A squid propels itself by filling its body with water and ejecting it backwards in order to move forwards. This is the principle used by Rocket Engineers.
Space rockets use fuels which are burned in a chamber shaped rather like a bottle with a neck pointing backwards. The combustion produces a large volume of gas expanded by heat and this is ejected at high velocity forcing the rocket in the opposite direction.
Practice launching water rockets safely using the Patana rocket launching system.
When you have perfected it, take a video of a successful launch, and save it in your student folder. You will need this in a few lessons time.
Your challenge over the course of this topic is to learn and apply the basic principles of rocket design to construct a water rocket that stays in the air as long as possible.
Draw a diagram to show how a rocket propels itself
Construct a timeline for the history of rockets and space flight. Use the resource centre and these web sites:
Speed is the distance that something moves in a given time.
20 metres per second means that something moves 20 metres in one second.
What about 50 miles per hour? Or 600 kilometers per minute? - They're all speeds.
In school we use metres per second
If a rocket travels 5000 kilometers in 30 seconds what is its speed?
It is important to know the speed that rockets travel at because...
Task: How to display speeds
Use a handheld data logger to draw graphs of distance against time for...
2) Constant Speed
Draw the graphs for each of these motions, and describe their general shape.
Draw a distance-time graph for a water rocket when we launch it?
Ref: Co-Science: Physics pp12-14, 16-19, 24-25
Acceleration is the rate at which something changes its speed.
What force must a rocket over come if it is to accelerate off the launch pad?
For a rocket to accelerate upwards, it must first overcome the downward force of gravity.
Task: Produce a ticker tape for a lump of plastecine is dropped in the Earth's gravitational field.
Draw a diagram of your experiment, and stick down the ticker tape you have produced
What do you notice about your tape when you compare it to other peoples'?
Gravity is the same everywhere on the Earth, and accelerates all things at the same rate (g=10m/s2). This means that everything falls at the same rate no matter how heavy it is!
Weight is a measure of how much something is being pulled towards the Earth.
It is given by...
W=mass x gravity
W= mass x 10 (On Earth!)
Experiment: Investigating Newton's second law.
What can we say about the force acting on the trolley and the force acting on the mass?
Force = mass x acceleration
Explain in words how we have come to this conclusion
What happens if there are many forces acting on an object? Adding forces worksheet
What is the initial acceleration of our water rockets?
Using loggerpro's movie analysis package, and the videos we made of our launches we can find out...
Ref: Co-Science: Physics pp22-23, 26-27
For a rocket to take off, the upward force generated by its engines must be greater than the downward force of gravity (its weight).
It must have a resultant force upwards
The greater the upward force generated by the rocket engines, then the greater the upward resultant force (because the rocket's weight remains the same). We need to maximise the upward force generated by the water rocket.
To do this we need to optimize the rocket launch parameters...
Task: Experiment with the online flash experiment to determine the optimum launch parameters for your rocket...
Hint: Approach this in a methodical way, all variables constant except the one you are testing. When you have found the optimum value for that variable move on to the next one.
Write up this experiment in completeness, with results for each variable you tested, and an explanation of the final optimum launch parameters you have determined.
Ref: Co-Science: Physics pp28-29
Time to test the results of your theoretical work...
Pressure as how a force is spread out over an area,
Pressure = Force / Area
It is measured in N/m2 or Pa
Task: Explain using the idea of pressure which would be more painful?
The pressure in the model rocket body at launch is about 180000 N/m 2 and the area of the jet through which the water is forced out is 1 cm2.
What is the thrust of the rocket?
How could we use the idea of pressure to make our rockets go higher?
Do an experiment to determine your pressure when balanced on different parts your body, by weighing t yourself and using graph paper to work out the area of different parts of your body.
Which of these objects need low pressure and which need high pressure? Explain.
Snowboard Snowshoes Camels' feet Tractors' tyres Skating blades Drawing pins Sharp knife
Estimate how much pressure is exerted by each of the objects listed in the above question.
Task: Analyse the quality of different trainers using the ideas of pressure in the workbooklet
Ref: Co-Science: Physics pp38-39
Title: Factors Affecting the Depth Cubes Sink into Plasticene
The rest is up to you...
Practical assessment markscheme (make sure you use this when you do your write up to get top marks)
NB: Maximise flight time. So we need to maximise height. Streamlining and minimizing drag are important...
Apart from maximizing height reached, how else could we go about achieving this aim?