or ethoxylated-propoxylated higher alkanol, higher alkyl phenol, or higher alkyl amide. The -POH group neednot be bonded to the organic portion of the molecule through an ester linkage; instead it may be directly bonded to carbon (as in a phosphonic acid, such as a polystyrene in which some of the aromatic rings carry phosphonic acid or phosphinic acidgroups; or an alkylphosphonic acid, such as propyl or laurylphosphonic acid) or may be connected to the carbon through other intervening linkage (such as linkages through O, S or N atoms). Preferably, the carbon:phosphorus atomic ratio in the organicphosphorus compound is at least about 3:1, such as 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 30:1 or 40:1.
The invention detergent composition may also and preferably does include water soluble detergent builder salts. Typical suitable builders include, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,316,812, 4,264,466, and 3,630,929. Water-soluble inorganic alkaline builder salts which can be used alone with the detergent compound or in admixture with other builders are alkali metal carbonate, borates, phosphates, polyphosphates, bicarbonates, and silicates. (Ammonium or substitutedammonium salts can also be used.) Specific examples of such salts are sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium tetraborate, sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate,sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium mono and diorthophosphate, and potassium bicarbonate. Sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) is especially preferred. The alkali metal silicates are useful builder salts which also function to make the composition anticorrosive towashing machine parts. Sodium silicates of Na.sub.2 O/SiO.sub.2 ratios of from 1.6/1 to 1/3.2 especially about 1/2 to 1/2.8 are preferred. Potassium silicates of the same ratios can also be used.
Another class of builders useful herein are the waterinsoluble aluminosilicates, both of the crystalline and amorphous type. Various crystalline zeolites (i.e. alumino-silicates are described in British Pat. No. 1,504,168, U.S. Pat. No.4,409,136 and Canadian Pat. Nos. 1,072,835 and 1,087,477, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference for such descriptions. An example of amorphous zeolites useful herein can be found in Belgium Pat. No. 835,351 and this patent too isincorporated herein by reference. The zeolites generally have the formula
wherein x is 1, y is from 0.8 to 1.2 and preferably 1, z is from 1.5 to 3.5 or higher and preferably 2 to 3 and w is from 0 to 9, preferably 2.5 to 6 and M is preferably sodium. A typical zeolite is type A or similar structure, with type 4Aparticularly preferred. The preferred aluminosilicates have calcium ion exchange capacities of about 200 milliequivalents per gram or greater, e.g. 400 meq/g.
Other materials such as clays, particularly of the waterinsoluble types, may be useful adjuncts in compositions of this invention. Particularly useful is bentonite. This material is primarily montmorillonite which is a hydrated aluminumsilicate in which about 1/6th of the aluminum atoms may be replaced by magnesium atoms and with which varying amounts of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, etc., may be loosely combined. The bentonite in its more purified form (i.e. free from anygrit, sand, etc.) suitable for detergents invariably contains at least 50% montmorillonite and thus its cation exchange capacity is at least about 50 to 75 meq. per 100 g. of bentonite. Particularly preferred bentonite are the Wyoming or Western U.S. bentonites which have been sold as Thixo-jels 1, 2, 3 and 4 by Georgia Kaolin Co. These bentonites are known to soften textiles as described in British Patent 401,413 to Marriott and British Pat. No. 461,221 to Marriott and Dugan.
Examples of organic alkaline sequestrant builder salts which can be used alone with the detergent or in admixture with other organic and inorganic builders are alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium, aminopolycarboxylates, e.g. sodium andpotassium ethylene diaminetetraacetate (EDTA), sodium and potassium nitrilotriacetates (NTA) and triethanolammonium N-(2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilodiacetates. Mixed salts of these polycarboxylates are also suitable.
Other suitable builders of the organic type include carboxymethylsuccinates, tartronates and glycollates. Of special value are the polyacetal carboxylates. The polyacetal carboxylates and their use in detergent compositions are described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 4,144,226; 4,315,092 and 4,146,495. Other patents on similar builders include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,141,676; 4,169,934; 4,201,858; 4,204,852; 4,224,420; 4,225,685; 4,226,960; 4,233,422; 4,233,423; 4,302,564 and 4,303,777. Also relevantare European Patent Application Nos. 0015024; 0021491 and 0063399.
Since the compositions of this invention are generally highly concentrated, and, therefore, may be used at relatively low dosages, it is desirable to supplement any phosphate builder (such as sodium tripolyphosphate) with an auxiliary buildersuch as a polymeric carboxylic acid having high calcium binding capacity to inhibit incrustation which could otherwise be caused by formation of an insoluble calcium phosphate. Such auxiliary builders are also well known in the art.
Various other detergent additives or adjuvants may be present in the detergent product to give it additional desired properties, either of functional or aesthetic nature. Thus, there may be included in the formulation, minor amounts of soilsuspending or anti-redeposition agents, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol, fatty amides, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy-propyl methyl cellulose; optical brighteners, e.g. cotton, amine and polyester brighteners, for example, stilbene, triazole andbenzidine sulfone compositions, especially sulfonated substituted triazinyl stilbene, sulfonated naphthotriazole stilbene, benzidene sulfone, etc., most preferred are stilbene and triazole combinations.
Bluing agents such as ultramarine blue; enzymes, preferably proteolytic enzymes, such as subtilisin, bromelin, papain, trypsin and pepsin, as well as amylase type enzymes, lipase type enzymes, and mixtures thereof; bactericides, e.g.tetrachlorosalicylanilide, hexachlorophene; fungicides; dyes; pigments (water dispersible); preservatives; ultraviolet absorbers; anti-yellowing agents, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, complex of C.sub.12 to C.sub.22 alkyl alcohol with C.sub.12to C.sub.18 alkylsulfate; pH modifiers and pH buffers; color safe bleaches, perfume, and anti-foam agents or suds-suppressors, e.g. silicon compounds can also be used.
The bleaching agents are classified broadly, for convenience, as chlorine bleaches and oxygen bleaches. Chlorine bleaches are typified by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), potassium dichloroisocyanurate (59% available chlorine), andtrichloroisocyanuric acid (85% available chlorine). Oxygen bleaches are represented by sodium and potassium perborates, percarbonates. and perphosphates, and potassium monopersulfate. The oxygen bleaches are preferred and the perborates, particularlysodium perborate monohydrate is especially preferred.
The peroxygen compound is preferably used in admixture with an activator therefor. Suitable activators are those disclosed in U.S. patent 4,264,466 or in column 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,244. Polyacylated compounds are preferred activators;among these, compounds such as tetraacetyl ethylene diamine ("TAED") and pentaacetyl glucose are particularly preferred.
The activiator usually interacts with the peroxygen compound to form a peroxyacid bleaching agent in the wash water. It is preferred to include a sequestering agent of high complexing power to inhibit any undesired reaction between suchperoxyacid and hydrogen peroxide in the wash solution in the presence of metal ions. Preferred sequestering agents are able to form a complex with Cu.sup.2 + ions, such that the stability constant (pK) of the complexation is equal to or greater than 6,at 25.degree. C., in water, of an ionic strength of 0.1 mole/liter, pK being conventionally defined by the formula: pK=-log K where K represents the equilibrium constant. Thus, for example, the pK values for complexation of copper ion with NTA and EDTAat the stated conditions are 12.7 and 18.8, respectively. Suitable sequestering agents include for example, in addition to those mentioned above, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DETPA); diethylene triamine pentamethylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP);and ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDITEMPA).
The composition may also contain an inorganic insoluble thickening agent or dispersant of very high surface area such as finely divided silica of extremely fine particle size (e.g. of 5-100 millimicrons diameters such as sold under the nameAerosil) or the other highly voluminous inorganic carrier materials disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,630,929, in proportions of 0.1-10%, e.g. 1 to 5%. It is preferable, however, that compositions which form peroxyacids in the wash bath (e.g. compositionscontaining peroxygen compound and activator therefor) be substantially free of such compounds and of other silicates; it has been found, for instance, that silica and silicates promote the undesired decomposition of the peroxyacid.
In a preferred form of the invention, the mixture of liquid nonionic surfactant and solid ingredients is subjected to an attrition type of mill in which the particle sizes of the solid ingredients are reduced to less than about 10 microns, e.g.to an average particle size of 2 to 10 microns or even lower (e.g. 1 micron). Compositions whose dispersed particles are of such small size have improved stability against separation or settling on storage.
In the grinding operation, it is preferred that the proportion of solid ingredients be high enough (e.g. at least about 40% such as about 50%) that the solid particles are in contact with each other and are not substantially shielded from oneanother by the nonionic surfactant liquid. Mills which employ grinding balls (ball mills) or similar mobile grinding elements have given very good results. Thus, one may use a laboratory batch attritor having 8 mm diameter steatite grinding balls. Forlarger scale work a continuously operating mill in which there are 1 mm or 1.5 mm diameter grinding balls working in a very small gap between a stator and a rotor operating at a relatively high speed (e.g. a CoBall mill) may be employed; when using sucha mill, it is desirable to pass the blend of nonionic surfactant and solids first through a mill which does not effect such fine grinding (e.g. a colloid mill) to reduce the particle size to less than 100 microns (e.g., to about 40 microns) prior to thestep of grinding to an average particle diameter below about 10 microns in the continuous ball mill.
In the preferred heavy duty liquid detergent compositions of the invention, typical proportions (based on the total composition, unless otherwise specified) of the ingredients are as follows:
Suspended detergent builder, within the range of about 10 to 60% such as about 20 to 50%, e.g. about 25 to 40%;
Liquid phase comprising-nonionic surfactant and dissolved amphiphilic viscosity-controlling and gel-inhibiting compound, within the range of about 30 to 70%, such as about 40 to 60%; this phase may also include minor amounts of a diluent such asa glycol, e.g. polyethylene glycol (e.g., "PEG 400"), hexylene glycol, etc. such as up to 10%, preferably up to 5%, for example, 0.5 to 2%. The weight ratio of nonionic surfactant to amphiphilic compound is in the range of from about 100:1 to 1:1,preferably from about 50:1 to about 2:1, especially preferably, from about 25:1 to about 3:1.
Polyether carboxylic acid gel-inhibiting compound, in an amount to supply in the range of about 0.5 to 10 parts (e.g. about 1 to 6 parts, such as about 2 to 5 parts) of --COOH (M.W. 45) per 100 parts of blend of such acid compound and nonionicsurfactant. Typically, the amount of the polyether carboxylic acid compound is in the range of about 0.01 to 1 part per part of nonionic surfactant, such as about 0.05 to 0.6 part, e.g. about 0.2 to 0.5 part;
Acidic organic phosphoric acid compound, as anti-settling agent: up to 5%, for example, in the range of 0.01 to 5%, such as about 0.05 to 2%, e.g. about 0.1 to 1%.
Suitable ranges of other optional detergent additives are: enzymes--0 to 2%, especially 0.7 to 1.3%; corrosion inhibitors--about 0 to 40%, and preferably 5 to 30%; anti-foam agents and suds-suppressors--0 to 15%, preferably 0 to 5%, for example0.1 to 3%; thickening agent and dispersants--0 to 15%, for example 0.1 to 10%, preferably 1 to 5%; soil suspending or anti-redeposition agents and anti-yellowing agents--0 to 10%, preferably 0.5 to 5%; colorants, perfumes, brighteners and bluing agentstotal weight 0% to about 2% and preferably 0% to about 1%; pH modifiers and pH buffers --0 to 5%, preferably--0% to about 40% and preferably 0% to about 25%, for example 2 to 20%; bleach stabilizers and bleach activators 0 to about 15%, preferably 0 to10%, for example, 0.1 to 8%; sequestering agent of high complexing power, in the range of up to about 5%, preferably about 1/4 to 3%, such as about 1/2 to 2%. In the selections of the adjuvants, they will be chosen to be compatible with the mainconstituents of the detergent composition.
All proportions and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
It is understood that the foregoing detailed description is given merely by way of illustration and that variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention.
In order to demonstrate the effects of the viscosity control and gel-inhibiting agents, various compositions were prepared using the above described Surfactant T8 (C13, EO8) (50/50 weight mixture of Surfactant T7 and Surfactant T9) as thenon-aqueous liquid nonionic surface active cleaning agent. Formulations containing 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% of amphiphilic additive were prepared and were tested at 5.degree. C., 10.degree. C., 15.degree. C., 20.degree. C. and 25.degree. C. fordifferent dilutions with water, i.e. 100%, 83%, 67%, 50% and 33% total nonionic Surfactant T8 plus additive concentrations, i.e. after dilution in water. The additives tested were Alfonic 610-60 (C8-EO4.4), ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (C2-EO1), anddiethylene glycol monobutyl ether (C4-EO2). The results of viscosity behavior on dilution of each tested composition at each temperature is illustrated in the graphs attached as FIGS. 1-3.
For Alfonic 610-60, 5% addition was sufficient to inhibit gelation at 25.degree. C.; however, in the plot of viscosity vs. concentration of nonionic a sharp viscosity maximum was observed at about 67% concentration and a shoulder was observedat about 55% to 35% nonionic concentration. At 5.degree. C., 15% addition was necessary to avoid gel formation. The viscosity decreased to a minimum at a nonionic concentration of about 83% at all levels of additive addition at 5.degree. C whereas atthe higher temperatures, viscosity minimums were observed for the non-diluted formulations, i.e. 100% nonionic concentration At each temperature and for each tested concentration of additive (except at 20% additive at 25.degree. C.) a relatively sharppeak is seen in the viscosity existing between 75 to 50% concentration of nonionic (i.e. 25 to 50% dilution).
For ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 5% additive was capable of inhibiting gel formation even at 5.degree. C. However, sharp peaks and/or maxima of viscosity were again observed at each temperature and additive concentration, although the effectswere not as pronounced as for Alfonic 610-60, and for some applications the maximum viscosities, especially at higher additive concentrations and/or higher temperatures could be acceptable for commercial use.
On the other hand, there were no sharp peaks in viscosity observed for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether at any temperature down to 5.degree. C at the 20% additive level. Even at the lower additive levels the viscosity peaks and the viscosityvalues at substantially all dilutions (concentrations of nonionics) were lower than for either the C8-EO4.4 or C2-EO1 additive.
The following table is representative of the results which were obtained for the different additive concentrations, dilutions, and temperatures, but are given for 20% additive and 5.degree. C. temperature:
______________________________________ Viscosity Pour at 5.degree. C. (Pa .multidot. sec) Point Compositions No Water 50% Water (.degree.C.) ______________________________________ Surfactant T8 only 1.140 1.240 5 80% Surfactant T8 + 20% A 0.086 0.401 -10 80% Surfactant T8 + 20% B 0.195 0.218 -2 80% Surfactant T8 + 20% C 0.690 0.936 3 ______________________________________ A = ethylene glycol monoethyl ether B = diethylene glycol monobutyl ether C = Alfonic 61060 (C84.4EO) Note: 1Pa .multidot. sec = 10 poises (e.g. 0.218 Pa .multidot. sec = 218 centipoises)
A heavy duty built nonaqueous liquid nonionic cleaning composition having the following formula is prepared:
______________________________________ Ingredient Weight % ______________________________________ Surfactant T7 17.0 Surfactant T8 17.0 Dobanol 91-5 Acid.sup.1 5.0 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 10.0 Dequest 2066.sup.2 1.0 TPP NW(sodium tripolyphosphate) 29.0925 Sokolan CP5.sup.3 (Calcium sequestering agent) 4.0 Perborate H.sub.2 O (sodium perborate monohydrate) 9.0 T.A.E.D. (tetraacetylethylene diamine) 4.5 Emphiphos 5632.sup.4 0.3 Stilbene 4 (optical brightener) 0.5 Esperase (proteolytic enzyme) 1.0 Duet 787.sup.5 0.6 Relatin DM 4050.sup.6 (anti-redeposition agent) 1.0 Blue Foulan Sandolane (dye) 0.0075 ______________________________________ .sup.1 The esterification product of Dobanol 915 (a C.sub.9-C.sub.11 fatty alcohol ethoxylated with 5 moles ethylene oxide) with succinic anhydride the halfester. .sup.2 Diethylene triamine pentamethylene phosphoric acid. .sup.3 A copolymer of about equal moles of methacrylic acid and maleic anhydride,completely neutralized to form the sodium salt thereof. .sup.4 Partial ester of phosphoric acid and a C.sub.16 to C.sub.18 alkanol: about 1/3 monoester and 2/3 diester). .sup.5 Perfume .sup.6 Mixture of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxymethylcellulose.
This composition is a stable, free-flowing, built, non-gelling, liquid nonionic cleaning compositions in which the polyphosphate builder is stably suspended in the liquid nonionic surfactant phase.
* * * * *