One implication of Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is that to understand development, one must:
Consider the individual and the different levels of sociocultural contexts with which he or she interacts.
Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using surveys as a way to collect data.
Surveys can be used to study a wide range of topics and can collect data from a large number of people. Surveys can be conducted in person, over the telephone, or on the Internet. A disadvantage to survey research is that people sometimes respond in ways that they think is socially acceptable rather than to say what they honestly think and believe.
A way of measuring age that is defined as the number of years that have elapsed since birth.
The developmental issue (controversy) over whether development is influenced by biology or environment.
The developmental issue (controversy) over the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist throughout life or change.
The macrosystem is defined as the culture in which an individual lives. Which of the following would NOT be included in one's culture?
Professor Weinstein teaches his life-span psychology students that each stage of development from birth to old age involves significant changes. Professor Weinstein is taking a(n): __________ approach.
According to Jean Piaget, this stage is marked by the development of logical, organized reasoning skills.
A person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Lynn Hasher and her colleagues (2001) found that age-related memory differences declined when __________ was taken into consideration.
time of day
A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for 8 weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is:
number of minutes on the treadmill
Thomas Hess and his colleagues (2003) found that age-related memory differences declined when __________ was taken into consideration.
relevance of material
Robert Plomin argues that nonshared environmental influences produce different personalities among siblings. Which of the following would be considered a nonshared environmental influence?
This is a prenatal medical procedure where high-frequency sound waves are directed into the women's abdomen.
Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative. Although she would like to be married, there is no special person in her life right now. She would like to adopt a child. Recent changes in adoption regulations would mean that:
she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child.
For eyes, brown color is dominant and blue color is recessive. Maria carries two genes for brown eyes, and John carries two genes for blue eyes. Their child will have a:
100% chance of having brown eyes.
Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility?
As the benefits of evolution decrease, the need for culture increases. Which of the following is NOT a culture-based resource for older adults?
social support, medical technology, cognitive training and support
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.
A prenatal test designed to assess whether a fetus is developing normally. With this procedure, high-frequency sound waves are directed into the women's abdomen. The echo from the sounds is transformed into a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures.
ultrasound or ultrasound sonography
While Sally's mother was pregnant with her, she smoked and drank alcohol which adversely effected Sally's lung development. After Sally was born, she was placed into an environment with two parents who smoked. As Sally continued to develop, she was diagnosed with asthma, a breathing disorder. The development of this disorder could be explained by the concept of:
the epigenetic view.
Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than her peers and was born without ovaries. Sandra most likely has:
Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility?
Which of the following statements about prenatal care is TRUE?
Prenatal care includes classes and educational programs about pregnancy, Prenatal care may include information on breast feeding and bottle feeding, Prenatal care may include information on preparing for birth and infant care
Research suggests that mothers who drink more than 300 milligrams of caffeine a day increase their unborn baby's risk of:
Annabel drinks about two cups of brewed coffee a day. Her baby has an increased risk of:
a low birth weight.
Giovanna was found to be Rh incompatible with her first child. To prevent her body from producing antibodies that will attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses, her doctor gave her:
Before delivery of her baby, Jawhara experiences several traumatic life changes. She separates from her husband, discovers that her mother is seriously ill, and begins a more stressful job. Will Jawhara's baby be significantly affected by all the stress in Jawhara's life?
Yes, the baby will be at risk for ADHD and language delays
Linda's baby is about to be born. The baby's head is at the top of the uterus, and the baby's lower extremities are on the cervix. This situation is:
called a breech position.
The second stage of childbirth begins with the _______ and ends with the _______.
emergence of the child's head; delivery of the child out of the mother
The lack of ______ in maternal nutrition has been associated with neural tube defects in offspring.
Angelo is 7 years old and has been diagnosed with a learning disability. In addition, he often seems highly excitable and is impulsive. It is possible that Angelo's mother used _______ while pregnant.
Yan Yan is 17, a moderate drinker, and pregnant. Research would suggest that her child may:
have a preterm birth.
The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size 5 to 6 weeks after birth.
This is one of the life-support systems of the embryo. It is a bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.
Sarah is a 20-year-old college student who is paralyzed from her waist down. She can walk with difficulty with crutches but prefers her wheelchair. Sarah tells you that her condition is due to a birth defect. Which of the following birth defects did Sarah MOST likely have?
Sylvia has severe cystic acne and is taking Accutane, a drug prescribed by her doctor. She has just discovered that she is pregnant. Her doctor told her that she should:
stop taking Accutane immediately.
Sidney is expecting her first child. She has just recently begun to feel kicking movements. Sidney is most likely in the ________ month of her pregnancy.
According to a recent study of more than 3,000 4- to 24-month-olds, which of the following statements about the nutritional status of babies in the United States is TRUE?
By 15 months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate.
The theory that states that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us is __________.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Following birth, some synaptic connections become strengthened and survive, whereas unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE?
REM sleep may promote the brain's development in infancy.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the hemispheric specialization of speech in the cerebral cortex of the brain?
For most people, speech and grammar is localized in the left hemisphere, and the use of metaphor and humor is localized in the right hemisphere.
Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development.
The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the greatest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working its way down from top to bottom. The proximodistal pattern is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
Marty is developing rapidly in her size and abilities to sit and stand. Many of the reflexes with which she was born are fading, but she is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marty is probably in the __________ of life.
The cerebral cortex has two __________, and each half is further divided into the four __________.
You are visiting Chile on your vacation. While you are there, you see a child on the side of the street begging for money and holding a sign that reads "Need money for food—malnourished." You look at the child and think that he looks normal; then you suddenly remember what you learned in a life-span development class and conclude that the child must have:
Ben's grandmother gives him a shirt that she knows he has been admiring. When he opens her gift, he smiles and says, "This is so sick; thanks Gram!!" Ben's grandmother does not know what he means by "sick." Obviously Ben and his grandmother do not share the same ideas about __________.
"House tree could be learn fat left grass," Mary said. Mary has likely received brain damage to:
Rules governing the sound system of language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined.
According to Jean Piaget, this is the second substage of sensorimotor thought. This substage is apparent in children between about 1 month to 4 months of age. Two primary schemes are apparent. First, the infant repeats an action that was once associated with a reflex, but is now completely separated from its eliciting stimulus (e.g., sucking when no bottle or nipples are present). Second, after accidentally causing an interesting event with one's own body (e.g., kicking feet), the infant repeats the action many times.
first habits and primary circular reactions
Which of the following statements regarding first words is NOT correct?
Infants recognize their name by age 3 months.
List (in order) Jean Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor thought
1. Simple Reflexes.
2. First habits and primary circular reactions.
3. Secondary Circular Reactions.
4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions.
5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity.
6. Internalization of schemes.
Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him. This causes the mobile to begin to move. Antonio continues to swing his arms but is unable to strike the mobile again. This is an example of a:
primary circular reaction
Jean Piaget used detailed observation of his own children to develop his theory of:
Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order cognitive system.
According to Jean Piaget, a scheme that is characterized by the infant attempting to reproduce a bodily event (e.g., kicking own feet) that initially occurred by chance.
Primary circular reaction
According to Jerome Kagan (2002, 2003), temperament:
is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment.
This theorist was interested in individual differences in attachment and developed the observational measure called the Strange Situation in order to formulate and test his/her theories.
Jerome Kagan's way of classifying temperament that focuses on the differences between a shy, timid child and a sociable, extraverted child.
inhibition to the unfamiliar
Socialization that is bidirectional; that is, children socialize parents just as parents socialize children.
Daniel and Guadalupe are angry with one another because of differences in their spending habits. Guadalupe snaps at their daughter and sends her to her room even though the little girl is not misbehaving. According to Jay Belsky's description of family interactions, this situation is an example of:
an indirect influence of the marital relationship on the child.
A type of "baby cry" that is characterized by a sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning followed by breath holding.
In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as:
This theorist stressed the importance of "contact comfort" in the development of attachment between an infant and his or her caregiver.
A criticism of attachment theory is that:
other factors may be more important to an infant's adaptations to life.
The ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.
When parents select and attend to certain behaviors, initially demonstrating them for their child, then gradually turning over more of the responsibility for the behavior to the child, the parents are engaging in:
Kyoko and Jason are going to have a child. Statistically speaking, their child will most likely have a(n) _______ temperament.
In Central European countries, such as Hungary, teachers are developing exercises designed to improve:
Sanjay and Ryan are 4-year-old friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that this activity will:
help the boys develop gross motor skills.
Define and discuss one effect of myelination.
Myelination is the process by which nerve cells become covered with a layer of fat cells. Myelination has the effect of increasing the speed and the efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. Myelination is related to a number of abilities in children, including hand-eye coordination.
Myelination is important in development because:
children cannot perform certain functions if the area of the brain controlling those functions is not myelinated.
What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?
ethnic origin and nutrition
Early childhood education curriculum design is at the center of a controversy between those who believe it should take a constructivist approach, and those who believe in the direct instruction approach. Lilian Katz argues that they are both overlooking children's:
opportunity to actively construct knowledge
Which child will find the task of arranging objects in a precise pattern on a table most challenging?
"My computer doesn't like me—it keeps eating my pictures," says Sarah. This is an example of _______.
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Vygotsky's theory?
he overemphasized autonomy and self-discovered learning
An overwhelming worldwide health concern in the last decade has been death due to:
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:
the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.
Briefly describe the characteristics of the Montessori and child-centered kindergarten approaches to early childhood education.
In the Montessori approach, children are allowed considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. They are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire. The teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director of learning. (b) Child-centered kindergarten education involves the whole child and includes concern for the child's physical, cognitive, and social development.
The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as _______.
Play therapy is used for all of the following reasons:
1. To allow the child to work of frustrations.
2. To analyze the child's conflicts.
3. To analyze the child's way of coping.
Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that:
there is greater pressure for boys.
Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?
The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT:
evolutionary psychology view.
According to Jean Piaget, this is the first stage of moral development. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world.
According to Jean Piaget, this is the second stage of moral development. Children become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
List four characteristics that are generally associated with the firstborn child. Discuss what accounts for these differences.
Firstborn children are more adult-oriented, helpful, conforming, and self-controlled than later-born children. They may also have more guilt, more anxiety, and more difficulty coping with life's stressors. Parents have higher expectations of firstborn children and place more pressure on them for achievement and responsibility.
Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children. Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?
Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because:
it advances the child's cognitive development.
Research studies conducted in 2007 by UNICEF suggest that:
in most cultures, men have a higher status and more power than women do.
What does a child get from peers that he or she typically cannot get from siblings?
an idea of how the child compares with other children the same age
In general in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations DIFFER from white family orientations in that:
the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families.
Compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced most by _________ factors.
Larry is a normal 45-year-old male. Which of the following is Larry MOST likely to be experiencing?
loss in sight and hearing
Forty-five-year-old Angie loves going to the symphony, but she has been complaining that lately the quality of the symphony is not as good as it was a few years ago. Angie may be experiencing the middle-age decline in her:
sensitivity to high-pitched sounds.
An adult in middle age will do most POORLY on which of the following tasks?
hitting the brakes when the light turns red
Michelle is upset because she believes that her memory has been getting worse since she entered middle age. She finds it harder to remember a grocery list or telephone number, though she does not have difficulty with information she uses often, such as her address or Social Security number. Which of the following is probably TRUE about Michelle?
Michelle is typical of middle-aged person in her ability to remember information.
Which of the following is TRUE of novices and experts?
Experts process information more automatically than novices.
One reason that leisure is important in middle adulthood is that:
it prepares middle-aged adults for retirement.
"I did it myyyyy way," the singer crooned. Which theory of adult development might this singer prefer?
an individual variations theory
The _________ approach emphasizes life events and mediating factors to help explain individual development.
contemporary life events
According to Costa and McCrae's study on adult personality development, in early adulthood _________ INCREASES.
openness to experience
Allan and Jan are a middle-aged couple going through a divorce. They have both agreed that divorce is the best solution for them. Which of the following is likely?
Both Allen and Jan will be better able to use the divorce as a way to make positive changes in their lives than they could have several years ago.
In general, the situation of adult children living in their parents' home is MOST successful when:
parents and children agree to treat one another as adults.
Ron and his sister, Sarah, are both in their mid-50s and have a close personal relationship. Most research on sibling relationships suggests that:
they had a close relationship throughout childhood and early adulthood too.
Which of the following statements about intergenerational relations is TRUE?
Intergenerational transmission of conduct disorder showed a higher connection for males than for females.
Roger is 35 years old and has been married for 9 years. According to national trends, with whom does he spend the most time?
his wife's parents
The view that the oldest-old are physically deteriorated, mentally disabled, sad, and unproductive is:
Which of the following tasks would the old-old have a difficult time successfully completing?
completing a set number of tasks in a specific time
All of the following have been identified has ways in which the aging brain adapts EXCEPT:
the brain becomes more lateralized.
Gisella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Gisella has:
Paul, age 76, turns the television volume up so that it is at an uncomfortable level for the rest of the family. When his son suggests that he may have a hearing problem, Paul says that he does not and that the volume is "just right." Paul's reaction to having a decline in his ability to hear it is:
fairly common in older adults.
________ memory refers to facts we consciously know, and ________ memory refers to memory without conscious recollection.
One of the most common language difficulties that older adults experience is:
Which of the following government policies contributed MOST to the increase in the number of Americans who retire?
establishment of the Social Security system in 1935
Studies conducted in 2006 revealed that approximately _________ retired Americans return to work after they have retired.
Two factors that are associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson disease are ________ and _______.
taking ibuprofen; drinking coffee
Which of the following statements about emotions and older adults is NOT true?
Older adults have more negative emotions than younger adults.
Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:
selection, optimization, and compensation.
The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that, in old age, there is a reduced capacity and loss of functioning that mandate a reduction of performance in most domains of life?
Which of the following personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality is associated with mortality (an earlier death)?
Research conducted by Robins and others (2002) on the self-esteem of different age groups is considered what type of research?
Older adults in which country reported the highest self-control over their lives in the 60s and 70s?
Over the past 15 years, the percentage of older people living in poverty has held steady at about _______.
Cohabitation is increasing among ________ and is expected to continue to increase. Cohabitation for this age group may be based on a need for companionship and a legal sharing of resources without finances being legally joined.
Which of the following statements about older adults and sexuality is NOT true?
Older couples emphasize sexual prowess over intimacy.
Maribel's mother needs more services to allow her to continue to live in her own home. Her daughter, Susan, contacts various agencies to line up a home health aid, transportation to medical appointments and Meals-On-Wheels. Susan is acting in the role of _______ for her mother.
list and explain 3 risk factors that could lead to drug use
1. Family History
2. Family Instability
3. Drug Availability
explain the biological reasons that adolescents and young adults frequuently get less sleep than is necessary. How does lack of sleep effect overall functioning.
1. Melatonin Levels change due to shifting physiology
Lack of sleep ->
2. Cognitive Impairment
4. Impaired Immune system
5. Impaired Moral Judgement
discuss the possible contributing factors for mental disorders in adolescents
2. Substance Abuse
3. Traumatic experiences
what biological and socioeconomic factors influence an adolescents drive to purse a college education? How does this affect occupational attainment?
1. Being Poor
2. IQ level
3. Attention level
5. Social Norms and Values
discuss the 4 parenting styles and how they affect children?
1. Authoritarian - Restrictive, Demand Obedience
2. Authoritative - Encourage independence, but set limits
3. Neglectful - Very uninvolved in children life
4. Indulgent - Involved but require few demands
decribe the social, biological, and economic factors that influence juvenile delinquency
1. Peer Groups
2. Being Poor
3. Minority (Race)
5. Poor motor skills/ mental disability
how important are habits obtained during the adolescent egocentrism stage in forming our lasting personality? why does this stage exsist?
1. Habits formed in adolescence -> same as adulthood
2. Solodifies personal beliefs
3. Primative stage of development in all cultures
4. Evolutionary drive to adapt something to individual requirements
5. Adolescence struggle with identity.
form Marcia's 4 stages of identity formation, which stage best applies to you?
1. Identity Achievement
2. Made a commitment to excel and prove parents wrong
briefly describe the characterisitics of each birth order.
1. 1st borns -> More mature, ^ Self Control, more guilty & anxiety