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Most Cited Preventive Medicine Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries
Volume 53, Issues 1-2, July 2011, Pages 24-28
Samuel C. Dumith | Pedro C. Hallal | Rodrigo S. Reis | Harold W. Kohl
Objective: To describe the worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and to analyze its association with development level of each country. Methods: Pooled analysis of three multicenter studies, conducted between 2002 and 2004, which investigated the prevalence of physical inactivity in 76 countries, and comprised almost 300,000 individuals aged 15. years or older. Each study used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess physical inactivity. The level of development of each country was analyzed by the Human Development Index (HDI). Results: The crude worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity was 21.4% (95%CI 18.4-24.3), being higher among women (mean = 23.7%, 95%CI 20.4-27.1) than men (mean = 18.9%, 95%CI 16.2-21.7). It ranged from 2.6% (in Comoros) to 62.3% (in Mauritania), with a median equal to 18%. After weighting for the total population of each country, the worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity was 17.4% (95%CI 15.1-19.7). There was a positive association between HDI and prevalence of physical inactivity (rho = 0.27). Less developed countries showed the lowest prevalence of physical inactivity (18.7%), while physical inactivity was more prevalent among the most developed countries (27.8%). Conclusions: One out of five adults around the world is physically inactive. Physical inactivity was more prevalent among wealthier and urban countries, and among women and elderly individuals. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: A systematic review of the literature
Volume 52, Issue SUPPL., June 2011, Pages S10-S20
Catherine N. Rasberry | Sarah M. Lee | Leah Robin | B. A. Laris | Lisa A. Russell | Karin K. Coyle | Allison J. Nihiser
Objective: The purpose of this review is to synthesize the scientific literature that has examined the association between school-based physical activity (including physical education) and academic performance (including indicators of cognitive skills and attitudes, academic behaviors, and academic achievement). Method: Relevant research was identified through a search of nine electronic databases using both physical activity and academic-related search terms. Forty-three articles (reporting a total of 50 unique studies) met the inclusion criteria and were read, abstracted, and coded for this synthesis. Findings of the 50 studies were then summarized. Results: Across all the studies, there were a total of 251 associations between physical activity and academic performance, representing measures of academic achievement, academic behavior, and cognitive skills and attitudes. Slightly more than half (50.5%) of all associations examined were positive, 48% were not significant, and 1.5% were negative. Examination of the findings by each physical activity context provides insights regarding specific relationships. Conclusion: Results suggest physical activity is either positively related to academic performance or that there is not a demonstrated relationship between physical activity and academic performance. Results have important implications for both policy and schools. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 53, Issue SUPPL. 1, October 2011, Pages S5-S11
Gypsyamber D'Souza | Amanda Dempsey
Recent data demonstrate that human papillomavirus also plays a role in cancers other than ano-genital cancers, specifically head and neck cancers, and non-cancerous conditions such as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. As more and more information about the role of infection in non-cervical diseases is amassed, additional questions about whether prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines will effectively prevent these conditions are raised. This article reviews the epidemiology of oral human papillomavirus infection and the role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancers. In addition, it will review the known clinical indications for human papillomavirus vaccination, and highlight other potential clinical targets for the vaccine that have not yet been demonstrated in clinical trials but for which there is biologic plausibility. © 2011 .
Epidemiology and burden of HPV infection and related diseases: Implications for prevention strategies
Volume 53, Issue SUPPL. 1, October 2011, Pages S12-S21
Joseph E. Tota | Myriam Chevarie-Davis | Lyndsay A. Richardson | Maaike DeVries | Eduardo L. Franco
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary, although not sufficient cause of cervical cancer. Globally, HPV infection accounts for an estimated 530,000 cervical cancer cases (~. 270,000 deaths) annually, with the majority (86% of cases, 88% of deaths) occurring in developing countries. Approximately 90% of anal cancers and a smaller subset (<. 50%) of other cancers (oropharyngeal, penile, vaginal, vulvar) are also attributed to HPV. In total, HPV accounts for 5.2% of the worldwide cancer burden. HPVs 16 and 18 are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases and, especially HPV 16, for a large proportion of other cancers. Prophylactic vaccination targeting these genotypes is therefore expected to have a major impact on the burden of cervical cancer as well as that of other HPV-related cancers. Over the past 50 years, organized or opportunistic screening with Papanicolaou (Pap) cytology has led to major reductions in cervical cancer in most developed countries. However, due to lack of resources or inadequate infrastructure, many countries have failed to reduce cervical cancer mortality through screening. HPV DNA testing recently emerged as a likely candidate to replace Pap cytology for primary screening. It is less prone to human error and more sensitive than Pap in detecting high-grade cervical lesions. For countries with national vaccination programs, HPV testing may also serve as a low cost strategy to monitor long term vaccine efficacy. Introduction of well organized vaccination and screening programs should be a priority for all countries. Increased support from donors is needed to support this cause. © 2011.
Volume 53, Issues 4-5, October 2011, Pages 271-273
Lela R. McKnight-Eily | Danice K. Eaton | Richard Lowry | Janet B. Croft | Letitia Presley-Cantrell | Geraldine S. Perry
Objective: To examine associations between insufficient sleep (< 8. h on average school nights) and health-risk behaviors. Methods: 2007 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey data of U.S. high school students (n = 12,154) were analyzed. Associations were examined on weighted data using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Insufficient sleep on an average school night was reported by 68.9% of students. Insufficient sleep was associated with higher odds of current use of cigarettes (age-adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-1.93), marijuana (AOR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.31-1.76), and alcohol (AOR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.46-1.84); current sexual activity (AOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.25-1.59); seriously considered attempting suicide (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.60-2.16); feeling sad or hopeless (AOR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.43-1.84); physical fighting (AOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.24-1.60), not being physically active at least 60. min ≥ 5. days in the past 7. days (AOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.29), using the computer ≥ 3. h/day (AOR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.38-1.80), and drinking soda/pop > 1. time/day (AOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03-1.28). Conclusion: Two-thirds of adolescent students reported insufficient sleep, which was associated with many health-risk behaviors. Greater awareness of the impact of sleep insufficiency is vital. © 2011.
Volume 52, Issue SUPPL., June 2011, Pages S36-S42
Joseph E. Donnelly | Kate Lambourne
There is increasing evidence for the association between physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, fatness, and cognitive function during childhood and adolescence. Evidence also suggests that these variables are linked to academic achievement. Classroom-based physical activity provides a viable approach to improve fitness, body mass index (BMI), cognitive function, and ultimately academic achievement. Methods: Studies examining the relation between physical activity, fitness, fatness, cognitive function, and academic achievement are described. The results of a large-scale, longitudinal, cluster randomized trial to examine the impact of classroom based physical activity on body mass index and academic achievement will be presented. Results: Overall, the data support the link between physical activity, cognitive function, and academic achievement. The role of physical activity in the classroom was also supported by the Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) project. Physically active academic lessons of moderate intensity improved overall performance on a standardized test of academic achievement by 6% compared to a decrease of 1% for controls (p<0.02). Body mass index increased less from baseline to 3 years in students with greater than 75 minutes of PAAC lessons per week (1.8 BMI) compared to students with less than 75 minutes of PAAC per week (2.4 BMI), p<0.00. Conclusions: Future research examining the effects of physically active academic instruction is warranted. The impact of physically active academic lessons of greater intensity may provide larger benefits for body mass index and academic achievement. © 2011.
Estimating the potential of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce consumption and generate revenue
Volume 52, Issue 6, June 2011, Pages 413-416
Tatiana Andreyeva | Frank J. Chaloupka | Kelly D. Brownell
Objective: Beverage taxes came into light with increasing concerns about obesity, particularly among youth. Sugar-sweetened beverages have become a target of anti-obesity initiatives with increasing evidence of their link to obesity. Our paper offers a method for estimating revenues from an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages that governments of various levels could direct towards obesity prevention. Model: We construct a model projecting beverage consumption and tax revenues based on best available data on regional beverage consumption, historic trends and recent estimates of the price elasticity of sugar-sweetened beverage demand. Results: The public health impact of beverage taxes could be substantial. An estimated 24% reduction in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption from a penny-per-ounce sugar-sweetened beverage tax could reduce daily per capita caloric intake from sugar-sweetened beverages from the current 190-200. cal to 145-150. cal, if there is no substitution to other caloric beverages or food. A national penny-per-ounce tax on sugar-sweetened beverages could generate new tax revenue of $79 billion over 2010-2015. Conclusion: A modest tax on sugar-sweetened beverages could both raise significant revenues and improve public health by reducing obesity. To the extent that at least some of the tax revenues get invested in obesity prevention programs, the public health benefits could be even more pronounced. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 57, Issue 1, July 2013, Pages 43-48
Genevieve N. Healy | Elizabeth G. Eakin | Anthony D. LaMontagne | Neville Owen | Elisabeth A H Winkler | Glen Wiesner | Lynn Gunning | Maike Neuhaus | Sheleigh Lawler | Brianna S. Fjeldsoe | David W. Dunstan
Objective: To investigate the short-term efficacy of a multicomponent intervention to reduce office workers' sitting time. Methods: Allocation for this non-randomized controlled trial (n =43 participants; 56% women; 26-62. years; Melbourne, Australia) was by office floor, with data collected during July-September 2011. The 4-week intervention emphasized three key messages: "Stand Up, Sit Less, Move More" and comprised organizational, environmental, and individual elements. Changes in minutes/day at the workplace spent sitting (primary outcome), in prolonged sitting (sitting time accumulated in bouts ≥. 30. min), standing, and moving were objectively measured (activPAL3). Results: Relative to the controls, the intervention group significantly reduced workplace sitting time (mean change [95%CI]: - 125 [- 161, - 89] min/8-h workday), with changes primarily driven by a reduction in prolonged sitting time (- 73 [- 108, - 40] min/8-h workday). Workplace sitting was almost exclusively replaced by standing (+. 127 [+. 92, +. 162] min/8-h workday) with non-significant changes to stepping time (- 2 [- 7, +. 4] min/8-h workday) and number of steps (- 70 [- 350, 210]). Conclusions: This multicomponent workplace intervention demonstrated that substantial reductions in sitting time are achievable in an office setting. Larger studies with longer timeframes are needed to assess sustainability of these changes, as well as their potential longer-term impacts on health and work-related outcomes. © 2013 Elsevier Inc..
Volume 52, Issue SUPPL., June 2011, Pages S3-S9
Phillip D. Tomporowski | Kate Lambourne | Michelle S. Okumura
This review provides a historical overview of physical activity interventions designed by American educators and an evaluation of research that has assessed the effects of exercise on children's mental function. Method: Historical descriptions of the emergence of American physical education doctrine throughout the 20th century were evaluated. Prior reviews of studies that assessed the effects of single acute bouts of exercise and the effects of chronic exercise training on children's mental function were examined and the results of recent studies were summarized. Results: Physical activity interventions designed for American children have reflected two competing views: activities should promote physical fitness and activities should promote social, emotional, and intellectual development. Research results indicate that exercise fosters the emergence of children's mental function; particularly executive functioning. The route by which physical activity impacts mental functioning is complex and is likely moderated by several variables, including physical fitness level, health status, and numerous psycho-social factors. Conclusion: Physical activity interventions for children should be designed to meet multiple objectives; e.g., optimize physical fitness, promote health-related behaviors that offset obesity, and facilitate mental development. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Cross-sectional associations between occupational and leisure-time sitting, physical activity and obesity in working adults
Volume 54, Issues 3-4, March 2012, Pages 195-200
Josephine Y. Chau | Hidde P. van der Ploeg | Dafna Merom | Tien Chey | Adrian E. Bauman
Aim: To examine associations between occupational and leisure-time sitting, physical activity and obesity in working adults. Methods: We analyzed data from workers from the 2007-08 Australian National Health Survey (n = 10,785). Participants reported their activity at work (mostly sitting, standing, walking, or heavy labor), transport-related walking, leisure-time sitting and physical activity. Body mass index was objectively measured. Adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models examined associations between occupational activity category, leisure-time sitting, physical activity and obesity risk. Results: Substantial proportions of men (42%) and women (47%) mostly sit at work. Workers with sitting jobs were significantly more likely to be sufficiently active during leisure-time than workers with mostly standing, walking or heavy labor jobs (RR = 0.88, 0.80, 0.86 respectively). Workers with mostly sitting jobs had significantly higher overweight/obesity risk than workers with mostly standing jobs (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0.95) independent of physical activity and leisure-time sitting. Workers with leisure-time sitting of less than four hours per day had significantly lower obesity risk than workers with four or more hours per day of leisure-time sitting (RR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.69-0.87) independent of physical activity and occupational activity. Conclusions: Sitting time and physical activity are independently associated with obesity. Leisure-time sitting may have a stronger association with obesity risk than occupational sitting. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 55, Issue 1, July 2012, Pages 23-27
Earl S. Ford | Manuela M. Bergmann | Heiner Boeing | Chaoyang Li | Simon Capewell
Objective: To examine the links between three fundamental healthy lifestyle behaviors (not smoking, healthy diet, and adequate physical activity) and all-cause mortality in a national sample of adults in the United States. Method: We used data from 8375 U.S. participants aged ≥ 20. years of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 who were followed through 2006. Results: During a mean follow-up of 5.7. years, 745 deaths occurred. Compared with their counterparts, the risk for all-cause mortality was reduced by 56% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35%-70%) among adults who were nonsmokers, 47% (95% CI: 36%, 57%) among adults who were physically active, and 26% (95% CI: 4%, 42%) among adults who consumed a healthy diet. Compared with participants who had no healthy behaviors, the risk decreased progressively as the number of healthy behaviors increased. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval were 0.60 (0.38, 0.95), 0.45 (0.30, 0.67), and 0.18 (0.11, 0.29) for 1, 2, and 3 healthy behaviors, respectively. Conclusion: Adults who do not smoke, consume a healthy diet, and engage in sufficient physical activity can substantially reduce their risk for early death. © 2012.
The combined effects of healthy lifestyle behaviors on all cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Volume 55, Issue 3, September 2012, Pages 163-170
Martin Loef | Harald Walach
Objective: Lifestyle factors are related to mortality. Although much is known about the impact of single factors, the current evidence about the combined effects of lifestyle behaviors on mortality has not yet been systematically compiled. Method: We searched Medline, Embase, Global Health, and Somed up to February 2012. Prospective studies were selected if they reported the combined effects of at least three of five lifestyle factors (obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, diet, and physical activity). The mean effect sizes that certain numbers of combined lifestyle factors have on mortality were compared to the group with the least number of healthy lifestyle factors by meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the robustness of the results. Results: 21 studies (18 cohorts) met the inclusion criteria of which 15 were included in the meta-analysis that comprised 531,804 people with a mean follow-up of 13.24. years. The relative risks decreased proportionate to a higher number of healthy lifestyle factors for all cause mortality. A combination of at least four healthy lifestyle factors is associated with a reduction of the all cause mortality risk by 66% (95% confidence interval 58%-73%). Conclusion: Adherence to a healthy lifestyle is associated with a lower risk of mortality. © 2012.
A review of chronic and acute physical activity participation on neuroelectric measures of brain health and cognition during childhood
Volume 52, Issue SUPPL., June 2011, Pages S21-S28
Charles H. Hillman | Keita Kamijo | Mark Scudder
A growing body of research has detailed the beneficial relation of chronic participation in-and acute responses to-physical activity on aspects of cognition that underlie scholastic achievement. Here, we review the relevant neuroelectric findings on this beneficial relation in children, providing support for the influence of physical activity on specific cognitive processes that comprise academic performance. Method: A review of studies examining physical activity and neuroelectric concomitants of cognition during childhood is described. When applicable, research involving adult populations is also described to better inform on this relationship in children. Results: Collectively, the data support a beneficial relation of chronic and acute participation in physical activity to brain health and cognition. The results suggest more effective allocation of cognitive processes involved in stimulus engagement and action monitoring during tasks requiring variable amounts of cognitive control in children. Conclusion: Physical activity may influence brain health and cognition in children, leading to enhanced scholastic performance and greater overall effective functioning across the lifespan. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Interactions between psychosocial and built environment factors in explaining older adults' physical activity
Volume 54, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 68-73
Jordan A. Carlson | James F. Sallis | Terry L. Conway | Brian E. Saelens | Lawrence D. Frank | Jacqueline Kerr | Kelli L. Cain | Abby C. King
Objective: To evaluate ecological model predictions of cross-level interactions among psychosocial and environmental correlates of physical activity in 719 community-dwelling older adults in the Baltimore, Maryland and Seattle, Washington areas during 2005-2008. Method: Walkability, access to parks and recreation facilities and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) minutes per week (min/week) were measured objectively. Neighborhood aesthetics, walking facilities, social support, self-efficacy, barriers and transportation and leisure walking min/week were self-reported. Results: Walkability interacted with social support in explaining total MVPA (B = 13.71) and with social support (B = 7.90), self-efficacy (B = 7.66) and barriers (B = - 8.26) in explaining walking for transportation. Aesthetics interacted with barriers in explaining total MVPA (B = - 12.20) and walking facilities interacted with self-efficacy in explaining walking for leisure (B = - 10.88; Ps < .05). Summarizing across the interactions, living in a supportive environment (vs. unsupportive) was related to 30-59 more min/week of physical activity for participants with more positive psychosocial attributes, but only 0-28 more min/week for participants with less positive psychosocial attributes. Conclusion: Results supported synergistic interactions between built environment and psychosocial factors in explaining physical activity among older adults. Findings suggest multilevel interventions may be most effective in increasing physical activity. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults
Volume 54, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 82-87
Emmanuel Stamatakis | Mark Davis | Afroditi Stathi | Mark Hamer
Objective: To examine the associations between sedentary behaviour (SB) measured objectively and by self-report and cardiometabolic risk factors. Method: Cross-sectional analyses of adults ≥ 60 years who participated in the 2008 Health Survey for England. Main exposures were self-reported leisure-time SB consisting of TV/DVD viewing, non-TV leisure-time sitting, and accelerometry-measured SB. Outcomes included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, cholesterol ratio (total/HDL), Hb1Ac and prevalent diabetes. Results: 2765 participants (1256 men) had valid self-reported SB and outcomes/confounding variables data, of whom 649 (292 men) had accelerometer data. Total self-reported leisure-time SB showed multivariable-adjusted (including for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) associations with BMI (beta for mean difference in BMI per 30min/day extra SB: 0.088kg/m 2, 95% CI 0.047 to 0.130); waist circumference (0.234, 0.129 to 0.339cm); cholesterol ratio (0.018, 0.005 to 0.032) and diabetes (odds ratio per 30min/day extra SB: 1.059, 1.030 to 1.089). Similar associations were observed for TV time while non-TV self-reported SB showed associations only with diabetes (1.057, 1.017 to 1.099). Accelerometry SB was associated with waist circumference only (0.633, 0.173 to 1.093). Conclusion: In older adults SB is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, but the associations are more consistent when is measured by self-report that includes TV viewing. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Associations of objectively-assessed physical activity and sedentary time with depression: NHANES (2005-2006)
Volume 53, Issues 4-5, October 2011, Pages 284-288
Jeff K. Vallance | Elisabeth A H Winkler | Paul A. Gardiner | Genevieve N. Healy | Brigid M. Lynch | Neville Owen
Background: Studies provide conflicting evidence for the protective effects of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity on depression. Recent evidence suggests that sedentary behaviors may also be associated with depression. Purpose: To examine the associations of accelerometer-derived moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity and sedentary time with depression among a population-based sample. Methods: Cross-sectional study using 2,862 adults from the 2005-2006 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ActiGraph accelerometers were used to derive both moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity and sedentary time. Results: Depression occurred in 6.8% of the sample. For moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity, compared with those in quartile 1 (least active), significantly lower odds of depression were observed for those participants in quartiles 2 (OR = 0.55, 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.89), 3 (OR = 0.49, 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.93), and 4 (most active) (OR = 0.37, 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.70) (p for trend p< 0.01). In overweight/obese participants only, those in quartile 4 (most sedentary) had significantly higher odds for depression than those in quartile 1 (least sedentary) [quartile 3 vs 1 (OR = 1.94, 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.68) and 4 vs 1 (OR = 3.09, 95% CI, 1.25 to 7.68)]. Conclusion: The current study identified lower odds of depression were associated with increasing moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity and decreasing sedentary time, at least within overweight/obese adults. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Efficacy of a workplace-based weight loss program for overweight male shift workers: The Workplace POWER (Preventing Obesity Without Eating like a Rabbit) randomized controlled trial
Volume 52, Issue 5, May 2011, Pages 317-325
Philip J. Morgan | Clare E. Collins | Ronald C. Plotnikoff | Alyce T. Cook | Bronwyn Berthon | Simon Mitchell | Robin Callister
Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a workplace-based weight loss program (Workplace POWER-WP) for male shift workers. Method: A prospective, two-armed randomized controlled trial of 110 overweight/obese (BMI 25-40) (mean [SD] age = 44.4 [8.6] years; BMI = 30.5 [3.6]) male employees at Tomago Aluminium aged 18-65. In October (2009) men were randomized to either (i) WP program (n= 65) or (ii) a 14-week wait-list control group (n= 45). The 3-month program involved one information session, program booklets, group-based financial incentives and an online component. Men were assessed at baseline and at 14-week follow-up for weight (primary outcome), waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure, resting heart rate, self-reported physical activity and dietary variables, and physical activity and dietary cognitions. Results: Intention-to-treat analysis using linear mixed models revealed significant between group differences for weight loss after 14. weeks (P<. .001, Cohen's d= 0.34). Significant intervention effects were also found for waist circumference (P<. .001, d= 0.63), BMI (P<. .001, d= 0.41), systolic blood pressure (P= .02, d= 0.48), resting heart rate (P<. .001, d= 0.81), physical activity (P= .03, d= 0.77), sweetened beverages (P<. .02, d= 0.5-0.6) and physical activity-related cognitions (P<. .02, d= 0.6). Conclusion: The WP program was feasible and efficacious and resulted in significant weight loss and improved health-related outcomes and behaviours in overweight male shift workers. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 52, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 44-47
Russell Jago | Kirsten K. Davison | Rowan Brockman | Angie S. Page | Janice L. Thompson | Kenneth R. Fox
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether parenting styles and practices are associated with children's physical activity. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of seven hundred ninety-two 10- to 11-year-old UK children in Bristol (UK) in 2008-2009 was conducted. Accelerometer-assessed physical activity and mean minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (mean MVPA) and mean counts per minute (mean CPM) were obtained. Maternal parenting style and physical activity parenting practices were self-reported. Results: In regression analyses, permissive parenting was associated with higher mean MVPA among girls (+. 6.0. min/day, p<. 0.001) and greater mean CPM (+. 98.9 accelerometer counts/min, p= 0.014) among boys when compared to children with authoritative parents. Maternal logistic support was associated with mean CPM for girls (+. 36.2 counts/min, p= 0.001), while paternal logistic support was associated with boys' mean MVPA (+. 4.0. min/day, p= 0.049) and mean CPM (+. 55.7 counts/min, p= 0.014). Conclusions: Maternal permissive parenting was associated with higher levels of physical activity than authoritative parenting, but associations differed by child gender and type of physical activity. Maternal logistic support was associated with girls' physical activity, while paternal logistic support was associated with boys' physical activity. Health professionals could encourage parents to increase logistic support for their children's physical activity. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Human papillomavirus vaccine coverage in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2008
Volume 52, Issue 5, May 2011, Pages 398-400
La'Shan D. Taylor | Susan Hariri | Maya Sternberg | Eileen F. Dunne | Lauri E. Markowitz
Objectives: This study aims to estimate human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage by demographic and sexual behavior characteristics 1-2. years after vaccine licensure in a nationally representative sample of females aged 9-59. years in the United States. Methods: In 2007-2008, a total of 2775 females aged 9-59. years responded to questions on HPV vaccine receipt in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Demographic and sexual characteristics were evaluated for select age categories in bivariate analyses after adjusting for survey design. Results: Overall, 15.2% of females aged 11-26 years reported HPV vaccine initiation; vaccine initiation varied significantly by age. We found no significant difference in vaccine initiation by race or poverty level in either 11-18 or 19-26-year olds. Significantly more 19-26-year olds with private insurance initiated vaccine (16.3%) than those with public insurance (4.0%) (p= 0.04). Among females aged 14-18. years, vaccine initiation was higher in those who ever had sex (28.6%) compared to those who had never had sex (17.8%) (p= 0.05). Conclusions: These results describe HPV vaccine initiation shortly after vaccine licensure. Vaccine initiation was highest in females aged 14-18. years. Efforts should be made to increase HPV vaccine coverage for the recommended age groups. © 2010.
Volume 54, Issue SUPPL., May 2012, Pages S38-S41
Karl Heinz Wagner | Helmut Brath
For a long time non communicable diseases (NCDs) were discussed as burden of the developed world. Recent alarming data show a reverse trend and a dramatic increase of NCDs in the developing world, in particular in highly populated transition countries. This is true for the main mortality triggering diseases such as CVD, cancer or diabetes. Almost 4 out of 5 NCD based deaths happen in low- and middle income countries. This development is multi-factorial and is based on some main trends such as globalization, supermarket growth, rapid urbanization and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. The latter leads to overweight or obesity, which again promotes NCDs similar as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and elevated blood glucose.A high quality diet including functional food or functional ingredients, accompanied by physical activity and a non-smoking policy, is one of the most promising factors in primary and secondary prevention of NCDs. © 2011 Elsevier Inc..
Volume 55, Issue 6, December 2012, Pages 535-539
A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons
Volume 56, Issue 2, February 2013, Pages 152-161
Chris Lonsdale | Richard R. Rosenkranz | Louisa R. Peralta | Andrew Bennie | Paul Fahey | David R. Lubans
Objectives: Physical education (PE) that allows students to engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) can play an important role in health promotion. Unfortunately, MVPA levels in PE lessons are often very low. In this review, we aimed to determine the effectiveness of interventions designed to increase the proportion of PE lesson time that students spend in MVPA. Methods: In March 2012, we searched electronic databases for intervention studies that were conducted in primary or secondary schools and measured the proportion of lesson time students spent in MVPA. We assessed risk of bias, extracted data, and conducted meta-analyses to determine intervention effectiveness. Results: From an initial pool of 12,124 non-duplicate records, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Students in intervention conditions spent 24% more lesson time in MVPA compared with students in usual practice conditions (standardized mean difference = 0.62). Conclusions: Given the small number of studies, moderate-to-high risk of bias, and the heterogeneity of results, caution is warranted regarding the strength of available evidence. However, this review indicates that interventions can increase the proportion of time students spend in MVPA during PE lessons. As most children and adolescents participate in PE, these interventions could lead to substantial public health benefits. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Perceived environmental correlates of physical activity for leisure and transportation in Curitiba, Brazil
Volume 52, Issues 3-4, March 2011, Pages 234-238
Diana C. Parra | Christine M. Hoehner | Pedro C. Hallal | Isabela C. Ribeiro | Rodrigo Reis | Ross C. Brownson | Michael Pratt | Eduardo J. Simoes
Background: Physical activity (PA) has consistently been associated with perceived environmental characteristics. Objective: To examine the association between perceived environmental attributes and various forms of PA in Curitiba, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional phone survey of adults was conducted in 2008 (n = 2097). The questionnaire included environmental perceptions and PA. Principal components analysis was used to identify groups of perceived environmental attributes. Multivariate methods tested the associations of PA with perceived environment characteristics. Results: Perceptions of moderate and high personal safety were positively associated with walking for transportation (53.0%, 53.1% vs. 47.3%, both adjusted ORs [aOR] = 1.5). Number of destinations within a 10-minute walk (4 and > 6 vs < 3) was positively associated with bicycling for transportation (7.8%, 9.9% vs.4.8%, aOR = 2.5). Perception of high accessibility was positively associated with MVPA during leisure time (35.1% vs. 19.1, aOR = 1.7) and meeting recommendations for total PA (58.7% vs. 45.1%, aOR = 1.4). Perception of high quality of the pedestrian space (57.3% vs. 46.5%, aOR = 1.4) and moderate levels of personal safety (54.3% vs. 47.6%, aOR = 1.3) were also positively associated with meeting recommendations for total PA. Conclusions: Different environmental attributes were associated with different PA outcomes, suggesting that these relationships are complex and may differ from those in high-income countries. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Ten Years of TAKE 10!®: Integrating physical activity with academic concepts in elementary school classrooms
Volume 52, Issue SUPPL., June 2011, Pages S43-S50
Debra L. Kibbe | Jacqueline Hackett | Melissa Hurley | Allen McFarland | Kathryn Godburn Schubert | Amy Schultz | Suzanne Harris
Objective: Current literature supports the link between physical activity (PA) or fitness and a child's ability to achieve academically; however, little structured activity time is incorporated into elementary school classrooms. This paper explores the impact of a classroom-based PA program, TAKE 10!, and health-academic integration through existing state and federal policy and programming. Methods: Evidence from journal articles, published abstracts, and reports were examined to summarize the impact of TAKE 10! on student health and other outcomes. This paper reviews 10 years of TAKE 10! studies and makes recommendations for future research. Results: Teachers are willing and able to implement classroom-based PA integrated with grade-specific lessons (4.2. days/wk). Children participating in the TAKE 10! program experience higher PA levels (13%>), reduced time-off-task (20.5%), and improved reading, math, spelling and composite scores (p <0.01). Furthermore, students achieved moderate energy expenditure levels (6.16 to 6.42 METs) and studies suggest that BMI may be positively impacted (decreases in BMI z score over 2 years [P <0.01]). Conclusion: TAKE 10! demonstrates that integrating movement with academics in elementary school classrooms is feasible, helps students focus on learning, and enables them to realize improved PA levels while also helping schools achieve wellness policies. © 2011.
Volume 53, Issue 3, September 2011, Page
Paul Glasziou | Nehmat Houssami
The history of breast cancer screening is littered with controversy. With 10 trials spanning 4 decades, we have a substantial body of evidence, but with different aims and flaws. Combined analysis of the intention-to-treat results gives an overall relative reduction in breast cancer mortality of 19% (95% CI 12%-26%), which, if adjusted for non-attendance gives an approximate 25% relative reduction for those who attend screening. However, given that 4% of all-cause mortality is due to breast cancer deaths, this translates into a less than 1% reduction in all-cause mortality. An emerging issue in interpretation is the improvements in treatment since these trials recruited women. Modern systemic therapy would have improved survival (models suggest between 12% and 21%) in both screened and non-screened groups, which would result in a lesser difference in. absolute risk reduction from screening but probably a similar, or slightly smaller, relative risk reduction. However benefits and harms, particularly over-diagnosis, need to balanced and differ by age-groups. The informed views of recipients of screening are needed to guide current and future policy on screening. © 2011.