|Numéro de publication||US5048100 A|
|Type de publication||Octroi|
|Numéro de demande||US 07/284,975|
|Date de publication||10 sept. 1991|
|Date de dépôt||15 déc. 1988|
|Date de priorité||15 déc. 1988|
|État de paiement des frais||Caduc|
|Numéro de publication||07284975, 284975, US 5048100 A, US 5048100A, US-A-5048100, US5048100 A, US5048100A|
|Cessionnaire d'origine||Michael Kuperstein|
|Exporter la citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citations de brevets (5), Référencé par (80), Classifications (14), Événements juridiques (12)|
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to a pattern recognition method and system and in particular to the use of neural networks for use therewith.
The most popular current approach to pattern recognition has been to analyze an object or pattern into features and attempt to match those features against programmed feature-templates. The major difficulty with this approach for generalized object recognition is that no set of known universal features exist for all objects. Thus for each pattern family, someone has to determine the most efficient features and program them into a classifier.
The growing field of neural networks aims to build intelligent machines using computational methods inspired by the mechanisms of brain function. The field is attempting to solve problems that are either too difficult or impractical for present computer approaches. These problems can be described most generally as computation of pattern recognition and pattern production. Pattern recognition includes the recognition of objects that are seen, heard, or felt; for example, faces, speech and handwriting. Pattern production includes the coordination of many coupled joints and muscles; and the formation of maps of related goals; for example grasping, walking and speaking.
Neural networks deal with information very differently than conventional computers. It is not just that they have a parallel architecture. The most basic differences come from how information is represented, processed and stored.
The computer's basic building blocks are binary numbers. Computers work at their best when inputs are translated into this binary language so that information can be manipulated by binary logic and without any inherent interference from neighboring information. By contrast, information in neural networks is input and processed as patterns of signals that are distributed over discrete processing elements. Neighboring information interact strongly in setting contexts to the patterns of signals. Unlike Artificial Intelligence, there are no symbols to manipulate. Symbolic manipulation has difficulty with problems that require vaguely described patterns like the variations in handwritten characters. Neural networks are designed to work best with pattern information in some context such as that found in the geometric distributions of strokes in character patterns.
Although the architectures of computers and neural networks are very different, recent fast computer processors and graphic displays have made it possible to simulate neural networks.
The architectures of neural networks have a linear or planar arrangement of simple identical computational elements, called neurons, where each neuron can modify the relationship between its inputs and its output by some rule. The power of a given neural network comes from a combination of the geometry used for the connections, the operations used for the interaction between neurons and the learning rules used to modify the connection strengths.
Applicant has successfully applied neural network theory to adaptive sensory-motor control and has implemented it. The networks perceive space subjectively in a robot controller, by the relationship between a how a robot sees and where it moves in space. The neural networks learn from their own experience. They make their own mistakes and organize their own coordination, much like babies do.
The flexibility of a general pattern classifier will not only be of interest to optical character recognition but can also be transferred to speech recognition, object recognition and general signal processing where the signal information is often interrelated, incomplete and even partially contradictory. Commercial applications of neural pattern classifiers will open up new markets in automation of image analysis, product inspection, reconnaissance and interfacing between man and computer. It will eliminate the labor-intensive programming of template features for different families of patterns. This should result in not only higher performance object recognition but also in pattern classifiers that are more cost effective and thus more economically attractive and competitive.
There are a number of other research efforts and patents in neural pattern classification: They are based on concepts that include back-propagation (Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams, 1986), adaptive resonance theory (Carpenter and Grossberg, 1987), Hopfield nets (Hopfield and Tank, 1986) U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,166 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,719,591 and Nestor modules (Cooper and Elbaum, 1981) U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,259.
The main object of the present invention is the use of neural networks having distributed contextual elements to eliminate the difficulties of the prior art. The pattern classifier according to the invention addresses the problem of recognizing handwritten characters which is writer-independent and font independent. The solution involves the classification of varying character-patterns into alphabetic and numeric classes. This classification is achieved in the face of character patterns that vary in size, slant, stroke thickness, asymmetry, number of strokes and disconnected strokes within a background of varying amounts of visual noise.
The present invention is embodied in a neural network system and method that can adaptively recognize each of many pattern configurations from a set. The system learns and maintains accurate associations between signal pattern configurations and pattern classes with training from a teaching mechanism. The classifying system consists of a distributed input processor and an adaptive association processor. The input processor decomposes an input pattern into modules of localized contextual elements. These elements in turn are mapped onto pattern classes using a self-organizing associative neural scheme. The associative mapping determines which pattern class best represents the input pattern. The computation is done through gating elements that correspond to the contextual elements. Learning is achieved by modifying the gating elements from a true/false response to the computed probabilities for all classes in the set. The system is a parallel and fault tolerant process. It can easily be extended to accommodate an arbitrary number of patterns at an arbitrary number of patterns at an arbitrary degree of precision. The classifier can be applied to automated recognition and inspection of many different types of signals and patterns.
The most important differences between the present invention and the other approaches can be summed up by the combination of three new concepts:
1. Topographically organized neural layers;
2. Representations of pattern-contrast orientation and
3. Multilevel spatial scales.
These new concepts in the neural classifier design will significantly increase the recognition ability over other network approaches. The topographically organized neural layers allow an arbitrary degree of recognition resolution. The representations of pattern-contrast orientation are independent of the class of patterns to be recognized. Finally the multilevel spatial scales allow image contrast in different size contexts to affect classification.
There are also other key differences in the adaptive associative network of the present invention versus U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,259 (Nestor). In particular, the present invention does not use threshold logic in the associative algorithm which Nestor uses. Instead, the present invention uses output error (discussed below).
The design of the neural classifier of the present invention has three key aspects:
1. The geometry of the neural architecture.
2. The transformations between neural layers.
3. The learning rule for changing the connection strengths (neural weights).
The design of a neural classifier allows an arbitrary number of neural layers to be added to the system in order to extend the discrimination capacity of the system. Like the brain, if the correct neural transformations are matched with the correct neural geometry, higher order layers should represent increasingly more abstract knowledge of the image patterns. In the disclosed embodiment, there are three neural layers. It will be recognized that more than 3 layers can also be used. Each layer is composed of pattern-contrast representations in a topography. Topography is an ordered spatial representation in which neighboring inputs or outputs correspond to neighboring elements of the representation with possible overlap.
Each successive neural layer has increasingly larger spatial-scale representations of the image. In this way, the classifier can discriminate both small detail variations in a pattern as well as overall configurational changes in a pattern.
In general, the capacity for pattern discrimination of a neural classifier increases as the number of different spatial measures of the input image are computed and then associated with the appropriate classes. The spatial measures should be simple to compute and general enough to allow the largest number of discriminations. Here, we borrow transformations that have been experimentally uncovered in the brain's visual cortex. It has been shown that the brain processes the orientation of visual contrast. This type of processing can be easily mimicked by convolving an image with various kernels as shown by applicant in Generalized Neural Model For Adaptive Sensory-Motor Control of Single Postures Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Automat. Robotics, April (1987), Philadelphia, Pa. 140-144. If these transformations are repeated in higher order neural layers, then increasingly larger spatial-scale representations of the image will be computed.
These and other objects and features of the present invention are achieved in accordance with the present invention by a system and method of classifying a pattern into one of a plurality of pattern classes.
The method comprises for each of a plurality of pattern classes, defining at least one spatial distribution of image contrast relative to a spatial window on an image of a pattern in the pattern class, and converting a pattern to be classified into an image. The image is preferably two dimensional and binary for optical character recognition. The method also includes measuring at least one spatial distribution of image contrast of the image relative to the spatial window on the image, transforming the measured at least one distribution of image contrast into computed pattern classes using a distribution of weights and determining one pattern class from the computed pattern classes to classify the pattern.
The step of measuring preferably comprises convolving the image with at least one different convolution kernel. The step of measuring further comprises averaging the convolutions of the image across spatial sectors within the spatial window and normalizing the averaged convolutions of the image.
When convolving the image with a plurality of different convolution kernels, the of defining comprises, for each pattern class, storing a map of initial neural weights for each convolution corresponding to the spatial distribution for that kernel for the pattern class, initially measuring the spatial distribution of image contrast for each convolution of the image of a pattern known to be classified in the pattern class, transforming the initially measured spatial distributions with the initial neural weight maps to produce computed pattern classes, and determining errors and updating the stored weight maps by comparing the computed pattern class spatial distributions with expected pattern class partial distributions. The step of determining comprises selecting the pattern class with the highest probability from the computed pattern classes.
In character recognition, the step of converting a pattern to be classified into an image comprises converting a page into a binary image, processing the image to determine the number of lines of characters and isolating each character on each line for measurement of the at least one spatial distribution thereof. The spatial window is disposed at the horizontal center of the character to be classified and at a vertical center of the average height of the characters in the line thereof and the window enclosed the character.
The system according to the invention for classifying a pattern into one of a plurality of pattern classes, comprises means for each of a plurality of pattern classes for defining at least one spatial distribution of image contrast relative to a spatial window on an image of a pattern in the pattern class, means for converting a pattern to be classified into an image, means for measuring the at least one spatial distribution of image contrast of the image relative to the spatial window on the image, means for transforming the measured at least one distribution of image contrast into computed pattern classes using, a distribution of weights and means for determining one pattern class from the computed pattern classes to classify the pattern.
The present invention will now be explained in more detail in the following with references to the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the architecture for a neural classifier according to the invention;
FIG. 1a is a detail of the spatial analyzer of FIG. 1.
FIG. 2 show different convolution kernels a-o;
FIG. 3 shows examples of sector template patterns;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the system for implementing the method and system of the invention, and according to the present invention and
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example of classification.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of the architecture for the neural classifier. The binary image I of a character pattern is first transformed by spatial analyzers S1 -Sk which convolve the raw image I into another image. In the preferred embodiment shown, this is a binary two-dimensional image. It is however understood that a three dimensional image could be obtained and that the representation thereof could be in a different number system. The resulting image has element values that vary with different orientations of visual contrast and different orientations of pattern configuration, in the raw image. Pattern configuration is defined as a relative measure of the spatial distribution of image contrast relative to a spatial window. For example, such a measure would tell how much of an image contrast was located in the upper half of a window relative to how much of an image contrast was located in the lower half of the window.
In the case of a handwritten character, the spatial window circumscribes the character. The center of the window is preferably located at the horizontal center of the pattern and at a vertical center of the average height of the neighboring characters. Others contextual constraints on the shape and location of a window can be used to discriminate similar characters. A constraint on window location is necessary to distinguish a handwritten "q" from a handwritten "9" within a line of characters. In this example, the "q" is written lower than the "9" and thus the distribution of image contrast relative to a spatial window would be different.
Examples of common convolution kernels used for the spatial analysis of patterns are shown in FIG. 2. The kernels are composed of a one or more dimensional arrays of coefficients. Clear areas in the two dimensional kernels shown in FIG. 2, contain positive coefficients and grey areas contain negative coefficients. In many cases, the sum of the kernel coefficients=0, so that when a raw image with uniform contrast is convolved with them, the resulting image contains 0 coefficients. The effects of convolving the kernels with an image can be divided into a number of categories that depend on the aspect ratio between the height and width of the kernels, the spatial arrangements of sub-areas in the kernels and ratio of kernel size to pattern size in an image. Table 1 categorizes these different effects. The images resulting from these spatial analyzers are computed by the convolution:
Sij<k> =Iij * Kk (1)
where ij are the image element indices (i=1,2 . . . I; j=1,2 . . . J), 1ij is the raw input image, k is the spatial kernel index (k=1,2 . . . K), Kk is the spatial analyzing kernel and Sij<k> is the resulting image transformations. These images are then normalized in normalizers Ni -Nk (FIG. 1a) to generate relative measures of configuration contrast within each scale. This makes the spatial analysis insensitive to the absolute amount of contrast in the image. The elements of these transformations make up the set of generalized pattern feature elements which are mapped onto pattern classes using a self-organizing associative neural scheme detailed in equations 2--4.
TABLE 1______________________________________EFFECTS OF KERNEL TYPE RELATIVETO PATTERN SIZE KERNEL TYPE: bilateral and trilateral width > width kernel ≈ width <PATTERN: height height height symmetric______________________________________<<kernel uniform uniform uniform uniformsize field ≈ 0 field ≈ 0 field ≈ 0 field ≈ 0<kernel oriented bilateral config. oriented small blobsize config. line≈kernel oriented bilateral config. oriented blobsize config. border>kernel oriented bilateral config. oriented unorientedsize config. subareas edges edges subareas>>kernel high high spatial high high spatialsize spatial contrast spatial contrast contrast contrast______________________________________
Each spatial representation generated by the spatial analyzers S1 -Sk is multiplied by neural weights for all character classes to determine the probability for each pattern class. This is represented by the equation:
Cp =Σij<k> (Sij<k> Wij<k><p>) (2)
where ij are the image element indices, p is the pattern class index (p=1,2 . . . P), Sij<k> is the spatial map representation, Wij<k><p> are the neural weights which associate the spatial maps with the pattern classes and Cp are the computed pattern classes (in this case, the alphabet and numerals). The character class that has the highest value Cp * is the one that the neural classifier computes to have the largest probability of being the correct class (letter or number) for the image pattern.
Cp * =max (Ca, C2 . . . Cp) (3)
An improvement to the above procedures for both memory efficiency and insensitivity to small pattern shifts, is achieved by adding another processing stage A1 -Ak (FIG. 1a) in the spatial analysis. This stage averages the convolution results across spatial sectors within a pattern window:
S'<q><k> =Σij (Sij<k> Aij<q>) (4)
where S'<q><k> are averaged sector results and Aij<q> are the sector-template patterns used in the averaging. FIG. 3 shows examples of sector templates which overlap in the window. The resulting section averages are then normalized to the maximum value:
S"<q><k> =S'<q><k> /max<q><k>) (5)
This normalization allows the pattern classification to be insensitive to variations of stroke width and boldness which causes variations in the spatial convolutions even for the same pattern configurations. The normalized results are then multiplied by weights W1 -Wk for each pattern class to determine the probability for each class (similar to equation 2):
Cp =Σq<k> (S"q<k> Wq<k><p>) (6)
Note that equation 5 requires only a small fraction of the number of weights as equation 2. Just as before, the class with the maximum probability is chosen to represent the original pattern (equation 3). The biggest improvement in equations 4-6 is the insensitivity to unforeseen shifts of novel patterns, thus resulting in more accurate recognition.
The neural weights represent the global association between all the character patterns and all the pattern classes. Because the spatial transformations overlap in all the neural layers, the system provides interpolation for novel character patterns during the recognition period.
The weights are changed during a training period by an automated teacher T comprising a computer (FIG. 1). The teacher module knows the correct pattern class for the training pattern. It computes the errors for all pattern classes and then uses those errors to update the neural weights. The pattern class errors are determined by the difference between the expected, Ep and the computed, Cp pattern classes. Thus the errors: ##EQU1##
The errors are used to update the neural weights by the equation:
W.sub.(n+1)ij<k><p> =W.sub.(n)ij<k><p> +d Sij<k> ep (8)
where n is the trial number, ep are the pattern class errors and d is the learning rate.
The following equation is used to update the weights for the improved spatial analysis scheme:
W.sub.(n+1)q<k><p> =W.sub.(n)q<k><p> +dS"q<k> ep (9)
As the classifier learns, the Cp corresponding to the correct pattern approaches the value 1 while the Cp not corresponding to the correct pattern approaches the value 0. Thus, the values across the set of Cp can be interpreted as the probability distribution of which pattern class is best matched with an input pattern. The pattern class with the highest probability is the one best corresponding to the input pattern.
A preferred embodiment of the neural classifier has been implemented on an image processing system as shown in FIG. 4. A single camera 10 with auto-intensity-compensation converts pattern 1 to a binary image and is connected to an image processing system 20. The image processing system has a high throughput speed which stores the image and weights in memory 25 and allows real time image digitizing in digitizer 21, digital signal processing in processor 22, convolving in convolver 23 and feature extracting in analyzer 24. Software code development and image processor control is done via a host computer 30 and results of digitizing can be seen on monitor 26
The neural input map transformations are processed in 8 bit resolution while the neural weights were processed in 16 bit resolution. This allows a learning rate as small as 0.0001 which is essential in providing precise control over discrimination of similar looking character patterns. The values for the constants and parameters in equations 1-9 for the preferred embodiment are listed in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________CONSTANT VALUES AND PARAMETERS______________________________________I = 32 J = 48 K = 32 P = 20 d = .05______________________________________
kernel description: bilateral type at 1/7, 2/7, 3/7 and 4/7 size of pattern.
The flow chart for the sequence of operations in the preferred embodiment for recognizing hand written print is shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________FLOW CHART FOR CHARACTER RECOGNITION______________________________________LEARNINGI. Preprocess image A. Input raw image B. Clean the image by high spatial contrast of raw image followed by thresholding and normalizing into a binary valued image.II. Isolate Character A. Smear clean image horizontally and vertically, respectively, B. Multiply horizontal smear image by vertical smear image and threshold result into blobs. C. Determine rectangular windows that circumscribe blobs. D. Normalize character size by mapping window of clean image to standard size window.III. Spatial analysis of character A. Convolve binary image with different size kernels (equation 1) and normalize results in each scale (equation 4) B. Normalize convolution result (equation 5).IV. Adaptive Association A. Multiply the result of IIIB with weight maps for each class and sum for each class to yield a probability for each class (equation 2 or equation 6). B. The class with the highest probability is chosen (equation 3). C. Teacher mechanism determines the classification errors (equation 7). D. Update the weight maps dependent on the classification errors (equation 8 or 9).PERFORMANCESame as for LEARNING not including steps IV.C and D.______________________________________
Steps I and II are specific to recognition of hand-written print while steps III and IV can be used for any pattern recognition. The block diagram for the apparatus for carrying out steps III and IV is shown in FIG. 1. The apparatus for carrying out steps I and II is conventional and known in the art. An alternative method of determining the line image of character image in step II is the following:
A. Get a two dimensional, spatial frequency spectrum or facsimile of the raw image. The highest frequency peak corresponds to the average stroke width. The second highest peak corresponds to the average character size. The third highest peak corresponds to the average line height.
B. Compute the kernel sizes required for line and character separation from the spatial frequency spectrum and table 1.
C. Convolve the binary image with a horizontal or near horizontal trilateral kernel to isolate character lines.
D. Convolve the binary image with a vertical or near vertical trilateral kernel to isolate individual characters.
The performance of the neural classifier can be divided into a number of properties that include discrimination ability, grouping ability, sensitivity and efficiency. The ability to discriminate similar character patterns from different classes in combination with the ability to group different character patterns from the same class defines the total recognition ability. These opposing abilities create a tension in the learning nature of the neural classifier. The best recognition performance comes from the most parsimonious balance between these opposing forces. This characteristic of a classification system is very well suited for this invention.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the steps of an example of classification of a pattern.
In step 1, an image pattern of the hand written letter "c" is portrayed and is defined by a 32×32 pixel binary image. The image is then convolved in spatial analyzers S1-Sk where k=48. In this instance, 48 different kernels as shown in FIG. 2a-2o are utilized, including a selection of three of the kernels shown in FIGS. 2a-2o each used in 16 different combinations of size and orientation. For example, in the specific convolution shown at step 2, a trilateral kernel 2 m was used at a 45° angle and in a size configured to be 1/5 the window size. It is noted that the image pattern shown in step 1 is included in the spatial window which is defined by the 32×32 pixels.
Each of the 48 planes is an image defined by 32×32 pixels and in order to reduce the amount of processing information, each of the planes are averaged and normalized in normalizers N1-Nk into a plane of 5×5 values in step 3. As shown in the specific example in step 3, a graphical representation is used to show relative values, where the darker squares represent higher values than the lighter squares and the white squares are 0 values. The example shown in FIG. 3 represents the 48 planes after they have been both normalized and averaged in averagers Al-Ak.
Assuming now that the number of classes equals 26, that is, one class for each letter of the alphabet, (and thus P=26), each of the 48 normalized sector averages from step 3 are multiplied by weight maps W1-Wk. There are weights for each of the 26 classes and thus each class has 48 planes of 5×5 values for multiplying with the 48 sector averages from step 3.
Thus in step 3 the 5×5 sector average from step 3 is multiplied by the weights for the class of letters a-z for the 45° sector average. This same multiplication is carried out for each of the other 47 planes.
Step 4 illustrates two 5×5 sectors which have the weights therein in a graphic representation, wherein the different shades represent relative magnitude.
In step 5 all of the multiplications produce computed values for the 26 classes. From these computer values, the one having the highest probability is selected as the classified pattern. Thus if the pattern for "c" has the highest probability, then the pattern is classified as the letter "c".
In the learning or teaching mode, the output from step 5 is subtracted from the expected value for the letter c and is then used to update all of the weights for the 26 classes as shown in step 4.
Although the preferred embodiment of the generalized neural classifier is for recognizing hand written and typed characters, this invention may also be used in:
1. Computation methods and systems that use topographically defined analysis of signal patterns to directly or indirectly associate with pattern classes.
2. Computation methods and systems that generate sets of spatial contextual elements in one or more dimensions from a pattern of signals which are then used directly or indirectly to associate with pattern classes.
3. Computation methods and systems that generate measures of signal-pattern contrast over one or more dimensions and which are then used directly or indirectly to associate with pattern classes.
4. Computation methods and systems that generate spatial convolutions with spatial kernels configured in one or more dimensions and which are then used directly or indirectly to associate with pattern classes.
It will be appreciated that the instant specification and claims are set forth by way of illustration and not limitation, and that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
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|Classification internationale||G06K9/66, G06N3/02|
|Classification coopérative||G06K9/4628, G06K2209/01, G06K9/4614, G06N3/02|
|Classification européenne||G06K9/46A1H, G06N3/02, G06K9/46A1R1N|
|30 nov. 1992||AS||Assignment|
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