|Publication number||US6961763 B1|
|Application number||US 09/641,489|
|Publication date||Nov 1, 2005|
|Filing date||Aug 17, 2000|
|Priority date||Aug 17, 1999|
|Publication number||09641489, 641489, US 6961763 B1, US 6961763B1, US-B1-6961763, US6961763 B1, US6961763B1|
|Inventors||Yi-Min Wang, Wilf G. Russell, Jun Xu, Anish K. Arora, Paramvir Bahl|
|Original Assignee||Microsoft Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (28), Non-Patent Citations (33), Referenced by (104), Classifications (24), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This patent application claims priority to and the benefit of the previously filed provisional patent applications “Home Networking,” filed on Aug. 17, 1999, and assigned Ser. No. 60/149,390, and “Home Networking System,” filed on Feb. 24, 2000, and assigned Ser. No. 60/184,631.
This invention relates generally to controlling and monitoring devices and sensors, such as devices and sensors that connect to the power line, and more particularly to an automation system for controlling and monitoring devices and sensors.
Home networking and automation have become more popular. With the number and complexity of audio/video equipment increasing, some homeowners are interested in operating their equipment more easily. Other homeowners are more concerned about the security and safety of their homes. These homeowners may want to remotely monitor their homes, remotely control appliances and other power line devices, and learn when important events occur. For example, an important event can be the hot water heater bursting or leaking, or another type of event. Power line devices are devices that connect to the power line, usually through a plug that connects to an electrical outlet.
Currently, there are two popular home networking infrastructures. The first is phone line networking. To provide in-home networking of computers and computer peripherals without requiring home rewiring, as is usually required with standard Ethernet networks, the Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HomePNA) was formed to leverage the existing phone lines in homes. More detailed information regarding HomePNA can be found on the Internet at http:///www.homepna.org/. While phone line networking allows homeowners to create small local-area networks (LAN's) within their homes for the purposes of connecting computers and computer peripherals, it has limitations. Significantly, phone line networking typically does not allow homeowners to control appliances, lamps, and other power line devices within their homes.
A second home networking infrastructure is power line networking. Power line networking provides ubiquitous wired connectivity throughout the majority of homes. One type of power line networking is known as X10. X10 is a communications protocol that allows for remotely controlling power line devices, such as lamps and appliances.
Current power line networking, such as X10 networking, is limited. The X10 protocol, for example, provides only a rudimentary and low-level framework for controlling and monitoring power line devices. The framework generally does not allow for sophisticated and complex device control applications. While automation systems employing existing X10 technology can be implemented using computers, more typically the systems are implemented with relatively less intelligent control centers that only govern a limited number of power line devices, in a limited manner. When computers are used, the resulting systems are still far from ideal. They may be difficult to use, and may not be reliable or robust against equipment failures and crashes.
For the reasons described here, as well as other reasons, there is a need for the present invention.
The invention relates to an automation system for controlling and monitoring devices and sensors. The devices can include power line devices, such as lamps, appliances, audio/video equipment, and other devices that connect to the power line of a house or other building. The sensors can include sensors for detecting the occurrence of emergency-related and other events. For example, a water sensor located near a hot water heater can detect whether the heater has burst, or is leaking.
The invention provides an architecture for controlling and monitoring these devices and sensors in an intelligent, reliable, and robust manner. With respect to intelligence, for example, the architecture includes look-up services that maintain a database of all available devices in a user-friendly manner. Rather than remembering a lamp by an archaic address, a homeowner may simply identify the lamp as “the lamp plugged into the eastern wall of the bedroom.” Other aspects of the architecture provide for sophisticated and complex automation applications to intelligently control and monitor devices and sensors.
With respect to reliability, devices controlled by the system send, or have sent for them, periodic refresh information to indicate that they are properly functioning. The periodic refresh information is referred to as a heartbeat. The architecture includes a soft-state store to store this information, and a publication/subscription eventing component to enable subscriptions to events relating to changes in this information. If a device becomes inoperative, it stops sending heartbeats for the soft-state store to record. Through subscriptions that the eventing component manages, other components within the automation system can become aware that the device is inoperative, and take appropriate recovery action. The architecture can also include a power line monitoring daemon, as well as other system management daemons. The power line monitoring daemon detects suspect behavior on the power line that may indicate that a power line device is malfunctioning, or that a malicious intrusion into the system is being attempted.
With respect to robustness, the architecture can have built-in redundancy in the number of computers over which the architecture is implemented, as well as in the number of instances of certain types of important system management daemons. Redundant daemon instances utilize a weak-leader approach to determine which among them is the current leader instance that should respond to inquiries made to the daemon. If the leader daemon instance fails, one of the redundant daemon instances becomes the new leader instance, so that the system does not go offline.
The invention encompasses automation systems, automation system architectures, and methods of varying scopes. Other aspects, embodiments and advantages of the invention, beyond those described here, will become apparent by reading the detailed description and by referencing the drawings.
In the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific exemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized, and logical, mechanical, electrical, and other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims.
Not specifically called out in
Each of the rooms of the house 102 has a number of network adapters and electrical outlets, as well as other types of components. The garage 104 has four components pertinent to the automation system. The video camera 122 allows remote monitoring of whether the garage door 124 is open or closed. The camera 122 is preferably directly connected to the backbone network set up within the house 102. The network adapter 128, as well as other network adapters throughout the house 102, provide for connectivity to the backbone network. The garage door opener 130 controls the opening and closing of the garage door 124, and is connected to the backbone network through the network adapter 128.
Electrical power devices that may be controlled using the automation system can be plugged into the electrical outlet 126, or into other electrical outlets throughout the house 102. Electrical power devices are also referred to as power line devices. Power line devices include appliances, lamps, audio/video equipment, and other types of devices that are plugged into electrical outlets. The power line devices are typically independent from one another. For example, a power line device that is a lamp is independent from a power line device that is a clock radio, in that the lamp and the clock radio are not aware of each other. The lamp and the clock radio can each be independently controlled by the automation system.
In an alcove 132 off the garage 104, there is a hot water heater 134 and a furnace 136. Relevant to the automation system is the water sensor 138, which is connected to the backbone network through the network adapter 140. The water sensor 138 is located on the floor of the alcove 132 and detects the presence water, which may indicate that the hot water heater 134 is leaking or has burst.
The kitchen 106 likewise has an electrical outlet 138 and a network adapter 140. As shown in
A user access point (UAP) 101 is located in the kitchen 106. The UAP 101, and other UAP's throughout the house 102, permit users of the automation system to interact with the system. The UAP 101 can be a touch-screen, flat-screen device mounted on a wall of the kitchen 106. The user provides input to the automation system by touching the device, and receives output from the system by viewing the screen of the device. The UAP 101 can also be a computer, or another type of device.
The family room 108, in addition to the RF device 148, includes electrical outlets 150 and 152, and a network adapter 154. Audio/video (A/V) devices 156 are connected to an A/V bridge 158, through which the A/V devices 156 can send and receive audio, video, and control signals through the backbone network set up in the house 102. The A/V bridge 158 is connected to the backbone network through the network adapter 154. The family room 108 has a thermostat 160 for controlling the heating and cooling system of the house 102. The heating and cooling system includes, for example, the furnace 136 in the alcove 132 off the garage 104. The thermostat 160 is preferably connected directly to the backbone network set up in the house 102. A UAP 103 is also located in the family room 108.
The master bedroom 110 has a network adapter 162 and an electrical outlet 164. Of particular relevance to the automation system is that a device adapter 166 is directly plugged into the electrical outlet 164, and a lamp 168 is plugged into the device adapter 166. The device adapter 166 allows the automation system to control non-intelligent power devices, such as the lamp 168. A subsequent section of the detailed description describes the construction and the use of the device adapter 166. A UAP 105 is also located in the master bedroom 110.
The den 114 is the room of the house 102 in which the heart of the automation system is located. There are four computing devices 174, 176, 178, and 180. The computing devices may be desktop or laptop computers, for example. The computing device 174 serves as the gateway device, through which the backbone network set up in the house 102 is connected to the Internet connection 120. The devices 176, 178, and 180 provide the hardware on which the software architecture of the automation system is implemented in a distributed manner. The software architecture is described in detail in a subsequent section of the detailed description. There is more than one such device for redundancy and reliability purposes. The devices 174, 176, 178, and 180 connect to the backbone network through the network adapter 182, and can receive power through the electrical outlet 184.
The four computing devices 174, 176, 178, and 180 can be located throughout the house 102, instead of in a single room, such as the den 114. This may be desirable where one or more of these computing devices also serves as a UAP. Furthermore, if a circuit breaker for the room where one of the computing devices is located trips, only one computing device is affected. The automation system will still be able to operate over the other, unaffected computing devices.
The RF bridge 144 of the den 114 allows the RF devices 142 and 148, in the kitchen 106 and the family room 108, respectively, to communicate with other devices on the backbone network set up in the house 102. The RF bridge 144 is connected to the backbone network through the network adapter 146, and receives power through the electrical outlet 186. There are two other bridges in the den 114, the IR bridge 188, and the power bridge 192. The infrared (IR) bridge 188 allows the IR device 190, and other IR devices, to communicate with devices on the backbone network. The IR device 190 sends IR signals to and receives IR signals from the IR bridge 188, and vice-versa. Examples of the IR device 190 include a video-cassette recorder (VCR) and a remote control, although the device 190 can be any type of device. IR signals differ from RF signals in that they require a direct line of sight between the sender and the receiver, unlike RF signals. The IR bridge 188 receives power from the electrical outlet 194, and is connected to the backbone network through the network adapter 196.
The power bridge 192 allows devices connected to the power line 118 of the house 102 via electrical outlets to communicate with devices on the backbone network. The power bridge 192 is connected to the backbone network through the network adapter 182, and through the electrical outlet 198 receives power and communicates with the devices connected to the power line 118. For example, the lamp 168 in the master bedroom 10 can be controlled and monitored by the automation system. The device adapter 166 situated between the lamp 168 and the electrical outlet 164 sends and receives signals over the power line 118. The power bridge 192 transfers these signals from the power line 118 to the backbone network set up in the house 102.
While the automation system has been shown in
The power bridge 192 is connected to the backbone network 202 through the network adapter 182. Two instances of the same network adapter 182 are shown in
The infrared (IR) bridge 188 is connected to the backbone network 202 through the network adapter 196, while the radio frequency (RF) bridge 144 is connected to the backbone network 202 through the network adapter 146. The IR bridge 188 enables the IR devices 212, such as the IR device 190, to communicate with devices on the backbone network 202. Likewise, the RF bridge 144 enables the RF devices 214, such as the RF devices 142 and 148, to communicate with devices on the backbone network 202.
The system infrastructure layer 304 includes look-up services 310, a publication/subscription eventing component 312, system management daemons 314, and a soft-state store 316. The soft-state store 316 manages the lifetime and replication of soft-state variables. The publication/subscription eventing component 312 enables objects, daemons, programs, and other software components to subscribe to events related to changes in the soft-state store 316. The look-up services 310 interact with devices and sensors of the automation system, which are indicated by the arrow 318. Specifically, the look-up services 310 include a name-based look-up service (NBLS) 320, and an attribute-based look-up service (ABLS) 322. The ABLS 322 maintains a database of available devices, and supports queries based on device attributes. The device attributes can include device type and physical location, among other attributes. The NBLS 320 maintains a database of running instances of objects, and supports name-to-object address mapping. The system management daemons 314 of the system infrastructure layer 304 detect failures of devices, and initiate recovery actions.
The application layer 306 includes automation applications 324, device objects 326, and device daemons 328. There are two types of automation applications 324, device-control applications, and sensing applications. Device-control applications receive user requests as input, consult the look-up services 310 to identify the devices and the device objects 326 that should be involved, and perform actions on them to satisfy the requests. The device objects 326 correspond to the devices and sensors identified by the arrow 318. The device objects 326 encapsulate device- and network-specific details of their corresponding devices, and present interfaces for them, such as method calls. Examples of the device objects 326 include camera objects for taking snapshots and recording video clips, and garage door opener objects for operating garage doors.
Sensing applications monitor environmental factors, and take actions when a monitored event occurs. The sensing applications subscribe to events through the eventing component 312. Device daemons 328 interact with the devices and sensors identified by the arrow 318, and independently act as proxies for them. For example, a device daemon for a sensor can monitor sensor signals, and update appropriate soft-state variables in the soft-state store 316 to trigger events.
The user interface layer 308 provides user access to the system infrastructure layer 304 and the application layer 306. The user interface layer 308 has three parts, a web browser interface 330, a voice-recognition interface 332, and a text-based natural language parser interface 334. The browser interface 330 enables the user to browse through available devices, select devices based on attributes, and control the devices. The text-based natural language parser interface 334 is based on a vocabulary appropriate to an automation system, while the voice-recognition interface 332 employs voice recognition technology based on the same vocabulary.
The user interface layer 308 preferably supports remote automation. For example, when the Internet connection 120 is an always-on connection, the browser interface 330 can be used to access the automation system from remote locations. The natural language parser interface 334 provides an email-based remote automation interface. The email daemon 336 periodically retrieves email through the Internet connection 120, and parses automation-related requests contained in the email. The daemon 336 passes the requests to the automation applications 324, and optionally sends reply email confirming that the requested actions have taken place. Known digital signature and data encryption technologies can be used to ensure the security of the email. If the user has a mobile phone 338 that supports text messaging, the email daemon 336 can alert the user with text messages when predetermined events occur. The voice-recognition interface 332 can optionally be used with the mobile phone 338, or another type of phone.
Through the ABLS administration console 408, the user performs a one-time manual task of assigning unique addresses to the fixed devices 402, which registers the devices 402 with the ABLS 322. The unique address can be X10 addresses. Additional attributes may be entered to associate the devices 402 with physical-location attributes. For example, a wall switch in the garage can be indicated as the “garage wall switch,” in addition to having a unique address. Dynamic devices 404 have their device attributes announced to the ABLS 322 when they are plugged in and switched on, through the device daemons 328 that act as proxies for the devices 404. Device objects 326 for the dynamic devices 404 are instantiated when an application requests to control the devices 404. The objects 326 can persist for a length of time, so that repeated requests do not require repeated instantiation. The device objects 326 are instantiated by the NBLS 320. Smart devices 208 perform their own registration with the ABLS 322. Computation objects 406 are instantiated by the NBLS 320, and require a software component or service referred to as the computation object installer 420 to register with the ABLS 322.
Referring back to
The SSS 316 ultimately receives heartbeats 602, and stores them as soft-state variables in either the persistent store 608 or the volatile store 606. The heartbeats 602 are periodic refreshes from devices, sensors, objects, and daemons, so that the automation system knows they are still operating. The heartbeats 602 include device heartbeats 610, sensor heartbeats 612, object heartbeats 614, and daemon heartbeats 616. The refresh rates of the heartbeats 602 vary by their type. The daemon heartbeats 616 may be received over intervals of seconds. The object heartbeats 614 may be received over intervals of tens of seconds to minutes. The sensor heartbeats 612 may be received over intervals of minutes to hours. The device heartbeats 610 may be received over intervals from hours to days.
The device heartbeats 610 and the sensor heartbeats 610 are received by the SSS 316 through the ABLS 322, while the object heartbeats 614 are received by the SSS 316 through the NBLS 320. The SSS 316 directly receives the daemon heartbeats 616. When an entity does not send a heartbeat as required by its refresh rate, the entity ultimately times out and is removed from the ABLS 322 and the NBLS 320. An entity in this context refers to a device, sensor, object, or daemon.
The SSS 316 preferably performs soft-state variable checkpointing. For a given refresh rate threshold, heartbeats that occur above the threshold, and thus are updated with high frequency, remain in the volatile store 606, to decrease overhead. Recovery of these high-frequency heartbeats from failure of the SSS 316 is through new refreshes. Conversely, heartbeats that occur below the threshold, and thus are updated with low frequency, are persisted in the persistent store 608. Recovery of these low-frequency heartbeats from failure of the SSS 316 is through restoration of the persistent soft-state variables in the store 608. This is because waiting for the next heartbeat may take too long. Downtime of the SSS 316 is preferably treated as missing refreshes for the soft-state variables.
The publication/subscription eventing component 312 allows subscriptions to events resulting from the change, addition, or deletion of the soft-state variables maintained by the SSS 316. The subscribers can include applications, daemons, and other software components of the automation system. The eventing component 312 sends events to subscribers when the kinds of changes to the SSS 316 match their corresponding event subscriptions. The component 312 receives the changes in the soft-state variables from the SSS 316. From these changes, it formulates events as necessary.
The monitoring daemon 702 maintains a log file 812 of all detected power line patterns. The patterns stored in the log file 812 include both acceptable and unacceptable power line patterns. An analysis tool 814 can be used by a user to determine whether to add new unacceptable power line patterns to the database 808, based on the patterns stored in the log file 812. The analysis tool 814 can also be used to determine whether the model 810 of acceptable power line patterns should be modified, based on the patterns stored in the log file 812.
For each system management and other daemon, there can be more than one instance of the daemon for redundancy purposes. For example, an instance of the power line monitoring daemon may reside on each of the system devices over which the automation system is implemented. If one of the system devices fails, the redundancy ensures that the automation system itself does not fail. For a number of instances of the same daemon, a leader daemon instance must be determined. The leader daemon instance is the active instance, which responds to requests to the daemon. The other instances do not respond. If the leader instance fails, then another instance becomes the new leader instance.
In 902, age information is exchanged among all the instances of a daemon. The age information can include, for example, how long each instance has been online. At each instance, 904 is performed. Specifically, in 906, each daemon instance determines whether it is the oldest instance, based on the age information received from the other daemon instances in 902. If a daemon instance determines that it is the oldest instance, then, in 908, the instance concludes that it is the leader instance. Otherwise, in 910, the daemon instance concludes that it is not the leader instance. The method 900 is periodically repeated, as indicated by the arrow 912. Furthermore, as indicated by the line 914, when any daemon instance has detected that a failure has occurred which may have affected the leader instance, 904 is immediately performed again.
As a summary of the software architecture described in this section of the detailed description,
Example Operation of the Automation System
Referring back to
Referring back to
Referring back to
The example operation described is one type of independent verification that can be accomplished by the automation system. Independent verification allows users to witness that a desired command relative to a desired device has been successfully performed. Video confirmation is one type of independent verification. Independent verification can also include audio confirmation, or other types of confirmation. The independent verification can be performed within the user interface layer 308 of FIG. 3.
The automation system that has been described with reference to
The device adapter 166 is used in conjunction with the attribute-based look-up service (ABLS) 322 of FIG. 3. To minimize user administration, a one-time, configuration task is performed by assigning an address to every electrical outlet in the house that the user would like to control, and mapping the address to a unique set of physical location attributes. When a new device is plugged into an electrical outlet through a device adapter, its device type and the outlet address are announced over the power line to the automation system. To perform the one-time configuration task, the user assigns a unique address to each electrical outlet or wall switch, and records the mapping between the physical location and the address in the ABLS 322. For example, when the address “A5” is assigned to an outlet on the backyard side of the kitchen on the first floor, the entry “address=A5; floor=one; room=kitchen; side=backyard” is recorded. Once an electrical outlet is assigned an address, a device adapter plugged into the outlet is also set to the address.
When the non-intelligent device that has been plugged into the outlet 1204 of the adapter 166 is switched on, the device adapter 166 broadcasts the device code, the module code, and the address over the power line in the form of an extended code. The address and the extended code can be consistent with the known X10 protocol. The subset of system devices 204 of
The device adapter 166 is responsible for sending periodic announcements to the soft-state store (SSS) 316 of
The logic mechanism 1312 determines when to instruct the transmitter 1308 to announce leaving or joining of the device 1314. The device 1314 also has an on/off status having two states, an on state, and an off state. When the mechanism 1312 detects that the receiver 1306 is on, but the sensor 1310 has not detected electricity flowing through the device 1314, it instructs the transmitter 1308 to announce leaving of the device 1314. This corresponds to the situation where the adapter 166 is plugged into an electrical outlet, is receiving power, and is on, but the device 1314 is off. When the mechanism 1312 detects that the receiver 1306 is on, and the sensor 1310 has detected electricity flowing through the device 1314, the mechanism instructs the transmitter 1308 to announce joining of the device 1314. This corresponds to the situation where the adapter 166 is plugged into an electrical outlet, is receiving power, and is on, and the device 1314 is also on.
The sensor 1310 is used to determine whether the device is on, or off or broken. The sensor 1310 can be a current sensor, detecting whether electrical current is flowing through the device 1314. The logic mechanism 1312 can be implemented as software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. The logic mechanism 1312 can be a state machine, making decisions regarding when to instruct the transmitter 1308 to announce joining and leaving of the device 1314.
Example Computerized Device
The invention can be implemented within a computerized environment having one or more computerized devices. The diagram of
The device 1400 includes one or more of the following components: processor(s) 1402, memory 1404, storage 1406, a communications component 1408, input device(s) 1410, a display 1412, and output device(s) 1414. For a particular instantiation of the device 1400, one or more of these components may not be present. For example, a PDA may not have any output device(s) 1414. The description of the device 1400 is to be used as an overview of the types of components that typically reside within such a device, and is not meant as a limiting or exhaustive description.
The processor(s) 1402 may include a single central-processing unit (CPU), or a plurality of processing units, commonly referred to as a parallel processing environment. The memory 1404 may include read-only memory (ROM) and/or random-access memory (RAM). The storage 1406 may be any type of storage, such as fixed-media storage devices and removable-media storage devices. Examples of the former include hard disk drives, and flash or other non-volatile memory. Examples of the latter include tape drives, optical drives like CD-ROM drives, and floppy disk drives. The storage devices and their associated computer-readable media provide non-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data. Any type of computer-readable media that can store data and that is accessible by a computer can be used.
The device 1400 may operate in a network environment. Examples of networks include the Internet, intranets, extranets, local-area networks (LAN's), and wide-area networks (WAN's). The device 1400 may include a communications component 1408, which can be present in or attached to the device 1400. The component 1408 may be one or more of a network card, an Ethernet card, an analog modem, a cable modem, a digital subscriber loop (DSL) modem, and an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) adapter. The input device(s) 1410 are the mechanisms by which a user provides input to the device 1400. Such device(s) 1410 can include keyboards, pointing devices, microphones, joysticks, game pads, and scanners. The display 1412 is how the device 1400 typically shows output to the user. The display 1412 can include cathode-ray tube (CRT) display devices and flat-panel display (FPD) display devices. The device 1400 may provide output to the user via other output device(s) 1414. The output device(s) 1414 can include speakers, printers, and other types of devices.
The methods that have been described can be computer-implemented on the device 1400. A computer-implemented method is desirably realized at least in part as one or more programs running on a computer. The programs can be executed from a computer-readable medium such as a memory by a processor of a computer. The programs are desirably storable on a machine-readable medium, such as a floppy disk or a CD-ROM, for distribution and installation and execution on another computer. The program or programs can be a part of a computer system, a computer, or a computerized device.
It is noted that, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement that is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and equivalents thereof.
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|U.S. Classification||709/223, 709/225, 709/226, 700/80, 700/275, 707/999.107, 707/999.104, 340/6.1|
|International Classification||H04L12/28, H04L29/08, G06F15/173|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10S707/99948, Y10S707/99945, H04L12/282, H04L12/2803, H04L2012/285, H04L12/2809, H04L2012/2843, H04L2012/2849, H04L67/025|
|European Classification||H04L29/08N1A, H04L12/28H, H04L12/28H2A, H04L12/28H3B|
|Nov 30, 2000||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MICROSOFT CORPORATION, WASHINGTON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WANG, YI-MIN;RUSSELL, WILF G.;XU, JUN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011279/0736;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000914 TO 20001006
|Apr 1, 2009||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 18, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 9, 2014||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING, LLC, WASHINGTON
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