Writing Tip: Problem words
Problem Words challenge most of us, which/that is hard to accept/except. These words don't affect/effect all of your work. You may think it's all right/alright to use the wrong word, but just among us writers, it's a problem. Even if we appraise/apprise you of the right word choice, as we're doing here, to ensure/assure/insure you have the right choices, you should check this list bimonthly/twice a month/every two months as a refresher. For example, take "capital" and "capitol". If you cite/site the "capital" of our nation, or the "capitol" building, what's the difference? They both comprise/compose part of the English language and seem to refer to the same thing—right?
Do you think it doesn't make a difference? Nothing could be farther/further from the truth. Choosing the correct word says something about us, our organization, and our professionalism. If you just rely on good word references (e.g.,—or is it i.e.?—this one and others), the principals/principles of good writing begin to fall into place. Effective business writing which/that includes helping you select the right words, helps all of us communicate more effectively, and more efficiently. Besides, we want our readers to focus on the purpose and message of our document, not play guessing games with poor word choices. Some of the most frequently misused words are:
Accept: Use accept as a verb meaning, "to receive."
I accept this award on behalf of all the members of the team.
Except: Use except as a preposition meaning "to the exclusion of."
Except for your third recommendation, I agree with your report on our progress.
Affect: The most common use of affect is as a verb meaning, "to influence, change, assume." As a noun affect is a rarely-used, psychology term for feeling or emotion.
The new law affected (changed) the Earned Income Tax Credit.
Effect: The most common use of effect is as a noun meaning "a result or outcome." As a verb, effect means, "to cause or bring about." We use "effect" as a verb very infrequently; most often in scientific contexts.
The new law will have an effect (result) on the number of people who qualify for the Earned Income Tax Credit.
All right: Use this form. Spell this expression as two words.
His choice of words was all right.
Alright: Do not use this form. This form is a nonstandard spelling, generally considered incorrect.
Among: Use among when referring to more than two people or things.
I divided the work among the 5 staff members.
Between: Use between when referring to two persons or things, or more than two persons or things when considering them in pairs or in two groups.
He divided the work equally between you and me.
He divided the work equally between the two offices.
Appraise: Appraise is a verb meaning, "to give the value or worth of something."
Our auditor will appraise Mr. Smith's business assets.
Apprise: Apprise is a verb meaning, "to tell or notify."
Our auditor will apprise Mr. Smith of his findings.
As: Use as, as if, as though, or other similar expressions as a conjunction in written documents.
It looks as if the proposed law will become effective later this month.
Like: Do not use like as a conjunction when writing; use it as a preposition.
You should format your letter like the one shown in the guidebook.
Assure: To assure means "to give someone confidence." Use assure when giving your word to people.
I assure you we are thoroughly reviewing this matter.
Insure: To insure means "to protect against loss."
You should insure that desk for $1,000.
Ensure: To ensure means "to make certain."
We will ensure that the process continues uninterrupted during the transition.
Bimonthly: Bimonthly means both twice a month and every two months. To avoid confusing your readers, just say "twice a month" or "every two months." In general, we should avoid using the "bi" words, like biweekly, biannually, or biennially, to reduce the chance of a misunderstanding.
We must make payments twice a month.
Both: Both means "the two considered together."
We will complete both projects by the end of the year.
Each: Each refers to the individual members of a group considered separately.
Each employee should prepare an individual development plan.
Capital: The capital is "the central city or a site of government," "invested money," or an "uppercase letter."
Washington D.C. is the capital of the United States.
Capitol: Capitol has only one meaning: "the main government building."
The senator has an office in the capitol on E Street.
Cite: To cite means "to quote."
You cited a section of the Internal Revenue Code that refers to the Estimated Tax Penalty.
Sight: Use sight when you mean "vision."
The guard has sight of the entire parking area.
Site: Use site when referring to "a location."
We have several customer service sites in your area.
Comprise: Comprise means to "include or contain."
The new Department of Homeland Security will comprise enforcement organizations from across the government.
Compose: Compose means to "to make up from many parts."
Enforcement organizations across the government will compose the Department of Homeland Security.
Continual: Continual means "intermittent, but frequently repeated."
As part of the continual effort to simplify the employment tax deposit system and reduce the burden for employers, the Department of the Treasury changed its regulations for payroll tax deposits several times over the last decade.
Continuous: Continuous means "without interruption."
The 24-hour help desk received a continuous flow of requests for information after the press conference.
e.g.: Short for exempli gratia (translated means "free examples"), we use e.g. to mean "for example."
FMS will take a number of steps to put into practice a process for preparing consolidated financial statements, e.g., accelerate the central reporting cycle, implement the new financial reports compilation process, and establish business rules.
In this sentence, "for example" works equally well.
i.e.: Short for id est, i.e. means "that is."
We will remove the barriers to successful implementation, i.e., give employees the training and tools needed to accomplish the task.
In today's business writing, we are better off using the English versions: "for example" and "that is."
Farther: Farther refers to "distance."
The drive from the airport to the processing site was farther than we expected.
Further: Further refers to "a greater extent or degree."
We need additional time to further review the issues you raised in your letter.
May and might: Use may or might when implying permission or possibility.
While the taxpayer may not qualify for the Earned Income Tax Credit, he may be eligible for the Credit for the Elderly or the Disabled because he is over age 65 and has nominal income.
Can and could: Use can or could when implying ability or power.
You can reach me during the day at this telephone number.
Principle: Use principle as a noun meaning "belief, moral standard, or a basic law."
The Internal Revenue Code explains the principles of workmen's compensation [section 104(a)(1)].
Principal: Use principal as a noun to refer to a business owner or a partner, the head of a school, or to a sum of invested money. Use it as an adjective to mean "the most important" or "main."
The principal reason for the Safety, Health, and Environmental training is to promote a safe and healthy work place for employees.
Than: Use than when comparing people or things.
We found our security system has a higher level of security than the federal guidelines require.
Then: Use then as an adverb meaning "at that time" or "next."
We will complete all the steps in the investigation and then take whatever course of action is necessary.
That: That introduces a "defining" clause containing essential information. Do not enclose the information in commas.
Our goal is to give our customers service that is accurate and prompt.
Which: Which introduces unnecessary, but nice to know, information. Set off this information with commas. If the information is unnecessary and adds nothing to the sentence, leave it out
Employees who do not wish to use the employee entrance can use the main lobby, which will have a guard.
While: Use while to show similarity in time. While can also mean "though," "although," "even though," "but" or "and," however, you should use the more concrete equivalent word.
We found derogatory information while processing Mr. Doe's application for the Special Agent position.
Although we found derogatory information, we continued to process Mr. Doe's application for the Special Agent position.
Who: Use who when" he, she, they, I, or we" works in the sentence.
Who is studying the effect the new law will have on Treasury employees?
Whom: Use whom when "him, her, them, me, or us" works in the sentence.
Whom did you say you talked to in the Secretary's Office?