|Numéro de publication||US7925816 B2|
|Type de publication||Octroi|
|Numéro de demande||US 11/731,672|
|Date de publication||12 avr. 2011|
|Date de priorité||6 nov. 2006|
|État de paiement des frais||Payé|
|Autre référence de publication||US8006025, US20080106951, US20110167191|
|Numéro de publication||11731672, 731672, US 7925816 B2, US 7925816B2, US-B2-7925816, US7925816 B2, US7925816B2|
|Inventeurs||Wladyslaw Olesinski, Hans Eberle, Nils Gura|
|Cessionnaire d'origine||Oracle America, Inc.|
|Exporter la citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citations de brevets (7), Citations hors brevets (14), Référencé par (2), Classifications (8), Événements juridiques (3)|
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet|
This application hereby claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/857,319, filed on 6 Nov. 2006, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention relate to the design of switches. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention relate to the design of multi-chip switches that use proximity communication.
2. Related Art
Large switches with hundreds of ports that support high throughput require scalable architectures. Unfortunately, switch designers have struggled to create an architecture that can scale to meet the bandwidth demands of a typical large switch.
Smaller switches are typically constructed using crossbars, which provide matrices of cross points that selectively transfer cells from N inputs to N outputs. While attractive for relatively small switches, crossbars do not scale well to large switches because the number of cross points grows quadratically with the number of ports. Furthermore, the task of scheduling transfers through a crossbar can be difficult.
To reduce the difficulty of scheduling a crossbar, some designers have suggested using a buffered crossbar switch that adds buffers to every cross-point in the crossbar. Unfortunately, this approach does not scale well because of the large amount of memory required to place buffers in every cross-point.
To reduce the number of cross-points which are required for a crossbar, some designers have proposed using multi-stage switches. For example, Clos networks are a commonly used multi-stage architecture. The non-blocking variant of the Clos network allows for the conflict-free transferring of cells from any unmatched input to any unmatched output through the switch. However, because of its multi-stage design, the non-blocking Clos network requires very high connectivity.
Some designers have suggested using so-called blocking architectures because such switches are less complex than non-blocking switches. Unfortunately, blocking architectures create difficulties with routing and flow control across multiple stages. For example, head-of-line (HOL) blocking can arise when cells arriving at the same input port are destined for different output ports.
Another approach is to use a load-balanced switch, which simplifies the scheduling problem by distributing the switching across three stages. The first stage evenly distributes cells among second stage queues, which then forward cells to destination output ports in the third stage. This solution scales better than other solutions but suffers from high latency, out-of-order delivery of cells, doubled switching capacity, and difficulties with adding and removing line cards from the switch.
Some switch designers have considered optical switches as an alternative to electrical switches. Optical switches can transfer packets at high enough rates to avoid many of the scalability issues that hamper electrical switches. However, due to their cost and complexity, designers have not been able to produce a practical implementation of an optical switch.
Hence, what is needed is a switch which does not suffer from the above-described problems.
Embodiments of the present invention provide a system that transfers data between the components in the computer system through a proximity communication switch. In these embodiments, the proximity communication switch includes multiple switch chips which are coupled together and are configured to collectively function as a switch, wherein the multiple switch chips communicate with each other using proximity communication. During operation, each switch chip, receives cells from the subset of the set of inputs and selectively transfers each of the cells to at least one output of the subset of the set of outputs coupled to the switch chip or of the subset of the set of outputs coupled to the other switch chips.
In some embodiments, each switch chip schedules conflict-free transfers of cells received from the subset of the set of inputs to at least one output of the subset of the set of outputs coupled to the switch chip or of the subset of the set of outputs coupled to the other switch chips.
In some embodiments, each switch chip uses a parallel wrapped wave front arbiter (PWWFA) to schedule transfers in a conflict-free manner.
In some embodiments, each switch chip stores cells transferred from the switch chip or from the other switch chips in a separate buffer coupled between the subset of inputs coupled to each switch chip and each output coupled to the switch chip before forwarding the cells to the subset of the set of the outputs coupled to the switch chip.
In some embodiments, each switch chip uses an output arbiter to control the forwarding of cells from the set of buffers to the corresponding output.
In some embodiments, when a buffer on a switch chip fills up with cells that are waiting to be forwarded to an output, the switch chip signals the switch chip that is transferring cells to the buffer to stop transferring cells until space is available in the buffer.
In some embodiments, the proximity communication includes at least one of: (1) capacitive communication; (2) inductive communication; or (3) optical communication.
The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the claims.
Embodiments of the present invention provide a switch wherein the switch fabric, the scheduler, and other switch structures are distributed across multiple chips. Each chip includes a subset of input and output ports and a reduced number of cross-point buffers.
Unlike some switches, some embodiments of the present invention do not include a scheduler that schedules the transfer of cells from all input ports. Instead, a local, per-chip scheduler schedules the transfer of cells from the subset of input ports on each chip to the output ports on the chip or on another chip. In some embodiments, the local scheduler is a parallel wrapped wave front arbiter (PWWFA).
In some embodiments, the cells transferred from the subset of the input ports on each chip are placed in output buffers on the receiving chip and are eventually forwarded from the output buffers to the outputs according to a schedule determined by an output arbiter. In these embodiments, the output buffers are shared by groups of input ports (i.e., the subset of input ports on a given chip share an output buffer for each output). Sharing the buffer on the output port in this way significantly decreases the required memory (when compared to an architecture such as the buffered crossbar which provides a separate memory for each input-output combination).
In some embodiments, proximity communication is used to communicate among the multiple chips in the switch. The use of the high-bandwidth proximity communication facilitates the distribution of the switch over multiple chips, without the communication bandwidth limitations associated with traditional interconnect technologies (e.g. wired interconnects).
In some embodiments, the proximity communication regions 102 may be on or proximate to at least one surface of the semiconductor die 100 (or the chip). In other embodiments, the semiconductor die 100 may be coupled to the proximity communication regions 102.
A proximity communication channel includes a transmit circuit 114, at least a subset of the proximity communication region 102 on the adjacent semiconductor dies 100, and one of the receive circuits 112. For example, the communication channel may include transmit circuit 114-1, some of the proximity communication region 102, and receive circuit 112-2. Note that we call a bundle of one or more of these proximity communication channels a “proximity communication link.”
Transmit circuits 114-1 and 114-2 and receive circuits 112-1 and 112-2 may use voltage-mode signaling (i.e., voltage-mode drivers and receivers). Furthermore, semiconductor dies 100 may also include wiring and electronics (not shown) to relay the data signals to additional circuitry on the semiconductor dies 100, such as logic, memory (for example, a packet buffer memory), I/O ports, demultiplexers, multiplexers, and switching elements.
While we describe capacitively coupled proximity communication regions 102 for the purposes of illustration, some embodiments of the present invention use inductively coupled proximity communication regions, wherein data signals are communicated inductively between terminals on adjacent semiconductor dies 100. Other embodiments use optical proximity communication regions, wherein data signals are communicated optically between terminals on adjacent semiconductor dies 100. Yet other embodiments couple connectors in adjacent semiconductor dies 100 using an array of solder balls.
Note that interconnects that use proximity communication may have significantly increased bandwidth (particularly when compared to traditional wired interconnects). More specifically, proximity communication offers I/O densities of several Tb/s/mm2 or more, which corresponds to data rates of tens of Tb/s for a reasonably-sized proximity communication region.
Proximity Communication Overlap Patterns
Various tradeoffs exist with each pattern as well. More overlapping among chips might result in better bandwidth between chips. However, because more of the chip is being used for chip-to-chip communication, less of the chip can be used for other functions. Specific chip arrangements might prove to be optimal for specific types of chips as well.
Note that we use the term “cell” to describe units of data that are transferred using switch 300. In some embodiments, cells are of a fixed size, while in other embodiments, cells are of variable sizes. In addition, in the case of fixed-sized cells, we use the term “slot” to describe the ratio of the cell size to the line rate. More specifically, a slot corresponds to the transmission time of a cell.
As shown in
In alternative embodiments, the M chips overlap and communicate directly with each other (see
Every chip has K output (or input) ports, which provides a total of N=KM output ports for the entire switch. For example, the total number of output ports for the switch is N=12 when the number of chips is M=3, and the number of output ports per switch chip is K=4. Note that chip 1 has output ports numbered 1 . . . K, chip 2 has output ports numbered K+1 . . . 2K, etc. In general, chip C has output ports numbered (C−1)K+1 . . . CK, for 0<C<=M.
Every crossbar 400 has K buffers 402, one for each column. The buffers 402 are numbered B(C, c, m), where C is a chip number, c is a column number, and 0<m<=M is a crossbar number within a chip, counting from top to bottom. The buffers 402 store cells received from the K rows in a given crossbar 400 before forwarding the cells to the outputs of the chip. Each chip has a total of KM=N buffers 402.
Each chip has its own scheduler that matches the K local input ports with the N output ports. Chip C with ports numbered (C−1)K+1 . . . CK uses the bus lines (C−1)K+1 . . . CK to forward cells to the output ports.
Let us trace a path of a cell in chip C that was selected by the scheduler for forwarding from input port s to output port d (where (C−1)K+1<=s<=CK and 0<d<=N). Using column s, the cell is first forwarded to row s. The cell is then forwarded from row s to the cross-point (d,s) for destination column d. From cross-point (d,s), the cell is forwarded to buffer B(C,d,m), where m is the crossbar number (m=┌s/K┐). Next, an output arbiter removes the cell from buffer B(C,d,m) and forwards the cell to the output port at column d.
For example, assume that in an N=12 port switch using M=3 chips, with K=4 ports per chip (see
In another example for the N=12 port switch using M=3 chips, a cell from input port s=6 (chip 404-2) which is addressed to output port d=1 (chip 404-1) is first forwarded to row s=6, and then to cross-point (1,6) for destination column d=1. From cross-point (1,6), the cell is forwarded to buffer B(1,1,2). Later, an output arbiter removes the cell from buffer B(1,1,2) and forwards the cell to output port 1.
Some embodiments of the present invention use a parallel wrapped wave front arbiter (PWWFA) to find matches between the K input ports (each with N VOQs) and the N output ports (i.e., as the input scheduler). The PWWFA includes a matrix of transfer elements to maintain and process output requests. By performing “waves” of processing concurrently on the matrix of transfer elements, the PWWFA can schedule multiple slots simultaneously. The PWWFA is explained in more detail in a pending U.S. patent application entitled, “Parallel Wrapped Wave Front Arbiter,” by inventors Wladyslaw Olesinski, Hans Eberle, and Nils Gura, having Ser. No. 11/731,590, and filing date 29 Mar. 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference to explain the PWWFA.
Alternative embodiments of the present invention use other types of arbiters to find matches between the K input ports (each with N VOQs) and the N output ports. For example, embodiments can use a PIM scheduler (described by T. Anderson, S. Owicki, J. Saxe, and C. Thacker in “High Speed Switch Scheduling for Local Area Networks,” ACM Trans. Comput. Syst., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 319-352, November 1993), an iSLIP scheduler (described by N. McKeown in “The iSlip Scheduling Algorithm for Input-Queued Switches,” IEEE/ACM Transaction on Networking, vol. 7, no. 2, April 1993), or a DRRM scheduler (described by H. J. Chao and J. S. Park, “Centralized Contention Resolution Schemes for a Large-Capacity Optical ATM Switch,” Proc. IEEE ATM Workshop '97, Fairfax, Va., May 1998), find the matches by iterative, input/output round-robin arbitration.
On the other hand, some embodiments use pipelined iterative schemes for the input scheduler, such as the scheme described in C. Minkenberg, I. Iliadis, and F. Abel, “Low-Latency Pipelined Crossbar Arbitration,” IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference 2004 (GLOBECOM '04), vol. 2, pp. 1174-1179, November 2004 or the scheme described in E. Oki, R. Rojas-Cessa, and H. J. Chao, “A Pipeline-Based Maximal-Sized Matching Scheme for High-Speed Input-Buffered Switches,” IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol. E85-B, no. 7, pp. 1302-1311, July 2002.
Yet other embodiments use the wrapped wave front arbiter (WWFA) described by Y. Tamir and H. C. Chi, “Symmetric Crossbar Arbiters for VLSI Communication Switches,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 4, issue 1, pp. 13-27, January 1993 as the input scheduler.
Recall that a group of input ports shares the same output buffer. For example, buffer B(2,7,1) in the seventh column of the first crossbar in chip 2 (chip 404-2 in
Embodiments of the present invention can be biased against traffic flowing from some ports, depending on the traffic pattern. This bias can be observed in the following scenario.
Assume that inputs 7, 8, and 2 are sending cells to output port 6 and that input ports 7 and 8 are located on the same chip (chip 404-2) as output port 6. During operation, in a first slot, a cell from input port 2 arrives to buffer B(2,6,1) and a cell from either 7 or 8 arrives to buffer B(2,6,2). In the next slot, another cell from input port 2 arrives to buffer B(2,6,1) and a cell from either 7 or 8 arrives at buffer B(2,6,2).
Assuming for simplicity that buffer B(2,6,3) is empty, when the output arbiter subsequently forwards cells to the corresponding output, the output arbiter alternates between buffers B(2,6,1) and B(2,6,2), removing a cell from one of them in every slot. A possible order of how cells are forwarded to the output port is as follows (cells are identified by the buffer location and the source input port):
B(2,6,1) input 2∥B(2,6,2), input 7∥B(2,6,1), input 2∥B(2,6,2), input 8.
As can be seen in this possible order, input port 2 is served twice as often as input ports 7 and 8. To restore fairness, embodiments of the present invention replace the basic round-robin output arbiter with one of the following schemes.
Each of the buffers has an independent “local” output arbiter that arbitrates between K queues (see
Assume that global arbiter A is currently processing cells fetched by local arbiter A_1. This local arbiter removes cells from the logical queues in round-robin fashion and presents them to global arbiter A. A, in turn, forwards the cells to the output port. Arbiter A starts processing cells from the next arbiter A_2 only after A_1 has fetched one cell from every non-empty logical queue. In other words, A processes cells provided by A_1 until A_1 makes one full round of all non-empty queues. Arbiter A then processes cells fetched by A_2, while all the other arbiters are idle, waiting for their turn. In this way, every non-empty logical queue, which corresponds to an input port, gets an equal share of the output port's bandwidth.
To avoid buffer overflow, embodiments of the present invention implement flow control between the input scheduler and the output buffers. When a buffer fills with cells awaiting forwarding, the flow control signals the input scheduler (either on the local switch chip or on another switch chip) to halt the scheduling of cells for the buffer. In some embodiments, the flow control signals the input ports (either on the local switch chip or on another switch chip) to stop transmitting cells for the buffer.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the flow control is credit-based. In other embodiments, the flow control is xon/xoff.
The process starts when a switch chip 404 receives cells from the subset of the set of inputs to the switch (step 700). Switch chip 404 then selectively transfers each of the cells to at least one output of the subset of the set of outputs coupled to the switch chip or of the subset of the set of outputs coupled to the other switch chips (step 702).
The foregoing descriptions of embodiments of the present invention have been presented only for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the forms disclosed. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. Additionally, the above disclosure is not intended to limit the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
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|Classification aux États-Unis||710/316, 710/310, 710/317, 710/72|
|Classification internationale||G06F13/38, G06F13/00|
|30 mars 2007||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OLESINSKI, WLADYSLAW;EBERLE, HANS;GURA, NILS;REEL/FRAME:019178/0549
Effective date: 20070329
|10 sept. 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|16 déc. 2015||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ORACLE AMERICA, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: MERGER AND CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNORS:ORACLE USA, INC.;SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC.;ORACLE AMERICA, INC.;REEL/FRAME:037311/0056
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