S Biradar, S Bhagavati, I Kuppasad
S Biradar, S Bhagavati, I Kuppasad. Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems: A Brief Overview. The Internet Journal of Pharmacology. 2005 Volume 4 Number 2.
Recently, fast-dissolving drug delivery systems have started gaining popularity and acceptance as new drug delivery systems, because they are easy to administer and lead to better patient compliance. Usually, elderly people experience difficulty in swallowing the conventional dosage forms (tablets, capsules, solutions and suspensions) because of tremors of extremities and dysphagia. Fast-dissolving drug delivery systems may offer a solution for these problems.
Drug delivery systems (DDS) are a strategic tool for expanding markets/indications, extending product life cycles and generating opportunities. DDS make a significant contribution to global pharmaceutical sales through market segmentation, and are moving rapidly.Fast dissolving drug delivery (FDDTs,) can be achieved by various conventional methods like direct compression, wet granulation, moulding, spray drying, freeze drying, sublimation. In order to allow fast dissolving tablets to dissolve in the mouth, they are made of either very porous and soft- moulded matrices or compressed into tablets with very low compression force, which makes the tablets friable and/or brittle, which are difficult to handle, often requiring specialized peel-off blister packaging.
Many pharmaceutical dosages are administered in the form of pills, granules, powders, and liquids. Generally, a pill design is for swallowing intact or chewing to deliver a precise dosage of medication to patients. The pills, which include tablets and capsules, are able to retain their shapes under Moderate pressure. However, some patients, particularly pediatric and geriatric patients, have difficulty swallowing or chewing solid dosage forms. Many pediatric and geriatric patients are unwilling to take these solid preparations due to a fear of choking. In order to assist these patients, several fast-dissolving drug delivery systems have been developed. Fast-dissolving drug delivery1 In recent years, a variety of improved methods for delivering drugs have been developed with the aim of improving performance, convenience and compliance
FDDTs disintegrate and/or dissolve rapidly in the saliva without the need for water. Some tablets are designed to dissolve in saliva remarkably fast, within a few seconds, and are true fast-dissolving tablets. Others contain agents to enhance the rate of tablet disintegration in the oral cavity, and are more appropriately termed fast-disintegrating tablets, as they may take up to a minute to completely disintegrate. When put on tongue, this tablet disintegrates instantaneously, releasing the drug, which dissolves or disperses in the saliva. Some drugs are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus as the saliva passes down into the stomach. In such cases, bioavailability of drug is significantly greater than those observed from conventional tablet dosage form2,3
The advantage of Fast Dissolving Dosage Forms are increasingly being recognized in both industry and academia4
Advantages of Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System FDDTs,,,,,
Fast dissolving technology offers :
Improved compliance/added convenience
No water needed
No chewing needed
Suitable for controlled/sustained release actives
Allows high drug loading.
Ability to provide advantages of liquid medication in the form of solid preparation.
Adaptable and ameanable to existing processing and packaging machinery
The need for non-invasive delivery systems continues due to patients' poor acceptance and compliance with existing delivery regimes, limited market size for drug companies and drug uses, coupled with high cost of disease management.
The current needs of the industry are improved solubility/stability, biological half-life and bioavailability enhancement of poorly absorbed drugs. Key issues facing the biopharma industry are to improve safety (decreasing gastrointestinal side effects), improve efficacy for organ targeting, and improved compliance via sustained release or easy to swallow dosage forms.
Developing new drug delivery technologies and utilizing them in product development is critical for pharmaceutical companies to survive. This applies to all pharmaceutical companies, regardless of their size. In his book, Jürgen Drews has emphasized that the pharmaceutical industry must accomplish more than it has to date with more modest financial resources.10
Pharmaceutical marketing is another reason for the increase in available fast-dissolving/disintegrating products. As a drug entity nears the end of its patent life, it is common for pharmaceutical manufacturers to develop a given drug entity in a new and improved dosage form. A new dosage form allows a manufacturer to extend market exclusivity, while offering its patient population a more convenient dosage form or dosing regimen. In this regard, fast-dissolving/disintegrating tablet formulations are similar to many sustained release formulations that are now commonly available. An extension of market exclusivity, which can be provided by a fast-dissolving/disintegrating dosage form, leads to increased revenue, while also targeting underserved and under-treated patient populations. Although the cost to manufacture these specialized dosage forms exceeds that of traditional tablets, this additional cost is not being passed on to the consumer.
Characteristics of Fast-Dissolving Tablets
FDDTs, as a novel dosage form, have several characteristics to distinguish them from the more traditional dosage forms. Taste-masking is of critical importance in the formulation of an acceptable FDDT. Traditional tablet formulations generally do not address the issue of taste masking, because it is assumed that the dosage form will not dissolve until passing the oral cavity. Many oral suspensions, syrups, and chewable tablets simply contain flavors, sugars and other sweeteners to overwhelm or complement the bitter taste of the drug 11 Current methods of taste masking in fast dissolving/disintegrating tablets include sweeteners and flavors; however, these are not a sufficient means for taste-masking many bitter drugs. Most of the FDDT technologies incorporate unique forms of taste masking as well. The primary methods of taste-masking include adsorption onto or complexation with carriers and spray coating of drug particles.12
Ingredients to be used for FDDTs
Important ingredients that are used in the formulation of FDDTs should allow quick release of the drug, resulting in faster dissolution. This includes both the actives and the excipients.
Excipients balance the properties of the actives in FDDTs. This demands a thorough understanding of the chemistry of these excipients to prevent interaction with the actives. Determining the cost of these ingredients is another issue that needs to be addressed by formulators. The role of excipients is important in the formulation of fast-melting tablets. These inactive food-grade ingredients, when incorporated in the formulation, impart the desired organoleptic properties and product efficacy. Excipients are general and can be used for a broad range of actives, except some actives that require masking agents.
Binders keep the composition of these fast-melting tablets together during the compression stage. The right selection of a binder or combination of binders is essential to maintain the integrity and stability of the tablet. The temperature of the excipient should be preferably around 30–35C for faster melting properties. Further, its incorporation imparts smooth texture and disintegration characteristics to the system. Binders can either be liquid, semi solid, solid or mixtures of varying molecular weights such as polyethylene glycol. The choice of a binder is critical in a fast- dissolving formulation for achieving the desired sensory and melting characteristics, and for the faster release of active ingredients. Commonly available fats such as cocoa butter and hydrogenated vegetable oils can also be used.
Various Approaches for Fast Dissolving Tablets
The fast-dissolving property of the tablet is attributable to a quick ingress of water into the tablet matrix resulting in its rapid disintegration. Hence, the basic approaches to developing fast dissolving tablets include maximizing the porous structure of the tablet matrix, incorporating the appropriate disintegrating agent, and using highly water-soluble excipients in the formulation.13,14,15
Various technologies used in the manufacture of Fast dissolving tablets include
Freeze –drying or lyophilization
Each technology has a different mechanism, and each fast-dissolving/disintegrating dosage form varies regarding the following:1
Mechanical strength of final product;
Drug and dosage form stability;
Rate of dissolution of drug formulation in saliva;
Rate of absorption from the saliva solution; and
Counseling Points for FDDTs
Pharmacists are in the ideal position to become familiar with the different technologies, and educate their patients on what to expect upon taking their first dose. The majority of patients receiving FDDT preparations have little understanding of this new dosage form. Patients may be surprised when tablets begin to dissolve in the mouth. They might expect a faster onset of therapeutic action. Clarification from the pharmacist can avoid any confusion or misunderstanding. As with all dosage form technologies, some patient populations are better served by their use than others. Patients who concurrently take anticholinergic medications may not be the best candidates for these drugs. Similarly, patients with Sjögren's syndrome or dryness of the mouth due to decreased saliva production may not be good candidates for these tablet formulations. Although no water is needed to allow the drug to disperse quickly and efficiently, most technologies utilize the body's own salivation. Decreased volume of saliva may slow the rate of dissolution/disintegration and decrease the bioavailability of the product.
Although chewable tablets have been on the market for some time, they are not the same as the new FDDTs. Patients for whom chewing is difficult or painful can use these new tablets easily. FDDTs can be used easily in children who have lost their primary teeth, but do not have full use of their permanent teeth.
Patients may mistake fast-dissolving/disintegrating for effervescent tablets. Pharmacists may wish to stress the difference between the use of quick-dissolving and effervescent tablets.
The introduction of fast dissolving dosage forms has solved some of the problems encountered in administration of drugs to the pediatric and elderly patient, which constitutes a large proportion of the world's population. Hence, patient demand and the availability of various technologies have increased the market share of Fast dissolving tablets, which in turn prolongs the patent life of a drug. Keeping in view of the advantages of the delivery system, rapidly disintegrating dosage forms have been successfully commercialized, and because of increased patient demand, these dosage forms are expected to become more popular.