Lyophilization (freeze-drying) technique is applied to increase the stability and shelf life of proteins, and decrease shipping cost. Lyophilization may cause loss of activity or aggregation of proteins. But addition of protectants (stabilizers, additives, excipients) and proper control of lyophilization conditions will minimize the adverse effect for most proteins.
Protectants (stabilizers) are added to protect proteins during lyophilization and/or long-term storage. Proteins are subjected to various stresses generated by lyophilization which may cause loss of activity, aggregation, or denaturation. Protectants can alleviate the stresses by several mechanisms including formation of an amorphous glassy state, replacing water, hydrogen bonding to proteins, physical dilution and separation of protein molecules, etc. Common protectants/stabilizers include sugars, polyols, polymers, surfactants, as well as some proteins and amino acids. We use trehalose and mannitol (normally 8% w/v) as protectants for lyophilization. Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide, well-known for its ability to stabilize biomolecules and microorganisms during prolonged period of desiccation. Mannitol is also commonly used as a stabilizer as well as a bulking agent in the process of lyophilization. It was reported to reduce aggregation for some proteins during lyophilization.
We recommend using sterile water for reconstitution. Add the recommended volume of sterile water of to the vial, and gently shake it to solubilize the protein completely. Do not shake violently. PBS or other buffer can also be used as reconstitution agent as the salts in PBS can be omitted when the concentration and reconstitution volume is low. If possible, we suggest you compare the results of different reconstitution agents.
The initial use of protein tags is for protein purification purpose. In addition, tags are also used for protein detection in several applications, such as western blot and ELISA, when the specific antibodies are not available. Furthermore, Fc tag stabilizes molecules, which may increase the half-life of the linked products. Since the Fc fragment tends to dimerize, it helps the linked protein, particularly receptors, to form biologically active dimers. SBI also has human IgG1 Fc region (10702-HNAH ) and mouse IgG1 Fc region (10690-MNAH ) for purchase as a control.
It is different from case to case. For some applications, small tags, such as His-tag and FLAG-tag, may not affect protein activity and do not need to be removed. For example, there are more than 100 structures of His-tagged proteins in the Protein Data Bank. This indicates that the small His-tag often do not interfere with correct protein folding. Additionally, tested activity results are listed on our protein web pages, if you have concerns about tags interfering with protein activity. If there is no activity data online and activity is crucial to your experiments, please feel free to contact us (firstname.lastname@example.org) for latest information. For some recombinant proteins from SBI, fusion tags are removable by proteases. Please contact us for details.
If a specific application is not listed in SBI Certificate of Analysis and not tested by SBI yet, please send us your requirements to email@example.com. We will check if we could perform the assay or if any published data of the same product and the same application are available.
Lyophilized proteins are stable for at least twelve months from date of receipt when stored at -20℃ to -70℃. Upon reconstitution, the proteins can be stored at 2℃ - 8℃ for at least 1 month without detectable loss of activity. Reconstituted protein can also be aliquoted and stored frozen at -20℃ to -70℃in a manual defrost freezer for six months without detectable loss of activity. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. cDNAs can be stored at 2℃ - 8℃ for at least 6 months.
Normally we determine the concentration of proteins and antibodies by measuring their UV absorbance. The concentration of proteins and antibodies is calculated by their extinction coefficients. We also use BCA, SDS-PAGE, HPLC and other methods to quantify the proteins and antibodies.
Different assays generate different quantification result. Sometimes the discrepancy can be significant if you conduct a different assay. It is also possible that the protein forms aggregations during storage which causes loss after reconstitution and centrifugation. We run quality control tests for each batch of proteins and antibodies. However, it is still inevitable that a few vials are not the same with the rest of the same batch. This happens very rare and can be minimized by our effort on Quality Control.
You can call us at +86-400-890-9989 or send us an email to firstname.lastname@example.org. We will repeat your quantification assay on the same batch of product that was sent to you. If there is a discrepancy between the two assays, we will perform more types of assays to determine the quantity. If the quantity is actually incorrect, we will make up the shortage for free and give you credits for your future orders.
Currently our ELISA kits contain the Capture Antibody, the Detection antibody, and the Standard (recombinant protein). Other buffer solutions and Substrate stock solutions required for the development of sandwich ELISAs need to be prepared by customers.
Each kit contains sufficient materials to run ELISA assays on five 96-well plates (5 x 96T). If you have any other question, please see the product's Certificate of Analysis or contact us directly.
Specific storage recommendations are listed on the Certificate of Analysis. We recommend that all antibodies be aliquoted into smaller aliquotes and stored at -20° C or below. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles as this will affect antibody activity. We cannot guarantee how the performance of the antibodies if they are not stored as stated on the datasheet.
Unless otherwise indicated in the data sheet, most of our antibodies can be stored at 2℃-8℃ for one month without detectable loss of activity and are stable for twelve months from date of receipt when stored at -20℃ to-70℃. Repeated freezing and thawing should be avoided.
All Sino Biological Inc.'s antibodies are supplied as liquid. It remains stable during the delivery process at ambient temperature. We have tested every antibody's stability and activity following a period of more than 7 days at -20°C, room temperature, or 37°C. Antibodies under all three conditions turned out to be equally active and stable. For detailed information, please go to: /Stability-of-our-antibody-a-1393.html
No. Sino Biological Inc. ships thousands of antibodies every week to customers all over the world at ambient temperature. Loss of activity has never occured. We have tested every antibody's stability and activity following a period of more than 7 days at -20°C, room temperature, or 37°C. Antibodies under all three conditions turned out to be equally active and stable. For detailed information, please go to: http://www.sinobiological.com/Stability-of-our-antibody-a-1393.html However, upon receipt, antibodies should be stored according to the datasheet recommendations immediately.
The catalog number of the recombinant protein used as the immunogen is listed on the Certificate of Analysis. Please contact us via email@example.com if additional information is needed.
Sino Biological Inc. cannot guarantee the performance of an antibody in an un-tested species. We can, however, make some educated guesses based the sequence that was used to generate the antibody. However, we cannot guarantee cross-reactivity even if the aligned sequences have a high identity score. We would greatly appreciate it if you would test our antibody on an un-validated species and share the results with us. We will issue you credits in return for your data.
Customers can find all the tested applications for each particular antibody by visiting Sino Biological Inc. Antibody website. We do not list any un-tested applications. We would greatly appreciate it if you would test our antibody on an un-validated species and share the results with us. We will issue you credits in return for your data.
We list a dilution suggestion on the datasheet for most of our antibodies. Please remember that these dilutions and concentration estimates are simply recommended as a starting point, and it may be necessary to adjust the dilution based on the experimental results.
The cDNA on pMD18-T Simple vector is a TA clone, and multiple cloning site (MCS) is unavailable. Therefore, you would need to use specific PCR primers to sub-clone the inserted cDNA into other vectors. The cDNA on pGEM-T vector is a TA clone. But MCS is also available on this vector. Therefore, you could use either restriction enzyme digestion or PCR to sub-clone the inserted cDNA. The cDNA on Vector 3 has MCS. The restriction enzymes used in each vector 3 clone and the maps is indicated in the products datasheet.
Since the pMD18-T Simple Vector is a TA-cloning vector, the cDNA insertion direction was not controlled. The inserts could be in either direction.
Please see the Usage Protocol below. Cut out the marked circle part from the center of the Whatman FTA elute card; Transfer this filter paper to a 1.5ml micro-centrifuge tube containing 150-200μl of sterile H2O. Make sure the filter paper is completely immersed in the sterile H2O. Incubate the tube at 95℃ for 15–30 min. After the incubation, pulse vortex or tap gently the tube approximately 60 times; Briefly centrifuge the tube for 30 seconds, and take out the supernatant. The supernatant contains the purified DNA. This DNA could be used for PCR or transformation directly.