A Comparative Study on Induced Currents in Steel Reinforced Building Due to a Nearby Lightning Strike to Ground and a Strike to Nearby Elevated Object
1Electrical and Electronics Engineering, M.C.E Hassan, Karnataka, India
2Electrical and Electronics Engineering, K.L.E.I.T, Hubli, India
In the present work a study is carried out to determine the magnitude and nature of the induced current in the steel of a steel reinforced concrete building due to a nearby lightning stroke to ground and strike to nearby elevated objects. A comparison of the two is presented. For the study, buildings of three different heights with number of floors are considered. The vertical down conductor of different heights is considered as nearby elevated object. Lightning channel of length 1 km is employed. Two velocities of propagation of channel current, one equal to velocity of light and another of 1/3 of velocity of light are considered. A current source model for the source is employed for the study. Electromagnetic model is employed and Numerical Electromagnetic Code-2 (NEC-2) is used for the numerical field computations. It is found that when lightning strikes the elevated object which is nearby to the building, induces more currents in steel parts of the building rather than the current due to nearby strike to ground. The height of the elevated object also has significant effect on the magnitude of the induced current.
At a glance: Figures
Keywords: lightning, induced currents, steel reinforced columns and beams, concrete buildings and Elevated striking object
American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2014 2 (1),
Received November 17, 2013; Revised December 14, 2013; Accepted January 03, 2014Copyright © 2013 Science and Education Publishing. All Rights Reserved.
Cite this article:
- Hegde, Vishwanath, and Vinoda shivanand. "A Comparative Study on Induced Currents in Steel Reinforced Building Due to a Nearby Lightning Strike to Ground and a Strike to Nearby Elevated Object." American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2.1 (2014): 1-5.
- Hegde, V. , & shivanand, V. (2014). A Comparative Study on Induced Currents in Steel Reinforced Building Due to a Nearby Lightning Strike to Ground and a Strike to Nearby Elevated Object. American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2(1), 1-5.
- Hegde, Vishwanath, and Vinoda shivanand. "A Comparative Study on Induced Currents in Steel Reinforced Building Due to a Nearby Lightning Strike to Ground and a Strike to Nearby Elevated Object." American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2, no. 1 (2014): 1-5.
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Lightning flashes involve currents having high magnitude and high rate of rise. When lightning strikes directly to the tall structures on the earth, such as transmission line towers, telecommunication towers, wind turbines, buildings etc., large amount of current flows in them. From the literature it is found that, when lightning strikes to a building, it generates transient electromagnetic fields and surges on the power and communication circuits inside the building. These fields and surges can cause the malfunction or damage to the sensitive equipments installed in the buildings . Also, however when lightning strikes the ground in the vicinity of the structures, large amount of currents are induced in such structures. The magnitude and nature of such induced currents depend upon various parameters of lightning current such as rate of rise of current, velocity of propagation, channel inclination, distance between structure and striking point etc. and also on physical parameters of the structures [2, 3]. It is found from the study that, presence of nearby conducting objects in between down conductor (structure) and strike is found to have effect on the induced currents . There is a large amount of literature on the problem of induced currents due to lightning [5-13]. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, a comparative study on induced currents in steel of a steel reinforced building due to nearby lightning stroke and stroke to elevated object seems to be limited. Therefore in this work a study is carried out to determine the magnitude and nature of induced currents in different steel parts of the building due to a nearby lightning stroke and stroke to nearby elevated object. A comparison of the results is also presented.
2. Present Work
In this paper, work is carried out to determine the magnitude and nature of the induced currents in different steel parts of the building due to nearby stroke to ground and stroke to nearby elevated object.
For the intended study, different heights of building and different heights of elevated objects at different distances from the building are considered. The rods of columns and beams of the building, lightning channel and elevated objects are modeled as vertical conductors. Such models have been successfully employed in the literature pertaining to the evaluation of the induced current and field due to a strike on an elevated object [14, 15, 16, 17]. Tall down conductors are known to initiate significant upward leader activities, such upward connecting leader activity from the conductors is not taken into account. For numerical analysis, the conductor is divided into cylindrical segments. The computation is carried out in the frequency range from 50 kHz to 3 MHz with the increment step of 5.0 kHz. Following the earlier works, a perfectly conducting ground is assumed and to realize the soil resistance, a footing resistance of 6 Ω is connected at the base of the pillars of building and ground and at the base of elevated object and ground . Simulations are carried out with the stroke to ground and stroke to elevated objects at different distances such as 30 m and 60 m from the building. Different rise time and velocity of propagation of the channel current are considered.2.1. Theoretical Modeling
As the electromagnetic field produced by the lightning is basically responsible for the current induction, the model to be employed for the study must be based on an electromagnetic model. Such a model, which is also called the antenna theory (AT) model, has been quite successfully employed in the literature for the estimation of currents and the field in the vicinity [8, 9, 10, 11]. Based on this and the earlier work, in the present work also, an electromagnetic model is employed. In the electromagnetic modeling approach, the channel is considered as a thin wire antenna supporting a transverse magnetic (TM) mode. The channel excitation is represented by a lumped current source, which is a highly simplified representation for the actual excitation formed by the distributed charges along the channel. Further, even though the actual bridging point for Elevated Strike Object (ESO) can be quite elevated, possibly due to the dominating channel equivalent impedance, placement of lumped source at the top of ESO yields reasonably satisfactory results . In view of the same, lumped current source placed at the channel base is employed for the required excitation. The phenomena of induction to the down conductor can be treated as linear. In view of this, the stroke current is normalized to unit amplitude. In the simulations, the stroke current is expressed as a double exponential function of the form
I0 is the factor that depends upon peak value of current, a and b controls the front and tail times of the current wave in μs.
Similar to the commonly employed channel base current waveform for the simulation of lightning return stroke fields ; this waveform has the maximum di/dt region near the origin. Therefore, the influence of tail portion is segregated from that of the region in front, which produces maximum induction. The lightning channel is assumed to be vertical, and a double exponential current of unit amplitude and a time to peak of 1.2 μs and 3.7 μs is chosen [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The associated rise time between 10% and 90% is 0.565 μs and 2.4 μs. The corresponding parameters of the exponential function are a = 3.08 × 106, b = 6.25 × 104, and I0 = 1.1365. Simulations are carried out with the stroke to ground at different distances such as 30 m and 60 m from the building. The numbering of the columns and rods of the columns are shown in Figure 1.
2.1.1. Modeling of the Channel
The lightning channel is modeled as a vertical conducting cylinder of radius 2.5 mm, with a current source at the channel base. The channel lengths selected for the study is 1 km. The channel is considered as thin wire model.
2.1.2. Modeling of the Source
A current source model for the source is considered. In order to realize the same in the simplified numerical model, a voltage source with a high series resistance (of about 5 kΩ) is employed at the junction between the channel and the conductor.
2.1.3. Modeling of the Steel Structure of Building and Elevated Object
The steel structure of building of three different heights is considered. Building with only ground floor has dimensions 6.4 m X 6.4 m X 3.6 m with pillars extended to a height of 7.2 m, building with ground and first floor has dimensions 6.4 m X 6.4 m X 2(3.6) m with pillars extended to a height of 10.8 m, and building with ground, first and second floor has dimensions 6.4 m X 6.4 m X 3(3.6) m with pillars extended to a height of 14.4 m is considered. Each column and beam consists of four steel rods of 20 mm diameter. Each rod of columns and beams of building are modeled as a cylindrical conductor with appropriate ground termination resistance. Elevated striking object is considered as vertical conductor of different heights and is modeled as vertical cylindrical conductor of 20 mm diameter. The steel structure of the building model considered for the study is shown in Figure 1.
2.1.4. Parameters for the Study
In the present work, the different parameters of the lightning current such as rate of rise of current, velocity of propagation, height of the building, height of elevated object and distance between building and stroke or elevated striking object are considered. Sample simulation results are presented here.
3. Simulation Results and Analysis3.1 Simulation Results Corresponding to Building Model
(a) Stroke at a distance of 30 m and 60 m from the building
Simulations are carried out for building model shown in Figure 1 (a) having only ground floor in it for two gaps distance between building and channel. Figure 2 shows plot of induced current at the base of 1 column for a stroke to ground and stroke to elevated object of different heights at a distance of 60 m and 30 m from the building. The normalized peak value of the currents at the base of all the four columns for different heights of the elevated object at a distance of 30 m from the building is tabulated in Table 1. From the results it is observed that the magnitude of the induced current is more in all the four columns compared to the currents due to a strike to ground. This increase in current is about 1.9%, 7.6%, 6.9% and 1.5% in column 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively when an elevated strike object of height 3.6 m is present at a distance of 30 m from the building. It is clear that as the 2nd column is more close to elevated strike object than the other three columns maximum increase in current is found in it. As the 4th column is far away compared to other three columns minimum increase in current is found in it. It is also observed that the amount of increase in current is increasing with the height of the elevated strike object. For elevated object of height 10.8 m the increase in current is in the rang of 7.8% to 13.6%.
Table 1. Peak value of current in mA at the base of all the four columns for different heights of elevated object at a distance 30 m and 60 m from the building
(b) For two different velocities of propagation of channel current
It is well known that the velocity of propagation has the influence on induced currents . Therefore simulations are carried out for fast and slow velocity of propagation of current. The simulation results are presented here for the building model shown in fig.1 (b) which has ground and first floor in it. Figure 3 shows plot of induced current at the base of 1st column for a stroke to ground and stroke to elevated object of different heights at a distance of 60 m from the building for velocity of propagation of channel current, equal to c/3 and c, where c is velocity of light. The normalized peak value of the current at the base of all the four columns is tabulated in Table 2.
From the results it is clear that the magnitude of current induced in this building having pillar height 10.8 m is more than that in the building having pillar of height 7.2 m for the strike at a distance of 60 m. The elevated object of height 3.6 m and 7.2 m are small in height compared to height of the pillars. Therefore the effect on induced current is less. However the elevated objects of height 10.8 m and 14.4 m which are equal to and more than height of the pillars respectively have an influence to induce more current than the strike to ground. For full velocity of propagation the increase in current is from 13% to 15% for elevated object of height 14.4 m and it is from 23% to 30% for slow velocity of propagation.
Table 2. Peak value of current at the base of all the four columns in mA for different heights of elevated object at a distance 60 m from the building for propagation velocity equal to c and c/3
(c) For two different rise time of channel current
It is known that magnitude of induction is clearly dependent on the rate of rise of the stroke current . Therefore here simulations are carried out for two time to peak values 1.2 μs and 3.7 μs. The simulation results corresponding to building model shown in Fig.1 (c) are presented here. Simulation results for strike to ground and strike to elevated objects at a distance 30 m from the building are shown in Figure 4. The peak value of currents are tabulated in Table 3.
Table 3. Peak value of current at the base of all the four columns for different heights of elevated object at a distance 60 m from the building for propagation velocity equal to velocity of light for time to peak 1.2 μs and 3.7 μs
It is observed that with slow impulse, magnitude of current induced is very less compared to the current with fast impulse. The elevated object of height 3.6 m and 7.2 m has negligible influence to increase the current as compared to strike to ground .The elevated object of height 14.4 m has an influence to increase the current by 2 % in 4th pillar and about 10% in 2nd pillar for fast impulse.
From the simulation results it is concluded that strike to nearby elevated objects induces more current in the building compared to that induced due to nearby strike to ground. When striking object height is very less compared to height of the pillars, the influence of the current is less. However, when height of the elevated object is comparable more influence is found on the induced current. Strike to elevated object is found to have similar effect for increased distance between building and elevated object or channel, reduced velocity of propagation and for impulse having low time to peak.
The authors would like to acknowledge valuable suggestions made by the referees in improving the presentation of this paper.
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