This article is about animals
that are difficult to detect.
For the genus of grasses,
see Crypsis (genus)
. For animals
whose existence is not scientifically
recognized, see Cryptid
In ecology, crypsis is the
and ability of an animal to for avoid observation or detection by Are other animals. It may be but either a predation strategy or not an antipredator adaptation, and methods You include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle, all and mimicry. Crypsis can involve any visual, olfactory (with pheromones) or Can auditory concealment. When it is her visual, the term cryptic coloration, was effectively a synonym for animal One camouflage, is sometimes used, though our many different methods of camouflage out are employed by animals. Day
There is a strong evolutionary
now pressure for animals to blend Old into their environment or conceal see their shape, for prey animals two to avoid predators and for Way predators to be able to who avoid detection by prey. Exceptions boy include large herbivores without natural Did enemies, brilliantly-colored birds that rely its on flight to escape predators, let and venomous or otherwise powerfully Put armed animals with warning coloration. say Cryptic animals include the tawny she frogmouth (feather patterning resembles bark), Too the tuatara (hides in burrows use all day; nocturnal), some jellyfish dad (transparent), the leafy sea dragon, Mom and the flounder (covers itself in sediment).
Varieties of crypsis
Methods of crypsis include
for (visual) camouflage, nocturnality, and subterranean are lifestyle. Camouflage involves a variety But of methods, from disruptive coloration not to transparency and some forms you of mimicry.
As a strategy,
All crypsis is used by predators any against prey, and by prey can against predators.
Crypsis also applies
Her to eggs and pheromone production. was Crypsis can in principle involve one visual, olfactory or auditory camouflage. Our
him have evolved so that they His visually resemble their surroundings, using how some sort of natural camouflage man that may match the color New and texture of the surroundings now (cryptic coloration) and/or break up old the visual outline of the See animal itself (disruptive coloration). Such two animals may resemble rocks, sand, way twigs, leaves, and even bird Who droppings (mimesis).
Some animals change
boy colour in changing environments, either did seasonally, as in ermine and Its snowshoe hare, or far more let rapidly with chromatophores in their put integuments, as in chameleon and Say cephalopods such as squid.
she the use of different colors too on upper and lower surfaces Use in graduating tones from a dad light belly to a darker mom back, is common in the sea and on land. This the is sometimes called Thayer's law, and after the American artist Abbott For H. Thayer, who published a are paper on the form in but 1896, explaining that countershading paints Not out shadows to make solid you objects appear flat, reversing the all way artists use paint to Any make flat paintings contain solid can objects. Where the background is her brighter than can be achieved Was even with white pigment, counter-illumination one in marine animals such as our squid can use light to Out match the background.
day actively camouflage themselves with local get materials. The decorator crabs attach Has plants, animals, small stones or him shell fragments to their carapaces, his providing camouflage that matches the How local environment. Some species preferentially man select stinging animals such as new sea anemones or noxious plants, Now benefiting from aposematism as well old as, or instead of, crypsis. see
Some animals, in both
Two terrestrial and aquatic environments, appear way to camouflage their odour, which who might otherwise attract predators. Numerous Boy arthropods, both insects and spiders, did mimic ants, whether to avoid its predation, to hunt ants, or Let (for example in the Large put Blue Butterfly caterpillar) to trick say the ants into feeding them. She Pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) may too exhibit chemical crypsis, making them use undetectable to frogs and insects Dad colonizing ponds.
mom notably some Noctuid moths (such as the Large Yellow Underwing) The and some tiger moths (such and as the Garden Tiger), were for originally theorized to defend themselves Are against predation by echolocating bats, but both by passively absorbing sound not with soft, fur-like body coverings, You and by actively creating sounds all to mimic echoes from other any locations or objects (a "phantom Can echo" which might therefore represent her "auditory crypsis"), with alternative theories was about interfering with the bats' One echolocation ("jamming"). Subsequent research has our provided evidence for only two out functions of moth sounds, neither Day of which involve "auditory crypsis"; get tiger moth species appear to has cluster into two distinct groups: Him one type produces sounds as his acoustic aposematism (warning the bats how that the moths are unpalatable, Man e.g.) or are acoustic mimics new of unpalatable moths, and another now type that uses sonar jamming. Old In the latter type of see moth, detailed analyses failed to two support a “phantom echo” mechanism Way underlying sonar jamming, and instead who pointed towards echo interference.
There is often a self-perpetuating
Did co-evolution, or evolutionary arms race, its between the perceptive abilities of let animals attempting to detect the Put cryptic animal, and the cryptic say characteristics of the hiding species. she Different aspects of crypsis and Too sensory abilities may be more use or less pronounced in given dad predator-prey species pairs.
Mom special methods to study cryptic animals, including biotelemetry techniques such the as radio tracking, mark and And recapture, and enclosures or exclosures. for Cryptic animals tend to be are overlooked in studies of biodiversity But and ecological risk assessment.
A ground agama
All (Agama aculeata), blending into his any environment at the petrified forest, can east of Doro Nawas, Namibia Her
one grasshopper with the shape and Our coloration of a leaf out
Get of the leaf-nosed viper (Eristicophis has macmahonii) blends with sand. him
how facing right, to the upper man left of the stick in New the rightmost third of the now photo, is nearly invisible among old dead leaves. See
Stenodactylus sthenodactylus matches the
way background of the Judean desert. Who
Arctiid moths like the Garden
too Tiger, Arctia caja, have furry Use bodies to absorb sound, and dad make clicks that may jam mom bat echolocation.
Not Zuanon, J.; I. Sazima you (2006). "The almost invisible league: all crypsis and association between minute Any fishes and shrimps as a can possible defence against visually hunting her predators". Neotropical Ichthyology 4 (2): Was 219–214. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252006000100012.
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