Paul Broca (1824-80)
Paul Broca was an innovative surgeon. He combined anthropology with medical research and practice, especially neurology. Throughout the 1850s he studied aphasia, conditions in which language is affected. In 1861 he became the first to demonstrate at autopsy that a speech defect was linked to a specific spot in the brain (known today as Broca’s area). Broca’s discovery saw renewed interest in the relationship between the physical brain and psychological and intellectual characteristics.
Broca founded the Anthropological Society of Paris, which linked comparative anatomy to anthropology, in 1859. He invented new instruments to measure physical differences, as he and his friend Alphonse Bertillon were convinced quantitative measurements revealed individual character and ability. While Bertillon identified individual criminals, Broca compared the average anatomy of different populations or ‘races’. Broca and other scientists practising anthropometric measurement believed the skull’s shape and size showed Europeans were superior.
Broca’s practices now appear racist, but his politics were complicated. He was a left-wing atheist who argued against African enslavement. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Broca did not oppose the mixing of different racial or ethnic groups. However, his conclusions about the relationship between physical difference and ability helped foster racist and sexist theories. Many of these were not rejected until after the Second World War.
Related Themes and Topics
Techniques and Technologies:
F Schiller, Paul Broca: Founder of French Anthropology, Explorer of the Brain (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980)
J Michael Hecht, The End of the Soul: Scientific Modernity, Atheism, and Anthropology in France (New York: Columbia University, 2003)
S Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 1981)
The social, cultural and geographical study of humans and humankind.
The study of the functions, anatomy and organic disorders of the nervous system.
The measuring of body parts so that comparisons can be made. The aim is to measure normal and abnormal development. In the past, it has also been used in attempts to measure racial difference.