Applications of High Temperature Superconductors to Electric Power Equipment
April 2011, Wiley-IEEE Press
High temperature superconductors (HTS) have been used for building many devices for electric grids worldwide and for large ship propulsion motors for the U.S. Navy. And yet, there has been no single source discussing theory and design issues relating to power applications of HTS—until now. This book provides design and analysis for various devices and includes examples of devices built over the last decade.
Starting with a complete overview of HTS, the subsequent chapters are dedicated to specific devices: cooling and thermal insulation systems; rotating AC and DC machines; transformers; fault current limiters; power cables; and Maglev transport. As applicable, each chapter provides a history of the device, principles, configuration, design and design challenges, prototypes, and manufacturing issues, with each ending with a summary of the material covered. The design analysis and design examples provide critical insight for readers to successfully design their own devices. Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) designers, industry and utilities users, universities and defense services research groups, and senior/postgraduate engineering students and instructors will rely on this resource.
"HTS technology reduces electric losses and increases the
efficiency of power equipment. This book by Swarn Kalsi, a leading
expert on the HTS subject, provides a survey of the HTS technology
and the design rules, performance analyses, and manufacturing
concepts for power application-related devices. It compares
conventional and HTS technology approaches for device design and
provides significant examples of devices utilizing the HTS
technology today. The book is useful for a broad spectrum of
professionals worldwide: students, teaching staff, and OEM
designers as well as users in industry and electric
—Professor Dr. Rolf Hellinger, Research and Technologies Corporate Technology, Siemens AG
CHAPTER 1 Introduction.
CHAPTER 2 HTS Superconductors.
2.2 HTS Background and Nomenclature.
2.3 BSCCO-2212 Conductors.
2.4 BSCCO-2223 OPIT Wires.
2.4.1 Manufacturing Process.
2.4.2 Characteristics - Electrical and Mechanical.
2.5 YBCO-123 Coated Conductors.
2.6 Magnesium Diboride (MgB2).
2.7 State-of-the-art of Various HTS Conductors.
2.8 Superconducting Magnet Design.
CHAPTER 3 Cooling and Thermal Insulation Systems.
3.2 Anatomy of a Cryostat.
3.3 Cryogenic Fluids for Cooling HTS Magnets.
3.4 Direct Cooling with Cryogens.
3.5 Indirect or Conduction Cooling.
3.6 Refrigeration Systems.
3.6.1 Gifford-McMahon (G-M) Cryocoolers.
3.6.2 Stirling Coolers.
3.6.3 Pulse Tube Coolers.
3.7 Open Loop Cooling with Liquid Nitrogen.
3.8 Magnet Materials.
3.9 Current Leads.
3.9.1 Design of Conduction Cooled Leads.
3.10 Example Cryostat Design.
3.10.2 Thermal Load Calculations.
18.104.22.168 Radiation Thermal Load Through MLI.
3.10.3 Current Leads.
3.10.5 Selection of Refrigerator.
CHAPTER 4 Rotating AC Machines.
4.3 Analysis and Parameter Calculations.
4.3.1 Magnetic Circuit and Harmonic Components.
4.3.2 Parameter Calculations.
4.3.3 Machine Terminal Parameters.
4.4.1 Stator Winding Design Issues.
4.4.2 Field Winding Design Issues.
4.4.3 Electromagnetic (EM) Shield Design Issues.
4.4.4 Loss and Efficiency Calculations.
4.4.5 Example Design.
4.5 Manufacturing Issues.
4.5.1 Superconducting Field Winding and Its Cooling Systems.
4.5.2 Torque Transfer from Col Field Winding to Warm Shaft.
4.5.3 Stator Winding.
4.7.1 High Speed Generators.
4.7.2 Low Speed Generators.
4.8.1 High Speed Motors.
4.8.2 Low Speed Motors.
CHAPTER 5 Rotating DC Homoploar Machines.
5.4 Design Challenges.
CHAPTER 6 Synchronous AC Homoploar Machines.
6.4 Design Challenges.
CHAPTER 7 Transformers.
7.3 Design Analysis.
7.3.1 50MVA Example Design.
7.5 Manufacturing Issues.
CHAPTER 8 Fault Current Limiters.
8.2 Principle and Configuration.
8.2.1 Resistive Fault Current Limiters (R-FCL).
8.2.2 Inductive FCL with Shielded Iron Core.
8.2.3 Inductive FCL with Saturated Iron Core.
8.3 Design Analysis.
8.3.1 Example Design - Resistive FCL.
8.3.2 Example Design - Saturated Core FCL.
8.4.1 Challenges of Resistive FCL.
8.4.2 Challenges of Inductive FCL.
8.5 Manufacturing Issues.
8.6.1 AMSC’s Fault Current Limiter.
8.6.2 Superpower’s Fault Current Limiter.
8.6.3 Zenergy Power’s Fault Current Limiter.
8.6.4 Nexans’s Fault Current Limiter.
CHAPTER 9 Power Cables.
9.2.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable.
9.2.2 HTS Cables.
9.3 Design Analysis.
9.3.1 Cryogenic Cable Analysis.
9.3.2 HTS Cable Analysis.
22.214.171.124 HTS Coaxial Cable - High Voltage.
126.96.36.199 HTS Coaxial Cable - Medium Voltage.
188.8.131.52 TriaxTM HTS Cable - Medium Voltage.
9.4.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable.
9.4.2 HTS Cable.
9.5 Manufacturing Issues.
9.5.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable.
9.5.2 HTS Cable.
9.6.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable.
9.6.2 HTS Cable - High Voltage.
9.6.3 HTS Cable - Medium Voltage.
9.6.4 TriaxTM HTS Cable - Medium Voltage.
CHAPTER 10 Maglev Transport.
10.2.1 Electro-dynamic Suspension (EDS).
10.2.2 Electro-magnetic Suspension (EMS) .
10.3 Design Analysis.
10.3.1 Electro-dynamic Suspension Maglev.
10.3.2 Electro-magnetic Suspension Maglev.
10.4 Challenges (Technical/Economic).
10.4.1 EDS System Challenges.
10.4.2 EMS System Challenges.
10.5 Manufacturing Issues.
10.6.1 Northrop Grumman Concept.
CHAPTER 11 Other Applications of HTS.
11.2 Air-Core Magnets.
11.2.1 High Field Magnets.
11.2.2 Low Field Magnets.
11.3 Iron-Core Magnets.
11.3.1 Beam Bending.
11.3.2 Induction Heating.
About the Author.