Biological Sciences Division
Seeing Diffusion from the Atom's Perspective
A new approach to calculating uranium diffusion challenges traditional equations
Diffusion coefficients calculated using EMSL's supercomputer show that uranium-containing species may move slower in groundwater than originally thought. Enlarge Image
Results: Uranium contamination may move much slower in groundwater than previously believed, according to scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Around the nation, sediments and groundwater are contaminated with uranium from discharges at mining and processing sites. Knowing how uranium spreads out or diffuses in water is critical to predicting its movement and removing the contamination. But previous estimates may have significantly overestimated the radionuclide's ability to move with the groundwater.
Why it matters: With a better understanding of uranium diffusion at the molecular level, scientists can build more accurate models of uranium movement in groundwater. Being able to accurately predict how quickly uranium moves with groundwater will help regulators and other decision makers prioritize cleanup decisions. It will also allow engineers to design better cleanup approaches.
Methods: Traditional diffusion equations, such as the Stokes-Einstein equation, that are used to model chemical diffusion in groundwater were built at the macroscopic level and were based on spherical particles. These theories generally assume that the same equation applies in all situations, across chemical species. Uranium challenges these equations, because its many species can behave differently, and these species are far from spherical. Only at the molecular level, where particular species can be isolated, can scientists investigate uranium's diffusion process.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory scientists Dr. Sebastien Kerisit and Dr. Chongxuan Liu used molecular dynamics techniques and EMSL's Chinook supercomputer to calculate diffusion trajectories of uranium-containing species based on a set of equations describing the way atoms interact. The scientists were able to determine how water interacts with various uranium-containing species and the structure water adopts around the molecules, which affects diffusion rates. They then extracted the diffusion coefficients.
Their results differed by as much as 40 percent from the Stokes-Einstein equation results, showing that uranium may move much slower in the groundwater than was originally thought.
What's next? The researchers are plugging the molecular-scale information they've obtained into a pore-scale model. Adding the new information to the larger scale model will allow the scientists to investigate how their information influences uranium movement on a larger scale.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Department of Energy Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Subsurface Biogeochemical Research Program, Science Focus Area program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
The research was done by Sebastien Kerisit and Chongxuan Liu of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Computer simulations were performed in part using the molecular science computing capability at EMSL.
Reference: Kerisit, S, and C Liu. 2010. "Molecular simulation of the diffusion of uranyl carbonate species in aqueous solution." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74:4937-4952. DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2010.06.007.