Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, P.O. Box 208284, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
* Corresponding Author: email@example.com (James M. Tour)
This is a draft paper
for a talk at the
Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology.
The final version has been submitted
for publication in the special Conference issue of Nanotechnology.
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This paper describes four significant breakthroughs in the syntheses and testing of molecular scale electronic devices. The 16-mer of oligo(2-dodecylphenylene ethynylene) was prepared on Merrifield's resin using the iterative divergent/convergent approach which significantly streamlines the preparation of this molecular scale wire. The formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and multilayers on gold surfaces of rigid rod conjugated oligomers that have thiol, ,-dithiol, thioacetyl, or ,-dithioacetyl end groups have been studied. The direct observation of charge transport through molecules of benzene-1,4-dithiol, which have been self-assembled onto two facing gold electrodes, has been achieved. Finally, we are reporting initial studies into what effect varying the molecular alligator clip has on the molecule scale wire's conductivity.
Future computational system will likely consist of logic devices that are ultra dense, ultra fast, and molecular-sized.1-3 The slow step in existing computational architectures is not usually the switching time, but the time it takes for an electron to travel between devices. By using molecular scale electronic interconnects,4 the transmit times could be minimized, resulting in computational systems that operate at far greater speeds than is presently attainable from conventional patterned architectural arrays.1 There is another technical advantage that might also be gained from molecular scale devices. A powerful computational system present utilizes ca. 1010 silicon-based devices. If devices were to be based upon single molecules,3r using routine chemical syntheses, one could prepare ca. 1023 devices in a single reaction flask. Of course, the task of addressing large arrays of ordered molecular scale devices is presently unattainable; however, the potential is certainly enough to maintain current and future interests.
Though it is well-documented that bulk conjugated organic materials can be semiconducting or even conducting when doped,5 we only recently determined how thiol-ended rigid rod conjugated molecules orient themselves on gold surfaces,6 and how we could record electronic conduction through single undoped conjugated molecules that are end-bound onto a metal probe surface.7 We have previously describe the syntheses of soluble oligo(3-ethyl-2,5-thiophene-ethynylene)s and oligo(2-alkyl-1,4-phenylene-ethynylene)s, potential molecular scale wires, by a rapid, solution phase iterative divergent/convergent doubling approach,8,9 as well as the syntheses and attachments of protected thiol moieties to one or both ends of the molecular scale wires. These thiols serve as molecular scale alligator clips for adhesion of the molecular scale wires to the gold probes.6,7
Herein we report four significant breakthroughs that could have dramatic implications in the syntheses and testing of molecular scale electronic devices. First, we have completed the synthesis of the dodecyl-containing 16-mer on Merrifield's resin (chloromethyl polystyrene) using the iterative divergent/convergent approach; a method which significantly streamlines the preparation.10 Secondly, we have studied the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and multilayers on gold surfaces of rigid rod conjugated oligomers that have thiol, ,-dithiol, thioacetyl, or ,-dithioacetyl end groups. Thirdly, molecules of benzene-1,4-dithiol have been self-assembled onto the two facing gold electrodes of a mechanically controllable break junction (MCB) to form a statically stable gold-sulfur-aryl-sulfur-gold system, which allows for direct observation of charge transport through the molecules. Finally, we are examining what effect varying the molecular alligator clip has on the molecule scale wire's conductivity.
The monomers needed for the polymer support synthesis were prepared as depicted in Scheme I. The silylated triazene was divided into two portions; the first portion was desilylated to form 1, the anchor unit to be attached to the polymer support, while the second portion was iodinated10 to form the iodoarene 2. Attachment of 1 to the polymer support resin, and the oligomer syntheses on the polymer support are depicted in Scheme II. This polymer support approach greatly simplifies the isolation and purification of oligomers 5, 8, 11, and 14.
Scheme I. Synthesis of the dodecyl-containing anchor 1 and monomer 2.
Full-sized version, 708 x 927 pixels, 13K
Scheme II. The polymer supported iterative divergent/convergent approach to the dodecyl-containing linear oligomers.
As a prelude to the utilization of molecular scale wires in molecular scale electronic devices, it is necessary to understand the molecular ordering on metal surfaces. These sulfur-terminated conjugated oligomers form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces by attachment of the thiol end groups which serve as molecular scale alligator clips.6a The SAMs were analyzed using ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and infrared external reflectance spectroscopy. The thiol moieties usually dominate adsorption on the gold sites; interactions with the conjugated -systems are weaker. Rigid rod ,-dithiols form assemblies in which one thiol group binds to the surface while the second thiol moiety projects upward at the exposed surface of the SAM. In situ deprotection of the thiol moieties by deacylation of thioacetyl groups using NH4OH permits formation of SAMs without having to isolate the oxidatively unstable free thiols. Moreover, direct adsorption, without exogenous base, of the thioacetyl-terminated oligomers can be accomplished to generate gold surface-bound thiolates. However, in the non-base-promoted adsorptions, higher concentrations of the thioacetyl groups, relative to that of thiol groups, are required to achieve monolayer coverage in a given interval. A thiol-terminated phenylene ethynylene system was shown to have a tilt angle of the long molecular axis of <20° from the normal to the substrate surface. These aromatic ,-dithiol-derived monolayers provide the basis for studies leading to the design of molecular wires capable of bridging proximate gold surfaces.
Charge transport in and the measurement of the conductance of single organic molecules is an intriguing, experimentally challenging, and long sought goal. These measurements have been performed on benzene-1,4-dithiolate connected between stable proximal metallic gold contacts using a mechanically controllable break junction (MCB).11 The metal-molecule-metal configuration presents the molecular embodiment of a system analogous to a quantum dot, with the potential barriers replaced by the contact barrier of the gold-thiolate endgroups (Figure 1). The results show a highly reproducible apparent Coulomb gap at about 0.7 V at room temperature. This study provides a direct, quantitative measurement of the molecular conductance of a junction containing a single molecule, a fundamental step in the emerging field of molecular scale electronics.
Figure 1. The desired placement of benzene-1,4-dithiolate between gold electrodes in a MCB. (X = H, Au)
By measuring the conductivity of a series of molecules that are systematically altered, the contribution of each component of a molecular scale electronic device can be determined. For example, the simplest experiment of this type would be to measure the conductivity of identical arrays of molecular wires in which only the wires' attachment to the gold surface is altered. Thus, by varying the molecular alligator clip and examining the molecules' conductivity, the contribution of the alligator clip to the resistance of the molecular wire can be determined. Our initial work has focused on varying the alligator clip by proceeding down the chalcogens from S to Se to Te.
We first desired a stable, yet easily removable, protecting group for selenium that would allow us to use the same in situ deprotection prototcol we had employed for the thioacetates. An investigation of several protecting groups led us to conclude that, as with sulfur, the acetyl group was the protecting group of choice.12 Recently, molecular arrays of both 4,4'-biphenyl thioacetate and 4,4'-biphenyl selenoacetate have been subjected to conductivity examination using an evaporated-metal-top-contact/molecules/metallic-bottom-contact configuration (X = S, Se in Figure 2). It appears that the selenium alligator clip creates a higher barrier for electron transport regardless of the direction of electron flow.13 This is puzzling in light of the greater metallic character of Se versus S which we reasonably assumed would yield a lower barrier for Se. This is also in disagreement with recent theoretical calculations which indicate that the barrier height for selenium should be significantly lower than for sulfur.14 Additional work is underway to explain this unexpected result and examine the corresponding tellurium compound.
Figure 2. System for measuring conductivity of a molecular array. (X = molecular alligator clip)
In summary, we have made four significant breakthroughs in the syntheses and testing of molecular scale electronic devices. First, we have completed the synthesis of the dodecyl-containing 16-mer on Merrifield's resin (chloromethyl polystyrene) using the iterative divergent/convergent approach; a method which significantly streamlines the preparation. Secondly, we have studied the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and multilayers on gold surfaces of rigid rod conjugated oligomers that have thiol, ,-dithiol, thioacetyl, or ,-dithioacetyl end groups. Thirdly, molecules of benzene-1,4-dithiol have been self-assembled onto the two facing gold electrodes of a mechanically controllable break junction (MCB) to form a statically stable gold-sulfur-aryl-sulfur-gold system, which allows for direct observation of charge transport through the molecules. Finally, we are investigating what effect varying the molecular alligator clip has on the molecule scale wire's conductivity.15
1. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology, Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (c) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (d) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems, Kirk, W. P.; Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992.
2. For some theoretical considerations on molecular scale wires, see: (a) Samanta, M. P.; Tian, W.; Datta, S.; Henderson, J. I.; Kubiak, C. P. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 53, R7626. (b) Mujica, V.; Kemp, M.; Roitberg, A.; Ratner. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 104, 7296. (c) Joachim, C.; Vinuesa, J. F. Europhys. Lett. 1996, 33, 635.
3. For some recent background work on the formation of molecular-based transporters and devices, see: (a) Grosshenny, V.; Harriman, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (b) Langler, L.; Stockman, L.; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y.; Issi, J. -P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (c) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (d) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (e) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (f) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (g) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (h) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (i) Wagner, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S.; Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Bocain, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3996. (j) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (k) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L.; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (l) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (m) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (n) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (o) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (p) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (q) Dai, H.; Wong, E. W.; Lieber, C. M. Science 1996, 272, 523. (r) Wu, R.; Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 6906. (s) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1996, 569.
4. "Molecular electronics" is a poorly defined term since some authors refer to it as any molecular-based system such as a film or a liquid crystalline array. Other authors, including us, have preferred to reserve the term "molecular electronics" for single molecule tasks, such as single molecule-based devices or single molecular wires. Due to this confusion, we have chosen here to follow the Petty et al. (Introduction to Molecular Electronics, Petty, M. C.; Bryce, M. R.; Bloor, D., Eds.; Oxford Univ. Press: New York, 1995) terminology by using two subcategories, namely "molecular materials for electronics" for bulk applications and "molecular scale electronics" for single molecule applications.
6. (a) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529. (b) Dhirani, A.; Zehner, R. W.; Hsung, R. P.; Guyot-Sionnest, P., Sita, L. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3319.
8. (a) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (b) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (c) Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1376.
10. (a) Young, J. K.; Nelson, J. C.; Moore, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10841. (b) Bharathi, P.; Patel U.; Kawaguchi, T.; Pesak, D. J.; Moore, J. S. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5955. (c) Polymer-Supported Reactions in Organic Synthesis, Hodge, P.; Sherrington, D. C., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 1980. (d) Nelson, J. C.; Young, J. K.; Moore, J. S. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 8160.
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