Overview of Laws & Regulations
Kashrut is the body of Jewish law dealing
with what foods can and cannot be eaten and how those foods must be prepared. The word "Kashrut" comes from the Hebrew
meaning fit, proper or correct.
"kosher," which describes food that meets the standards of kashrut, is also often used to
describe ritual objects that are made in accordance with
Jewish law and are fit for ritual use. Food that is not kosher is referred to as treif (literally torn).
Kosher is not a style of cooking and therefore there is no such thing as "kosher-style"
food. Any kind of food - Chinese, Mexican, Indian, etc. - can
be kosher if it is prepared in accordance with Jewish law. At the same time, traditionalJewish foods like knishes, bagels, blintzes and matzah ball
soup can all be treif if not prepared in accordance
with Jewish law.
- Who Do Jews Observe the Laws of Kashrut?
- Is Keeping Kosher Difficult?
- Kashrut Fundamental Rules
- The Smaller Details
- Kashrut Certification
Many modern Jews think that the laws of kashrut are simply primitive health
regulations that have become obsolete with modern methods of food preparation.
There is no question that some of the dietary laws have beneficial health
effects. For example, the laws regarding kosher slaughter are so sanitary
that kosher butchers and slaughterhouses are often exempted from USDA
However, health is not the main reason for Jewish dietary laws and in fact many of the
laws of kashrut have no known connection with health. To the best of our
modern scientific knowledge, there is no reason why camel or rabbit meat
(both treif) is any less healthy than cow or goat meat. In addition, some
of the health benefits derived from kashrut were not made obsolete
by the refrigerator. For example, there is some evidence that eating meat
and dairy together interferes with digestion, and no modern food preparation
technique reproduces the health benefit of the kosher law of eating them
The short answer to why Jews observe these laws is
because the Torah says so. The Torah does not specify a reason for these
laws but for an observant Jew there is
no need for a reason - Jews show their belief and obedience
to God by following the laws even though they do not know
the specific reason.
In the book To
Be a Jew, Rabbi Hayim Halevy Donin suggests that kashrut laws are
designed as a call to holiness. The ability to distinguish
between right and wrong, good and evil, pure and defiled,
the sacred and the profane, is very important in Judaism.
Imposing rules on what you can and cannot eat ingrains that
kind of self control. In addition, it elevates the simple
act of eating into a religious ritual. The Jewish dinner
table is often compared to the Temple altar in rabbinic literature.
Keeping kosher is not particularly difficult in and of itself; what makes
keeping kosher difficult is the fact that the rest of the world does not
The basic underlying rules are fairly simple. If you
buy your meat at a kosher butcher and buy only kosher certified products
at the market, the only thing you need to think about is the separation of
meat and dairy.
Keeping kosher only becomes difficult when you try to eat in a non-kosher
restaurant or at the home of a person who does not keep kosher. In those
situations, your lack of knowledge about your host's ingredients and the
food preparation techniques make it very difficult to keep kosher. Some
commentators have pointed out, however, that this may well have been part
of what G-d had in mind: to make it more difficult for us to socialize with
those who do not share our religion.
Although the details of kashrut are extensive, the laws all derive from a
few fairly simple, straightforward rules:
- Certain animals may not be eaten at all. This restriction includes
the flesh, organs, eggs and milk of the forbidden animals.
- Of the animals that may be eaten, the birds and mammals must be killed
in accordance with Jewish law.
- All blood must be drained from the meat or broiled out of it before it
- Certain parts of permitted animals may not be eaten.
- Meat (the flesh of birds and mammals) cannot be eaten with dairy. Fish,
eggs, fruits, vegetables and grains can be eaten with either meat or dairy.
(According to some views, fish may not be eaten with meat).
- Utensils that have come into contact with meat may not be used with dairy,
and vice versa. Utensils that have come into contact with non-kosher food
may not be used with kosher food. This applies only where the contact occurred
while the food was hot.
- Grape products made by non-Jews may not be eaten.
Animals That Cannot be Eaten
Of the "beasts of the earth"
(which basically refers to land mammals with the exception
of swarming rodents), you may eat any animal that has cloven
hooves and chews its cud. Lev.
11:3; Deut. 14:6.
Any land mammal that does not have both of these qualities
is forbidden. The Torah specifies that the camel, the rock
badger, the hare and the pig are not kosher because each
lacks one of these two qualifications. Sheep, cattle, goats
and deer are kosher.
Of the things that are in the waters, you
may eat anything that has fins and scales. Lev.
11:9; Deut. 14:9.
Thus, shellfish such as lobsters, oysters, shrimp, clams
and crabs are all forbidden. Fish like tuna, carp, salmon
and herring are all permitted.
For birds, the criteria is less clear.
The Torah lists forbidden birds (Lev.
14:11-18), but does not specify why these particular
birds are forbidden. All of the birds on the list are birds
of prey or scavengers, thus the rabbis inferred that this
was the basis for the distinction. Other birds are permitted,
such as chicken, geese, ducks and turkeys.
Of the "winged swarming things" (winged
insects), a few are specifically permitted (Lev.
11:22), but the Sages are no longer certain which ones
they are, so all have been forbidden.
Rodents, reptiles, amphibians, and insects (except
as mentioned above) are all forbidden. Lev.
As mentioned above, any product derived from these forbidden animals, such
as their milk, eggs, fat, or organs, also cannot be eaten. Rennet, an enzyme
used to harden cheese, is often obtained from non-kosher animals, thus kosher
hard cheese can be difficult to find.
Kosher Slaughter (Shechitah)
The mammals and birds that may be eaten
must be slaughtered in accordance with Jewish law. (Deut.
12:21). We may not eat animals that died of natural causes
or that were killed by other animals. In addition, the animal
must have no disease or flaws in the organs at the time of
slaughter. These restrictions do not apply to fish; only
to the flocks and herds (Num.
Ritual slaughter is known as shechitah, and the person who performs the slaughter
is called a shochet, both from the Hebrew root Shin-Chet-Tav, meaning to destroy or kill. The method of slaughter is a quick,
deep stroke across the throat with a perfectly sharp blade with no nicks
or unevenness. This method is painless, causes unconsciousness within two
seconds, and is widely recognized as the most humane method of slaughter
Another advantage of shechitah is that ensures rapid, complete draining of
the blood, which is also necessary to render the meat kosher.
The shochet is not simply a butcher; he must be a pious man, well-trained
in Jewish law, particularly as it relates to kashrut. In smaller, more remote
communities, the rabbi and the shochet were often
the same person.
Draining of Blood
The Torah prohibits consumption of blood. Lev. 7:26-27; Lev. 17:10-14.
This is the only dietary law that has a reason specified
in Torah: we do not eat blood because the life of the animal
is contained in the blood. This applies only to the blood
of birds and mammals, not to fish blood. Thus, it is necessary
to remove all blood from the flesh of kosher animals.
The first step in this process occurs at the time of slaughter. As discussed
above, shechitah allows for rapid draining of most of the blood.
The remaining blood must be removed, either by broiling or soaking and salting.
Liver may only be kashered by the broiling method, because it has so much
blood in it and such complex blood vessels. This final process must be completed
within 72 hours after slaughter, and before the meat is frozen or ground.
Most butchers and all frozen food vendors take care of the soaking and salting
for you, but you should always check this when you are buying someplace you
are unfamiliar with.
An egg that contains a blood spot may not be eaten. This isn't very common,
but I find them once in a while. It is a good idea to break an egg into a
container and check it before you put it into a heated pan, because if you
put a blood-stained egg into a heated pan, the pan becomes non-kosher.
Forbidden Fats & Nerves
The sciatic nerve and its adjoining blood vessels may not be eaten. The process
of removing this nerve is time consuming and not cost-effective, so most
American slaughterers simply sell the hind quarters to non-kosher butchers.
A certain kind of fat, known as chelev, which surrounds the vital organs
and the liver, may not be eaten. Kosher butchers remove this. Modern scientists
have found biochemical differences between this type of fat and the permissible
fat around the muscles and under the skin.
Separation of Meat & Dairy
On three separate occasions, the Torah
tells us not to "boil a kid in its mother's milk."
(Ex. 23:19; Ex.
34:26; Deut. 14:21).
The Oral Torah explains that this passage prohibits eating meat and dairy
together. The rabbis extended this prohibition to include not eating milk and
poultry together. It is, however, permissible to eat fish
and dairy together, and it is quite common. It is also permissible
to eat dairy and eggs together. According to some views,
it is not permissible to eat meat and fish together, but
I am not certain of the reason for that restriction.
This separation includes not only the foods themselves, but the utensils,
pots and pans with which they are cooked, the plates and flatware from which
they are eaten, the dishwashers or dishpans in which they are cleaned, and
the towels on which they are dried. A kosher household will have at least
two sets of pots, pans and dishes: one for meat and one for dairy. See Utensils below for more details.
One must wait a significant amount of time between eating meat and dairy.
Opinions differ, and vary from three to six hours. This is because fatty
residues and meat particles tend to cling to the mouth. From dairy to meat,
however, one need only rinse one's mouth and eat a neutral solid like bread,
unless the dairy product in question is also of a type that tends to stick
in the mouth.
The Yiddish words fleishig (meat), milchig (dairy) and pareve (neutral) are commonly used to describe food
or utensils that fall into one of those categories.
Note that even the smallest quantity of dairy (or meat) in something renders
it entirely dairy (or meat) for purposes of kashrut. For example, most margarines
are dairy for kosher purposes, because they contain a small quantity of whey
or other dairy products to give it a dairy-like taste. Animal fat is considered
meat for purposes of kashrut. You should read the ingredients very carefully,
even if the product is kosher-certified.
Utensils (pots, pans, plates, flatware, etc., etc.) must also be kosher.
A utensil picks up the kosher "status" (meat, dairy, pareve, or treif) of
the food that is cooked in it or eaten off of it, and transmits that status
back to the next food that is cooked in it or eaten off of it. Thus, if you
cook chicken soup in a saucepan, the pan becomes meat. If you thereafter
use the same saucepan to heat up some warm milk, the fleishig status of the
pan is transmitted to the milk, and the milchig status of the milk is transmitted
to the pan, making both the pan and the milk a forbidden mixture.
Kosher status can be transmitted from the food to the utensil or from the
utensil to the food only in the presence of heat, thus if you are eating
cold food in a non-kosher establishment, the condition of the plates is not
an issue. Likewise, you could use the same knife to slice cold cuts and cheese,
as long as you clean it in between, but this is not really a recommended
procedure, because it increases the likelihood of mistakes.
Stovetops and sinks routinely become non-kosher utensils, because they routinely
come in contact with both meat and dairy in the presence of heat. It is
necessary, therefore, to use dishpans when cleaning dishes (don't soak them
directly in the sink) and to use separate spoonrests and trivets when putting
things down on the stovetop.
Dishwashers are a kashrut problem. If you are going to use a dishwasher in
a kosher home, you either need to have separate dish racks or you need to
run the dishwasher in between meat and dairy loads.
You should use separate towels and pot holders for meat and dairy. Routine
laundering kashers such items, so you can simply launder them between using
them for meat and dairy.
Certain kinds of utensils can be "kashered" if you make a mistake and use
it with both meat and dairy. Consult a rabbi for
guidance if this situation occurs.
The restrictions on grape products derive from
the laws against using products of idolatry. Wine was commonly used in the rituals of all ancient religions,
and wine was routinely sanctified for pagan purposes while
it was being processed. For this reason, use of wines and
other grape products made by non-Jews was prohibited. (Whole
grapes are not a problem, nor are whole grapes in fruit cocktail).
For the most part, this rule only affects wine and grape juice. This becomes
a concern with many fruit drinks or fruit-flavored drinks, which are often
sweetened with grape juice. You may also notice that it is virtually impossible
to find kosher baking powder, because baking powder is made with cream of
tartar, a by-product of wine making.
The task of keeping kosher is greatly simplified by widespread kashrut certification. Approximately three-quarters of all prepackaged foods in the United States and Canada, at least, have some kind
of kosher certification, and most major brands have reliable Orthodox
symbols of kashrut certification are all widely-accepted and commonly
found on products throughout the United States. It
is very easy to spot these marks on food labels, usually near the product
name, occasionally near the list of ingredients.
The most controversial certification is the K, a plain letter K found on
products asserted to be kosher. All other kosher certification marks are
trademarked and cannot be used without the permission of the certifying
organization. The certifying organization stands behind the kashrut of the
product. But you cannot trademark a letter of the alphabet, so any manufacturer
can put a K on a product. For example, Jell-O brand gelatin puts a K on its
product, even though every reliable Orthodox authority agrees that Jell-O
is not kosher.
It is becoming increasingly common for kosher certifying organizations to
indicate whether the product is fleishig, milchig or pareve. If the product
is dairy, it will frequently have a D or the word Dairy next to the kashrut symbol. If it is meat, the word Meat or an M may appear near the symbol.
If it is pareve, the word Pareve (or Parev) may appear near the symbol (Not
a P! That means kosher for Passover!). If no such
clarification appears, you should read the ingredient list carefully to determine
whether the product is meat, dairy or pareve.