A response of the whole organism, involving:
1) physiological arousal
2) expressive behaviors
3) conscious experience
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion.
Schacter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal.
High level of arousal
In performing easy tasks, is it better to have a high or low level of arousal?
Low level of arousal
In performing difficult tasks, is it better to have a high or low level of arousal?`
A cluster of neurons to which a neural pathway that increases dopamine levels runs. It lights up when people experience pleasure.
Sometimes our arousal response to one event affects our response to the next event.
A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).
Guilty Knowledge Test
A more effective approach to lie detection, which assesses a suspect's physiological responses to crime-scene details known only to the police and the guilty person.
Like speedy reflexes that operate apart from the brain's thinking cortex, some emotions take neural pathways that bypass the cortex. For example, stimulus -> thalamus -> amygdala -> response. This enables emotional response before the intellect intervenes, and we have realized what is causing an emotion.
When an emotional stimulus does not bypass the cortex, and gives the intellect time to react to the emotion. For example, stimulus -> thalamus -> sensory cortex -> prefrontal cortex -> amygdala -> response.
According to Richard Lazarus, although some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking, emotions arise when we __________ them as either beneficial or harmful to our well-being.
Zajonc and LeDoux have demonstrated that some emotional responses - especially simple likes, dislikes, and fears - involve no ______.
Interpretations, memories, and expectations
Some emotions - including moods like depression and complex feelings like hatred and love - are, as Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer predicted, greatly affected by our __________, __________, and __________.
Whereas facial expressions are universally similar (even in people blind from birth), __________ are universally different.
Biological Influences on emotion
.response pathways in the brain
Expressions and Actions
According to William James, one can affect one's mood by changing one's _______________ to reflect the desired emotion.
Facial expressions characteristic of a certain emotion cause one to be more likely to feel that emotion.
When you act like someone experiencing a particular emotion, you feel that emotion on a small scale.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
A higher-level center for processing emotion which sends input to the amygdala to activate emotions like fear.
Emotional release. In psychology, the ___________ hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.
From morning to mid day, positive emotion _________; from mid day to night, positive emotion __________.
There is a minimum amount of this required to retain basic happiness, but once it increased from there, people remain as happy as they were previously.
People who pursue money over strong familial or love-related relationships end up having _________ money than those who feel the other way.
Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. We can then adjust our neutral levels.
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. However, comparing oneself to the worse-off makes one happier.
Factors unrelated to happiness
Age, gender, education levels, parenthood, and physical attractiveness.