At the age of eight, George Orwell, then known as "Eric Blair," was sent to a preparatory boarding school on the South Coast of England. He called this school "Crossgates" in his autobiographical essay Such, Such Were the Joys...; Crossgates, an expensive and snobbish school, was presided over by a husband-and-wife team of schoolmasters, nicknamed Sim and Bingo, respectively. Though Such, Such Were the Joys... is by no means a political piece of writing, it nevertheless contains references to victims, oppressors, and a highly systematized form of tyranny.  In this atmosphere of constant taunting and endless competition for scholarships, Orwell developed a contempt for any type of authority.
Not yet twenty years old, Orwell enlisted in the Indian Imperial Police and served in Burma for five years. During these years, Orwell witnessed Imperialism at its worst; saw hangings, floggings, and filthy prisons, and he "was forced to assert a superiority over the Burmese which he never really felt."  Little economic or cultural progress was made and Orwell left this situation with the conviction that Imperialism was too evil to risk one's life for.
In 1936, Orwell joined the Republican side and fought in the Spanish Civil War. Through first-hand experience, Orwell saw propaganda and the perversion of history used for the first time as instruments of war. The deliberate distortion of facts by both Left and Right seemed to Orwell to be even more terrible than "the roar of bombs." Orwell believed the unchecked distortion of objective truth would create far worse situations for mankind than any ideological war ever could. For power, Orwell realized, had become an end in itself.
The first of Orwell's great cries of despair was Animal Farm , his satirical beast fable, often heralded as his lightest, gayest work. Though it resembles the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalin, it is more meaningfully an anatomy of all political revolutions, where the revolutionary ideals of justice, equality, and fraternity shatter in the event.  Orwell paints a grim picture of the political 20th century, a time he believed marked the end of the very concept of human freedom.
Animal Farm is constructed on a circular basis to illustrate the futility of the revolution.  The novel is a series of dramatic repudiations of the Seven Commandments, and a return to the tyranny and irresponsibility of the beginning. The only change will be in the identity of the masters, and ironically, that will be only partially changed.
Animal Farm begins by introducing Mr. Jones, the master of the farm, who is too drunk to shut the popholes in the henhouse. The owner of Manor Farm also forgets to milk the cows, a biologically-serious omission, and is irresponsible toward the rest of his animals. (Later yet, the pigs will also forget the milking, an ironic parallel that reveals the subsequent corruption of the revolution.) One of the cows breaks into the store shed and Mr. Jones and his helpers try to fight off the hungry animals. "A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart track that led to the main road, with the animals pursuing them in triumph." Then, "almost before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully carried through - Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs." Yet with the revolution secured, there are graver dangers than the threat of invasion and counter-revolution. The ultimate corruption of the revolution is presaged immediately:
"They raced back to the farm building to wipe out the last traces of Jones' hated reign... the reins, the halters, the degrading nosebags, were thrown onto the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips."Their reaction is understandable, but the desciption of the inevitable and immediate violence foreshadows the fate of the rebellion: reactionary cruelty, the search for the scapegoat, and the perversion of the ideals of the revolution. 
Nevertheless, the animals are too overjoyed with their sudden success. Snowball, one of the pig leaders (the other is Napoleon), with the assistance of Squealer, the pigs' public-relations "man," crosses out the name "Manor Farm" and climbs a ladder and writes these words on the end wall of the big barn:
Thus the ideals of the revolution are spelled out in writing and yet these same ideals are perverted almost immediately. With the task of harvesting the hay presenting itself to the animals, Snowball cries, "... to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do." All the animals proceed directly to the hayfield, but the pigs, rather than working, direct and supervise the others. "With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership." The pigs' managerial role foreshadow the perversion of the Seventh Commandment.The Seven Commandments 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal.
In this period of bliss, there are brewing far more horrible situations for the animals of Animal Farm. While Snowball is organizing "The Egg Production Committee" for the hens and the "Clean Tails League" for the cows, Napoleon, the sinister pig tyrant, is carefully educating a few puppies for his own evil purposes. Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick, the owners of the farms adjoining Animal Farm, spread rumors of cannibalism, torture with red-hot horseshoes, and poligamy. On the other hand, there are rumors of a "wonderful farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs" - in short, a paradise. Neither set of rumors is true - for is not the social situations of conflicting ideologies that Orwell concerns himself with, but the misrepresentation, the falsification, and the distortion of fact which leads unfortunately to disaster and misery. 
The way fact is distorted and misrepresented is graphically portrayed in the rivalry between Snowball and Napoleon over the construction of a windmill. During a meeting, Snowball has almost swayed the animals to his side, that is, for the construction of the windmill, when suddenly nine huge dogs, the product of Napoleon's evil efforts, chase Snowball off the farm. Snowball becomes the scapegoat in Napoleon's plans, and everything that comes to harm Napoleon's regime will be blamed on Snowball. The remainder of Animal Farm is a chronicle of the consolidation of Napoleon's power through clever politics, propaganda, and terror. On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals hear that Napoleon wants the windwill to be built after all:
"The evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon's papers... He had seemed to oppose the windmill, simply as a maneuver to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a bad influence."The animals are not sure of Squealer's explanation but a few of Napoleon's dogs growl so threateningly that the animals accept it without question. This developing state of tyranny and oppression will ultimately transform the "unalterable" Seven Commandments into Napoleon's own laws.
The windmill soon becomes the means by which Napoleon exerts control. He uses it to direct the animals' attention away from the growing shortages and inadequacies on the farm, and the animals ignorantly concentrate all their efforts on building the windmill. The symbolic nature of the windmill is itself important - it suggests an empty concentration, a meaningless, unheroic effort, for the idea is literally misguided. 
It is about this time that the rest of the animals notice that the pigs have taken residence in the farmhouse, and contrary to what they believe has been ruled against, the pigs have begun to sleep in beds. Clover the horse is doubtful, but she reads the Fourth Commandment on the barn wall, and concludes that she was mistaken after all: "No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets." Beginning with this small but significant change in the unalterable Laws of Animalism, there will be an even greater and more profound change - the blatant alteration of history.
Half-finished, the windmill is suddenly destroyed, at the hands, so says Napoleon, of the traitor, Snowball. Work on the windmill resumes, this time with less rations for the animals. Almost "sure" of Snowball's secret collaboration with some of the animals, Napoleon calls together the entire population of the farm.
"Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet... When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess."Before long, there is a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and the air is heavy with the smell of blood. Even so, the terror and senseless death are both shattering experiences, but they are at least comprehensible; far more terrifying is the overt alteration of consciousness which follows the slaughter, the blatent misrepresentation of the past, which goes unchallenged.  Lacking the right words to express her thoughts after the slaughter, Clover begins to sing Beasts of England, the patriotic song of the Rebellion. Squealer stops her and tells her that Beasts of England is of no use anymore, because the better society portrayed in the song has already been achieved. The irony in this statement is almost absurd, yet the animals have failed to grasp its meaning.
Rebuilt completely, the windmill is once again destroyed, this time by Frederick and his followers who try to retake Animal Farm, but are defeated, inflicting many casualties on both sides. To celebrate their victory, the pigs get drunk off a case of whiskey found in the cellar of the farmhouse. A few days later, the animals realize that they have remembered another Commandment incorrectly. It now read: "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess." With so little opposition to this outright alteration of fact, nothing stands in the way of the pigs.
Boxer, the strongest and hardest-working animal, falls ill. Though the van in which the dying Boxer is taken away has the words "Horse Slaughterer" painted on the sides, Squealer assures the other animals that the veterinary surgeon had just recently bought it, and did not have time to paint the old name out. Boxer, devoting his unceasing labor to the pigs, outlives his usefulness, and is rewarded by being sent to the glue factory.
Years pass, and most of the animals involved in the Rebellion have been forgotten. The only Commandment left on the barn wall is this:
The name "Animal Farm" is changed back to "Manor Farm." A deputation of neighboring farmers meet the pigs and tours the farm. Toasting each other's prosperity, Pig and Human alike proceed to play a game of cards. Suddenly:All Animals are Equal But some animals are more equal than others.
"Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which."This scene illustrates the essential horror of the human condition - there have been, are, and always will be pigs in every society, and they will always grab for power.  It is the "human nature" of the animals that defeats them. 
Animal Farm is the story of a revolution gone sour. Animalism, Communism, and Fascism are all illusions which are used by the pigs as a means of satisfying their greed and lust for power. As Lord Acton wrote: "Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely." So long as the animals cannot remember the past, because it is being continually altered, they will have no control over the present and hence over the future.
Copyright © 1979, 1997 Paul Eissen. All rights reserved.
Last modified 19 December 1997 by firstname.lastname@example.org