A murine model of CCSVI is associated with mild but significant
impairment of gait as assessed by neurobehavioral testing
Authors & Affiliation: Porama Thanaporn, Nicholas Dantzker, Jerry Lee, Evan
Shannon, Joerg Herold, Janet Okogba, Michael Dake, John Cooke Stanford University
School of Medicine
Introduction: A murine model of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI)
would greatly accelerate investigations into this newly described disease and would
serve as a platform for understanding the pathophysiology of CCSVI and the
development of endovascular therapies as well as immunomodulatory treatments. Here
we propose a model for CCSVI in C57/Bl6 mice.
Materials & Methods: Institutional protocol approvals were obtained prior to initiation
to ensure compliance with APLAC regulations and guidelines. Intensive animal
husbandry was implemented given potential for marked morbidity and mortality.
Animals were monitored daily. C57/Bl6 mice aged 15-16 weeks underwent bilateral
external jugular vein ligation or sham operation while under isoflurane anesthesia.
Sham mice underwent exposure and manipulation of the neck vessels but did not
undergo ligation. Subsequently, the mice had weekly neurobehavioral testing including
Rotarod, gait analysis, and footfault performed during the dark cycle. Observers were
blinded to assigned treatment arm.
Quantitative gait analysis was performed with the Catwalk apparatus and software. Gait
analysis included swing speed, stand index, standing time, duty cycle, footprint contact
area, footprint contact time, and stride length. Footfault determination was made with
horizontal ladder (Columbus Instruments). Rotarod was performed weekly using a 4-40
rpm accelerating protocol over 5 minutes.
Results: No mice developed gross neurological defects after surgerization. There were
no observed cases of retinal vein occlusion within the test group. On the Catwalk, there
were no significant differences between the two male groups in observed changes in
hindlimb duty cycle. By six weeks right hindlimb swing speed was significantly
increased in ligated animals versus unligated controls (mean swing speed 452.0 mm/sec
vs. 305.4 mm/sec at Week 6, p=0.0006 by two-way, repeated measures ANOVA, n=5
for each group, Bonferroni correction for significance p<0.00135 for 37 different
comparisons). Left hindlimb swingspeed was also significantly increased (mean swing
speed 488.5 mm/sec vs 332.8 mm/sec at Week 6, p=0.0004 by two way, repeated
measures ANOVA, n=5 for each group). Other measures of quantitative gait analysis
assessed by Catwalk were not found to be significantly different in animals having
undergone bilateral jugular vein ligation. Footfault approached statistical significance in
males that underwent ligation as compared to sham males (p=0.067, n=5). Decrease in
Rotarod times in ligated mice was not significantly different in comparison to sham
Discussion & Conclusion: This model for CCSVI demonstrates small functional
differences that are seen between ligated and unligated animals that occur within one
week of ligation and persisted for the study period. Further investigation is needed to
determine the contribution of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency to morbidity.
Figure 1. Swingspeed of right and left hindlimb as assessed by gait analysis. Differences appeared within
one week of bilateral external jugular ligation and were maintained until completion of testing at Week 6.
***p=0.0006 for right hindlimb and ***p=0.0004 for left hindlimb swingspeed.
Billmeik wrote:maybe they haven't killed any mice yet to see if there are lesions. Without that their results mean nothing. You could mess with an animal's walking just by preventing blood from returning to the heart.
Extracranial brain draining veins in a mouse: Assessment by High Resolution Ultrasound and MR Angiography of the neck – Podium Presentation #29
Session #1 - A Multi-modality Diagnostic Approach for Extracranial Venous Disease. Saturday, February 8th, 2014; 10:00 a.m. – 10:10 a.m.; Marcello Mancini, M.D. – Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy Giuseppe Palma, Ph.D. – Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy Enrico Tedeschi, M.D. – Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy Adelaide Greco, Ph.D. – CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy Monica Ragucci – IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Naples, Italy
Background: Animal models may help in understanding the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases. Recently, vascular abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis have been suggested as a possible contributing factor, but no studies discussed the anatomy of the mouse head/neck vasculature with a focus on the venous side.
Objectives: To assess the feasibility of depicting venous extracranial vessels in mice by High-Resolution Ultrasound (HRUS) and non-contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA). To understand venous anatomy of the mouse compared to human, in order to set-up a model of venous occlusion and test if this may contribute to vascular- related neurological diseases.
Methods: 5 Wild-type mice underwent, under general anesthesia, transverse and longitudinal HRUS of the neck (Vevo2100 Visualsonics) with a 40 MHz electronic probe, using Color and Power-Doppler modes for blood flow quantification and vessels identification. On a 9.4T Bruker-Biospec scanner, equipped with a volume transmitter coil and four- channel rat brain receiver coil, an axial multi-slice 2D Time-Of-Flight MRA was acquired covering the whole neck and the lower part of the brain.
Results: Vascular anatomy and haemodynamics, including vascular diameters, lengths, branch points and flow velocities, were measured by HRUS. The integration with MRA permitted a more confident identification of the neck veins and their relationships with the nearby anatomic structures. A complex venous network with bilateral anastomoses connecting the major veins was observed: large external and anterior jugular veins drain the muscle and salivar gland tissue, while small internal jugular vein and vertebral venous plexus drain the cerebral veins.
Conclusion: HRUS and MRA can provide a complete visualization of the cerebral venous drainage system and its function in the murine neck, quantifying the proportion of blood leaving the brain through the internal jugular and vertebral veins. As the mouse neck venous anatomy is not similar to human, in vivo imaging of normal vessels is necessary before the evaluation of disease models.
Disclosure/COI: None of these authors have anything to disclose
CureOrBust wrote:Was there a reason (such as the fact the mouse veins are not the same as human veins) that Putnam used dogs?
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