|Publication number||US4672528 A|
|Application number||US 06/866,818|
|Publication date||Jun 9, 1987|
|Filing date||May 27, 1986|
|Priority date||May 27, 1986|
|Publication number||06866818, 866818, US 4672528 A, US 4672528A, US-A-4672528, US4672528 A, US4672528A|
|Inventors||John N. Park, Robert L. Steigerwald|
|Original Assignee||General Electric Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (87), Classifications (8), Legal Events (7)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention relates to resonant inverters and more particularly, to a resonant inverter with improved control allowing it to provide a substantially constant output voltage to a load over a wide range of operating conditions.
Operating dc-ac inverters with a resonant circuit is attractive since sine wave currents and voltages can be achieved, and since inverter switching devices can operate with low switching losses. Another advantage of using resonant inverters is the potential for obtaining reduced electromagnetic interference due to the low harmonic content of the sinusoidal current and voltages. One disadvantage of using resonant inverters, however, is that when input power or output load conditions are varying, output voltage or current control may not be achieved through the use of usual control techniques. This is because of the resonant nature of the circuit.
One known resonant inverter output load voltage or current control method is to vary the frequency of the rectangular wave signal supplied to the resonant circuit by the inverter via closed loop control. Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,541,041, of Park et at., which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses in part such a frequency control technique. Briefly explained, the resonant nature of the circuit allows for control of output voltage or current through variation of the frequency at which the inverter's controllable switch means operate. Such a frequency control method has been found satisfactory under normal output load conditions for particular types of resonant inverters (i.e. heavy or medium load conditions for a series resonant inverter and light load conditions for a parallel resonant inverter). The drawback to frequency control, however, is that it may be inadequate to maintain a desired output voltage or current under extended output load conditions (i.e., light or no load conditions for a series resonant inverter and heavy load conditions for a parallel resonant inverter).
By way of example, frequency control of a series resonant inverter will normally be adequate to maintain a desired output voltage during heavy or medium load conditions (i.e., low resistance) because for heavy or medium load conditions, a series resonant circuit has high Q and thus a good dynamic range of voltage or current change as frequency is varied. However, under extended or light output load conditions (i.e., high resistance), the series resonant circuit exhibits a low Q and thus a small dynamic range of voltage or current change as a function of frequency. As a result, in the case of the series resonant inverter, it may be impossible to maintain a desired output voltage or current under light load and no load conditions solely with frequency control.
Therefore, there presently exists a need for a resonant inverter control which, under extended load conditions, provides an improved dynamic range of output voltage or current control than that which can be provided solely by closed loop frequency control.
Accordingly, a principal object of the present invention is to provide a resonant inverter exhibiting an improved dynamic range of output load voltage control under extended load conditions.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a resonant inverter capable of maintaining controlled output load voltage during all loading conditions.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a resonant inverter control which switches automatically between different control modes when necessary to maintain a desired inverter output load voltage.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved method of operating a resonant inverter in order to maintain a desired output load voltage as input power or output load conditions vary.
Briefly, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a resonant inverter having controllable switch means which produce a first component signal and a second component signal is provided. The component signals are combined to form a rectangular wave signal which is supplied to a resonant circuit. The resonant circuit supplies a sinusoidal waveform to a rectifier which produces a DC output voltage. This output voltage furnishes power to a load. An improved control for the inverter in part comprises means for varying the frequency of the rectangular wave signal supplied to the resonant circuit within an operable range of the controllable switch means. The control also includes means for phase shifting the second component signal relative to the first component signal while maintaining the rectangular wave signal frequency constant, and means for selecting between the frequency varying means and the phase shift varying means. The selecting means allows the control to operate in the frequency control mode when the frequency of the rectangular wave signal is within the operable range of the controllable switch means and in the phase shift control mode when the frequency of the rectangular wave signal is at an extremity of the operable range of the controllable switch means.
The invention also comprises a method for controlling output load voltage by varying the frequency of the rectangular wave signal within the operable range of the controllable switch means and phase shifting the second component signal relative to the first component signals when the frequency of the rectangular wave signal is at an extremity of the operable range of the controllable switch means.
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the present invention, the objects, features and advantages of the invention can be more readily ascertained from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a dc to dc converter including a voltage fed resonant inverter having a series connected load;
FIG. 2 is a graphical illustration showing the magnitude of the output voltage plotted against the log of the frequency of the rectangular wave signal supplied to the resonant circuit employed in the inverter of FIG. 1, for heavy load, medium load, light load and no load conditions;
FIGS. 3A-3E are waveform diagrams helpful in explaining the operation of the control technique of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a part block diagram, part schematic representation of the closed loop frequency and phase shift control of the present invention.
The functioning of the control of the present invention will now be described with reference to the resonant dc to dc converter shown in FIG. 1. An external source (not shown) provides input dc power at terminals 7 and 8. Connected across terminals 7 and 8 is a full bridge inverter 10. Inverter 10 has four switching devices that are capable of carrying reverse current and capable of being turned off by a switching signal. The switching devices are shown as bipolar junction power transistors 12, 14, 16 and 18, each switching device having an inverse diode 20, 22, 24, and 26 connected in parallel, respectively. The full bridge inverter is illustrated for purposes of description and it is to be understood that the control technique of the present invention is not limited to such an inverter. Similarly, other switching devices with gate turn-off capability could be used instead of the parallel connected transistor diode combination. Such switching devices include power metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) (reverse current carried by an integral parasitic diode), monolithic Darlingtons (reverse current carried by a parasitic diode), insulated gate transistors (IGTs) and gate turn-off silicon controlled rectifiers each having a diode connected in inverse parallel. The output of inverter 10 is available across junctions a and b between series connected transistors 12 and 14, and series connected transistors 16 and 18, respectively.
Connected between junctions a and b is a series resonant circuit comprising a capacitor 30, an inductor 32, and the primary winding of a transformer 34. The secondary widing of transformer 34 is connected to the input of a full wave rectifier 36. The output of full wave rectifier 36 is connected in parallel with a filter capacitor 38 and an output load (not shown), across which the converter output voltage Vo is produced. An equivalent resistant Req is reflected back into the series resonant circuit through transformer 34.
The resonant nature of the output load voltage of inverter 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown graphically in FIG. 2, where the magnitude of the output load voltage is plotted against the log of the frequency of the rectangular voltage wave signal Va -Vb across the series resonant circuit. For proper power switch commutation, operation above the natural resonant frequency Fr is necessary for self commutating devices such as the illustrated bipolar junction power transistors 12, 14, 16 and 18. However, there is a maximum frequency Fmax beyond which these switching devices will fail to operate satisfactorily. Thus, an operable range o of the switching devices is defined as that frequency range between Fr and Fmax. During normal output load conditions, variation of frequency within this operable range o is usually sufficient to provide the desired output voltage or current control. This concept is illustrated graphically in FIG. 2 for the series resonant inverter, where it can be seen that a desired converter output load voltage Vd may be maintained during heavy load and medium load conditions by frequency control of the rectangular wave voltage signal Va -Vb across terminals a and b in the circuit of FIG. 1. It can also be seen, however, that during light load and theoretical no load conditions, variation of frequency within the operable range o would be insufficient to attain the desired output load voltage Vd. The present invention therefore employs a control technique for enhancing the dynamic range of converter output voltage control primarily needed under light or no load conditions.
The control technique of the present invention may be better understood with reference to the waveforms illustrated in FIGS. 3A-E. Inverter 10 typically operates so as to produce one square wave voltage signal Va at point a, and another square wave voltage signal Vb at point b, 180° out of phase relative to square wave voltage signal Va (see FIGS. 3A and 3B). For purposes of discussion, square wave voltage signal Va will be hereinafter referred to as a first component signal and square wave voltage Vb will be hereinafter referred to as a second component signal. It should be understood, however, that in the following description it is the relative phasing of square wave voltage signals Va and Vb that is important and not which signal is denominated as "first" or "second".
The net effect of producing a first square wave signal Va and a second square wave voltage signal Vb 180° out of phase relative to Va is to place an ac square wave voltage Va -Vb across points a and b (see FIG. 3C). As mentioned earlier, the frequency of voltage signal Va -Vb may be varied within an operable range o of the switching devices in order to control output load voltage or current. The control techique of the present invention is to combine this frequency control with phase shift control when needed to maintain a constant output load voltage.
The dynamic range of converter output load voltage control may be greatly increased during light load conditions by shifting the phase of the second voltage square wave signal Vb relative to the first voltage square wave signal Va while maintaining the frequency substantially constant. As shown in FIGS. 3D and 3E, by phase shifting or phase delaying the second square wave voltage signal Vb ' by θ degrees, a rectangular wave signal Va -Vb ' will result. The particular rectangular wave voltage signal Va -Vb ' appearing across points a and b will vary as the extent of the phase shift varies. For example, the rectangular wave voltage signal Va -Vb ' for a particular frequency will vary from a maximum average value when the phase shift θ is 0° to a minimum average value (i.e., zero) when the phase shift is 180°. In addition, the converter output load voltage will vary correspondingly as the average value of the rectangular wave voltage signal Va -Vb ' varies. Thus, when the frequency is at either extremity of the operable range o of the inverter switching devices, the dynamic range of output voltage control may be greatly expanded by phase shifting the second square wave voltage signal Vb relative to the first square wave voltage signal Va.
The square wave voltage Va -Vb or Va -Vb ' is changed to a sinusoidal waveform by the resonant circuit connected across points a and b in the circuit of FIG. 1. Full wave rectification, and filtering, of the sinusoidal waveform supplied to rectifier 36 by transformer 34 is provided by rectifier 36 and capacitor 38, respectively, to produce a substantially smooth dc output voltage Vo which can be maintained constant over an expanded dynamic range of inverter output frequencies.
One preferred embodiment of the control of the present invention which can be advantageously employed with the resonant dc to dc converter of FIG. 1 will now be described. Referring to FIG. 4, control 50 receives a commanded converter output voltage Vo * and actual converter output load voltage Vo as input signals. The converter output load voltage Vo is received by an isolation amplifier 52 which acts as a buffer. The output signal of isolation amplifier 52 is compared in the summer 54 with the commanded converter output voltage Vo * and the resulting error signal is passed through a proportional plus integral regulator circuit 56, resulting in a control signal Vc at junction c. The regulator 56 shown does not invert the signal.
From junction c, control signal Vc is supplied to a limit amplifier circuit 58. Limit amplifier circuit 58 provides a predetermined maximum output signal in response to a maximum control signal and a predetermined minimum output signal in response to a minimum control signal. The curve shown in block 58 represents the transfer function of the amplifier with the X-axis representing the input control signal and the Y-axis the resulting output signal. Limit circuit 58 essentially serves to constrain the rectangular wave voltage signal Va -Vb within its operable range. The output signal of the limit circuit is provided to a voltage controlled oscillator 60 which generates an ac signal of frequency corresponding to the applied voltage amplitude. The oscillator output signal is supplied to a first flip-flop 62a and, in the frequency control mode, also affects a second flip-flop 62b via a sawtooth generator 78. The outputs of flip-flops 62a and 62b are coupled to base drive circuits 64a and 64b, and to base drive circuits 64c and 64d, respectively. Base drive circuits 64a, 64b, 64c and 64d in turn switch transistors 12, 14, 18, and 16, respectively, of inverter 10 in accordance with timing signals from the outputs of flip-flops 62a and 62b. In the frequency control mode, the timing signals are such as to vary the frequency of the rectangular wave signal Va -Vb so as to minimize the error signal supplied to regulator 56.
Control 50 also contains a mode comparator 70 with hysteresis to determine when it is necessary to switch between frequency control mode and phase shift control mode. For example, in order to maintain the desired amplitude Vd of converter output voltage Vo, the operating frequency of the rectangular wave voltage signal Va -Vb rises as the load becomes progressively lighter, eventually reaching an extremity of its operable range o. At that point, continued increase in load resistance results in a decrease in converter output voltage Vo, causing an increase in the control signal amplitude at junction c. Once the control signal rises to a predetermined level, mode comparator 70 senses that phase shift of the second square wave voltage signal Vb relative to the first square wave voltage signal Va is required in order to maintain the output load voltage at a desired level Vd. Mode comparator 70 accomplishes this by comparing the control signal at junction c with a preset voltage amplitude V.sub.θset. When the control signal at junction c exceeds the preset amplitude V.sub.θset, mode comparator 70 supplies a signal that switches control 50 from frequency control mode to phase shift control mode. The switching function may be accomplished by alternatively enabling and disabling a diode 72. For example, diode 72 is enabled (forward biased) to switch control 50 to a frequency control mode and is disabled (reverse biased) by an output signal from mode comparator 70 to switch control 50 to a phase shift control mode. By employing hysteresis in mode comparator 70, oscillation of the mode comparator due to it drifting between frequency and phase shift control modes is avoided. When diode 72 is enabled (i.e., frequency control mode), control signal Vc is prevented from reaching the negative input of a comparator 76 via buffer 74 because that input to comparator 76 is grounded through diode 72 and comparator 70.
When diode 72 is disabled, that is, when control 50 is in the phase shift control mode, the control signal from junction c is supplied via buffer 74 to phase shift comparator 76. Phase shift comparator 76 compares the control signal with the sawtooth signal produced by sawtooth generator 78, which is clocked by the output of voltage controlled oscillator 60. In so doing, phase shift comparator 76 determines the necessary phase shift or phase delay to maintain the desired converter output voltage amplitude Vd. For example, an increasing control signal at the input to phase shift comparator 76 will result in an increasing phase delay or phase shift signal being supplied by comparator 76 to the second flip-flop 62b which in turn supplies a delayed timing signal to base drive circuitry 64c and 64d to implement the appropriate phase delay of the second square wave signal Vb relative to the first square wave signal Va.
The operation of control 50 will now be described. The actual output load voltage Vo coupled through isolation amplifier 52 is compared in summer 54 with commanded output voltage Vo * to develop an error signal. The error signal is applied to proportional plus integral regulator 56 which produces control signal Vc at junction c. From junction c the control signal is supplied to mode comparator 70 which determines whether frequency control mode is adequate or whether phase control mode is needed. If the control signal at junction c exceeds a preset value, phase control mode is initiated by the mode comparator's disabling of diode 72. The present value V.sub.θset of control signal to which mode comparator 70 is adjusted is chosen to occur at the value where an inadequacy of output control by the frequency control mode would occur; i.e., when the frequency is at an extremity of the operating range of the inverter switching devices.
When operating in the frequency control mode, the relatively small control signal at junction c is supplied through limit amplifier circuit 58 to voltage controlled oscillator 60. The voltage controlled oscillator output signal is supplied to first flip-flop 62a and to sawtooth generator 78. The output signal of sawtooth generator 78, however, is prevented from actuating flip-flop 62b since the control signal at junction c is disabled from the input to comparator 76 by diode 72 as explained above. Thus, while in frequency control the commanded output phase delay at comparator 76 is zero. Flip-flop 62b is driven by flip-flop 62a at the same frequency thereof, by an output signal from flip-flop 62. However, the output signal from flip-flop 62b is 180° out of phase with the output signal of flip-flop 62a under this condition. Accordingly, base drive circuitry 64c and 64d operate transistors 18 and 16, respectively, 180° out of phase with transistors 12 and 14 which are driven by base drive circuitry 64a and 64b, respectively.
When the control signal at junction c exceeds a preset value, meaning that frequency control is no longer adequate, mode comparator 70 disables diode 72. The disabling of diode 72 results in transfer of the control signal at junction c via buffer 74 to the input of phase shift comparator 76. Comparator 76 consequently triggers flip-flop 62b after a time delay determined by the output voltage waveform from sawtooth generator 78. Flip-flop 62b then turns on transistors 16 and 18 of inverter circuit 10 shown in FIG. 1 through base drive circuitry 64c and 64d, respectively. Transistors 12 and 14 are turned on earlier by signals from base drive circuitry 64a and 64b, respectively, in response to an output signal from flip-flop 62a.
It will be noted from the above that this invention fully meets the objectives set forth. A resonant inverter is described with control circuitry that ensures control, during extended load conditions, of an output load voltage of a converter in which the resonant inverter is employed. Further, a resonant inverter control method is provided which allows for the maintenance of a desired output voltage under varying input power and output load conditions.
Although one embodiment has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing description for a particular resonant dc to dc to converter, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiment discussed but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the control technique would be equally applicable to different resonant inverter configurations. Other changes, within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims, will suggest themselves to those skilled in this art.
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|U.S. Classification||363/98, 363/17|
|Cooperative Classification||H02M3/3376, Y02B70/1441, Y02B70/1433, H02M2007/53878|
|May 27, 1986||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORP. OF NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:PARK, JOHN N.;STEIGERWALD, ROBERT L.;REEL/FRAME:004558/0831
Effective date: 19860521
|Jun 18, 1990||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 13, 1992||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NORTH AMERICAN POWER SUPPLIES, INC., A CORP. OF IN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A NY CORP.;REEL/FRAME:006080/0673
Effective date: 19920107
|Sep 23, 1994||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 18, 1996||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NORWEST BANK OF MINNESOTA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, M
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:NORTHERN AMERICAN POWER SUPPLIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:007894/0422
Effective date: 19960325
|Sep 23, 1996||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NORWEST BANK MINNESOTA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, MINN
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Effective date: 19960912
|Oct 14, 1998||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12