As a preview of the upcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5) due out in September 2013, in this post, we’ll take a brief look at the multi-model ensemble mean of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations of global surface temperature anomalies through the year 2100. The four new scenarios are discussed and shown. We’ll also compare CMIP5 and CMIP3 hindcasts of the 20thCentury to see if there have been any improvements in how well climate models simulate the rates at which global surface temperatures warmed and cooled since 1901. For the observations data in another comparison, we’ll use a weighted average of the Met Office’s new HADSST3 and CruTEM4 surface temperature datasets, approximating the HadCRUT4 data, which has yet to be released formally in an easy-to-use format.
The KNMI Climate Explorer Monthly CMIP5 scenario runswebpage was used for RCP global surface temperature hindcast and projection data. Keep in mind that it’s still a little early. As KNMI notes:
The collection here changes almost daily, it is not definitive by any means. The CMIP5 system itself is in flux at the moment.
But this post will give us a reasonable idea of the direction the researchers are taking the hindcasts and projections.
Figure 1 is Figure SPM.5 from the Summary for Policymakers of Working Group 1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC’s) 4th Assessment Report (AR4). It shows hindcasts and projections of global surface temperatures for a number of scenarios. The scenarios are explained on page 18 of the linked Summary for Policymakers. Scenario A1B is commonly referenced. In fact, that is the only scenario provided as merged hindcast-projection data (the first 3 fields) at the Monthly CMIP3+ scenario runs webpage at the KNMI Climate Explorer. For a full-sized version of the IPCC’s Figure SPM.5, see here. As shown, for scenario A1B, the models are projecting a rise in surface temperatures (relative to the base years of 1980 to 1999) of about 2.8 deg C.
CMIP5 PROJECTIONS OF GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES
The Lawrence-Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) maintains archives of climate models used in the IPCC’s assessment reports. These archives are known as Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). The 3rd phase archive (CMIP3) served as the source of climate models for the IPCC AR4, and the 5th phase archive (CMIP5) is the source of models for the IPCC’s upcoming 5thAssessment Report (AR5).
It appears the IPCC will be presenting four scenarios in AR5, and those scenarios are called Representative Concentration Pathways or RCPs. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) writes on the Emissions Scenariowebpage:
The Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) are based on selected scenarios from four modelling teams/models working on integrated assessment modelling, climate modelling, and modelling and analysis of impacts. The RCPs are not new, fully integrated scenarios (i.e., they are not a complete package of socioeconomic, emissions, and climate projections). They are consistent sets of projections of only the components of radiative forcing (the change in the balance between incoming and outgoing radiation to the atmosphere caused primarily by changes in atmospheric composition) that are meant to serve as input for climate modelling. Conceptually, the process begins with pathways of radiative forcing, not detailed socioeconomic narratives or scenarios. Central to the process is the concept that any single radiative forcing pathway can result from a diverse range of socioeconomic and technological development scenarios. Four RCPs were selected, defined and named according to their total radiative forcing in 2100 (see table below). Climate modellers will conduct new climate model experiments using the time series of emissions and concentrations associated with the four RCPs, as part of the preparatory phase for the development of new scenarios for the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (expected to be completed in 2014) and beyond.
Table 1.1: Overview of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)
RCP 8.5 Rising radiative forcing pathway leading to 8.5 W/m² in 2100. RCP 6 Stabilization without overshoot pathway to 6 W/m² at stabilization after 2100 RCP 4.5 Stabilization without overshoot pathway to 4.5 W/m² at stabilization after 2100 RCP 3-PD2 Peak in radiative forcing at ~ 3 W/m² before 2100 and decline
NOTE: RCP 3-PD2 is listed as “RCP 2.6” at the KNMI Climate Explorer Monthly CMIP5 scenario runsWebpage, and will be referred to as RCP2.6 in this post.
Further information about the individual RCPs can be found at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) webpage here.
Figure 2 compares the multi-model mean of the global surface temperature hindcasts/projections for the 4 RCPs, starting in 1861 and ending in 2100. (The use of the model mean was discussed at length in the post Part 2 – Do Observations and Climate Models Confirm Or Contradict The Hypothesis of Anthropogenic Global Warming?, under the heading of CLARIFICATION ON THE USE OF THE MODEL MEAN.) The base years are 1980 to 1999, same as those used by the IPCC in AR4. Also listed in the title block are the numbers of models and ensemble members that make up the model mean as of this writing, and as noted above, the numbers are subject to change. Based on the models that presently exist in the CMIP5 archive at the KNMI Climate Explorer, the IPCCs projected rises in global surface temperature by the year 2100 in AR5 should range from about 1.3 deg C for RCP 2.6 to a whopping 4.4 deg C for RCP 8.5. At 2.7 deg C in 2100, RCP 6.0 projects about the same warming of surface temperature as SRES A1B, and if memory serves, the SRES A1B forcing in 2100 was about 6.05 watts/m^2, comparable to RCP 6.0.
Notice, however, that RCP 6.0 has received the least attention by the modelers, even though it’s about the same as SRES A1B. Based on the number of models on the KNMI Climate Explorer, RCP 6.0, as of now, has been simulated by only 13 models with a total of 28 ensemble members, while RCP 8.5 is getting the most interest, 29 models with 59 ensemble members. Is the IPCC going to follow suit and spend most of its time discussing RCP 8.5 in AR5? The projected warming of RCP 8.5 appears to be in the neighborhood of the old SRES A1F1.
Note: For a detailed comparison of SRES and RCP projections, refer to Roglj et al (2012) Global warming under old and new scenarios using IPCC climate sensitivity range estimates, and its Supplementary Information.
CMIP5 HINDCASTS OF GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES
The model mean of the CMIP5 simulations of 20thCentury global surface temperature anomalies for the four RCPs are shown in Figure 3. The data runs from 1901 to 2012. The base years for anomalies are (and for the remainder of this post) 1901 to 1950, which are the base years the IPCC used for their Figure 9.5 in AR4. All but RCP 6.0 are closely grouped; RCP 6.0 diverges from the others starting at about 1964. Is this caused by the limited number of models simulating RCP 6.0? It’s still early. The modeling groups have some time to submit models to CMIP5 for inclusion in AR5.
The model mean of the global surface temperature anomaly hindcasts of the 12 models used by the IPCC in their Figure 9.5 cell a of AR4 has been added in Figure 4. The RCP hindcasts of global surface temperature anomalies appear to differ most from the AR4 hindcast during the 1960s and 70s, as though the newer RCP-based models are exaggerating the impacts of the eruption of mount Agung in 1963/64. Other than that period, the model mean of the newer RCP-based models appear to mimic the older model mean.
CMIP3 VERSUS CMIP5 DURING WARMING AND COOLING/FLAT TEMPERATURE PERIODS
In AR4, the IPCC identified four periods during the 20th Century when global surface temperatures rose and when they remained flat or cooled slightly. Refer to Chapter 3 Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change. Those periods are loosely defined by the IPCC as follows:
Clearly, the changes are not linear and can also be characterized as level prior to about 1915, a warming to about 1945, leveling out or even a slight decrease until the 1970s, and a fairly linear upward trend since then (Figure 3.6 and FAQ 3.1).
We have in past posts used HadCRUT3 land plus sea surface temperature anomalies, the same dataset presented by the IPCC in AR4 for comparisons to models, and have further clarified those warming and “flat temperature” periods. The years that marked the transitions were 1917, 1944, and 1976.
For the following four comparison graphs of CMIP3- and CMIP5-based global temperature anomaly hindcasts, we’ll use RCP 8.5, and the simple reason is, it’s the scenario that was modeled most often and it has the most ensemble members. And we’ll use the multi-model ensemble mean of the 12 models the IPCC used in their Figure 9.5 cell a.
Figures 5 through 8 compare global surface temperature anomaly hindcasts and linear trends of the CMIP3 (20C3M) and CMIP5 (RCP 8.5) multi-model mean over the 20th Century (1901-2000). The data have been broken down into the two warming and two “flat temperature” periods. The linear trends of the CMIP3- and CMIP5-based models are reasonably close during the early “flat temperature” period (1901-1917), the early warming period (1917-1944), and the late warming period (1976-2000). Any changes in forcings used by the modelers during those periods do not appear to have had any major impacts on the rates at which modeled global surface temperatures warmed. On the other hand, as shown in Figure 6, there is a significant difference in the trends during the mid-20thCentury “flat temperature” period (1944-1976). The CMIP3 hindcast shows a slight positive trend during this period, while the CMIP5 (RCP 8.5) trend shows a moderate rate of cooling.
COMPARISON OF CMIP5 HINDCAST TO APPROXIMATION OF HADCRUT4 SURFACE TEMPERATURE DATA
We presented and discussed the recent updates of the Hadley Centre’s HADSST3 sea surface temperature anomaly dataset here, and introduced the recent updates to their CruTEM4 land surface temperature anomaly dataset here. Unfortunately, the Hadley Centre has not yet released its new HadCRUT4 land plus sea surface temperature data through its HadCRUT4 webpagein a form that’s convenient to use. We can approximate the global HadCRUT4 data using a weighted average of HADSST3 and CruTEM4 data, using the same weighting as older HadCRUT3 data. I relied on annual HADSST2, CruTEM3, and HadCRUT3 data from 1901 through 2011 to determine that weighting, and used the linear trend of a weighted average of the HADSST2 and CruTEM3, comparing it to the trend of the HAdCRUT3 data. The weighting determined was 28.92% land surface temperature and 71.08% sea surface temperature, and has been used in the approximation of the HadCRUT4 data that follows.
Figure 9 compares the approximated HadCRUT4 land plus sea surface temperature data to the 4 RCP-based hindcasts from 1901 to 2006. The end date of 2006 is dictated by the HADSST3 data, which still (as of now) has not been brought up to date by the Hadley Centre. The models appear as though they are capable of reproducing the rate at which global temperatures warmed during the late warming period of 1976 to 2006, but it looks like they are still not capable of reproducing the rates at which global temperature anomalies warmed and cooled before that. Let’s check.
We’ll again use the multi-model ensemble mean of the CMIP5-based RCP 8.5 global surface temperature hindcast available through the KNMI Climate Explorer, simply because that’s the scenario the modelers have simulated most. Figures 10 through 13 compare the linear trends of the of the model mean to the approximated HadCRUT4 global surface temperatures during the 2 warming periods and 2 “flat temperature” periods acknowledged by the IPCC. Starting with the late warming period (Figure 10), the models do a reasonable job of approximating the rate at which global surface temperatures warmed. But based on the model mean, the CMIP5-based hindcasts of the 20thCentury are:
1. not able to simulate the rate at which global surface temperatures cooled from 1944 to 1976 (Figure 11),
2. incapable of simulating how quickly global surface temperatures warmed from 1917 to 1944 (Figure 12), the observations warmed at a rate that’s more than 3 times faster than simulated by the models, and,
3. not capable of simulating the low rate at which global surface temperatures warmed from 1901 to 1917 (Figure 13).
This was a preview. The intent was to give an idea of the directions of the IPCC’s projections of future global surface temperatures and a glimpse at the hindcasts to see if there were any improvements. According to the schedule listed on the IPCC/CMIP5 AR5 timetable, papers to be included in the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report (AR5) are to be submitted by July 31, 2012. Therefore, for projections of future global temperatures, there may be a few models that have not yet made it to the CMIP5 archive at the KNMI Climate Explorer. The IPCC also could select specific models for their presentation of 20thCentury global surface temperatures as they had with AR4. But there are a good number of models and ensemble members that presently exist in the AR5 archive at the KNMI Climate Explorer. Adding a few models should not alter the results of the multi-model ensemble mean too much.
I won’t speculate whether the IPCC intends to make RCP 8.5 its primary forcings for its discussions of future climate, but the modelers sure did seem enthusiastic about it, with its projections of a 4.4 deg C rise in global temperatures by 2100.
With respect to the simulations of the 20th Century, it appears the modelers did change some forcings during the mid-20th Century “flat temperature” period, in an effort to force the models to show more of a decrease in temperature between 1944 and 1976. Yet the models still have difficulties simulating the rates at which global surface temperatures warmed and cooled since 1901. Compared to the weighted average of HADSST3 and CruTem4 data (used to approximate HadCRUT4 global surface temperature data), the models are still only able to simulate the rate at which global surface temperatures rose during the late 20thCentury warming period of 1976 to 2006. They still cannot simulate the rates at which global surface temperatures warmed and cooled before 1976.
As illustrated and discussed in my book and in a number of posts over the past few months (see here, here, here, here, and here), for many reasons, it is very difficult to believe the IPCC’s claim that most of the warming in the late 20thCentury is caused by manmade greenhouse gases. One of the reasons: there were two warming periods since 1901. As further illustrated in this post, the increases in manmade greenhouse gases and other forcings caused modeled global surface temperatures (the RCP 8.5-based multi-model mean of the CMIP5/AR5 climate models) to warm at a rate during the late warming period that’s 3+ times faster than the early warming period. Yet the observed global surface temperatures during the late warming period, based on the approximation of HadCRUT4 data, warmed at a rate that was only 27% higher than the early warming period.
And those who have read my book or my posts for the past three years understand that most if not all of the rise in satellite-era global sea surface temperatures can be explained as the aftereffects of strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. That further contradicts the IPCC’s claims about the anthropogenic cause of the warming since 1976.
MY FIRST BOOK
My recently published book is available in pdf and Kindle formats. See If the IPCC was Selling Manmade Global Warming as a Product, Would the FTC Stop their deceptive Ads?
The data sources for this post are linked within it.