The equivalential calculus is a subsystem of propositional calculus with equivalence as the only connective. In 1929 Leśniewski recognized that the equivalential calculus could be axiomatized. He used two axioms and the rules of detachment and substitution. He also observed that a formula of propositional calculus in which equivalence was the only propositional function was a tautology if and only if each propositional letter occurs an even number of times. In 1932 Wajsberg showed that the calculus can be based on a single axiom. In 1933 Łukasiewicz found the shortest axiom,
, and gave a simple completeness proof. He first derived 21 tautologies. Some of them, such as
, were used as rules. The rule
says that a formula of the form
is equivalent to
. A formula of the calculus is a tautology if it is deductively equivalent to
is a propositional variable . The realization of the completeness theorem as a Prolog program was given in .
In 1981 Hafner gave a more complicated completeness proof showing that the proof length (the number of proof steps) is linear in the formula size .
 J. Łukasiewicz, "The Equivalential Calculus," in Polish Logic (1920–1939)
, S. McCall, ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967 pp. 90–91.
 I. Hafner, "On Proof Length in the Equivalential Calculus," Glasnik Matematički
(35), 1980 pp. 233–242.
 I. Hafner, "The Completeness Theorem of Equivalential Calculus as Prolog Program," Logic Programming Newsletter
, May 1987 pp. 7–8.
 S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science
, Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, 2002 p. 1170e.