Korean is the official language but English
is usually taught in schools.
Dominant religions are Christianity,
Buddhism, Shamanism (spirit worship) and Chondokyo (religion of
the heavenly way). Confucianism is also followed, more as a
philosophy than a religion.
One's personal feelings about an issue are
considered the 'truth.' Ideologies related to nationalism also
influence decisions. Each person has a relative position that
includes obligations and obedience. Decisions tend to be by group
(family unit) with the oldest being given the greatest authority.
Loyalty to kin always supercedes that to friends or organizations.
One must save face and not cause others to loose face, therefore
an outright "no" is rarely used. Status and security come from the
extended family. Men tend to dominate public situations. Silence
is often a sign of lack of understanding since to admit
misunderstanding would cause embarrassment. Rephrasing and
inquiring if more information is needed rather than making any
references to misunderstanding is an effective way to clarify.
Brute honesty, disagreement, or "no" is avoided because it is
considered more important to leave you with good feelings than to
be accurate or cause displeasure.
Bowing at the beginning and again at the
end of an interaction is common. A longer ending bow is a sign
that all has gone well. Elders are acknowledged first in a group.
Hand shaking is common with eye contact maintained. Elders are
often greeted with a compliment to his/her health.
people first meet, often they inquire about family history. People
ask about hometowns and bloodlines compared to ancient history.
Knowledge about one's family is considered important.
Negative responses may be indicated by a
squint of the eyes or by tipping the head back while drawing air
through the teeth. Pointing is rude. Pity is shown by clicking the
tongue, making a "jjut jjut" kind of sound.
Sunglasses are considered rude during
Overly admiring someone's belongings may
make him/her feel obligated to give it to you.
Writing a note, especially someone's name
in red indicates death.
Physical contact is rare so relationship
must be established before touching.
If embarrassed, a Korean may laugh
excessively, but they will never laugh in front of an elder or at
an elder. This is considered a terrible offense.
Feet are considered dirty and should not
touch other people; soles of shoes should not be