Weaning has been described as the gradual substitution of the mothers
milk with solid and semi-solid foods in infants diets in order to fulfill
their growing needs. It is a process starting with the introduction of complimentary
foods and ending with the complete cessation of breast-feeding. Many mothers
especially in developing countries breastfeed for 12 months while some others
breastfeed for up to 24 months (Kazim and Kazim, 1979).
When a baby reaches 4-6 months of age, breast milk alone is no longer sufficient
to meet its nutritional requirements (Morgan et al.,
1984). Formulation of weaning food rich in protein, carbohydrate and other
nutrients at high proportion to complement breast milk will bring about the
end of the children high mortality rate, typical of the developing countries
(UNICEF, 1998; Codex, 2003). Calories
and other nutrients from weaning foods are needed to supplement breast-milk
until the child is ready to eat the family diet. Cereals form the primary basis
for most traditional weaning foods but have low protein content and are bulky
(Kikafunda et al., 1997). While it may be possible
to achieve an adequate protein-energy intake for older children and adults by
increasing the daily intake of cereal-based foods for infants and small children,
the volume of the traditional diets required to meet energy needs are too large
for the child to ingest (Ossai and Malomo, 1988). To
reduce the incidence of malnutrition, tubers and roots offer a potential alternative
to cereals as weaning foods. Roots and tubers refer to growing plants that store
edible materials in subterranean roots, corms or tubers. They form a major staple
food group in most developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The
most popular of this food group are cassava, yam, cocoyam, Irish and sweet potatoes.
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs
to the family Convolvulaceae. It is a crop which thrives well in almost all
climates and matures in about 3-4 months. In addition, sweet potato is adaptable
to diverse environments, has high yields, performs well in marginal soils is
available all year round and is cheap to grow (Ahn, 1993).
Its large, starchy, sweet tasting tuberous roots are important root vegetable
(Purseglove, 1991). Besides simple starches, sweet potatoes
are rich in complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, beta carotene (a vitamin A
equivalent nutrient), vitamin C and vitamin B6 (Agbor-Egbe
and Rickard, 1990).
Pink and yellow sweet potato varieties are potential excellent raw materials
because of their high β-carotene content (Collins and
Walter, 1982; Woolfe, 1992) which makes them very
important in alleviating vitamin A deficiency among children below 6 years.
They are also very good sources of minerals such as potassium, magnesium, zinc
and foliate (Nandutu, 2004). Globally, sweet potato is
an important staple food or base material for variety of food and industrial
applications (Woolfe, 1992). The sweet potato based food
product may also have advantages as infant food over other cereal based baby
foods, especially wheat and wheat related cereals, due to its hypoallergenic
effect (Maleki, 2003). In addition, a sweet potato based
infant food would not require the use of external sweeteners which, in part
reduces its production costs. The processing of sweat potato fortified with
cowpea and peanut into forms which combine the advantage of nutritional value
and convenience of use stands a better chance of success. Cowpea is high in
starch, protein and dietary fiber and is an excellent source of iron, potassium,
selenium, molybdenum, thiamine, vitamin B6 and folic acid (Choung
et al., 2003). Peanuts are rich in nutrients, providing over 30 essential
nutrients and phytonutrients (Butterworth and Wu, 2004)
. They are a good source of foliate, fiber, magnesium, vitamin E, manganese
and phosphorus. They also are naturally free of trans-fats and sodium and contain
about 25% protein (a higher proportion than in any true nut) (Sanders
et al., 2000). While peanuts are considered high in fat, they primarily
contain good fats also known as unsaturated fats. Peanuts are a good source
of niacin and thus contribute to brain health and blood flow (Butterworth
and Wu, 2004; Sanders et al., 2000). In Nigeria,
traditional weaning foods made from maize, sorghum, millet, rice, etc. are known
to be of low nutritive value and are characterized by low protein, low energy
density, low vitamin A and a high antinutrient activity (Naismith,
1973; Akapo, 1995; Adeyemi et
al., 1989). Although there is ample information of weaning food from
cereals, the potentials of combining sweet potato, cowpea and peanut as weaning
foods have not being fully harnessed. This study is therefore aimed at producing
infant weaning food formular using sweet potato, cowpea and peanut flours in
specific ratio and assessing its nutritional and sensory properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of materials: Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and peanut (Arachis hypogea) were obtained from the farm of the School of Agriculture, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, South West Nigeria. Nutrend® baby food was purchased from Domino Supermarket in Yaba, Lagos, South West Nigeria.
Samples preparation: Sweet potato flour was prepared using the method
of Woolfe (1992). The cowpea and peanut flours were prepared
using the method described by Ossai and Malomo (1988).
The sweet potato was peeled, washed and diced into 10 mim cubes by means of
a dicing machine (Hobart Mfg Co. Ltd, Toronto, Canada). The cubes were immediately
immersed in a bath of 1% sodium metabisulphite for ten minutes to prevent non-enzymatic
browning due to mallard reaction, drained and oven-dried at 40°C to moisture
content of 12% in a conventional air oven (Gallenkamp Co. Ltd, London, England).
It was dry-milled into powder in a milling machine (Holbart SY80), sieved, packaged and sealed in high density polythene bag ready for use. The cowpea was soaked in lukewarm water (60°C) for 2 min, dehulled, blanched at 65°C for 7 min, drained, dried in a cabinet dryer (Philip Harris, England), milled (Kenwood grinder) into powder, sieved (US-sieve aperture, 0.4 mm) and packaged with high density polythene bags ready for use. Shelled nuts of peanut were sorted after cleaning to remove the infested ones, dried in the oven, dehulled manually, winnowed, milled and packaged in high density polythene bag ready for use.
Weaning food formulation blend: For the formulation, three different levels (I, II and III) of sweet potato (60, 65 and 70 %), cowpea (15, 20, 15%) and peanut (15, 20, 15%) were used (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Sugar and salt were added to taste at 10 and 2%, respectively while vanilla powder (0.1%) was added. The mixture was blended thoroughly using a blender (Kenwood multipurpose blender, UK), packaged in high density polythene bags and sealed ready for analysis. The samples were compared with standard commercial weaning food nutrient (Nutrend®).
|| Weaning food (sweet potato-cowpea-peanut blend) formulation
||Weaning food (sweet potato-cowpea-peanut blend) formulation
Chemical analysis: The three samples and a standard commercial weaning
food, Nutrend® were analyzed. The proximate composition of sweet
potato based weaning food was determined according to the standard analytical
methods (AOAC, 1984). All the chemicals used were of analytical
grade. All determinations were carried out in triplicates. Moisture was determined
by oven drying (Gallenkamp oven, UK) 5 g samples to constant weight at 100°C
for 12 h. The weight loss incurred was calculated as:
For protein determination, powdered samples (2.0 g) were digested according
to Kjeldahl procedure and distilled on Markham distillation apparatus. Percentage
protein was obtained using nitrogen protein conversion factor of 6.25 (AOAC,
1984). Fat was estimated by extracting 2 g samples with petroleum ether
(BP 40-60°C) using Soxhlet apparatus (BS 2071 Type 2 Philips Harry, UK).
The solvent was distilled off and the extract was dried and weighed. Ash and
crude fibre were determined following AOAC (1984) methods
14.085 and 14.087, respectively. Ash was determined by burning weighed dried
samples on a Bunsen flame to remove moisture. The samples were heated in a muffle
furnace at 550°C overnight. The samples were transferred into a crucible,
cooled and weighed immediately. Ash was calculated as follows:
Carbohydrate was determined by the difference between 100% (accepted total
value of nutritional status) and the sum of the values of protein, moisture,
fibre, fat and ash.
Sensory evaluation: Sensory evaluation was carried out by reconstituting 100 g of the samples in cold portable water and added the paste obtained to 400 mm of boiling water and cooked for 8 min with continuous stirring to prevent lump formation. The cooked samples were subsequently assessed by 20 members taste panel drawn from the Department of Food Technology, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos to determine the quality attributes of colour, taste, flavour, mouthfeel, constituency and overall acceptability using 9-point hedonic scale.
The assessment was carried out in a naturally illuminated restaurant of the
Department of Catering Management, Lagos State Polytechnic. Samples were simultaneously
presented on glass plates. Tap water was provided for rinsing the mouth. Panelists
were instructed to rinse their mouth between samples. Commercial brand weaning
food (Nutrend®) was used as a control.
Statistical analysis: All data were subjected to analysis of variance
and significant means discriminated using Turkeys test (Davies
and Goldsmith, 1977). The level of significant was set at 5%.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the chemical components of the weaning food samples and the
commercial brand standard (control) are shown in Table 2 and
Fig. 2. The proximate values of the food compared with those
previously reported (Naismith, 1973; Nandutu,
2004). The protein, ash and moisture contents of the weaning foods were
significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control. The moisture contents were
of the range of (6.2±1.1-8.4±2.0%) ash (2.8±0.8-3.6±1.8%),
protein (31.1±0.4-38.5±8.4%), fat (2.4±1.2-2.8±0.7%),
crude fibre (2.8±0.7-4.8±0.8%) and carbohydrate (42.3±8.0-54.1±3.6%).
||Proximate composition of sweet potato-cowpea-peanut weaning
food and commercial brand sample, Nutrend® (Control)
|I = Sweet potato: cowpea: peanut (60: 25: 15); II = Sweet
potato: cowpea: peanut (65: 15: 20); III = Sweet potato: cowpea: peanut
proximate composition of weaning foods and commercial sample (control)
1. Moisture content, 2. Ash content, 3. Protein content, 4. Fat content,
5. Crude fibre, 6. Carbohydrate, I = Sweet potato: cowpea: peanut (60:
25: 15); II = Sweet potato: cowpea: peanut (65: 15: 20); III = Sweet potato:
cowpea: peanut (70: 15: 15)
The addition of cowpea and peanut in the weaning food formulation increased
significantly (p<0.05) the moisture contents of the blends in terms of the
amounts added. The protein contents of the samples increased from 31.1-38.5%
(Table 2 and Fig. 2) with the increase in
the percentage of the cowpea flour (15-25%) and peanut flour (15-20%) (Table
1), rendering them valuable nutrient sources. The increase in the protein
content with increase in the cowpea and peanut flours was due to the protein
from these flours. This agrees with the findings by (Choung
et al., 2003; Butterworth and Wu, 2004) that
cowpea flour is rich in protein (24%) which is particularly high in lysine while
the protein content of peanut is 25%. The consumption of cowpea and peanut fortified
weaning food improves the protein intake of the infants (Codex,
2003). Stunting and growth failure occur from 6-24 months of the infant
age thus the quality of food used in complementary feeding is important (Kazim
and Kazim, 1979). WHO in collaboration with UNICEF have come to a compromise
that complementation should begin after the 6th month of any child (WHO,
1998; UNICEF, 1998; Gibson et
al., 1998). Moreover, cooking and traditional methods of processing
cause significant reduction in trypsin inhibition activity in cowpea (Naismith,
1973; Choung et al., 2003). Antinutritional
factors such as inhibitions of digestive enzymes and hernagglutinins as well
as poor digestibility are all reported to lower nutritional value (Akinyele,
1989; Friedman, 1996). However under mild cooking
conditions, the nutritional value of protein is usually increased (Mercier,
1993). This is due to a structural modification of tertiary and quaternary
structures of biopolymers and to the inactivation of proteases inhibitors present
in the raw plant (Nandutu, 2004; Mercier,
1993). It has been reported that the protein of sweet potato is of acceptable
nutritive value with sulphur amino acids as limiting (True
et al., 1978). The quality of the protein depends on the severity
of heat-treatment during the processing (Walter et al.,
1983). The protein content is low in almost all root crops, sulphur-containing
amino-acids are limiting in the proteins as in legume proteins (FAO,
1990) (Table 3).
The carbohydrate contents (42.3±8.0-54.1±3.6%) of the samples
increased with increase in sweet potato (60-70%) and the fat contents (2.4±1.2-2.8±0.3%)
increased with increase in peanut (15-20%) (Table 2). These
results were similar to those reported by Nestle et al.
(2003) and Morgan et al. (1984). These values
were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the values for the control. This shows
that the energy content of the control was higher than the samples. The energy
of foods is much more related to fat than carbohydrate content (Akapo
et al., 1995; Collins and Walter, 1982).
It is important to have an easily or readily digested carbohydrate to avoid
using proteins as source of energy.
|| Nutritive value of tropical crop per 100 edible portion
Inadequate energy obtained from carbohydrate would force the body to utilize
protein as source of energy. The protein is mainly required for growth or provides
precursors for tissue repair. The crude fibre contents of the samples (2.8±0.7-4.8±0.8%)
and the control (3.2±2.1%) were generally low. These values were comparable
with previous findings (Zlotkin and Melody, 2003; Nandutu,
2004). The low crude fibre contents of the samples make them digestible
foods especially for children (Ossai and Malomo, 1988;
Kikafunda et al., 1997). Low fibre content in
food enhances nutrient availability (Adeyemi et al.,
1989; Morgan et al., 1984). Adequate nutrition
entails the frequency of the food that is been given and nutrient density. Fleck
(1976) described nutrient density as the amount of nutrients per 100 kcal
in any given food. The term is related to the concentration of important nutrients
such as carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals, protein etc in relationship to
their kcal value. According to Ohiokpehai (2003) weaning
foods must have high energy content, low viscosity, balanced protein (containing
all essential amino acids, vitamins (particularly A, D and B group), minerals,
iron, folic acid, calcium), pleasant taste and with no anti-nutritional components.
The sensory evaluation by the panel members for the various attributes such as colour, taste, flavour, mouthfeel, consistency and overall acceptability are shown in Table 4. For taste, flavour and mouthfeel, there were no significant differences (p<0.05) between the control weaning food and that supplemented with 25% cowpea and 15% peanut.
Mouthfeel and consistency attributes increased in rating with increase of the level cowpea and peanut flours in the formulation. For overall acceptability, weaning food with 60% sweet potato flour, 25% cowpea flour and 15% peanut flour supplementation was most preferred and which did not show any significant difference (p<0.05) from the control. The colour acceptance decreased (8.40-7.00) with increase (15-20%) in the added peanut flour. The effect was statistically significant (p<0.05) at above 20% of added peanut flour. The decrease in average mean score in colour may be due to the light brownish colour of the peanut imparted into the product.
The average mean score of the flavour decreased from 8.50-6.60 with increase
in peanut flour (15-20%). The decrease was significant at 20% peanut flour.
|| Sensory characteristics of weaning food from sweet potato-cowpea-peanut
blend and commercial brand
|*Means with the same superscripts in a column are not significantly
The decrease in the mean scores may be due to the presence of peanut gassy
flavour, a consequent product of breakdown of peanut oil by lipoxygenase (Butterworth
and Wu, 2004).
The taste mean scores of the samples generally decreases from 8.30-6.90 with
increase in percentage of cowpea flour (15-25%). The decrease was noted to be
significant at above 20% added cowpea flour (p<0.05). The reason may be due
to the beany flavour imparted to the food by the cowpea (Friedman,
1996). The average mean score of mouthfeel decreased from 8.30-7.30. The
decreased was statistically significant (p<0.05) at above 25% cowpea flour.
The decrease may be due to the coarseness from improper grinding and sieving
of cowpea as observed in the preliminary research. This agrees with the findings
of Akinyele (1989) and Richardson
The average mean scores of the general acceptability of the sample decreased from 8.40-7.0 with increase in the percentage of cowpea flour. The decrease was noted to be significant above 25% added cowpea flour at p<0.05. The decrease may be due to all the reasons attributed to the above evaluated sensory qualities.
Investigation of the nutritional and sensory properties of infant weaning food developed using sweet potato, cowpea and peanut flours showed an increase in the protein content but a decrease in the sensory qualities of the weaning food. Fortification with 60% sweet potato and less than 25% cowpea and 15% peanut flours was acceptable. The level of cowpea and peanut fortification corresponds to maximum protein, thus enhancing the protein content of the weaning food from 18.9-38.5% protein. The energy contribution by the macronutrients such as carbohydrate, fat and protein were achieved as required by the WHO/FAO guidelines. Roots and tubers though very poor in some major nutrients are potentials crops for the formulation of adequate weaning foods. It is important to begin to explore the possibility of their use in weaning food formulation because the commercial weaning food is gradually getting out of the reach of the average people in most developing countries. Developing a technology that converts raw sweet potato into weaning products of high consumer appeal and acceptance will increase its utilization and market demand. Nutrition education is also indispensable for mothers to effectively utilize the root and tuber crops.