|Publication number||US5810011 A|
|Application number||US 08/607,789|
|Publication date||22 Sep 1998|
|Filing date||27 Feb 1996|
|Priority date||27 Feb 1996|
|Also published as||WO1997031568A1|
|Publication number||08607789, 607789, US 5810011 A, US 5810011A, US-A-5810011, US5810011 A, US5810011A|
|Inventors||Sabine Vivian Kunig|
|Original Assignee||Kunig; Sabine Vivian|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (15), Classifications (7), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cardiac monitor and, more specifically, to a method and apparatus for diagnosis of the degree of myocardial impairment, dysfunction, and the state of critical illness of a subject from efficiency and performance diagrams.
2. Description of Prior Art
Present hemodynamic evaluation of a subject includes the measurement of a plurality of parameters such as cardiac pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and pulmonary and vascular resistance and a determination whether these parameters fall into an empirically established normal range. Each parameter is representative of only a specific aspect of the entire cardiocirculatory system. Therefore, hemodynamic measurements fail to provide an over-all assessment of the system due to the absence of the synergy of the measured data. Ambiguous diagnosis may result from these types of hemodynamic measurements.
Disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,122 is a method and an apparatus to establish the synergy of measured parameters in the form of cardiac pressure-size curves. Deviations of instant pressure-size curves from basal pressure-size curves produce changes in the numerical values of cardiac efficiency, indicative of myocardial impairment, and in the numerical values of cardiac work, indicative of dysfunctions. Not disclosed in the '122 patent, however, is the synergy of cardiac efficiency, myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac power into a single reference frame allowing for diagnosis of dysfunctions, myocardial impairments and critical illness.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an efficiency diagram for diagnosing myocardial impairment and facilitating the design of therapies affecting myocardial impairment and for monitoring the efficacy of these therapies.
It is another object of the present invention to determine more specifically pressure efficiency and volume efficiency from the efficiency diagram to differentially design and/or monitor the efficacy of therapies affecting pressure efficiency and volume efficiency for improvement of cardiac efficiency.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a performance diagram for diagnosing dysfunctions and critical illness to allow the design of therapies affecting dysfunctions and the critical illness and/or the monitoring of these therapies.
According to the present invention there is provided a cardiac diagnostic device for diagnosis of myocardial impairment, dysfunctions, and critical illness. The device provides means for producing and measuring signals representative of ventricular size, pressures, time intervals of heart beat, and heart rate from a subject, means for processing said signals, means to determine efficiency and performance diagrams from the processed signals, means for determining pressure, volume, and cardiac efficiencies from the efficiency diagram for diagnosing myocardial impairment, means for determining cardiac work, ventricular energy, and myocardial oxygen consumption for diagnosing dysfunctions and critical illness from the performance diagram, means for standardizing ventricular work and ventricular energy and ventricular myocardial oxygen consumption with respect to preselected reference values, and means such as audible or visual signals to alert upon the attainment of specific levels of myocardial impairment and dysfunctions or critical illness.
The present invention will be more fully understood in conjunction with the detailed description of the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates an efficiency diagram used to determine cardiac efficiencies and its components volume efficiency and pressure efficiency for diagnosing myocardial impairment;
FIG. 2 illustrates a performance diagram used to determine ventricular energy, its metabolic equivalent of myocardial oxygen consumption, and cardiac work for diagnosing dysfunctions and the state of critical illness;
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of the apparatus to practice the instant invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates the utility of the present invention to diagnose cardiac efficiency of an exercising subject, to design rehabilitation and exercising programs, and to determine the intensity levels for beneficial exercise; and
FIG. 5 illustrates the utility of the present invention to diagnose myocardial impairment and dysfunction, design and monitoring of therapies, and drug interventions.
As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,122, cardiac work per one heart beat (W) is given by the equation:
W=(EDVI-ESVI) * (SBP-EDP) (1)
EDVI is the end-diastolic volume index,
ESVI is the end-systolic volume index,
SBP is the systolic blood pressure, and
EDP is the end-diastolic pressure.
EDVI and ESVI may be expressed as the ratio of end-diastolic volume, EDV/BSA and end-systolic volume ESV/BSA where BSA is the body surface area. Cardiac efficiency (CF) is given by the ratio of cardiac work (W) and the ventricular energy available for conversion to work (EDVI*SBP)
CF=(EDVI-ESVI)/EDVI * (SBP-EDP)/SBP (2)
which may be rewritten as
CF=EF(V) * EF(P) (3)
where EF(V)=(EDVI-ESVI)/EDVI is the volume efficiency and EF(P)=(SBP-EDP)/SBP is the pressure efficiency.
Cardiac work expended during the time of one heart beat is given by the ratio of W and the time required for one beat (RR). Similarly, cardiac work per minute (CP) is given by the product of W and heart rate (HR).
Combining equations (1), (2), and (4) yields
CP=CF * EDVI*SBP*HR (5)
which indicates that a fraction (CF) of the available ventricular energy per minute, EDVI*SBP*HR, is converted to expend CP. It is noted that 1 liter of oxygen is consumed for the liberation of 4.82 kcal of energy. This relation allows conversion of EDVI*SBP*HR into myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and, accordingly,
CP=CF * MVO2 (6)
subject to a conversion factor.
Inserting data published for normals at rest in Ciba-Geigy Scientific Tables, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Medical Education Division, West Caldwell, N.J. 07006, ISBN 0-914168-54-1, 1990 yields basal values, for example, for the right heart EF(V)=60%, EF(P)=50%, CF=30%, and CP=0.71*106 erg/m2 *sec and for the left heart EF(V)=63%, EF(P)=93%, CF=60% and CP=6.38*106 erg/m2 *sec. These basal CP values are used as standards for right and left ventricle (heart), respectively, and assigned a unit of 1 CMET/sec. As a corollary, life cannot be sustained if the basal CP is not expended. A patient becomes critically ill if CP<1 CMET/sec. All present readings for a subject are presented as a multiple of 1 CMET/sec.
Inserting the basal values CF=30% and CP=1 CMET/sec for the right heart into equation 6 yields RMVO2 =3.33 CMET/sec which is the basal myocardial oxygen consumption of the right ventricle. Upon the occurrence of a dysfunction, CP expenditure increases to compensate said dysfunction, which, according to equation (6), requires MVO2 to increase. As a corollary, MVO2 greater than the basal value of 3.33 CMET/sec diagnoses a dysfunction.
Referring now to FIG. 1, in an efficiency diagram volume efficiency is plotted versus pressure efficiency. Curves are added to interconnect points in the efficiency diagram having equal values of the product EF(V) and EF(P) or equal values of CF, according to equation (3). Further, basal values of volume and pressure efficiency are added to the efficiency diagram as horizontal and vertical lines. The bold CF curve in FIG. 1 indicates basal cardiac efficiency, for example, for the right ventricle, for which CF=30%. A myocardial impairment exists if CF does not attain values as indicated by the basal CF curve. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the cardiac efficiency diagram for the left heart will have a basal cardiac efficiency, for example, of CF=60% and a plurality of similar curves for the left heart having different values for efficiency and myocardial oxygen consumption may be shown in a similar manner for that displayed in the right heart in FIG. 1. The efficiency diagram curves can be produced either as a function of the computer program or as a transparent overlay on the monitor.
Referring now to FIG. 2, in a performance diagram CF is plotted versus EDVI*SBP*HR or, alternatively, versus MVO2. Curves are added to interconnect points in the performance diagram having equal values of CP. Further, basal values for CF and MVO2 are added as horizontal and vertical lines. A myocardial impairment exists below the horizontal line, a dysfunction exists to the right of the vertical line, and a patient is critically ill in the zone defined by the CP=1 CMET/sec curve and the CP=0.5 CMET/sec curve. The patient is near death when approaching the CP=0.5 CMET/sec curve. The curves of the performance diagram can be produced either as a function of the computer program or as a transparent overlay on the monitor.
The embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3 illustrates the teachings of the instant invention. Accordingly, sensors 2 are placed on a subject 1 to detect signals representative of end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, systolic blood pressure, end-diastolic blood pressure, time for one heart cycle, and heart rate which are transmitted on multi-line wire 3 to computer 4. Such sensors 2 may include catheters, ultra-sound equipment, and pressure transducers as required for differential assessment of the left or right heart. Additional input representative of patient information including weight, height, body surface area, and preselected basal values is provided from a keyboard 5 to computer 4 on line 6. Computer 4 is programmed to process all incoming signals for determination of volume efficiency, pressure efficiency, cardiac efficiency, cardiac work, ventricular energy, and ventricular myocardial oxygen consumption, said parameters being transmitted by line 8 to a monitor 9 which is comprised of a display 10, audible and visual alarms 11 to warn of emergencies if preset values of the parameters are attained, and indicators 12 to diagnose myocardial impairment, dysfunction, and critical illness from the attainment of specific values of cardiac efficiency, myocardial oxygen consumption, and cardiac work. Inputs from keyboard 5 may be used to select from among the various diagrams for display by display 10 along with plotted points representing instant conditions of a monitored subject. The signal displayed by display 10 and the audio and visual alarms 11 and the signals displayed by indicator 12 are transmitted on line 14 to a printer 13 for producing hard copies and on line 16 to a modem 15 for transmission over telephone lines to central storage. A memory 17 in the computer 4 serves as storage of all information and data.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 collectively, data shown in Table 1, as published by J. W. Biondi, et al. in an article entitled The Effect of Incremental Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Right Ventricular Hemodynamics and Ejection Fraction, Anesthesia Analgesia 1988; 67:144-151, on patients with acute respiratory disease are used to demonstrate the utility of efficiency and performance diagrams to diagnose myocardial impairment, dysfunction, and critical illness from right ventricular data.
TABLE 1______________________________________ 0 cm H2 O 5 cm H2 O 10 cm H2 O 20 cm H2 OPEEP ∇ ▾ □ ▪______________________________________SBP mm Hg 39 43 44 48EDP mm Hg 6 7 6 8EDVI ml/m2 103 92 95 113ESVI ml/m2 60 48 55 79HR 1/min 101 102 103 103EF(V) % 42 48 42 30EF(P) % 79 84 77 75CF % 33 40 32 23MVO2 CMET/sec 12.7 12.6 13.5 17.6CP CMET/sec 4.2 5.1 4.4 3.9______________________________________
These patients were treated with positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) of varying magnitudes indicated by the symbols ∇ no PEEP, ▾ 5 cm H2 O PEEP, □ 10 cm H2 O PEEP, and ▪ 20 cm H2 O PEEP. The computer 4 receives input signals representative of EDVI, ESVI, SBP, EDP, and HR, processes them to determine EF(V), EF(P), CF, RMVO2, and CP. Subsequently, computer 4 generates a performance and an efficiency diagram. According to the teachings of the instant invention, the cardiac monitor of FIG. 3 by displaying a performance diagram of FIG. 1 reveals a dysfunction (in this case a respiratory disease) as RMVO2 significantly exceeds the basal RMVO2. No myocardial impairment is revealed by the cardiac monitor for no PEEP treatment and for PEEP treatments not exceeding 10 cm H2O since cardiac efficiencies for the respective treatments exceed the basal cardiac efficiency below which impairment is indicated. Still further, the cardiac monitor reveals a PEEP of 5 cm H2 O as the most beneficial pressure to elevate cardiac efficiency to its highest levels.
In another aspect of the teachings of the present invention the cardiac device of FIG. 3 by displaying an efficiency diagram of FIG. 1, containing a data point representing an instant condition of a monitored subject, reveals depressed volume efficiencies which are compensated by elevated pressure efficiencies to result in an over-all normal cardiac efficiency for no PEEP treatment and PEEP treatments not exceeding 10 cm H2 O. The cardiac monitor also detects a concomitant volume efficiency and pressure efficiency deterioration for PEEP of 20 cm H2 O resulting in an abnormally low cardiac efficiency representative of myocardial impairment. The cardiac monitor, thus, allows the design of specific therapies affecting myocardial impairment through volume efficiency and pressure efficiency, and design of therapies affecting dysfunctions and the monitoring of these therapies.
In still another embodiment of the present invention representations of CF in form of EF(V), EF(P), and EF(A)=(EDAI-ESAI)/EDAI and representations of MVO2 in form of EDVI*HR, SBPI*HR, where SBPI equals the ratio of pressure to body surface area, EDAI*SBP*HR, where EDAI equals the end-diastolic cross-sectional area referenced to BSA of the ventricle end ESAI=the end-systolic cross-sectional area referenced to BSA may be used, respectively, for the left heart and the right heart, as well as the substitution of ventricular pressures by arterial pressures, right ventricular pressure by pulmonary artery pressure or central venous pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure by arterial systolic and left ventricular diastolic pressure by wedge pressure or arterial diastolic pressure to determine efficiency and performance diagrams for right and left ventricles.
Referring now to Table 2, there are listed heart rate and blood pressure data as published by R. A. Wolthuis et. al. in an article entitled, The response of healthy men to treadmill exercise, Circulation 1977;55:153-157, which were used to determine left ventricular myocardial oxygen consumption and pressure efficiency to practice the instant invention to design and monitor rehabilitation and conditioning exercise programs.
TABLE 2______________________________________Age 26 years 47 years______________________________________BSA m2 ! rest 1.77 2.13SBP mm Hg! rest 115 140SBP(1) mm Hg! sub-maximal 132 174SBP(2) mm Hg! sub-maximal 148 193SBP(3) mm Hg! sub-maximal 160 208SBP mm Hg! maximal 164 216EDP mm Hg! rest 80 90EDP(1) mm Hg! sub-maximal 68 90EDP(2) mm Hg! sub-maximal 65 90EDP(3) mm Hg! sub-maximal 60 90EDP mm Hg! maximal 60 96HR 1/min! rest 60 82HR(1) 1/min! sub-maximal 102 141HR(2) 1/min! sub-maximal 130 174HR(3) 1/min! sub-maximal 158 190HR 1/min! maximal 200 188EF(P) %! rest 30 36EF(P) (1) %! sub-maximal 48 48EF(P) (2) %! sub-maximal 56 53EF(P) (3) %! sub-maximal 63 57EF(P) %! maximal 63 56MVO2 CMET/sec! rest 3.33 4.43MVO2 (1) CMET/sec! sub-maximal 6.25 9.46MVO2 (2) CMET/sec! sub-maximal 8.93 13.0MVO2 (3) CMET/sec! sub-maximal 11.73 15.2MVO2 CMET/sec! maximal 13.3 15.7CP CMET/sec! rest 1.0 1.59CP CMET/sec! sub-maximal 3.0 4.54CP CMET/sec! sub-maximal 5.0 6.89CP CMET/sec! sub-maximal 7.39 8.66CP CMET/sec! maximal 8.38 8.79______________________________________
Referring now to the performance diagram shown in FIG. 4, there is plotted pressure efficiency as a representation of cardiac efficiency and SBPI*HR as a representation of MVO2 for the left heart for two groups of subjects of different ages exercising on a treadmill. The symbols denote time on the treadmill as follows ∇ at rest prior to commencement of the treadmill test, ▾ stage 1, sub-maximal response, □ stage 2 sub-maximal response, ▪ stage 3 sub-maximal response, .increment. maximal response. Subjects of the younger age group utilize a smaller amount of oxygen more efficiently as compared to the subject of older age. A threshold efficiency is attained prior to maximal exertion. Thus, the cardiac monitor of FIG. 3 allows the design of exercise programs, for example, for cardiac rehabilitation and for competitive athletes at the threshold of maximum efficiency to assure safety of cardiac patients and progress in the conditioning program of athletes.
Referring now to Table 3, there are listed heart rate and blood pressure data as published by A. S. Phillips et. al. in an article entitled Propofol-Fentanyl anesthesia: A comparison with Isoflurane-Fentanyl anesthesia in coronary artery bypass grafting and valve replacement surgery, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 1994;8:289-296, which were used to determine left ventricular myocardial oxygen consumption and pressure efficiency to practice the instant invention to design and monitor drug therapies such as anesthesia.
TABLE 3______________________________________pre-anesthesla post-anesthesia______________________________________BSA m2 ! 1.91 1.91HR 1/min! 61 65SBP mm Hg! 127 105EDP mm Hg! 66 60EF(P) %! 48 43MVO2 CMET/sec! 3.33 2.94CP CMET/sec! 1.6 1.26______________________________________
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown the performance diagram, created by the monitor of FIG. 3 which uses data from Table 3, of a group of patients in whom anesthesia is administered, where ∇ denotes the state prior to anesthesia and ∇ the state after anesthesia administration by the drug Propofol-Fentanyl. The patient shows a decreased cardiac efficiency representative of myocardial impairment caused by the anesthesia. Thus, the cardiac monitor has utility to design therapies and monitor efficacy of therapies, drug interventions and the safety of patients.
In yet another embodiment numerous values for each of CF, MVO2, CP and their representations may be collected and displayed in time reference frames including the time derivatives to further monitor progress or regress of myocardial impairments and dysfunctions.
While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiment for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the recitation of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5046502 *||9 May 1990||10 Sep 1991||Kunig Horst E||Method and apparatus for measuring cardiac efficiency|
|US5370122 *||8 Oct 1993||6 Dec 1994||Kunig; Horst E.||Method and apparatus for measuring myocardial impairment, dysfunctions, sufficiency, and insufficiency|
|US5584298 *||25 Oct 1993||17 Dec 1996||Kabal; John||Noninvasive hemodynamic analyzer alterable to a continuous invasive hemodynamic monitor|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US6254544 *||22 May 2000||3 Jul 2001||Colin Corporation||Heart-function monitor apparatus|
|US6520917 *||1 Jul 2000||18 Feb 2003||Horst Erhard Kunig||Method and apparatus for measuring functionality of a periodically changing system|
|US6776764 *||15 Mar 2002||17 Aug 2004||University Of Pittsburgh Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education||Use of aortic pulse pressure and flow in bedside hemodynamic management|
|US8147309||10 Aug 2006||3 Apr 2012||Gtech Rhode Island Corporation||System and method for providing a table poker wagering game|
|US8917272 *||30 Sep 2009||23 Dec 2014||Mckesson Financial Holdings||Methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for facilitating visualization and analysis of medical data|
|US9002440||15 Mar 2013||7 Apr 2015||Intelomed, Inc.||System and method for characterizing circulatory blood flow|
|US9173579||8 Jul 2011||3 Nov 2015||Intelomed, Inc.||System and method for characterizing circulatory blood flow|
|US20020082947 *||22 Dec 2000||27 Jun 2002||Schlageter David P.||Medical exercise testing investment planning method and apparatus|
|US20030167010 *||15 Mar 2002||4 Sep 2003||Pinsky Michael R.||Use of aortic pulse pressure and flow in bedside hemodynamic management|
|US20070129639 *||10 Jan 2005||7 Jun 2007||Hongxuan Zhang||Methods and analysis for cardiac ischemia detection|
|US20070179387 *||27 Jan 2006||2 Aug 2007||Kunig Horst E||Method and apparatus for measuring reserves of a periodically changing system|
|US20090132201 *||27 Oct 2008||21 May 2009||Horst Erhard Kunig||Method and apparatus for measuring performance of a periodically changing system accomplishing a task|
|US20110074788 *||31 Mar 2011||Mckesson Financial Holdings Limited||Methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for facilitating visualization and analysis of medical data|
|WO2000032103A1 *||30 Nov 1998||8 Jun 2000||Sabine Vivian Kunig||Method and apparatus for measuring functionality of a periodically changing system|
|WO2014143850A1 *||14 Mar 2014||18 Sep 2014||Stephanie Littell||Evaluating the cardiac engine|
|Cooperative Classification||A61B5/0215, A61B5/021, A61B5/02028|
|European Classification||A61B5/0215, A61B5/02F|
|19 Feb 2002||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|1 Mar 2006||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|26 Apr 2010||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|22 Sep 2010||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|9 Nov 2010||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20100922