Abstract : Glioblastomas are a particularly aggressive form of tumour and the outcome for patients with this tumour is extremely poor. The median survival time of a patient is roughly equal to 12 months even if a treatment has been implemented. One factor that makes gliomas so dificult to treat is their high invasiveness, enabling tumour cells to migrate from the main tumour mass into the surrounding healthy tissue. Moreover not much is known about the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The aim we set for my thesis work was to interest ourselves in these invasion mechanisms by studying in vitro migration of glioblastoma cells. To this end we created a microscopic model, based on a cellular automaton, for the description of the glioblastoma cell migration on two kinds of substrates : collagen and monolayer of astrocytes. Cells migrate according to predefined rules, depending on the interactions (contact or long-range) assumed. The comparison between simulations and experiments allows us to validate the model and to stress two phenomena : communication between tumour cells and between tumour cells and astrocytes (this communication could favour the invasion of tumour cells) and secretion of a chemorepellent factor, from the main tumour bulk, acting on cell migration. To describe the evolution of a more realistic tumour mass, we constructed and validated, starting from the automaton, a macroscopic model (nonlinear diffusion equation), by taking in account the interactions between them.