A state or federal confinement facility that has a custodial authority over adults sentenced to confinement
a serious criminal offense; specifically, one punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for more than a year
a relatively minor ciolation of the criminal law, such as petty theft or simple assault, punishable by confinement for one year or less
a minor violation of state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty, but not incarceration, or by a specified, usually very short term of incarceration
prison inmates, probationers, parolees, offenders assigned to alternative sentencing programs, and those held in jails
the process of achieving justice through the application of the criminal law and through the workings of the criminal law and through the workings of the criminal justice system.
criminal justice system
the collection of all the agencies that perform criminal justice functions, whether these are operations or administration or technical support. Basic cjs are police, courts, and corrections
the aspect of the correctional enterprise that "involves the incarceration and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law, and the confinement against the law, and the confinement of persons suspected of a crime awaiting trial and adjudication
that aspect of the correctional enterprise that includes pardon probation and parole activities, correctional administration not directly connectable to institutions and miscellaneous activities not directly related to institutional care
all the various aspects of the pretrial and postconviction management of individuals accused or convicted of crimes
cultural restrictions on behavior that forbid serious violations such as murder rape and robbery
time honored ways of doing things. although they carry the force of tradition, their violation is unlikely to threaten the survival of the social group.
an occupation granted high social status by virtue of the personal integrity of its members
a dedicated person of high moral character and personal integrity who is employed in the field of corrections and takes professionalism to heart.
organized groups of like-minded individuals who work to enhance teh professional status of members of their occupational group
a credentialing process, usually involving testing and career development assessment, through which the skills, knowledge, and abilities of correctional personnel can be formally recognized
evidence based corrections
the application of social scientific techniques to study of everyday corrections procedures for the purpose of increasing effectiveness and enhancing the efficient use of availible resources
social practices that explicity or implicity attribute merits or allocate value to individuals solely because of their race
the principle that the higherst objective of public policy is the greatest happiness for the largest number of people
the idea that people are motivated by pleasure and pain and that the proper amount of punishment can deter crime
the smooth functioning of social institutions. the existence of positive and productive relations among individual members of society, and the orderly functioning of society as a whole
punishment deserved. a just deserts perspective on criminal sentencing holds that criminal offenders are morally blame-worthy and are therefore deserving of punishment
the detterence of the individual being punished from committing additional crimes
the use of the example of individual punishment to dissuade others from committing crimes
the idea that actions are motivated primarily by a desire to experience pleasure and avoid pain
the use of imprionment or other means to reduce an offender's capability to commit future offenses
the study of the cost-effectiveness of various correctional programs and related reductions in the incidence of crime
the changing of criminal lifestyles into law-abiding ones by correcting the behavior of offenders through treatment, education, and training.
the process of returning to their previous condition all those involved in or affected by crime-including victims, offenders, and society
a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing the wounds of victims, offenders, and communities caused or revealed by crime
a description of the harm and suffering that a crime has caused victims and survivors
payments made by a criminal to the victim as compensation for the harm caused by the offense
those that are required by law under certain circumstances, such as conviction of specified crime or of a series of offenses of a specified type
a report, prepared by the probation department of a court, that provides a social and personal history as well as an evaluation of a defendant as an aid to the court in determining a sentence
those that specify a given amount of time to be served in custody and allow little or no variation from the time specified.
a sentence in which a judge specifies a maximum length and a minimum length, and an administrative agency, generally a parole board, determines the actual time of release
the number of days or months prison authorities deduct from a sentence fo good behavior and for other reasons
a group assigned to create a schedule of sentences that reflect the gravity of the offenses committed and the prior record of the criminal offender
legislatively approved provisions that mandate longer prisoner terms for specific criminal offenses committed under certain cercumstances
mandatory minimum sentencing
the imposition of sentences required by statute for those convicted of a particular crime or a particular crime with special circumstances
habitual offender statute
a law that allows a person's criminal history to be considered at sentencing
the sentencing principle that the severity of punishment should match the seriousness of the crime for which the sentence is imposed
the sentencing principle that the severity of punishment should take into account the offender's prior criminal behavior
truth in sentencing
the sentencing principle that requires an offender to serve a substantial portion of the sentence and reduces the discrepancy between the sentence imposed and actual time spent in prison
Founder of Pennsylvania, and he was a quaker. Got rid of Death PEnalty for everything but murder
Hedonistic Calculus! Advocated utlitarinism, and he followed Ceasare Beccaria. He also invented the Panopticon, which is a prison in which the guards can see all the prisoners.
He also believed in Hedonistic Calculus,and he also believed that punishment should fit the crime. He supported and or created classical criminology. He was also a utilitarinist.
Sir Robert Peel
Father of modern police. His workers were called bobbies. PUnishment should not be imposed by police but by specialists in the field of Penelogy. Idetentified the fundamental functions of policing as investigation of crime and the aprehension of criminals.