|Número de publicación||US7027676 B2|
|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|
|Número de solicitud||US 10/795,917|
|Fecha de publicación||11 Abr 2006|
|Fecha de presentación||8 Mar 2004|
|Fecha de prioridad||8 Mar 2004|
|También publicado como||CN1667379A, EP1574832A2, EP1574832A3, US20050194523|
|Número de publicación||10795917, 795917, US 7027676 B2, US 7027676B2, US-B2-7027676, US7027676 B2, US7027676B2|
|Inventores||Gregory D. VanWiggeren, Daniel B. Roitman|
|Cesionario original||Agilent Technologies, Inc.|
|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citas de patentes (11), Otras citas (11), Citada por (17), Clasificaciones (17), Eventos legales (6)|
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) relates to optical excitation of a surface plasmon wave along an interface between a conductive film and an adjacent dielectric. At resonance, energy from an incident optical signal is coupled into the surface plasmon wave, resulting in a decrease in the intensity of the optical signal that is reflected from the conductive film at the optical wavelength at which the resonance occurs. A phase transition in the reflected optical signal also occurs at the resonant optical wavelength. The phase of the reflected optical signal at the resonant optical wavelength is sensitive to changes in the refractive index of the dielectric that is adjacent to the conductive film, due to an evanescent tail associated with the surface plasmon wave that extends into the dielectric. This phase sensitivity to refractive index enables the dielectric to be used as a sensing medium. For example, where the dielectric includes a biochemical sample, changes in the refractive index can be used to indicate biochemical conditions or processes in the biochemical sample.
Due to the sensitivity of phase transitions in the reflected optical signal to changes in refractive index of the dielectric or sensing medium, phase measurements based on SPR have been exploited as an analytic tool for biochemical sensing. For example, Immunosensor based on optical heterodyne phase detection, Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 76, Xinglong Yu, et al., (2003), p. 199–202, reports interferometry, optical heterodyning and other techniques to detect phase changes corresponding to smaller than micro-unit changes in refractive index that are linked to association/dissociation of antibodies and a protein in a biochemical sample.
There is a continuing need for phase detection schemes to further increase the sensitivity with which changes in refractive indices can be detected. In addition, there is a need for phase detection schemes based on SPR that are scalable for compatibility with analytical systems that include arrays of samples for biochemical sensing.
According to the embodiments of the present invention, optical phase detection includes generating a first lightwave having a first polarization and a second lightwave having a polarization that is offset from the first polarization, and imposing a relative delay between the first and second lightwaves. The imposed delay causes a frequency offset as the wavelength of the lightwaves is tuned over a designated wavelength range.
The lightwaves are directed to a target that provides a third lightwave and a fourth lightwave in response to the first and second lightwaves. A polarization component of the third lightwave and a polarization component of the fourth lightwave are detected to provide a detected signal at the frequency offset. The optical phase detection then includes extracting a phase difference, induced by the target, between the polarization components of the third and the fourth lightwaves. According to alternative embodiments of the present invention, scaling of the optical phase detection enables simultaneous or sequential detection of SPR-induced phase shifts from an array of targets.
In a typical application of the SPR transducer 10, the conductive film 1 is a gold layer having an appropriate thickness d1 for an incident optical signal Ii at a designated incident angle φSP and wavelength to excite a surface plasmon wave, or surface plasmon, along the conductive film 1. Associated with the surface plasmon is an evanescent tail (not shown) that penetrates into the dielectric 2 adjacent to the conductive film 1. The energy of the incident optical signal Ii that is not coupled into the surface plasmon is reflected at the conductive film 1 and results in a reflected optical signal Ir.
An optical phase detector 20 according to embodiments of the present invention is shown in
The tunable optical source 22 includes a delay element 24 that induces a relative delay τ between the lightwaves p, s of the optical signal I1. This induced delay τ results in a frequency offset γτ between the lightwave p and the lightwave s as the wavelength λ of the tunable optical source 22 is tuned or swept at a rate γ over a wavelength range between λ1 and λ2.
The polarization delay unit PDU is alternatively implemented using planar optical circuits, wherein the polarization maintaining fiber coupler 23 and the polarizing beam combiner 28 are implemented in planar optics and the delay element 24 is implemented using a planar optical waveguide. In yet another example, the polarization delay unit PDU is implemented using a polarization beam splitter 21, a free space optical path as the delay element 24, and a polarization beam combiner 28, as shown in
A collimator 30 or other beam conditioning element is coupled to the tunable optical source 22, directing the optical signal I1 to a target T on the conductive film 1 as shown in
The optical signal I2 is received by a polarizer 32 having a polarization axis X that is rotationally offset from the polarization axes of the lightwaves pr, sr, by 45 degrees as shown in
The lightwaves pr, sr of the optical signal I2 interact as a result of passing through the polarizer 32 to form an interference signal I(t) at a detector 34. The interference signal I(t) is expressed in equation (1).
I(t)=E S(t)2 +E P(t)2+2E S E P cos( 2πγτt+Δφ sp) (1)
In equation (1), ES(t), EP(t) represent the magnitudes of the electrical fields of the lightwaves pr, sr, respectively, of the optical signal I2; γ is the rate at which the tunable optical source 22 is tuned or swept; τ is the relative delay induced between the lightwaves p, s of the optical signal I1 provided by the tunable optical source 22; and Δφsp is the phase difference between the lightwaves pr, sr of the optical signal I2. Since the lightwave s of the optical signal I1 does not couple to the surface plasmon, the lightwave sr of the optical signal I2 does not experience a phase shift due to SPR. Thus, the phase difference Δφsp is the phase shift of the lightwave pr, designated as the phase φp. Because the lightwaves s, sr traverse the same optical path as the lightwaves p, pr, determining the phase φp of the lightwave pr relative to the phase of the lightwave sr provides immunity to mechanical vibration, temperature variations, and other influences.
The interference signal I(t) is intercepted by the detector 34 as the wavelength λ of the tunable optical source 22 is tuned over a wavelength range λ1–λ2 in the vicinity of the resonant wavelength λR. The detector 34 is responsive to the term 2ESEP cos(2πγτt +φp) in the interference signal I(t), and can be filtered or otherwise tuned for responsiveness within a narrow bandwidth about the frequency γτ, to improve sensitivity with which the term 2EsEP cos(2πγτt+φp) can be measured or detected. The detector 34 provides a detected signal IDET(t)=K1cos (2πγτt+φp), where K1 is a constant and where γτ is the frequency difference, or beat frequency, between the lightwaves p, s of the optical signal I1 provided by the tunable optical source 22. The detected signal IDET(t) is typically an electrical signal.
Typically, the detector 34 is a photodiode, photosensor or other suitable transducer for converting an intercepted optical signal into a corresponding electrical signal. Alternatively, the detector 34 is an array or a two-dimensional grid of detector elements D1–DN that provide a series of electrical signals corresponding to a series of optical signals that are intercepted by each of the detector elements D1–DN.
Including a reference signal IREF in the optical phase detector 20 enables the phase φp in the term 2ESEP cos(2πγτt+φp) of the interference signal I(t) to be isolated. For example, a reference signal IREF tapped from the optical signal I1 via an optical coupler 37, reflected off a reference target TREF, and passed through the polarizer 32, as shown in the embodiment of
The detected signal IDET(t) and the frequency reference IRDET(t) from the detectors 34, 34R are applied to an phase comparator, or other processor 36 to extract the phase φp. Phase comparators suitable for extracting phase differences between applied signals are well know in the art, and are described, for example, in Modern Electronic Circuits Reference Manual, by Markus, John, McGraw-Hill, Inc., ISBN 0-07-040446-1, p. 699. However, any suitable processor 36 is used to extract or otherwise determine the phase φp from the detected signal IDET(t) and frequency reference IRDET(t).
While exemplary schemes for providing the reference optical signal IREFhave been presented, it is appreciated that any other suitable system, device, element or scheme is alternatively used to provide the reference optical signal IREFto isolate the phase φp induced by the SPR. The reference optical signal IREFprovides the frequency reference IRDET(t) at the beat frequency γτ of the interference signal I(t) as shown in
The wavelength λ of the lightwave p of the optical signal I1 is recorded in a memory or other storage device (not shown) as the phase φp is measured to establish a relationship between optical wavelength λ and phase φp in the vicinity of the resonant wavelength λR. The wavelength λ of the optical signal I1 is recorded or determined using optical interferometry, homodyne or heterodyne spectral analysis as described in Fiber Optic Test and Measurement, edited by Dennis Derickson, ISBN 0-13-534330-5, pages 42–44, or using any other suitable wavelength discrimination technique. Alternatively, the wavelength λ is determined based on a start wavelength λ1 and start time t1, stop wavelength λ2 and stop time t2, and the tuning rate γ at which the tunable optical source 22 is tuned or swept between the start wavelength λ1, and the stop wavelength λ2 in the time interval t2–t1. For a tunable optical source 22 having a linear tuning characteristic over the wavelength range λ1–λ2, a direct mapping between time tX and wavelength λX within the wavelength range λ1–λ2 is established. For example, within the tuning or sweep range of the tunable optical source 22, a wavelength λX is determined based on corresponding times tX at which phase φp is measured according to the relationship λX=λ1+(tX–t1)γ. When the tunable optical source 22 has non-linear tuning characteristics, those characteristics are used to map designated times within the sweeping or tuning of the tunable optical source 22 to wavelengths λX within the wavelength range λ1–λ2. By recording the phase φp as a function of time as the tunable optical source 22 is tuned or swept and using the established mapping between times tX and wavelength λX of the tunable optical source 22, phase φp versus wavelength λ is determined.
From the relationship between wavelength λ and phase φp, the quantity dφp/dλ at the resonant wavelength λR or sufficiently close to the resonant wavelength λR can be readily determined, where the quantity dφp/dλ represents the sensitivity of the phase φp to changes in wavelength λ at the resonant wavelength λR.
According to an alternative embodiment of the present invention, measurement of phase φp is used to approximate the quantity dφp/dλ at the resonant wavelength λR.
From the quantity dφp/dλ at the resonant wavelength λR, and a determination of the quantity dλ/dnS, which represents the wavelength sensitivity to refractive index at the resonant wavelength λR, the quantity dφp/dns, representing the sensitivity of phase φp to changes in refractive index ns, is established as dφp/dns=(dφp/dλ) (dλ/dns). The quantity dλ/dns is determined in a variety of ways. In one example, the quantity dλ/dns is determined from computer simulation of the configuration 10 of
The quantity dλ/dnS can also be determined by matching appropriate wave vectors at the interface between the conductive film 1 and the dielectric 2. This includes equating the wave vector kSPR=w/c ((ε1nS 2)(ε1+nS 2))1/2 of the surface plasmon to the wave vector kx=n4(2π/λ)sinφSP of the optical signal I1, where ε1 is the dielectric constant of the conductive film 1, where n4 is the refractive index of the prism 4, and where φSP is the angle of incidence of the optical signal I1. The quantity dλ/dnS can be derived from the equation of the wave vectors kSPR, kx, as equation (2), where the imaginary component of the dielectric constant ε1 of the conductive film 1 is set to zero.
The alternatives presented for determining the quantity dλ/dnS at the resonant wavelength are exemplary. It is appreciated that any suitable scheme is alternatively used to determine or approximate the quantity dλ/dnS at the resonant wavelength λR, or at a wavelength suitably close to the resonant wavelength λR, so that the sensitivity of phase φp to changes in refractive index ns can be established as dφp/dns=(dφp/dλ)(dλ/dns).
According to an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a mapping between phase φp and refractive index nS is established based on measuring phase φp for dielectrics 2 having different refractive indices nS. In this embodiment, phase φp is detected and changes in refractive index nS of the dielectric 2 are determined from the established mapping. In one example, changes dnS in refractive index nS are related to shifts dφp in phase φp at the resonant wavelength λRby a constant as provided for example, in Immunosensor based on optical heterodyne phase detection, Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 76, Xinglong Yu, et al., (2003), p. 200.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the phase φp is detected versus wavelength λ for two or more targets T with different refractive indices, for example, the refractive index nS and the refractive index nS+ΔnS. The detected phases φp corresponding to the refractive indices nS, ns+ΔnS, as shown in
In alternative embodiments of the present invention the sensitivity of changes in phase φp to changes in wavelength λ in the vicinity of the resonant wavelength λRis modified by misaligning, or rotating, the offset polarizations of the lightwaves p, s of the optical signal I1 relative to the conventional polarizations p, s at the target T as shown in
Misalignment of polarizations is achieved in a variety of alternative ways. For example, the misalignment is caused by creating a half-wavelength plate birefringence (not shown) in the fiber between the polarization beam combiner 28 and the collimator 30, for example in the embodiment shown in
The sensitivity of changes in phase φp to changes in wavelength λ in the vicinity of the resonant wavelength λRcan be increased or maximized empirically for a given misalignment of polarizations of the optical signal I1, for example, by rotating the interposed half-wavelength plates when present, or by rotating the polarization beam combiner 28 while measuring phase φp as the optical wavelength λ is swept or tuned in the vicinity of the resonant wavelength λR.
The sensitivity of changes in phase φp to changes in wavelength λ in the vicinity of the resonant wavelength λRcan be increased or optimized based on an analytical determination of the polarization misalignment. In an analytical determination, the electric fields ESO, EPO of the optical signal I2 corresponding to the lightwaves pr, sr are expressed by the matrix equation (3).
In the matrix equation (3), the term rs is a Jones matrix element for the reflection of the lightwave s at the target T; the term rpeiφp is a Jones matrix element for the reflection of the lightwave p at the target T; the terms a and b are Jones matrix elements for the polarization misalignment where a=|a|eiδa and where b=|b|eiδb; and the terms ES, EP are the electric field components of the lightwaves p, s respectively of the optical signal I1.
The reflected signal I2 from the target T is passed through the polarizer 32 to provide an interference signal I′(t), as shown in
I′ DET(t)=cos2 α|a||b|r S 2 E SO E PO cos(2πγτt+δ a−δb)+cos α sin α|a| 2 r S r P E SO E PO cos(2πγτt+2δa−φp)−cos α sin α|b| 2 r S r P E SO E PO cos(2πγτt−2δb+φp)−sin2 α|a||b|r P 2 E SO E PO cos(2πγτt+δ a−δb). (4).
High phase sensitivity versus wavelength is achieved based on the equation (4) for a misalignment of the polarizations of the optical signal I1, wherein |b| is approximately equal to the reflectivity rP of the lightwave p from the target T, and wherein the sum of the phase φp of the SPR and the phases of the misalignments δa+δb is an odd multiple of π. In a typical example, an increase in sensitivity is achieved for misalignments of less than 5 degrees between the polarizations of the lightwaves p, s and the polarizations of the lightwaves p′, s′.
In alternative embodiments of the present invention shown in
In the embodiment shown in
According to the embodiment of the present invention shown in
In the embodiment shown in
While an SPR transducer 10, or array of SPR transducers have been used as exemplary target T according to the embodiments of the present invention, the target T is alternatively any device, element, or system suitable for providing an optical signal I2 in response to an applied optical signal I1, where the optical signal I2 results from reflection, transmission or other processing of the optical signal I1. response to an applied optical signal I1, where the optical signal I2 results from reflection, transmission or other processing of the optical signal I1.
While the embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated in detail, it should be apparent that modifications and adaptations to these embodiments may occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.||385/14, 385/12, 356/432, 356/433, 385/11|
|Clasificación internacional||G01N21/27, G01N21/21, G01J9/00, G01N21/39, G02B6/12, G01N21/00, G01N21/55, G02B6/00|
|Clasificación cooperativa||G01N21/553, G01J9/00|
|Clasificación europea||G01J9/00, G01N21/55B2|
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