|Publication number||US1975410 A|
|Publication date||2 Oct 1934|
|Filing date||12 Dec 1931|
|Priority date||12 Dec 1931|
|Publication number||US 1975410 A, US 1975410A, US-A-1975410, US1975410 A, US1975410A|
|Inventors||Simpson George L|
|Original Assignee||Pittsburgh Res Corp|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Referenced by (15), Classifications (17)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
ct 1934- e. L. SIMPSON ELECTRIC HEATING FURNACE Filed Dec. 12, 1931 3 Sheets-Sheet l Ivwerfir: 6 .11. Sa'wsaw,
@ct 2 11934. G. 1... SIMPSON ELECTRIC HEATING FURNACE Filed Dec. 12, 1951 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 @ct 2 1134. G. L. SIMPSQN Y LWSAHQ) ELECTRIC HEATING FURNAQE Filed Dec. 12, 1951 s Sheets-heet 3 i357. Z L
i mveaafar: .2. 56% $0M,
Patented? Got. 2, i934 1,t9'5,41 ELECTREQ HEATHNG FURNAUE George L. Simpson, Coraopolis, Pea, assignor to Pittsburgh Ea.
' is: .7 ch Corporation, Pittsburgh,
Application iillecernher 12, 1931, Serial No. %,639
it Clams (Cl. litw) My invention relates to improvements in clas trio heating furnaces and more particularly to improved means for heating such furnaces.
Heat is transferred by radiation, conduction 5 and convection. Heretofore in the operation of this type of furnace it has been the practice to depend almost entirely upon radiation for the transfer of heat energy from the heating elements in the furnace to the charge. Convection id and conduction therefore play only a negligible part in the electric heating furnace designs heretofore employed.
In the usual type of electric heating furnace, the heater elements do not completely cover the it? furnace walls. The average temperature oi the combination of walls and heater elements is consequently much lower than the maximum temperature or" the heater elements. This is due to the fact that where the heater elements do not completely cover the walls, the walls at a lower temperature are shining through the heater elements on to the work and they lower the average temperature of the radiating surfaces which deliver heat energy to the charge. As a result it is necessary to heat the heating elements to a higher temperature than would be necessary if the heating element covered the entire wall suriace of the furnace.
The nickel chrome alloys that are used for to most of the commercial heating elements of the present time have a melting point which limits the safe operating temperature of these elements. In the usual steel heat treating practice, temperatures in excess of 1800 C. were not required. The development in recent years, however, of the special alloy steels with corrosion resistant and heat proof properties andhigh silicon steels, has demanded higher and higher operating temperatures, and furnace builders have experienced ill considerable dimculties in producing resistor elements that will heat a charge to 1900 or higher within a reasonable time without appreaching the softening point of the resistor, and causingthe failure of the heating element.
An important object of my invention, there= .fore is to provide aiurnace which can be open ated to produce the heat desired for present day heating practice without endangering the re sistor element and without producing uneven heating of the furnace charge.v
Another object of my invention is to produce even and eflicient heating of a charge in an elec= trio heating furnace.
A iurther object of my invention is to provide a novel resistance element for use in electric heating furnaces.
In the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this specification and wherein like char= acters of reference denote like or corresponding parts throughout the same, Figure l is a vertical sectional view of a fur= nace embodying one form of my invention,
Figure 2 is a horizontal sectional view thereoi,
Figure 3 is a detail elevation of another form of resistor element,
Figure 1 is a similar view oi a further iorm of resistor element,
Figure '5 is an elevation of still another form of resistor,
Figure 6 is an edge elevation thereof,
Figure 7 is a vertical sectional view of another furnace embodying my invention,
Figure 8 is an elevation of the resistor element used therein,
Figure 9 is an elevation thereof, parts being shown in section,
Figure 10 is a detail of a resistor element similar'to that shown in Figures '2, 8 and 9 but having strengthening ribs thereon.
Figure 11 is a transverse sectional view thereof,
Figure 12 is a vertical sectional view of still another form of furnace, I
Figure 13 is a horizontal sectional view thereof,
Figure 1% is a fragmentary sectional view showing a furnace having a further modified resistor element therein, and,
Figure 15 is a fragmentary elevation oithe resistor element used therein.
Inthe drawings, wherein for the purpose of 11- lustration is shown a preferred embodiment of my invention, the numeral 16 designatesa heating furnace hood arranged about a base 1? and having a removable roof 1%. The base 17 preferably extends into the hood as shown, and in place of the usual heater elements arranged on the walls of the furnace hood, it provide aresistance element comprising a flat plate 19 having a height I have shown the plate as being supported from the removable rooi 18 by means of the terminal posts 20 but it will be understood that any other suitable supporting means may be employed.
It mil be seen that the charge arranged on 1w the base 1'7 will receive radiation from the inner side of the plate 19 which substantially corresponds in size to the furnace walls. In addition to being heated by radiation, the charge will be subjected to heat by convection, due to the s'pacan unbroken plate as in Figure 1, is slit at 22.
alternately from the top and bottom of the plate to form a series'of U-shaped portions connected at their upper ends and with their arms arranged I very close together. This form of resistor is better suited to high voltages and low current, in
line with present day practice. By slitting the,
plate as shown, the theoretical radiating surface is slightly reduced but a sufiiciently low resistance is maintained in the heating element to permit of higher voltages than required by the unbrokenresistor plate.
Due to convection and re-radiation from the roof of the furnace, and other factors, the top portion of a vertically arranged heater element tends to run hotter than the lower portion. This situation is undesirable on account of the unequal temperatures'delivered to the charge. This difliculty mayfberemedied by constructing the resistance element as shown'in Figures 4, 5, 6, 8
and 9 In the form of the invention shownin Figure 4, the resistor plate 23 is cut-away to produce a resistor which has a larger surface at its upper end than at its lower end. This result is accomplished by providing lower slits 24. which increase in size as they approach the bottom of the plate and upper slits 25 which decrease in size as they approach the top of the plate. As the lower portion of the resistor plate has a smaller surface than the upper portion, it will consequent- 1y have a; higher resistance, and will liberate more heat energy than the upper portion of the plate, thereby counteracting the tendency of the upper portion ,of the plate to be heated to a higher temperature than the rest of the plate.
In the form of resistor shown in Figures 5 and 6 the same result is obtained by forming the resistor from a plate 26 which has been rolled or cast thicker at its top than at its bottom and gradually decreasing in thickness towards its lower end. The'lower end having a smaller crosssection offers more resistance to the current and produces greater heat than the thicker upper portion of the resistor, thereby counterbalancing the other factors tending to overheat the upper portion of the resistor plate.
In Figures 8 and 9 I have shown a resistor element 2'7 slit-similarly to the plate of Figure 3 but having its upper unslit portion 28 bent inwardly at an'angle to form a radiating fin for providing greater cooling at the upper portion of the resistor as well as reducing the electrical resistance in the top portion of the plate with a resulting reduction in the rate of heat liberation at this point.
In Figure '7 I have shown a furnace 29 which is preferably circular, although other shapes may be employed, and having a removable roof 30. A resistance element such as that shown at 27 in Figures 8 and 9, is arranged in the furnace in I spaced relation to the walls thereof, and. extends from a point adjacent the bottom shelf of th furnace to apoint adjacent the top thereof. In place of relying entirely upon'natural convection,
I provide a fan 31 supported by the roof through which the fan shaft extends, which produces a forced convection by causing a circulation as shown by the arrows. The fan motor 32 may be arranged in any suitable position, such as being mounted on the top ofthe roof 30 and a fan guard 33 may be provided to protect the fan.
It will be seen that the space between the resistor plate 27 and the walls of the furnace will act as a chimney. The furnace atmosphere is forced down into this space, drawn up through the center of the resistor and again forced down through the space between the furnace walls and the resistor plate. With thisarrangement for producing forced convection, the heat transfer from the heater element to the furnace atmosphere and to the charge is greatly increased and consequently the resistor need not be heated to as high a temperature as would otherwise be required. I have found in actual practice, for example, that in a furnace where no forced convection was used, a temperature difference of approximately 100 C. existed between the resistor element and the charge. When, however, forced convection was utilized, as seen in Figure '7, the temperature difference between the resistor'and the charge was reduced to 10 C.
The importance of this efficiency in heating is apparent when the demand for high temperatures forces the operators to dangerously approach the point of softening and failure 'of the resistor, as in the annealing of sigh silicon steel. With my flat resistor plate and forced convection great heat liberation is effected without approaching the point of failure of the resistor. When heating a charge to a temperature of 1850" C. or 1900" C. in the usual type of furnace, a gradient of 100 C. to 150 C. must exist between the temperature of the charge and of the resistor, if the heating is to be accomplished within a reasonable amount of time. This is due to the fact that radiation largely is utilized to transfer the heat energy in the usual furnace. By the use of forced convection, especially where a fiat resistor is used in place of the usual ribbon, the charge can be heated to these high temperatures in a short time without endangering the resistor element.
It will be obvious that in place of the resistor plate shown in Figure '7, any of the resistors shown in the other views may be used in this type of furnace.
In Figures 10 and 11 the resistor plate, is'constructed similarly to that shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9 with the addition of strengthening ribs 35 arranged vertically of the arms of the resistor and pressed therein.- These ribs increase the strength and useful life of the resistor element. In the furnace shown in Figures 12 and 13, the furnace structure comprises a. furnace hood 29 and removable roof 30 with a fan 31, and resistor 2'7 all identical with or similar to the structure set out in Figure 7. The base 36 however is provided with horizontal bores 3'7 arranged above the shelf on the lower'end of the hood 29 and communicating witha vertical bore 38 arranged centrally of the base. This type of furnace is for use with a charge 39 of coils or other material having a central opening therethrough. The fan 31 forces the furnace atmosphere down through the space between the resistor 2'1 and the hood 29, into the bores 3'7, up
In place of the flat resistors shown in Figures 1 to 13 I may employ a resistor such as shown in Figures 14 and 15. A resistor ribbon 40 is wound in close spirals about a relatively thin barrier such as a ceramic or other refractory plate 41 which extends arou'nd the furnace in spaced relation to the walls of the, furnace hood. This form of resistor may be used with the type of furnace in which a fan islused, andit may also beused without a fan.
din the types of furnaces in which naturaland forced convection is not'utilized, practically the only heat utilized is that radiated fromthose por= tions of the heater element facing the charge. I By forcing the furnace atmosphere to circulate between the walls of the furnace and the heater element, however, I bring the heat from the portion of the heater element facing the walls of the furnace to the charge. This results in the efiective utilization of heat usually mumed and to a large extent lost to the charge, and thereby nearly doubles the efiective heating capacity of the heater element.
An important feature of my invention is the use of the fanshown at 31 in Figures 7 and 12. it has been proposed to use a paddle type fan with the blades arralnged in a plane with the axis of the fan shaft in order to obtain peripheral disv charge of air from the fan. This arrangement however is disadvantageous due to the shock loss and eddy current wastage occurring at the inlet of paddle or centrifugal ,type fans. This wastage is notpresent in the inclined blade or propeller type fan disclosed in Figures 7 and 12, but as heretofore used this type of tent-had the disadvantage of providing axial discharge of the air substantially parallel to the fan shaft. I
I propose to combine the advantages of a pro pellet type fan and a centrifugal fan by the provision of the guard or casing 33 shown in Figures 7 and 12 which gives axial inlet and peripheral discharge as indicated by the arrows in these figures. Withthe casing 33 therefore I am able 'to obtain all of the advantages of peripheral the body of a box type or other types of furnaces,
as well as that type shown in the drawings, the
term hood being used in the claims as synonymous with body.
While I have shown and described the pre-.
' ferred embodiment of my invention, it is tube understood that various changes in the size, shape and arrangement of "parts may be resorted" to without departing from the spirit of myinvention or the scope of the subjoined claims.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim and desire to protect. by LettersPatent is; 1. An electric furnace comprising a base, a
furnace hood therefor, a removable roof for said hood, and a heating element supported by said roof and comprising a resistor plate extending around the walls of the furnace hood in. spaced relation therewith, and extending. to points adjacent to but spaced from the bottom of the hood and the furnace roof.
2. An electric heating furnace comprising a furnace hood, a resistor element arranged in spaced relation to the walls or" the hood and comprising a plate having openings therein extending from its top and bottom, the openings extending from the bottom of the plate being larger than the openings extending from the top of the plate whereby the plate has a greater surface adjacent its upper end than at its lower end.
3. An electric furnace comprising abase, a heating hood therefor, and a resistance element extending around the interior of the hood in spaced relation to the walls thereof, and comprising a plate having slits extending thereinto from the top and bottom thereof, said slits being widest at their lower ends and becoming narrower as they approach the top of the plate, whereby the resistance plate has a greater surfaceat its upper end than at its lower end.
drA- resistance element for electric heating furnaces comprising a plate cutaway to form a serleslof connected U-shaped portions, said plate being progressively thicker from its lower to its upper end.
5.5m electric heating furnace comprising a furnace hood, a resistance element arranged therein and spaced from the walls thereof, said resistance element comprising a plate cutaway to form a series of connected U-shaped portions, said Mil plate being progressively thicker from its lower...
end to its upper end.
6. An electric heating furnace comprising a furnace hood, a resistance element arranged therein and spaced from the walls thereof, said resistance element comprising a plate having slits therein forming a series of connected U-shaped portions, the top portions of said Ll-shaped portions being bent over at an angle to form cooling at the top of the plate.
7. An electric heating furnace having a resistance element arranged therein and spaced from the walls thereof, said element comprising a plate slit to form a series of connected U-shaped portions, said U-shaped portions being bent inwardly at their upper ends, and a fan arranged above the resistance plate and adapted to circulate the furnace atmosphere around the resistance plate. 8. An electric furnace comprising abase, a furnace hood arranged thereover, and being substantially circular in cross section, a resistance element arranged concentrically within said hood and spaced from the walls thereof, said resistance element comprising a plate extending from a point adjacent the bottom of the hood to a point adjacent its top, means to pass an electric current through, the resistance plate, and a fan arranged to circulate the furnace atmosphere from the exterior of said plate to its interior.
' 9. An electric furnace comprising a furnace hood, a base extending up into said hood and adapted to support a charge,said base having openings extending therethrough, a resistance plate extending around said furnace hood interiorly thereof and spaced from the walls of the hood, and means to circulate the furnace atmosphere around said resistance plate and through the openings in the base.
10. An electric furnace comprising afurnace hood, 9. base extending into sald'hood and adaptlate the atmosphere from the space between the furnace g walls and resistor plate through the central opening in the charge. r
V by the resistance plate.
11. An electriccfurnace having a resistance plate arranged therein and spaced from the walls thereof, and means to circulate the furnace atmosphere in oppositely movingstreams separated 12. An electric furnace adapted to receive a charge having a substantially centrally arranged opening'therethrough, agresistance plate extending around said furnace walls interiorly of the furnace and in spaced relation to thevfurn'a'ce walls, and a fan arranged to circulate the atmosphere from the space between the furnace walls and resistor plate, through the central opening in the charge.
13. An electric furnace having a resistance eleravaaio ment arranged therein and spaced from the walls thereof, and means to circulate the furnace atmosphere in streams separated by the resistance casing arranged ahout said fan, said casing being provided with aninlet opening adjacent the axis of the fan and an outlet opening adjacent the periphery of said fan. A
GEORGE L. smeson.
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|U.S. Classification||373/134, 338/217, 392/351, 392/375, 338/284, 392/360, 338/294, 266/256, 338/282|
|International Classification||H05B3/62, H05B3/64, F27D11/02, F27D11/00|
|Cooperative Classification||F27D11/02, H05B3/64|
|European Classification||F27D11/02, H05B3/64|