a receptor found deep in the dermis that detects pressure on the skin surface,deep pressure.
Sweat glands that can be found all over the body and produce a transparent watery liquid.
in the upper dermal region. uneven fingerlike projections from superior surface which indent the epidermis above.
As new skin cells approach the surface of the skin, their cytoplasm is replaced by a unique waterproof protein.
connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints that secretes synovial fluid.
inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.
Lines body cavities surfaces that open to the exterior. They are wet or moist membranes bathed by secretions.
Second- degree burn
A burn that involves the deep epidermal layers and causes injury to the upper layers of the dermis.
The very thin, gluelike connective tissue that holds and supports the epithelial cells.
The transitional area that serves as a point of "fusion" where skin and mucous membranes meet.
The receptors deep in the dermis that are capable of detecting pressure on the skin surface that respond to vibrations.
What are the four main types of membrane in the body?
Cutaneous(skin) membrane,Serous membrane,Mucous membrane,and Synovial membrane.
Which of the body's membrane are types of epithelial membrane?
Epithelial membranes composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of specialized connective tissue,main three types..cutaneous membrane,serous membrane,mucous membrane.
They produce a transparent,watery liquid called perspiration or sweat,waste products such as ammonia and uric acid.
They secrete a thin, watery fluid that helps reduce friction and serves as a lubricant.
They secrete a thick,slimy material called mucous that keeps the membranes moist and soft.
They secrete a thick,colorless lubricating fluid called synovial fluid,fluid helps reduce friction between the opposing surface of bones in movable joints.
Two major layers of the skin.
Outer and thinner layer called the epidermis, consists of the epithelial tissue,
Inner, thicker layer called the dermis
How is hair formed?
Hair begins when cells of the epidermal layer of the skin grow down into the dermis, forming a small tube called the hair follicle.
Hair growth begins from a small, cap-shaped cluster of cells called the hair papilla which is located at the base of the follicle.
As long as cells in the papilla of the hair follicle remain alive, new hair will replace any that is cut or plucked.
What are the 5 most important functions of the skin?
sense organ activity, excretion, synthesis of vitamin-D.
Can you list some of the sensory stimuli that can be detected by the skin?
Touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold.
How can the amount of skin surface area covered by a burn be estimated?
Rule of nine's: Dividing the body into 11 areas of 9% each
A thin, sheetlike structure that:
-covers and protects body surfaces,
-lines body cavities,
-covers the inner surfaces of hollow organs.
Explain the structure of a serous membrane.
Composed of two distinct layers of tissue.
1)The epithelial sheet, which is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium,
2)connective tissue layer, which is a thin gluelike tissue (basement membrane) that holds and supports the epithelial cells. Purpose: The serous membrane that lines the walls of body cavities is the parietal portion, whereas the visceral portion covers the surface of organs found in body cavities.
Explain the structure of a mucous membrane
Mucous membranes are:
- epithelial membranes that line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior, such as the lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
The mucocutaneous junction serves as a point of "fusion" where the skin and mucous membranes meet, such as in the eyelids, nasal openings, vulva, and anus.
Explain the structure of a synovial membrane. What is the function of synovial fluid?
Synovial membranes line the spaces between bones and joints that move.
-They are classified as connective tissue membranes, which are smooth, slick, and secrete a thick colorless lubricating fluid called synovial fluid.
Function of synovial fluid: synovial fluid help reduce friction between opposing surfaces of bones in movable joints.
Name and briefly describe the layers of the epidermis
of the epidermis
--The stratum germinativum is the innermost layer of cells that continually reproduce. The new cells then move up toward the surface of the skin.
--The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of keratin-filled cells.
--The pigment-containing cells are called melanocytes, which produce the brown pigment melanin.
--The dermal-epidermal junction is a specialized area between two primary skin layers.
Explain the structure of the dermis
The dermis is the deeper of the two layers of skin.
It is thick and composed mainly of connective tissue. -The upper region of the dermis is characterized by peglike projections called dermal papillae. They bind and form the two layers of skin together, called the dermal-epidermal junction.
-The deeper area of the dermis is filled with interlacing fibers—most are made of collagen, some are elastic fibers that make the skin stretchable and elastic.
Differentiate among the hair papilla, the hair root, and the hair shaft.
The hair papilla is a small cap-shaped cluster of cells where hair growth begins at the base of the follicle.
--hair follicle-small tube where cells of the epidermal layer of the skin grow down into the dermis.
--hair root- hidden in the follicle.
-- hair shaft is the visible part of a hair.
Explain what occurs when the arrector pili contract.
The arrector pili are specialized smooth muscle that produce goose pimples and cause hair to stand up straight.
Name the four receptors of the skin (PMFK)
Pacinian corpuscle is deep in the dermis and is capable of detecting pressure on the skin surface. -Meissner's corpuscle is located close to the surface of the skin and detects the sensation of light touch. -Free nerve endings respond to pain.
-Krause's end bulbs detect the sensation of touch, low-frequency vibration, and possibly cold.
Give the location of the eccrine glands and their function, and describe the type of fluid they produce
Location:Eccrine sweat glands are spread over the whole body
Function: They are important in maintaining homeostasis and a constant body temperature and eliminating waste products.
Type of fluid: They produce a transparent watery liquid called perspiration or sweat, which helps in the elimination of waste products,
Give the location of the apocrine glands and their function, and describe the type of fluid they produce.
Apocrine sweat glands are found primarily in the armpit and in the pigmented skin area around the genitals. They produce a thick, odorless secretion.
Give the location of the sebaceous glands and their function, and describe the type of fluid they produce
Sebaceous glands are tiny ducts that open into hair follicles. The fluid they secrete is called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin.
Explain the difference between a second-degree and third-degree burn. Which is considered a "full-thickness" burn?
Second-degree burn involves the deep epidermal layers and upper layers of the dermis, but complete destruction of the dermis does not occur. Blisters, severe pain, generalized swelling, and fluid loss occur with this degree of tissue damage.
Third-degree (full-thickness) burn is the complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis, involving muscle and bone. Sensation to pain is often absent immediately after injury because of the destruction of nerve endings. Fluid loss and risk of infection are major problems with third-degree burns and are often life-threatening
secrete a thin watery fluid that helps reduce friction and serves as a lubricant when organs rub against one another and against the walls of the cavities that contain them.
Benign moles are outlined by a distinct border, but maligant melanomal lesions are often irregular or indistinct in shape.
Benign moles are usually symmetrical. Their halves are mirror images of each other. Melanoma lesions are asymmetrical or lopsided.
Benign moles may be any shade of brown but are relatively evenly colored. Melanomal lesions tend to be unevenly colored, exhibiting a mixture of shades or colors.
By the time a melanoma lesion exhibites characteristics A,B and C,it also is probably larger than 6mm(1/4inch).
a collection of organs that helps the body maintain a stable and healthy internal environment; the organs in this system include skin, hair, and nails
Thickness of the damaged skin is one way to classify burns.First -degree,or partial-thickness burn,Second-degree ,or partial--thicknessburn,Third-degree,or full-thickness burn.
Structure of the skin
1. The Epidermis is the uppermost layer. It's the layer you can see and is mostly made up of dead, keratin filled cells.
2. The Dermis is the next layer. It contains the blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands. and nerve endings.
3. The Subcutaneous Layer or Hypodermis is mostly fatty connective tissue that attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle.
Portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of a body cavity much like wallpaper covers walls.
Portion of the serous membrane which covers the surface of organs found in body cavities.
Serous membrane that surrounds the lung; parietal pleura is the outer layer; visceral pleura is the inner layer.
A multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
A sticky, thick fluid secreted by mucous glands and mucous membranes; keeps the free surface of membranes moist.
A thick colorless lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes that cover the spaces between the bone and joints that move.
Glands in the dermis that open into hair follicles and secrete a waxy fluid called sebum.
Bottom layer of the skin
Hold fat for insulation
Blood vessels that control body temperature and brings nutrients to the skin., mainly fat and provides heat, insulation, shock absorption and a reverse of calories.
Outermost layer; in cells, cytoplasm replaced by keratin, making them waterproof; flat, scale-like cells that flake off; first line of defense against surface bacteria; thickest on palms of hands, soles of feet.
The deepest epidermal layer. It is responsible for production of pigment, which gives color to the skin.
Pigment produced by the epidermis that protects skin from sun damage and gives skin its color.
Produce melanin, and they are partly responsible for skin color., produce melanin which provides protection against damage from UV radiation.
The junctions that exists between the thin epidermal layer of the skin above and the dermal layer below.
Small nipple-like bumps projections on the superficial layer of the dermis that serve to lock the dermis and epidermis together.
what layer is superficial; areolar with lots of elastic fibers; found in fingerprints and whorls of ridges and grooves.
The deepest skin layer. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains many arteries and veins, sweat and seaceous glands, and pressure receptors.
A fatty layer found below the dermis. also called adipose or subcutis tissue. it varies in thickness according to the age, gender, and health of an individual.
Tiny muscles in the dermis, attached to each hair; cause goose bumps to trap air and insulate the body against cold.
Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Melanoma, a harmful, malignant growth on the skin.
Basal cell carcinoma
A malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; this is the most common and least harmful type of skin cancer because it is slow growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Second most common, Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, Most common on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands, Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically.
Most dangerous skin cancer because it is spreads fast and resistant to chemotherapy
has ABCD rule.
Sense organ activity
Skin functions as an enormous sense organ. Receptors serve as receivers for the body, keeping it informed of changes in its environment.
The elimination of metabolic wastes, such as ammonia,uric acid,and urea, the process by which wastes are removed from the body.
Synthesis of vitamin D
Synthesis of vitamin D requires activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by UV rays in sunlight.
Rule of nine
Measures the percent of the body burnes. The body is divided into 11 areas and each area accounts for 9% of the total body surface.
Injuries resulting from excessive exposure to thermal, chemical, electrical or radioactive agents, classified according to their depth.