A Hoax of Hate
It is a classic in paranoid, racist literature. Taken by the gullible as the
confidential minutes of a Jewish conclave convened in the last years of the nineteenth
century, it has been heralded by anti-Semites as proof that Jews are plotting to take over
the world. Since its contrivance around the turn of the century by the Russian Okhrana, or
Czarist secret police, "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" has taken
root in bigoted, frightened minds around the world.
The booklets twenty-four sections spell out the alleged secret plans of Jewish
leaders seeking to attain world domination. They represent the most notorious political
forgery of modern times. Although thoroughly discredited, the document is still being used
to stir up anti-Semitic hatred.
- Origins of the Protocols
- The Hoax Spreads
- Contemporary Reemergence of the Protocols
- Widespread Condemnation
Origins of the Protocols
Serge Nilus, a little-known Czarist official in Moscow, edited several editions of the
Protocols, each with a different account of how he discovered the document. In his 1911
edition Nilus claimed that his source had stolen the document from (a non-existent)
Zionist headquarters in France. Other "editors" of the Protocols maintained that
the document was read at the First Zionist Congress held in 1897 in Basel, Switzerland.
According to some scholars, including Prof. Norman Cohn in his noted book, Warrant
for Genocide, the world-control myth was actually lifted from a 19th century
French politcal satire in which the alleged plotters werent even Jewish.
The Hoax Spreads
Impact of the Bolshevik Revolution
After the Russian Revolution in 1917, frustrated supporters of the ousted Czar rescued
the document from obscurity in order to discredit the Bolsheviks. The emigre Czarists
portrayed the Revolution as part of a Jewish plot to enslave the world, and pointed to the
Protocols as the blueprint of that plan. The scheme of yoking the Protocols to the
Bolshevik Revolution not only led to the allegation of a Judeo-Communist conspiracy, but
promoted the forgery internationally. In later years, vicious Soviet anti-Semitic
propaganda under Stalin and others echoed the conspiracy mythology of the Protocols.
In the 1920s, two British correspondents, Robert Wilton of the London Times and
Victor Marsden of the Morning Post, each of whom had lived in pre-Communist Russia,
.promoted the idea of a Jewish conspiracy in Great Britain. Eighteen articles on the
subject of a Jewish conspiracy as well as on the "Protocols" themselves were
published in the Morning Post. Marsden translated the Protocols into English and in his
introduction to the document asserted:
. . . the Jews are carrying it out with steadfast purpose, creating wars and
revolutions, . . .to destroy the white Gentile race, that the Jews may seize the power
during the resulting chaos and rule with their claimed superior intelligence over the
remaining races of the world, as kings over slaves."
A Polish language edition of the Protocols appeared in 1920. The following year the
Arabs of Palestine and Syria used the Protocols to stir up resentment against Jewish
settlers in Palestine, suggesting that the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine
would further advance the "international Jewish conspiracy." This propaganda
tactic persists in the contemporary Middle East; Arabic editions of the Protocols have
been widely circulated by official Saudi sources, among others.
The Protocols were publicized in America by Boris Brasol, a former Czarist prosecutor.
Auto magnate Henry Ford was one of those who responded to Brasols conspiratorial
fantasies. "The Dearborn Independent," owned by Ford, published an American
version of the Protocols between May and September of 1920 in a series called The
International Jew: the Worlds Foremost Problem." The articles were later
republished in book form with half a million copies in circulation in the United States,
and were translated into several foreign languages.
By 1927 Ford had repudiated the "International Jew," but hundreds of
thousands of people around the world had been encouraged by his initial endorsement to
accept the Protocols as genuine.
The Protocols and Nazi Germany
The Protocols served to rationalize anti-Semitism and genocide in Hitlers
Germany. The myth of the Jewish world conspiracy permeated Hitlers thinking, and he
linked Germanys economic hardship during the 1920s to the secret plot. Once in power
Hitler invoked the Protocols to justify anti-Semitic legislation and suppression of all
opposition to the Third Reich. For example, the first anti-Semitic measure in April of
1933, a one-day boycott of Jewish stores, was deemed a defense against the "Plan of
Basel" (another name for the Protocols).
Contemporary Reemergence of the Protocols
Anti-Semites around the globe still actively circulate the Protocols. It has appeared
in Japan - where bestsellers by anti-Semite Masami Uno cite them as evidence of a
"Jewish conspiracy to dominate the world - and in Latin America (including
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Paraguay). The document is also favored by such
U.S. right-wing extremists as the Ku Klux Klan and Aryan Nations. The most common U.S.
edition was published by hatemonger Gerald L. K. Smiths Christian Nationalist
The Protocols have become a major source of Arab and Islamic propaganda. Between 1965
and 1967 alone, approximately 50 books on political subjects published in Arabic were
either based on the Protocols or quoted from them. In 1980, Hazern Nuseibeh, the Jordanian
delegate to the United Nations, spoke about the Protocols as a genuine document. In
October of 1987 the Iranian Embassy in Brazil circulated copies of the Protocols, which it
said "belongs to the history of the world."
During the 1980's, Muslim groups peddled the forgery worldwide. The Muslim Student
Associations at Wayne State University in Michigan and at the University of California at Berkeley
disseminated the document. American Black Muslim groups have sold it. The Protocols were
for sale at an Islamic exhibition in Stockholm and in Londons Park Mosque, and
during a 1986 conference sponsored by the Islamic Center of Southern California the
Protocols were prominently displayed. Based on a perverse "interpretation" of
the Protocols, the Saudi Arabian government blamed Israel for an attack on a synagogue in
Istanbul in 1986.
With Glasnost there has also been a reappearance of the Protocols in the Soviet Union.
A Soviet book released in 1987 called "On the Class Essence of Zionism" revived
insidious canards contained in the Protocols, and made repeated references to Jews
engaging in "constant efforts to gain control of the world." And sections of the
Protocols have reportedly been read during meetings of the anti-Semitic Russian
nationalist movement Pamyat (Memory).
During the past 60 years impressive authorities have publicly attested to the
Hugo Valentin, lecturer in history at the University of Upsala in Sweden, characterized
the Protocols in his 1936 study Anti-Semitism, Historically and Critically Examined as
"the greatest forgery of the century."
Father Pierre Charles, Professor of Theology at the Jesuit College in Louvain, France,
stated in a 1938 essay: "It has been proved that these Protocols are a
fraud, a clumsy plagiarism. . . made for the purpose of rendering the Jews odious..."
In 1942, several prominent historians, including Carl Becker of Cornell, Sydney Fay and
William Langer of Harvard, and Allan Nevins and Cariton J. H. Hayes of Columbia,
introduced Professor John Shelton Curtiss An Appraisal of the Protocols of
Zion" with their endorsement of his findings as "completely destructive of the
historicity of the Protocols and as establishing beyond doubt the fact that they are rank
and pernicious forgeries."
In 1961 Richard Helms, then Assistant Director of the CIA, stated at a Senate
subcommittee hearing: "The Russians have a long tradition in the art of forgery. More
than 60 years ago the Czarist intelligence service concocted and peddled a confection
called The Protocols of the Elders of Zion."
And in August of 1964 a subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee issued a report
repudiating the Protocols, to which Senators Thomas J. Dodd and Kenneth B. Keating
appended the following: "Every age and country has had its share of fabricated
historic documents which have been foisted on an unsuspecting public for some
malign purpose. . . One of the most notorious and most durable of these is the
Protocols of the Elders of Zion."
In 1935 a Swiss judge, presiding at a trial of two Swiss National Socialists charged
with circulating the Protocols, wrote:
I hope that one day there will come a time when no one will any longer comprehend how
in the year 1935 almost a dozen fully sensible and reasonable men could for fourteen days
torment their brains before a court of Berne over the authenticity or lack of authenticity
of these so-called Protocols . . .that, for all the harm they have already caused and may
yet cause, are nothing but ridiculous nonsense.
Unfortunately, the judges hope has not yet been fully realized. There are still
those anti-Semites and their willing audiences who remain ready to circulate and believe
this fantasy of hate.
Sources: Copyright Anti-Defamation League
(ADL). All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.