Bluefin tuna have become a posterchild for the marine conservation movement. A single bluefin can sell for tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars, which results in heavy fishing pressure. Conservationists and fisheries scientists have tried for years to get the fishing quota reduced. They tried to get CITES protection for the bluefin. Citing both heavy fishing pressure and the fact that the oil spill occurred in bluefin spawning grounds in the Gulf, some recently tried to get these animals protected under the Endangered Species Act. To date, these efforts have fallen short, resulting in just a modest quota reduction at ICCAT. New research, however, shows just how important protecting this group of fishes is.
For the first time, all 61 species of scombrids (tuna, bonito, mackerel) and billfishes (swordfish and marlin) have been assessed according to IUCN Red List criteria. The good news is that 39 of the 61 species are classified as Least Concern. The bad news is that these are, for the most part, not the species being fished.
Seven species are in a threatened category- either Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered. Five of the eight species of tuna are either in one of these categories or in the almost-as-bad Near Threatened category, as are blue, white, and striped marlin. Southern bluefin are classified as critically endangered, and Atlantic bluefin are classified as endangered.
This week is “KOBE III”, a gathering of all the Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) like ICCAT responsible for managing international tuna fisheries. Jean Christopher Vie, deputy director of the IUCN’s Species Survival Programme, hopes that the RFMO officials will heed the new report’s recommendations and use the KOBE III conference to commit to decisive action at each upcoming tuna RFMO meeting .”This new study shows that there is an urgent need for effective management,” he said. “Scientific findings should not be discarded in order to maintain short-term profit. Marine life and jobs for future generations are both at stake.”
Lucy Harrison, an IUCN officer and an author on this paper, said “there are some examples of successful management regimes… and managers of those threatened fishes need to look to these for ideas on how to allow their species to recover.” The authors recognized that while shutting down these fisheries entirely would do the most to rebuild stocks, the economic consequences would be great. Instead, they recommend substantial quota reductions for fishermen catching these fishes.
With this study, conservationists and fisheries scientists provide even more evidence than ever before that these fishes are in serious trouble. Due to the fact that multinational fleets exploit them in international waters, even CITES proponents believe that science-based fishing quotas at the RFMO and national level are critical components to effective tuna conservation. Now, all eyes are on fisheries managers to see if they will take action in time to rebuild populations of these exceptional animals.