By John Paul Catanzaro
Today, there are more training tools available for personal trainers than ever. How do you decide what equipment is best to use? Well, that really depends on the situation.
Let's take resistance training, for example.
As far as I'm concerned, free weights reign supreme! Every time I'm asked what I think of this machine or that machine, my response is always the same: get yourself a simple barbell and dumbbell set with an adjustable bench and forget the rest. Period.
Many trainers find themselves in a situation where space and budget are limited, though, and free weights may not be the best option. Remember, resistance can come from many different sources.
Pro's and Con's of Resistance Tubing and Bands
One such source that is quite popular in the field of personal training involves resistance tubing and bands.
These are portable devices that are relatively inexpensive and quite versatile. You can perform just about any exercise with a tube and they even come in different resistances (they are usually color-coded for this reason.)
With so many benefits, resistance tubes seem like the perfect training tool…except for a slight problem: If using elastics and one end is fixed, it creates resistance patterns that do not ideally match the torque-joint angle curves of your body because the bands increase resistance fairly linearly throughout the range.
The following two charts show the difference in muscle tension between free weight resistance and resistance tubing.
Adapted from Hartmann & Tunnemann, Fitness and Strength Training for All Sports, 1995, pg. 51
Fig. 1 – Bell-shaped ascending-descending strength curve displayed with free weight resistance.
Fig. 2 – Linear ascending strength curve displayed with resistance tubing.
Alright, so what's the big deal if resistance tubing causes a linear ascending strength curve?
Well, the answer to that is simple: tubing encourages the disproportionate development of accelerators versus decelerators, and that my friends, can lead to injury (for a visual demonstration visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LysSUBMqKnc).
In fact, out of 16 cases of rotator cuff tendonitis reported by the national synchronized swim team of Canada, all but one case were corrected by eliminating tubing and using dumbbells instead.
Tubing exercises are quite popular in the rehabilitative setting to train the rotator cuff muscles, but obviously, there is a big difference between using dumbbells and elastics.
To take it one step further, when performing shoulder external or internal rotations for example, dumbbells provide a greater overload in the bottom position and tubes provide a greater overload in the top position. You can combine the two during a set (i.e. hold onto both a dumbbell and tube) or use a cable to provide a relatively even overload throughout; however, two problems exist with these methods:
- Assuming that you have access to a cable apparatus (many home gyms do not), most weight stacks start at 10 pounds, which is far too heavy for the average person.
- It is difficult to adjust for individual leverages and fatigue, but there is a way…
This is where the concept of accommodating resistance applies, and it is so versatile with a tube or band – it can be used on almost any exercise!
The Concept of Accomodating Resistance to the Rescue
Here is a little trick I learned from the late Dr. Mel Siff. Basically, the concept is simple: use an exercise tube or band and have a partner follow the movement pattern to accommodate strength (i.e. give more or less resistance when needed.) Just remember to keep the movement smooth. When applying passive resistance, it's not a competition!
That's all there is to it.
With this novel technique, a serious flaw of training with elastics is rectified. All of a sudden, more pros and less cons!
- No sophisticated equipment is required.
- Can produce a more even strength curve.
- Can increase time-under-tension (TUT) to desired length – terminate set once particular TUT is achieved.
- Requires a training partner.
- Lack of objectivity (this can be offset somewhat by recording size of tube and distance of hand position.)
Let's examine some shoulder movements using accommodating resistance with tubes.
Holistic Health Practitioner and Neuromuscular Therapist, Paul Chek, has a famous motto: "First Isolate, Then Integrate!" So with that said, let's start with some isolation exercises.
Isolation Exercise for the Subcapularis Muscle
Some authorities feel that the subcapularis is the missing link to unlocking true strength of the upper extremities and improving shoulder strength and health. Many therapists often claim that this muscle tests weak and should be subsequently trained.
Well, the reason for this is due primarily to poor posture, or more specifically, rounded shoulders (i.e. a kyphotic posture) that is so prevalent in today's society. This is a case of a tight and weak muscle.
Due to an extreme amount of internal rotation, the subscap (an internal rotator of the humerus) becomes extremely tight and facilitated. Since the sarcomeres (actin and myosin) experience full interdigitation, it becomes difficult to contract any further.
Therefore, in order to strengthen these fibers, they must first be placed in an optimum position to contract effectively – you accomplish that goal with appropriate stretching and myofascial release (e.g. A.R.T.)
Only after this is accomplished should the subscapularis be trained with resistance.
The following exercise will help isolate this muscle.
[Supine unilateral internal rotation with humeral abduction to 90º]
Isolation Exercise for the Infraspinatus Muscle
Another muscle that tests weak is the infraspinatus, an external rotator of the humerus, but for different reasons than above. It is usually long and weak – the actin and myosin filaments are not in optimum position for maximum force output. This particular rotator cuff muscle has appeared often in recent literature due to the lack of shoulder external rotation in many strength training programs creating a muscle imbalance.
[Supine unilateral external rotation with humeral abduction to 90º]
Robert Lardner, a European Physical Therapist trained by among others Janda, reveals an interesting concept for rotator cuff exercises:
"To grab a dumbbell requires flexion of the arm muscles. The flexion muscles are so strong that these phasic (flexion) muscles will override the extensor (tonic) muscles. So all the guys lying on their sides are really doing mostly a bicep/brachia movement.So, what is the proper way to exercise these muscles?The best way is to have your hand open with your fingers spread and have the resistance strapped to your wrist, either through a rubber band or a cable. Then go through the extending motion that you wish to exercise."
It may indeed be more effective to perform many of the exercises listed in this article with an open hand. Try it and see if you can notice a difference.
Proper Execution of the 'Pullover' Exercise
Let's move on to another common shoulder movement, the pullover. Many trainers prescribe this exercise to correct a winging scapulae.
Guess what? That is the wrong approach!
In order to remedy this situation, the serratus anterior, rhomboids and middle/lower trapezuis should be trained.
The pullover does not effectively target these muscles; in fact, it hits the specific muscles (particularly the latissmus dorsi and subscapularis) that cause winging scapulae (Polquin, 1997).
Furthermore, the dumbbell pullover is often performed over a bench. This method is inviting an abdominal hernia as well as overstressing the shoulder joint (especially if the trainee has tight shoulders!)
A far better approach is to perform the exercise on a decline bench or on the floor as depicted below to avoid maximum overload on the shoulder joint in extreme extension. In other words, by shortening the range of motion, it is safer for your shoulders. Also, avoid excessively arching your back by pressing your spine into the bench or floor and keeping your core tight throughout. Hence, your abdominals must act as stabilizers during the movement.
Here's an example of supine shoulder flexion and extension using accommodating resistance with tubing.
[Supine shoulder flexion]
[Supine shoulder extension]
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) patterns are a series of movements developed by Herman Kabat and featured in a classic text by Knott & Voss. Although many trainers and therapists perceive PNF as a form of stretching, it is much more than that – it involves a series of spiral movements that cross the midline of the body. In doing so, all planes are crossed: vertical/horizontal extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation occur in one movement.
[PNF pattern emphasizing flexion, abduction, and external rotation]
By using accommodating resistance with bands and tubes, you remove a major flaw associated with elastic resistance to provide a more even strength curve throughout the range of motion.
Instead of a rather inferior training tool, you now have a potent weapon at your disposal!
Chek, P. Program Design: Choosing Reps, Sets, Loads, Tempo, and Rest Periods. Paul Chek Seminars, 1995.
Korfist, C. Weakest Link Theory. Intensity Magazine, 2002. http://www.intensitymagazine.com/05-14-02/chris_korfist.html
Poliquin, C. The Poliquin Principles. Napa, CA: Dayton Writers Group, 1997.
Siff, MC., Verkhoshansky, YV. Supertraining 4th Edition. Denver, CO: Supertraining International, 1999.