|Publication number||US7765074 B2|
|Application number||US 11/445,702|
|Publication date||Jul 27, 2010|
|Priority date||Feb 11, 2003|
|Also published as||US7076377, US20040158420, US20060224339|
|Publication number||11445702, 445702, US 7765074 B2, US 7765074B2, US-B2-7765074, US7765074 B2, US7765074B2|
|Inventors||Dennis Kim, Jared Zerbe, Mark Horowitz, William Stonecypher|
|Original Assignee||Rambus Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (96), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (8), Classifications (20), Legal Events (1)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/429,514 filed May 5, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,076,377 which application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/446,467 filed Feb. 11, 2003.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/776,550 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Evaluating and Calibrating a Signal System”, inventors Jared Zerbe, Pak Chau, and William F. Stonecypher, filed Feb. 2, 2001, incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates to communication systems, and in particular, serial link systems.
A serial data system consists of a transmit circuit for transmitting data bits on a serial link to a receive circuit. Most receive circuits include a Clock-Data Recovery (“CDR”) circuit to synchronize the receive sampling clock with the incoming serial data. A CDR actively looks for transitions in the incoming serial data stream and phase aligns sampling clock edges with respect to the incoming data transitions to provide maximum setup-hold timing margins.
An objective of a receive circuit in a serial link system is to capture the incoming data stream without any errors. In a synchronous system, the incoming data can be broken up into discrete bits with respect to time (see ‘din’ in
At the same time, the receive circuit may also have a circuit to provide a Built-in-Self-Test (“BIST”) as described in the above-referenced patent application. A BIST circuit may sample the serial data in order to obtain representations of incoming signals or waveforms for system margining purposes. The timing requirements, however, of the sampling clock edges for obtaining waveforms by a BIST circuit conflict with the timing requirements to synchronize the clock edges with the incoming serial data.
To perform a system margining test as described in the related patent application, it may be necessary to phase shift the sampling clock edges with respect to the received data stream. However, as the sampling clock is shifted off the ‘phase locked’ position, the CDR loop will not get the proper phase information from the data samples leading to erroneous tracking information for the receive circuit.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a circuit, an apparatus and a method that can synchronize the sampling clock edges with the incoming serial data while at the same time capture representations of waveforms of the incoming serial data. In particular, it is desirable to provide methods with different circuits and setups to allow a CDR to track relative to the incoming data stream; while at the same time allow system margining to take place in the receive circuit.
Embodiments of the present invention enable obtaining system margin at the receive circuit using phase shifted data sampling clock signals while allowing the CDR to remain synchronized with the incoming data stream. In a first embodiment of the present invention, logic is provided in a CDR unit of a serial receiving circuit by disengaging or freezing the CDR loop during a waveform capture mode. In a second embodiment of the present invention, an additional clock phase adjuster and sampling stage is used to generate offset clock signals independent of CDR sampling clocks. In a third embodiment of the present invention, edge clocks alone are used for CDR tracking of half rate serial data while data clocks are used for capturing a waveform. In a fourth embodiment of the present invention, a predetermined pattern having a single transition is used for CDR tracking. In a fifth embodiment of the present invention, a predetermined pattern is used for capturing a waveform in a first period of time and data for synchronization is used for CDR tracking during a second period of time. In a sixth embodiment of the present invention, a circuit includes multiple serial links to receive different sets of serial data where the master link is coupled to an active CDR for tracking. Other slave links also receive serial data and can be used for capturing representation of waveforms while CDR tracking information is derived from one master link.
In a first embodiment of the present invention, logic is provided in a phase adjustment circuit of the CDR unit of a serial receiving circuit for disengaging or freezing the CDR loop during system margining. In this embodiment, the loop will not track the incoming data transitions allowing system margining to occur by phase shifting the data clock signals in response to a Hold signal. Alternatively, the incoming data stream could be offset while the data clocks are held fixed.
In a second embodiment of the present invention, an additional phase adjuster and sampling stage is used to generate offset clock signals independent of CDR tracking clocks. In this embodiment of the present invention, the main CDR loop remains unchanged, so the loop continues to track the incoming serial data while system margining clocks that are phase shifted off the main CDR tracking clocks are controlled by the additional phase adjuster and data sampling stage.
In a third embodiment of the present invention, edge clocks alone are used for CDR tracking of half rate serial data while data clocks are used for capturing system margining information. In this embodiment of the present invention, an additional waveform select logic stage is provided after a sampler stage to switch from the normal full rate mode of operation for CDR tracking. The CDR is still tracking the half-rate data by using only the edge clock while the data clock can be shifted for system margining purposes.
In a fourth embodiment of the present invention, a predetermined sequence of serial data having a single transition is used for CDR tracking. During system margining, a specific periodic pattern is often transmitted in order to observe the system response to a periodic stimulus. The predetermined sequence having one transition is substituted into the CDR phase detect path in place of the incoming periodic pattern to phase track during this mode of operation. Knowing that the incoming pattern is periodic makes this embodiment possible because an apparatus can maintain CDR phase lock to the single transition within the pattern while system margining occurs for the entire data pattern.
In a fifth embodiment of the present invention, a predetermined data pattern is used for capturing a margining waveform in a first period of time and data for synchronization is used for CDR tracking during a second period of time. This embodiment simply switches between tracking and margining modes for different parts of the pattern.
In a sixth embodiment of the present invention, a circuit may include multiple serial links to receive different sets of serial data where the master link is coupled to an active CDR for tracking. Other slave links also receive serial data and can be used for capturing representations of waveforms while CDR tracking information is derived from the first master link. In this embodiment, an apparatus comprises a ‘master’ transmit circuit that is coupled to a ‘master’ receive circuit and transmits serial data. The ‘master’ receive circuit generates the phase adjustment signal in response to the serial data that performs the active CDR tracking. A ‘slave’ transmit circuit is coupled to a respective receive ‘slave’ circuit across a serial link and transmits serial data. The ‘slave’ receive circuit is coupled to the ‘master’ receive circuit in a way such that the ‘slave’ receive circuit obtains CDR tracking information from the ‘master’ receive circuit while independently obtaining a representation of a waveform in response to the receive circuit's independent clock signal.
These embodiments of the present invention, as well as other aspects and advantages, are described in more detail in conjunction with the figures, the detailed description, and the claims that follow.
Receive circuit 30 includes a Clock Data Recovery unit (“CDR”) 35 that actively looks for transitions in the incoming data stream and phase aligns the sampling clock edges with respect to the incoming data to provide optimal setup/hold margin times. CDR 35 includes Data Collection circuit 36 having data/edge samplers 34 and phase detector 33, as well as Clock Phase Adjustment circuit 32. CDR 35 samples the serial data with data/edge samplers 34. Phase detector 33 then uses the sampled data and edge information to provide early and late phase information about the incoming data relative to the sampling clock signals. Clock Phase Adjustment circuit 32 generates the sampling clock signals that complete the CDR loop in response to phase information from phase detector 33. Embodiments of present invention, including embodiments of CDR 35, are illustrated in
In an embodiment of the present invention, medium 11 is a wire or set of wires for transporting signals, such as waveforms. In an embodiment of the present invention, medium 11 is a bidirectional data bus that may carry data information, control information or both. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, medium 11 is a unidirectional bus. In still a further embodiment of the present invention, medium 11 includes a wireless or photonics connection.
A CDR is typically responsible for generating edge clock ‘eClk’ and data clocks ‘dClk’ (both rising and falling transitions used to sample even/odd data) in order to obtain data of serial data ‘din’. A. CDR is responsible for adjusting or phase shifting edge clock ‘eClk’ and data clock ‘dClk’ in order to align transitions of edge clock ‘eClk’ with the boundaries of data cells within serial data ‘din’ and align transitions of data clock ‘dClk’ with the center of the corresponding data cells. These adjusted clock edges are used to time the sampling of serial data ‘din’. This synchronization of the data and edge clocks to the incoming serial data ‘din’ is often carried out by a type of Delay Lock Loop (“DLL”) called the CDR loop. However, the clock signals used for synchronization do not allow for sampling a waveform that may be used for evaluating system performance or diagnostics. In order to evaluate system performance, it is desirable to have the ability to sweep sampling clock relative to the received data pattern. However, with the CDR loop still engaged, the loop will attempt to compensate for the data clock ‘dClk’ disturbance off its ideal 90° phase shifted position and give false phase alignment information out of the phase detector to the sampling clocks relative to the incoming data. This is a problem being addressed by embodiments of the present invention.
An embodiment of a CDR 35 is shown as CDR 90 in
Serial data ‘din’ is provided to data/edge samplers 100 as illustrated in
Phase control logic 103 generates control signals for capturing a representation of a waveform from serial data ‘din’, and in particular sweeping data clock ‘dclk’ across a period of a waveform. Phase control logic ignores the phase information signal on line 124 in response to an assertion of a ‘Hold’ signal on line 140 and ‘Offset_En’ signal provides control of ‘dClk’ offset to an external source.
The ‘Hold’ CDR embodiment described above provides several advantages over the other embodiments provide herein. First, the ‘Hold’ CDR embodiment requires less additional hardware compared to the other embodiments. Phase control logic 103 includes the necessary logic to respond to an assertion of a ‘Hold’ and ‘Offset_En’ signal, but there is no additional data path for the waveform data. Nevertheless, timing errors may be introduced during a capturing of a waveform because a CDR loop is disengaged and cannot track and eliminate errors due to variations in temperature and voltage that can skew clock edges with respect to serial data.
The components illustrated in
Serial data ‘din’ is input to data/edge samplers 400. Data clock signal dClk and edge clock signal eClk are input to data/edge samplers 400 on lines 431 and 430, respectively. Data information and edge information is passed to phase detector 402 on lines 421 and 420, respectively.
Phase information is generated on line 424 to phase control logic 403 and offset phase control logic 404. Phase control logic 403 is coupled to phase adjusters 407 and 408 via lines 425 and 426. Edge clock signal ‘eClk’ is output on line 430 from edge phase adjuster 408; while, data clock signal ‘dClk’ is output from data phase adjuster 407. A PLL clock signal is provided to phase adjuster 407 on line 438. A quadrature PLL clock signal is provided to phase adjuster 408 on line 439.
An independent waveform data path 444 is used to obtain a representation of a waveform by the offsetting clock signals generated by offset phase control logic 404. Serial data ‘din’ is input to data/edge samplers 410. Offset data clock signal ‘dClk’ is input to data/edge samplers 410 on line 432. Offset data clock phase adjuster 409 generates offset data clock signal ‘dClk’ in response to an offset data adjust signal on line 425 and a PLL clock signal on line 470. Waveform information that would be used for system margining purposes is output as receive data 450.
Offset data adjust signal on line 425 is enabled by ‘Offset In’ signal asserted on line 441. Offset phase control logic 404 functions similar to phase control logic 103 described in the previous embodiment. But in this embodiment, the offset control logic will use tracking information from the CDR loop path before injecting offset into waveform path 444.
The additional waveform and CDR path embodiment described above provides several advantages over the other embodiments provided herein. First, a CDR path is independent of a waveform data path so a CDR loop can continue to track incoming serial data ‘din’ as waveform data clock, ‘dClk’; sweeps a period of a waveform. However, this embodiment requires additional hardware stages to implement: data/edge samplers 410, offset data clock phase adjuster 409, and offset phase control logic 404.
CDR data and edge information feeds a waveform select logic 501 that is coupled to data/edge samplers 500. Waveform select logic 503 passes edge information responsive to an assertion of a waveform enable signal on line 560 and ignores data information. Phase detector 502 is coupled to waveform select logic 501 via line 520 and operates similarly to phase detector 402 described above. Phase control logic 503 is coupled to phase detector 502 via line 524 and receives phase information. Phase control logic 503 operates similarly to phase control logic 103 illustrated in
Edge clock phase adjuster 508 is coupled to phase control logic 503 via line 526. Data clock phase adjuster 507 is coupled to phase control logic 503 via line 525. Edge clock phase adjuster 508 outputs edge clock signal ‘eClk’ on lines 530 responsive to an edge phase adjust signal on line 526 and a quadrature PLL clock signal on line 539. Likewise, data clock phase adjuster 507 outputs data clock signal ‘dClk’ on line 531 responsive to a data phase adjust signal on line 525 and a PLL clock signal on line 538.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a predetermined bit pattern is transmitted repeatedly during a waveform capture mode. For example, an N-bit pattern is transmitted in serial data ‘din’ to data/edge samplers 500 shown in
The use of a predetermined bit pattern described above offers several advantages over other embodiments of the present invention. First, minimal hardware change is needed when adding waveform select logic 501. Second, since it is known that a predetermined data pattern is transmitted during a waveform capture mode, the CDR can track this pattern by looking for only one transition. However, this embodiment of the present invention updates sampling clock signals at a slower rate compared to other embodiments of the present invention. Phase detect transition updates every N-bits instead of every real transition in normal modes of operation.
The master/slave embodiment offers the advantage of a relatively simple implementation compared to the other embodiments. However, variations across semiconductor substrate 80 cause differences in optimum sampling for the different links.
Method 900 begins at step 901 where serial data is received. Serial data is then sampled as illustrated by step. 902. In an embodiment of the present invention, data/edge samplers 100, as illustrated in
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with the various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
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|U.S. Classification||702/66, 375/355|
|International Classification||G06F19/00, H04L7/00, H04L7/04, H03L7/091, H03L7/081, H04L7/033, G01R13/00, H04L7/10|
|Cooperative Classification||H03L7/0814, H04L7/044, H03L7/091, H04L7/0083, H04L7/10, H04L7/033|
|European Classification||H04L7/00R2, H04L7/033, H03L7/091, H03L7/081A1|