It takes chutzpah to tweet “rockets are tricky” shortly after one you have just launched has deliberately blown itself up. But Elon Musk, founder and boss of SpaceX, is not a man who lacks self-confidence, and he did just that on Aug. 22 after the terminal malfunction of one of his company’s Falcon 9 vehicles.
That Arianespace, a French rival of SpaceX, announced on the same day that two satellites it had tried to launch to join the European Space Agency’s Galileo constellation (intended to rival America’s Global Positioning System), had entered a “non-nominal injection orbit” — in other words, gone wrong — shows just how difficult the commercialization of space can be.
If spacecraft are so precarious, then perhaps investors should lower their sights. But not in terms of innovation; rather in altitude. Airbus, a European aerospace company, thinks that developing satellite-like capabilities without satellites is the answer. Hence the firm’s recent trial, at an undisclosed location (but one subject to Brazilian airspace regulations) of Zephyr 7, a high-altitude “pseudo-satellite,” or HAPS for short.
Zephyr (named after the Greek god of the west wind) is actually an unmanned, ultralight, solar-powered, propeller-driven aircraft. But it is designed, just as some satellites are, to hover indefinitely over the same part of the world. With a 23-metre wingspan and a weight of only 50 kilograms, it is fragile and must remain above the ravages of the weather and the jetstream both by day and by night. It therefore flies at an altitude of around 21 kilometres during daylight hours, and then glides slowly down to around 15 kilometres when the sun is unavailable to keep it aloft.
Its solar cells, which are mounted on its wings, produce 1 kilowatt for every kilogram of panel. That power is fed into lithium-sulphur rechargeable batteries which can store 350 watt-hours per kilogram. (For comparison, the lithium-polymer batteries in iPhones store around 200 watt-hours per kilogram.) The result is a plane that can, potentially, stay aloft for months, though its longest test-run so far is a mere two weeks.
The Zephyr team achieved all this by following the principle of “adding lightness” — jettisoning anything that did not help make the aircraft fly higher and longer. That included the undercarriage. But Zephyr weighs so little and travels so slowly (about 12 knots as it approaches the runway) that its landing is little more than a scrape.
Airbus plans to restrict the marketing of Zephyr’s commercial successors to places within 40 degrees north or south of the equator. That will keep the plane away from latitudes where the winter day is too short for a full recharge, but this should not be too much of a handicap to the company’s marketing department, because almost 90 per cent of the world’s population lives in these sunnier climes.
The main uses for satellites are observation and communication. Both are appealing markets for HAPS. Hovering drones could act as relays for telephone calls and Internet traffic in places that do not have good enough infrastructure on the ground. And there is never a shortage of customers who would like to snoop on various parts of the Earth’s surface, whether for commercial or military reasons.
By satellite, such snooping is done from an altitude of about 800 kilometres. Zephyr flies at one-fortieth of that, so the optics its needs to take pictures are far less demanding. (Just as well, of course, for it is unlikely to be able to carry a huge payload.)
Airbus is not alone in the HAPS game.
Google and Facebook are involved as well — and with similar customers in mind —— though Google will also be its own customer, because keeping its Google Earth imagery up to date is a demanding task.
Paul Brooks, spokesman for Airbus’ HAPS program, said he does not see these firms as competitors, but rather as collaborators in proving the idea of endurance flight and promoting the changes in regulations needed to permit its safe use. Once this has happened, and the world’s aviation authorities have agreed common operating standards, HAPS should prove a cheap and reliable alternative to blasting things into orbit.