Information on Alexius’s life and rule may be found in George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, rev. ed. (1969, reissued 1980), a useful brief account with bibliography; J.M. Hussey (ed.), The Cambridge Medieval History, new ed., vol. 4, part 1 (1966), with full bibliography; J.M. Hussey, Church & Learning in the Byzantine Empire, 867–1185 (1937, reissued 1963); Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 1 (1951, reissued 1975), a vivid presentation, particularly of the Byzantine point of view; and Michael Angold, The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History (1984).