|Publication number||US7019119 B2|
|Application number||US 10/017,910|
|Publication date||Mar 28, 2006|
|Filing date||Dec 14, 2001|
|Priority date||Dec 12, 1997|
|Also published as||US20020159970|
|Publication number||017910, 10017910, US 7019119 B2, US 7019119B2, US-B2-7019119, US7019119 B2, US7019119B2|
|Inventors||Yongwon Choi, Brian Wong, Regis Josien, Ralph Steinman|
|Original Assignee||The Rockefeller University|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (57), Referenced by (5), Classifications (21), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This Application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/447,035, filed Nov. 22, 1999, now abandoned, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/989,479 filed Dec. 12, 1997, now abandoned, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/069,589, filed Dec. 12, 1997.
The research leading to the present invention was supported in part with National Institutes of Health MSTP Grant GM07739 and National Institutes of Health Grant Nos: CA525133, AI13013 and AI13672. The government may have rights in the invention.
The present invention relates to the identification and characterization of a protein belonging to the TNF superfamily which is involved in signal transduction, nucleic acids which encode the protein, and uses for the nucleic acids, the protein, and products derived therefrom, such as antibodies and pharmaceutical compositions. In particular, the protein of the present invention is involved in the modulation of the survivability of mature dendritic cells of the immune system. As a result, the present invention has numerous uses including but not limited to, modulating immune response to an antigen, diagnosing immune system related conditions, and treating immune system related conditions.
Mature drendritic cells are specialized cells that play a role in immune response. They develop from pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells located in bone marrow, and function to present antigens on their surface in order to activate T cells and generate an immune response to a particular antigen. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins, such as Class I MHC molecules and Class II MHC molecules, are involved in the presentation of an antigen on the surface of a mature dendritic cell. The activation of T cells involves a costimulatory process. One signal is from the antigen bound the MHC molecule on the surface of the mature dendritic cell. This complex interacts with the T cell receptor complex on the surface of the T cell. The other signal results from molecules produced by the mature dendritic cell, which bind to receptors on the T cell. The T cell becomes activated upon receiving both signals, and undergoes an autocrine process wherein it separates from the mature dendritic cell and simultaneously secretes a growth factor like IL-2 along with cell-surface receptors that bind to it. The binding of IL-2 to its receptor stimulates the T cell to proliferate, so long as it has already encountered its specific antigen.
Once the T cell disengages from the mature dendritic cell, another T cell can bind the MHC-antigen complex on the surface of the mature dendritic cell, and be activated. Hence, the longer an antigen presenting mature dendritic cell can survive, the greater the number of T cells it can activate, and the immune response to the specific antigen will be more efficient. However, pluripotent hematopoietic-stem cells are constantly undergoing differentiation, and new dendritic cells are constantly being produced. In order to maintain and develop the immune system, mature dendritic cells ultimately undergo apoptosis, wherein its nucleus shrinks and condenses, and the cell shrivels and dies. Newly produced mature dendritic cells are constantly replacing these dead and dying mature dendritic cells.
Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family can regulate apoptosis in addition to an array of other biological effects, such as cell proliferation, and differentiation. The TNF cytokine family currently includes TNF, LT-α, LT-β, FasL. CD40L, CD30L, CD27L, 4-1BBL, OX40L (1) and TRAIL/APO-2L (2, 3) which exhibit the highest homology between their C-terminal, receptor binding domains. The family members are type II membrane proteins that act in an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine manner either as integral membrane proteins or as proteolytically processed soluble effectors. Despite the functional redundancy of this family, specificity may be accomplished by coordinating the spatial and temporal expression of TNF-related ligands and their receptors, and by restricting the expression of signal transduction molecules to specific cell types. TNF receptors interact with a family of molecules called TRAFs (TNF receptor associated proteins) that act as adaptors for the downstream signaling events. Hence, binding of a TNF cytokine to its cognate receptor, which is interacting with TRAF, leads to the activation of several signal transduction pathways, including the activation of the cascade of caspase/ICE-like proteases, which are responsible for apoptosis. Also activated is the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors, which inhibit apoptosis, and mitogen activated protein kinases including the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK) and the extracellularly-regulated kinases (ERK).
Moreover, the TNF receptor family can also regulate apoptosis by modulating the expression of the proto-oncogene bcl-2 to produce Bcl-2 and Bcl-2 related proteins. Bcl-2 can suppress apoptosis in the cell by altering transmembrane conductance in mitochondria and preventing the activation of the caspase/ICE-like proteases.
As explained above, the longer an antigen presenting mature dendritic cell can survive, the greater the number of T cells it can activate, and the immune response to the specific antigen will be more efficient. Accordingly, there is a need to be able to increase the active life of antigen presenting mature dendritic cells, and to inhibit apoptosis in such cells.
There is a further need to exploit the increased survivability of antigen presenting dendritic cells to modulate the immune response to an antigen. For example, such increased survivability can be used to diagnose and treat immune system related conditions.
Such increases in mature dendritic cell survivability can also be used to modulate T cell activation in a subject, and thereby modulate the immune response to an antigen.
The citation of any reference herein should not be construed as an admission of such reference as prior art.
The present invention relates to a novel TNF family member membrane bound protein designated TNF-Related Activation Induced Cytokine, hereinafter referred to as “TRANCE.” TRANCE is selectively expressed on T cells, and its receptor, hereinafter referred to as “TRANCE-R”, has been detected on the surface of mature dendritic cells located in lymphoid tissues, such as the lymph node and thymus. It has been determined that the interaction of TRANCE with TRANCE-R on the surface of a mature dendritic cell results in the upregulation of the expression by the cell of the Bcl-xL protein. This protein, related to Bcl-2, suppresses apoptosis in the cell by altering transmembrane conductance in mitochondria and preventing the activation of the caspase/ICE-like proteases. Hence, the exposure of an a mature dendritic cell to TRANCE will increase its life span.
Thus, in a first embodiment, the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the DNA sequence set forth in
In another embodiment, the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the DNA sequence set forth in
Naturally, the present invention extends to the amino acid sequences of human and murine TRANCE, conserved variants thereof, and fragments of human and murine TRANCE, and conserved variants thereof, wherein the human TRANCE corresponds to the amino acid sequence as set forth in
Also included in the present invention are detectably labeled nucleic acids hybridizable to an isolated nucleic acid having a DNA sequence as set forth in
In addition, the present invention also includes antibodies wherein TRANCE, conserved variants thereof, or a fragment thereof, is the immunogen used in production of the antibodies. These antibodies can be monoclonal or polyclonal. Moreover, the antibodies can be “chimeric” as, for example, they may comprise protein domains from anti-TRANCE antibodies raised against TRANCE in different species.
Moreover, the present invention includes an antibody of TRANCE detectably labeled so that its bonding to TRANCE can be detected. Such detectable labels include enzymes conjugated to the antibody, such as alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase, or radioactive isotopes incorporated into the structure of the antibody.
A further embodiment of the present invention extends to an expression vector containing a nucleic acid molecule which encodes TRANCE, degenerate variants thereof, or an isolated nucleic acid hybridizable to the nucleic acid molecule which encodes TRANCE or degenerate variants thereof, under standard hybridization conditions, operatively associated with a promoter. With this expression vector, one may transfect or transform a unicellular host which can then produce TRANCE. The method for expressing TRANCE comprises introducing an expression vector of the present invention into a host cell in a culture to cause a unicellular host into which the vector is introduced, to express and thereby cell produce TRANCE, and then recovering the TRANCE from the unicellular host, the culture, or both. In one embodiment, an expression vector may comprise the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the DNA sequence set forth in
An expression vector of the present invention can employ numerous promoters to express TRANCE. The promoters applicable to the present invention, include, but are not limited to early promoters of hCMV, early promoters of SV40, early promoters of adenovirus, early promoters of vaccinia, early promoters of polyoma, late promoters of SV40, late promoters of adenovirus, late promoters of vaccinia, late promoters of polyoma, the lac the trp system, the TAC system, the TRC system, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, control regions of fd coat protein, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase promoter, acid phosphatase promoter, or promoters of yeast α mating factor.
As explained above, unicellular hosts can be transformed with an expression of the present invention. Such unicellular hosts include, but are not limited to, E. coli, Pseudonomas, Bacillis, Strepomyces, yeast, CHO, R1.1, B-W, L-M, COS1, COS7, BSC1, BSC40, BMT10 and Sf9 cells. Moreover, mammalian cells can be used as a unicellular host.
The present invention also includes a mammalian cell containing an isolated nucleic acid encoding TRANCE, examples of which are described herein, wherein the isolated nucleic acid sequence is modified in vitro to permit higher expression of a TRANCE polypeptide in the cell by means of a homologous recombinational event, consisting of inserting an expression regulatory sequence, such as a promoter, in functional proximity to the TRANCE polypeptide encoding sequence. In such a cell, the expression regulatory sequence can be a TRANCE promoter and the homologous recombinational event replaces a mutant TRANCE promoter. However, numerous promoters described herein can also be inserted in such a cell and result in higher expression of TRANCE.
Also included in the present invention are nucleic acid fragments of the isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, degenerate variants thereof, and isolated nucleic acid molecules which hybridize to such fragments or degenerate variants thereof, under standard hybridization conditions. Such fragments may also be inserted into expression vectors and operatively associated with a promoter, which in turn, can be used to cause a host cell in which the vector is introduced to express and thereby produce such fragments of TRANCE.
Accordingly, a method for producing TRANCE fragments is included in the present invention, wherein this method comprises the steps of introducing an expression vector of the present invention containing a fragment of TRANCE operatively associated with a promoter into a unicellular host in a culture to cause the host cell into which the expression vector is introduced to express and thereby produce a TRANCE fragment, and then recovering the produced fragment from the unicellular host, its culture, or both. Examples of unicellular host cells which can be used in this embodiment of the present invention are described above. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid fragment is from the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a DNA sequence as set forth in
The present invention further comprises a modulator of immune response in a mammal. The modulator can be a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
Moreover, also included in the present invention are analogs or derivatives of TRANCE, wherein a water soluble polymer is conjugated to a TRANCE protein. An example of such a polymer is polyehtylene glycol. Moreover, an analog or derivative of a TRANCE protein can be mono-, di-, tri- or tetrapegylated. Moreover, pegylation of TRANCE to from a TRANCE analog or derivative can occur at the N terminus, such that TRANCE is N-terminal monopegylated.
The function of the modulators is to modulate the life span of mature dendritic cells, and hence modulate immune response in the mammal. In particular, exposure of mature dendritic cells to a modulator which is an agonist of TRANCE, such as a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
Also disclosed are TRANCE antagonist modulators which function to decrease the active life span of mature dendritic cells. In particular, these modulators can form a complex with TRANCE on the surface of T cells and prohibit it from interacting with TRANCE-R. TRANCE antagonist modulators can also form a complex with TRANCE mRNA, and prevent its translation. As a result, the signal transduction of TRANCE is blocked, the upregulation of the expression of Bcl-xL in mature dendritic cells does not occur, and apoptosis of the cell is not inhibited. Hence, these mature dendritic cells activate less T cells than are activated by mature dendritic cells exposed to TRANCE, and the immune response in the mammal is decreased. The TRANCE antagonist modulators comprise an anti-sense TRANCE nucleic acid comprising at least one phosphodiester analog bond, and an antibody, wherein its immunogen is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
The present invention also comprises a TRANCE agonist pharmaceutical composition comprising a modulator which is an agonist of TRANCE, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. The TRANCE agonist modulator is selected from a group modulators of the present invention consisting of an amino acid sequence as set forth in
As explained above, it has been determined that exposure of an antigen presenting mature dendritic cell to TRANCE causes upregulation of the expression of Bcl-xL, and inhibits apoptosis in a mature dendritic cell. Hence, a TRANCE agonist pharmaceutical composition can be used in a method for treating an immune system related condition in a mammal, wherein the method for treating an immune system related comprises the steps of exposing at least one mature dendritic cell of the mammal to an antigen so that the at least one mature dendritic cell can present the antigen on its surface, and administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the TRANCE agonist pharmaceutical composition. The exposure of the at least one mature dendritic cell to the antigen can occur in vivo, wherein the antigen is administered to a subject, or ex vivo, wherein the at least one mature dendritic cell is removed from the mammal and exposed to an antigen in a medium which permits the presentation of the antigen on the surface of the at least one mature dendritic cell. The at least one mature dendritic cell presenting the antigen on its surface is then reintroduced into the mammal prior to the administration of a TRANCE agonist pharmaceutical composition. This method increases the active life of a mature dendritic cell presenting an the antigen on its surface. As a result, the number of T cells activated against the antigen presented on the surface of the mature dendritic cell is increased, which results in an increase in a mammal's immune response to the antigen.
The antigen used in this method can be selected from the group consisting of a pathogen or a fragment thereof, a virus or a fragment thereof, and a tumor, or a fragment thereof. The immune system related conditions treated with this method include, but are not limited to viruses which include, but are not limited to adenoviruses, and viruses related to cancer such as HIV, Papillomavirus, Hepatitis-B, Epstein-Barr virus, and cancer itself.
Moreover, the present invention also includes a TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition, which comprises the modulator which is an antagonist of TRANCE and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. The modulator which is an antagonist of TRANCE is selected from the group consisting the anti-sense TRANCE nucleic acid comprising at least one phosphodiester analog bond, and the antibody having an immunogen selected from the group consisting of the polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
Yet further provided in the present invention is a TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition which modulates immune response in a mammal by preventing the upregulation of the expression of Bcl-xL so that apoptosis is not inhibited in mature dendritic cells. As a result the life span of mature dendritic cells of a mammal whose immune system is exposed to a TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition is decreased relative to the life span of mature dendritic cells in a mammal whose immune system is not exposed to a TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition. The TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition comprises a modulator which is an antagonist of TRANCE, and is selected from the group consisting of an anti-sense TRANCE nucleic acid comprising at least one phosphodiester analog bond, and an antibody, wherein the immunogen of the antibody is selected from the group consisting of the polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
Moreover, disclosed herein is a method for treating an immune system related condition in a mammal with the TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition, wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition. As a result, the signal transduction of TRANCE from the surface of a T cell is blocked, such that TRANCE can not interact with TRANCE-R, the upregulation of expression of Bcl-xL in mature dendritic cells does not occur, and apoptosis is not inhibited. An a immune system related condition treated with this method involves overexpression of TRANCE on the surface of T cells, and the life span of mature dendritic cells is of such a length as to be detrimental to the mammal. One example of such a condition is an autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Another example involves hypersensitivity to an allergen so that the mammal's immune response towards an allergen is less sever. As a result, this method of the present invention can be used in induce anergy in the mammal towards the allergen.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention can be used to diagnose an immune system related condition in a mammal, such as a human. As disclosed herein, TRANCE is a member of the TNF super family of proteins, and the exposure of mature dendritic cells to TRANCE ultimately increases the life span of such cells. Hence, just as in the case of other TNF receptor family proteins such as CD40, wherein its under expression results in an immune system related condition called Hyper IGM syndrome, the under expression of TRANCE can also result in an immune system related condition. Moreover, Autoimmune Human Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) is a condition caused by a mutation in the TNF receptor family protein Fas, such that the protein is not expressed, or is expressed in a mutated form with either no activity or decreased activity relative to the wildtype Fas protein. Consequently, the under expression or lack of expression of TRANCE in a mammal results in an immune system related condition. Hence, the present invention provides a method for diagnosing such an immune system related condition in a mammal such as a human, wherein the method comprises the steps of removing a bodily sample from the mammal, assaying the bodily sample to determine whether TRANCE is expressed in the sample. The bodily sample can be blood or lymphoid tissue such as lymph node tissue, spleen tissue or thymus tissue.
Such a lack of expression, or under expression, can result from a nonsense mutation in the gene or cDNA encoding TRANCE whereby TRANCE mRNA is not translated, or it is mutated, and the protein product produced from its translation is nonfunctional, or has decreased function. Hence, the isolated nucleic acids of the present invention which encode TRANCE, and the amino acid sequences of TRANCE disclosed in the present invention, can be used for diagnosing an immune system related condition in the mammal, such as autoimmune disease.
Antibodies to the modulators are also encompassed within the scope of the present invention. In particular, these antibodies can be monoclonal or polyclonal. Moreover, chimeric antibodies made against the modulator from at least two species are included in the present invention.
Yet still another embodiment of the present invention is a method of gene therapy for modulating levels of expression of a TRANCE protein in a mammal. Since T cells, like mature dendritic cells, originate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, and are constantly being produced to replace cells which die from apoptosis, an alteration of the TRANCE gene in a pluripotent stem cell, or the addition of copies of the TRANCE gene operatively associated with a promoter to the genome of the stem cell will modulate the level of expression of TRANCE on the surface of T cells. The method for accomplishing such modulation comprises the steps of removing at least one hematopoietic stem cell from the mammal, destroying remaining hematopoietic stem cells in the mammal, transfecting the at least one hematopoietic stem cell with a vector containing a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a TRANCE protein such that the nucleic acid molecule becomes incorporated into the genome of the hematopoietic stem cell forming a transfected hematopoietic stem cell, and introducing the transfected hematopoietic stem into the mammal so that the transfected hematopoietic stem cell can self replicate and differentiate within the mammal. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid which encodes TRANCE has a nucleotide sequence as set forth in
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an isolated nucleic acid sequence which encodes a TRANCE protein or a fragment thereof, and degenerate variants of such isolated nucleic acids. Disclosed herein are isolated nucleic acid sequences which encode murine TRANCE and human TRANCE.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an amino acid sequence for TRANCE or a fragment thereof, having utility in a pharmaceutical composition which can modulate immune response in a mammal, or procedure intended to diagnose an immune system related condition in a mammal.
It is a further object of the present invention is to provide an expression vector which can be used to produce TRANCE in a cell, wherein the expression vector comprises the isolated nucleic acid sequence of the present invention which encodes TRANCE, operatively associated with a promoter. A cell transfected with this vector can be made to produce TRANCE, or a fragment thereof, which have applications as described above.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a fusion protein containing a fragment of TRANCE linked to a different protein, or a fragment of a different protein.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide antibodies to the TRANCE and its subunits, and methods for their preparation, including recombinant means. Such antibodies include polyclonal, monoclonal and chimeric antibodies.
Yet still another object of the present invention is to provide a modulator of immune response in mammal, wherein this modulator regulates the life span of mature dendritic cells, and hence T cell activation. In particular, one object is to provide a TRANCE agonist modulator can bind to TRANCE-R on the surface of a mature dendritic cells and signal the cell, resulting in an upregulation of expression of Bcl-xL in the cell. This protein inhibits apoptosis and hance prolongs the life span of the mature dendritic cells of the mammal. As a result, the number of T cells activated by a mature dendritic cell exposed to the TRANCE agonist modulator is greater than the number of T cells activated by a mature dendritic cell not exposed to the TRANCE agonist modulator. Hence, immune response is increased.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a TRANCE antagonist modulator which can either bind to TRANCE on the surface of a T cell and prevent its binding to TRANCE-R on a mature dendritic cell, or binds to TRANCE mRNA, preventing its function. The antagonist TRANCE modulator can be an antibody having an TRANCE or a fragment thereof as an immunogen. Moreover, an analog or derivative of TRANCE, and a TRANCE fusion protein can also serve as an immunogen. The antibody of the present invention which is a TRANCE antagonist modulator can be a polyclonal, monoclonal or chimeric antibody, the production of which are all disclosed in the present invention. The TRANCE antagonist modulator can also be an anti-sense nucleic acid molecule having at least phosphodiester analog bond which is complement to TRANCE mRNA such that the anti-sense molecule of the present invention can bind to TRANCE mRNA and prevent its function.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions for use in therapeutic methods which wherein the pharmaceutical compositions comprise, or are derived from TRANCE modulators of the present invention, along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In particular, these pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used to modulate the life span of mature dendritic cells in a mammal. Moreover, they can also be used to modulate T cell activation in a mammal, and hence immune response in a mammal. The present invention disclosed a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TRANCE agonist modulator, as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. Moreover, the present invention discloses a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TRANCE antagonist modulator as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a method to modulate immune response in a mammal, and in particular, to modulate the life span of mature dendritic cells in the mammal, and hence modulate T cell activation in the mammal. In one such method, a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising the TRANCE agonist modulator is administered to a mammal, along with an antigen. The antigen can be a virus, or a fragment thereof, a pathogen or a fragment thereof, or a tumor, or a fragment thereof. This method can be used to increase immune response against such an antigen. Hence, conditions such as a virus like an adenovirus or HIV can be treated with this method. Moreover, cancer can be treated with this method.
Yet still another object of the present invention is to utilize the pharmaceutical composition invention containing a TRANCE antagonist modulator to treat an immune system related condition, such as autoimmune disease. This method comprises administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition having the TRANCE antagonist modulator. As a result, the life span of mature dendritic cells of the mammal, and hence its immune response, is decreased. Such a method can also be used to treat a mammal suffering from hypersensitivity to an allergen, whereby this method induces anergy in the mammal towards the allergen.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of diagnosing an immune system related condition in a mammal. This method comprises assaying a bodily sample of mammal to determine whether TRANCE is expressed therein. The bodily sample can be blood, or lymphoid tissue, such as lymph node, spleen or thymus tissue. The nucleic acids and antibodies of the present inventions have utility in such an assay.
Also, another object is the use of the present invention in a gene therapy method to modulate the expression of TRANCE in the mammal. The method involves removing a hematopoietic stem cell from a mammal, and destroying all remaining hematopoietic stem cells in the mammal. The stem cell removed is transfected with the expression vector of the present invention, and then reintroduced into the mammal. As a result, the animal will ultimately be repopulated with T cells which express TRANCE.
Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the ensuing description which proceeds with reference to the following illustrative drawings.
As noted above, the present invention discloses an isolated nucleic acid molecules, or degenerate variants thereof, which encode TRANCE. Examples include an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a DNA sequence as set forth in
Moreover, nucleic acids hybridizable to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a DNA sequence as set forth in
Applicants have discovered that TRANCE is expressed on the surface of T cells, and that mature dendritic cells of the immune system have a surface receptor, TRANCE-R. When the T cell interacts with a mature dendritic cell presenting an antigen, TRANCE interacts with TRANCE-R. This interaction causes an upregulation of the expression of Bcl-xL in the mature dendritic cell, which inhibits apoptosis. As a result, the life span of the mature dendritic cell is increased.
As used herein, the term “TRANCE” refers to an integral membrane bound protein on the surface of T cells, which has been described [Wong et al. J. Bio. Chem 272:25190–25194 (1997); this publication is specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety].
The term “TRANCE-R” refers to a TRANCE receptor located on the surface of mature dendritic cells.
An “agonist” of TRANCE according to the invention is a compound that (i) binds to TRANCE-R on the surface of mature dendritic cells; and (ii) activates signal transduction with the mature dendritic cell such causing the upregulation of the expression of Bcl-xL in the mature dendritic cell, which inhibits apoptosis in the cell. The activity of a TRANCE agonist can be evaluated in vitro by numerous methods, including, and by no means limited to, determining the life span of a mature dendritic cell exposed to the agonist and comparing it with the life span of a mature dendritic cell not exposed to the agonist. A TRANCE agonist is expected to increase the life span of mature dendritic cells, and thus be useful in a treatment regimen for immune system related conditions, such as HIV or cancer.
An “antagonist” of TRANCE according to the invention is a compound that blocks TRANCE (or a TRANCE agonist) signal transduction. In one embodiment, the antagonist is an anti-TRANCE antibody which binds to TRANCE on the surface of T cells, and prevents the interaction of TRANCE with TRANCE-R on the surface of mature dendritic cells. In another embodiment, the TRANCE antagonist is an anti-sense TRANCE nucleic acid comprising at least one phosphodiester analog bond. A TRANCE antagonist is expected to prevent the upregulation of expression of Bcl-xL in mature dendritic cells so that apoptosis is not inhibited in the cells. As a result, the life span of mature dendritic cells exposed to a TRANCE antagonist are decreased relative to the life span of mature dendritic cells which can interact with TRANCE. Moreover, this decrease in life span results in a decrease in T cell activation, and hence a decrease in immune response.
Also included in the present invention are amino acid sequences of TRANCE or fragments thereof. In one embodiment of the present invention, TRANCE is a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in
The present invention also includes antibodies having TRANCE, or a fragment thereof, as an immunogen.
An “antibody” is an immunoglobulin, including antibodies and fragments thereof, that binds a specific epitope. The term encompasses polyclonal, monoclonal, and chimeric antibodies, the last mentioned described in further detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,397 and 4,816,567.
An “antibody combining site” is that structural portion of an antibody molecule comprised of heavy and light chain variable and hypervariable regions that specifically binds antigen.
The phrase “antibody molecule” in its various grammatical forms as used herein contemplates both an intact immunoglobulin molecule and an immunologically active portion of an immunoglobulin molecule.
Exemplary antibody molecules are intact immunoglobulin molecules, substantially intact immunoglobulin molecules and those portions of an immunoglobulin molecule that contains the paratope, including those portions known in the art as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2 and F(v), which portions are preferred for use in the therapeutic methods described herein.
Fab and F(ab′)2 portions of antibody molecules are prepared by the proteolytic reaction of papain and pepsin, respectively, on substantially intact antibody molecules by methods that are well-known. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,566 to Theofilopolous et al. Fab′ antibody molecule portions are also well-known and are produced from F(ab′)2 portions followed by reduction of the disulfide bonds linking the two heavy chain portions as with mercaptoethanol, and followed by alkylation of the resulting protein mercaptan with a reagent such as iodoacetamide. An antibody containing intact antibody molecules is preferred herein.
The phrase “monoclonal antibody” in its various grammatical forms refers to an antibody having only one species of antibody combining site capable of immunoreacting with a particular antigen. A monoclonal antibody thus typically displays a single binding affinity for any antigen with which it immunoreacts. A monoclonal antibody may therefore contain an antibody molecule having a plurality of antibody combining sites, each immunospecific for a different antigen; e.g., a bispecific (chimeric) monoclonal antibody.
Moreover, the antibodies to TRANCE included in the present invention are detectably labeled in order permit their use in numerous diagnostic assays, such as immunoassays, which are explained herein. Such detectable labels include, but are not limited to, conjugation of the TRANCE antibody to alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, or the integration of radioactive isotopes into the structure of the antibody.
According to the present invention, unicellular hosts can be transfected with an expression vector of the present invention. An expression vector of the present invention can comprise an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding TRANCE, or degenerate variants thereof, operatively associated with a promoter. Such cells can be used to produce TRANCE for use in the elucidation of the molecular genetics of the TRANCE gene, and in the treatment of immune system related conditions.
An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a DNA sequence as set forth in
In accordance with the present invention there may be employed conventional molecular biology, microbiology, and recombinant DNA techniques within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Sambrook, Fritsch & Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manital, Second Edition (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (herein “Sambrook et al., 1989”); DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed. 1985); Oligonticleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed. 1984); Nucleic Acid Hybridization [B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. (1985)]; Transcription Acid Translation [B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins. eds. (1984)]; Animal Cell Culture [R. I. Freshney, ed. (1986)]; Immobilized Cells And Enzymes [IRL Press, (1986)]: B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984): F. M. Ausubel et al. (eds.). Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons. Inc. (1994).
Therefore, if appearing herein, the following terms shall have the definitions set out below.
A “vector” is a replicon, such as plasmid, phage or cosmid, to which another DNA segment may be attached so as to bring about the replication of the attached segment. A “replicon” is any genetic element (e.g., plasmid, chromosome, virus) that functions as an autonomous unit of DNA replication in vivo, i.e., capable of replication under its own control.
A “cassette” refers to a segment of DNA that can be inserted into a vector at specific restriction sites. The segment of DNA encodes a polypeptide of interest, and the cassette and restriction sites are designed to ensure insertion of the cassette in the proper reading frame, for transcription and translation.
A cell has been “transfected” by exogenous or heterologous DNA when such DNA has been introduced inside the cell. A cell has been “transformed” by exogenous or heterologous DNA when the transfected DNA effects a phenotypic change. Preferably, the transforming DNA should be integrated (covalently linked) into chromosomal DNA making up the genome of the cell.
“Heterologous” DNA refers to DNA not naturally located in the cell, or in a chromosomal site of the cell. Preferably, the heterologous DNA includes a gene foreign to the cell.
A “nucleic acid molecule” refers to the phosphate ester polymeric form of ribonucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, uridine or cytidine; “RNA molecules”) or deoxyribonucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxythymidine, or deoxycytidine; “DNA molecules”), or any phosphoester analogs thereof, such as phosphorothioates and thioesters, in either single stranded form, or a double-stranded helix. Double stranded DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA helices are possible. The term nucleic acid molecule, and in particular DNA or RNA molecule, refers only to the primary and secondary structure of the molecule, and does not limit it to any particular tertiary forms. Thus, this term includes double-stranded DNA found, inter alia, in linear or circular DNA molecules (e.g., restriction fragments), plasmids, and chromosomes. In discussing the structure of particular double-stranded DNA molecules, sequences may be described herein according to the normal convention of giving only the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction along the nontranscribed strand of DNA (i.e., the strand having a sequence homologous to the mRNA). A “recombinant DNA molecule” is a DNA molecule that has undergone a molecular biological manipulation.
A DNA sequence is “operatively associated” to an expression control sequence when the expression control sequence controls and regulates the transcription and translation of that DNA sequence. The term “operatively associated” includes having an appropriate start signal (e.g., ATG) in front of the DNA sequence to be expressed and maintaining the correct reading frame to permit expression of the DNA sequence under the control of the expression control sequence and production of the desired product encoded by the DNA sequence. If a gene that one desires to insert into a recombinant DNA molecule does not contain an appropriate start signal, such a start signal can be inserted in front of the gene.
A nucleic acid molecule is “hybridizable” to another nucleic acid molecule, such as a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA, when a single stranded form of the nucleic acid molecule can anneal to the other nucleic acid molecule under the appropriate conditions of temperature and solution ionic strength (see Sambrook et al., supra). The conditions of temperature and ionic strength determine the “stringency” of the hybridization. For preliminary screening for homologous nucleic acids, low stringency hybridization conditions, corresponding to a Tm of 55°, can be used, e.g., 5×SSC, 0.1% SDS. 0.25% milk, and no formamide; or 30% formamide, 5×SSC, 0.5% SDS). Moderate stringency hybridization conditions correspond to a higher Tm, e.g., 40% formamide, with 5× or 6×SCC. High stringency hybridization conditions correspond to the highest Tm, e.g., 50% formamide, 5× or 6×SCC. Hybridization requires that the two nucleic acids contain complementary sequences, although depending on the stringency of the hybridization, mismatches between bases are possible. The appropriate stringency for hybridizing nucleic acids depends on the length of the nucleic acids and the degree of complementation, variables well known in the art. The greater the degree of similarity or homology between two nucleotide sequences, the greater the value of Tm for hybrids of nucleic acids having those sequences. The relative stability (corresponding to higher Tm) of nucleic acid hybridizations decreases in the following order: RNA:RNA, DNA:RNA, DNA:DNA. For hybrids of greater than 100 nucleotides in length, equations for calculating Tm have been derived (see Sambrook et al., supra, 9.50–0.51). For hybridization with shorter nucleic acids, i.e., oligonucleotides, the position of mismatches becomes more important, and the length of the oligonucleotide determines its specificity (see Sambrook et al., supra. 11.7–11.8). Preferably a minimum length for a hybridizable nucleic acid is at least about 10 nucleotides; preferably at least about 20 nucleotides; and more preferably the length is at least about 30 nucleotides.
The term “standard hybridization conditions” refers to salt and temperature conditions substantially equivalent to 5×SSC and 65° C. for both hybridization and wash. However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that such “standard hybridization conditions” are dependent on particular conditions including the concentration of sodium and magnesium in the buffer, nucleotide sequence length and concentration, percent mismatch, percent formamide, and the like. Also important in the determination of “standard hybridization conditions” is whether the two sequences hybridizing are RNA-RNA, DNA-DNA or RNA-DNA. Such standard hybridization conditions are easily determined by one skilled in the art according to well known formulae, wherein hybridization is typically 10–20° C. below the predicted or determined Tm with washes of higher stringency, if desired.
“Homologous recombination” refers to the insertion of a foreign DNA sequence of a vector in a chromosome. Preferably, the vector targets a specific chromosomal site for homologous recombination. For specific homologous recombination, the vector will contain sufficiently long regions of homology to sequences of the chromosome to allow complementary binding and incorporation of the vector into the chromosome. Longer regions of homology, and greater degrees of sequence similarity, may increase the efficiency of homologous recombination.
A DNA “coding sequence” is a double-stranded DNA sequence which is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide in a cell in vitro or in vivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a start codon at the 5′ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3′ (carboxyl) terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, prokaryotic sequences, cDNA from eukaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from eukaryotic (e.g., mammalian) DNA, and even synthetic DNA sequences. If the coding sequence is intended for expression in a eukaryotic cell, a polyadenylation signal and transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3′ to the coding sequence.
Transcriptional and translational control sequences are DNA regulatory sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, terminators, and the like, that provide for the expression of a coding sequence in a host cell. In eukaryotic cells, polyadenylation signals are control sequences.
A “promoter” is a DNA regulatory region capable of binding RNA polymerase in a cell and initiating transcription of a downstream (3′ direction) coding sequence. For purposes of defining the present invention, the promoter sequence is bounded at its 3′ terminus by the transcription initiation site and extends upstream (5′ direction) to include the minimum number of bases or elements necessary to initiate transcription at levels detectable above background. Within the promoter sequence will be found a transcription initiation site (conveniently defined for example, by mapping with nuclease S1), as well as protein binding domains (consensus sequences) responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase.
A coding sequence is “under the control” of transcriptional and translational control sequences in a cell when RNA polymerase transcribes the coding sequence into mRNA, which is then trans-RNA spliced and translated into the protein encoded by the coding sequence.
A “signal sequence” is included at the beginning of the coding sequence of a protein to be expressed on the surface of a cell. This sequence encodes a signal peptide, N-terminal to the mature polypeptide, that directs the host cell to translocate the polypeptide. The term “translocation signal sequence” is used herein to refer to this sort of signal sequence. Translocation signal sequences can be found associated with a variety of proteins native to eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and are often functional in both types of organisms.
As used herein, the term “sequence homology” in all its grammatical forms refers to the relationship between proteins that possess a “common evolutionary origin,” including proteins from superfamilies (e.g., the immunoglobulin superfamily) and homologous proteins from different species (e.g., myosin light chain. etc.) (Reeck et al., 1987, Cell 50:667).
Accordingly, the term “sequence similarity” in all its grammatical forms refers to the degree of identity or correspondence between nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of proteins that do not share a common evolutionary origin (see Reeck et al., supra). However, in common usage and in the instant application, the term “homologous,” when modified with an adverb such as “highly,” may refer to sequence similarity and not a common evolutionary origin.
In a specific embodiment, two DNA sequences are “substantially homologous” or “substantially similar” when at least about 50% (preferably at least about 75%, and most preferably at least about 90 or 95%) of the nucleotides match over the defined length of the DNA sequences. Sequences that are substantially homologous can be identified by comparing the sequences using standard software available in sequence data banks, or in a Southern hybridization experiment under, for example, stringent conditions as defined for that particular system. Defining appropriate hybridization conditions is within the skill of the art. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., supra; DNA Cloning, Vols. I & II, supra; Nucleic Acid Hybridization, supra.
Similarly, in a particular embodiment, two amino acid sequences are “substantially homologous” or “substantially similar” when greater than 30% of the amino acids are identical, or greater than about 60% are similar (functionally identical). Preferably, the similar or homologous sequences are identified by alignment using, for example, the GCG (Genetics Computer Group, Program Manual for the GCG Package, Version 7, Madison, Wis.) pileup program.
The term “corresponding to” is used herein to refers to similar or homologous sequences, whether the exact position is identical or different from the molecule to which the similarity or homology is measured. Thus, the term “corresponding to” refers to the sequence similarity, and not the numbering of the amino acid residues or nucleotide bases.
A gene encoding TRANCE, whether genomic DNA or cDNA, can be isolated from any source, particularly from a human cDNA or genomic library. Methods for obtaining these genes are well known in the art, as described above (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, supra). Accordingly, any animal cell potentially can serve as the nucleic acid source for the molecular cloning of these genes. The DNA may be obtained by standard procedures known in the art from cloned DNA (e.g., a DNA “library”), and preferably is obtained from a cDNA library prepared from tissues with high level expression of the protein (e.g., a T cell cDNA library, since these are the cells that evidence highest levels of expression of TRANCE), by chemical synthesis, by cDNA cloning, or by the cloning of genomic DNA, or fragments thereof, purified from the desired cell (See, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, sltpra: Glover, D. M. (ed.), 1985, DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, MRL Press. Ltd., Oxford, U.K. Vol. I, II). Clones derived from genomic DNA may contain regulatory and intron DNA regions in addition to coding regions; clones derived from cDNA will not contain intron sequences. Whatever the source, the gene should be molecularly cloned into a suitable vector for propagation of the gene.
Moreover, the promoter of the expression vector of the present invention can also includes immediate early promoters of hCMV, early promoters of SV40, early promoters of adenovirus, early promoters of vaccinia, early promoters of polyoma, late promoters of SV40, late promoters of adenovirus, late promoters of vaccinia, late promoters of polyoma, the lac the trp system, the TAC system, the TRC system, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, control regions fo fd coat protein, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase promoter, acid phosphatase promoter, or promoters of yeast α mating factor.
The necessary transcriptional and translational signals can be provided on a recombinant expression vector, or they may be supplied by the native gene encoding a TRANCE and/or its flanking regions.
Expression elements of vectors vary in their strengths and specificities. Depending on the host-vector system utilized, any one of a number of suitable transcription and translation elements may be used.
TRANCE proteins of the invention, or analogs, derivatives, or fusion proteins thereof, may be expressed chromosomally, after integration of the coding sequence by recombination. In this regard, any of a number of amplification systems may be used to achieve high levels of stable gene expression (See Sambrook et al., 1989, supra).
A unicellular host into which the recombinant vector or vectors comprising the nucleic acid encoding TRANCE is cultured in an appropriate cell culture medium under conditions that provide for expression of the TRANCE by the cell. In one embodiment of the present invention, a nucleic acid encoding a TRANCE fusion gene is expressed in a baculovirus expression system as a fusion protein, wherein the extracellular domain of murine TRANCE (amino acid residues 245–316 of
Any of the methods for the insertion of DNA fragments into a cloning vector may be used to construct expression vectors containing a gene consisting of appropriate transcriptional/translational control signals and the protein coding sequences. These methods may include in vitro recombinant DNA and synthetic techniques and in vivo recombination (genetic recombination).
As is well known in the art, DNA sequences may be expressed by operatively linking them to an expression control sequence in an appropriate expression vector and employing that expression vector to transform an appropriate unicellular host.
Such operative linking of a DNA sequence of this invention to an expression control sequence, of course, includes, if not already part of the DNA sequence, the provision of an initiation codon, ATG, in the correct reading frame upstream of the DNA sequence.
Expression of a TRANCE protein may be controlled by promoter/enhancer elements disclosed herein, but these regulatory elements must be functional in the unicellular host selected for expression. Promoters which may be used to control gene expression include, but are not limited to, the SV40 early promoter region (Benoist and Chambon, 1981, Nature 290:304–310), the promoter contained in the 3′ long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto. et al., 1980, Cell 22:787–797), the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:1441–1445), the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982, Nature 296:39–42); prokaryotic expression vectors such as the β-lactamase promoter (Villa-Kamaroff, et al., 1978, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:3727–3731), or the tac promoter (DeBoer, et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:21–25); see also “Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria” in Scientific American, 1980, 242:74–94; promoter elements from yeast or other fungi such as the Gal 4 promoter, the ADC (alcohol dehydrogenase) promoter, PGK (phosphoglycerol kinase) promoter, alkaline phosphatase promoter; and the animal transcriptional control regions, which exhibit tissue specificity and have been utilized in transgenic animals: elastase I gene control region which is active in pancreatic acinar cells (Swift et al., 1984, Cell 38:639–646; Ornitz et al., 1986, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50:399–409; MacDonald, 1987, Hepatology 7:425–515); insulin gene control region which is active in pancreatic beta cells (Hanahan, 1985, Nature 315:115–122), immunoglobulin gene control region which is active in lymphoid cells (Grosschedl et al., 1984, Cell 38:647–658; Adames et al., 1985, Nature 318:533–538; Alexander et al., 1987, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1436–1444), mouse mammary tumor virus control region which is active in testicular, breast, lymphoid and mast cells (Leder et al., 1986, Cell 45:485–495), albumin gene control region which is active in liver (Pinkert et al., 1987, Genes and Devel. 1:268–276), alpha-fetoprotein gene control region which is active in liver (Krumlauf et al., 1985, Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1639–1648; Hammer et al., 1987, Science 235:53–58), alpha 1-antitrypsin gene control region which is active in the liver (Kelsey et al., 1987, Genes and Devel. 1:161–171), beta-globin gene control region which is active in myeloid cells (Mogram et al., 1985, Nature 315:338–340; Kollias et al., 1986, Cell 46:89–94), myelin basic protein gene control region which is active in oligodendrocyte cells in the brain (Readhead et al., 1987, Cell 48:703–712), myosin light chain-2 gene control region which is active in skeletal muscle (Sani. 1985, Nature 314:283–286), and gonadotropic releasing hormone gene control region which is active in the hypothalamus (Mason et al., 1986, Science 234:1372–1378).
Mammalian expression vectors contemplated for use in the invention include vectors with inducible promoters, such as the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) promoter, e.g., any expression vector with a DHFR expression vector, or a DHFR/methotrexate co-amplification vector, such as pED (PstI, SalI, SbaI, SmaI, and EcoRI cloning site, with the vector expressing both the cloned gene and DHFR; see Kaufman, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 16.12 (1991). Alternatively, a glutamine synthetase/methionine sulfoximine co-amplification vector, such as pEE14 (HindIII, XbaI, SmaI, SbaI, EcoRI, and BclI cloning site, in which the vector expresses glutamine synthase and the cloned gene; Celltech). In another embodiment, a vector that directs episomal expression under control of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) can be used, such as pREP4 (BamHI, SfiI, XhoI, NotI, NheI. HindIII, NheI, PvuII, and KpnI cloning site, constitutive RSV-LTR promoter, hygromycin selectable marker: Invitrogen), pCEP4 (BamHI, SfiI, XhoI, NotI, NheI, HindIII, NheI, PvuII and KpnI cloning site, constitutive hCMV immediate early gene, hygromycin selectable marker; Invitrogen), pMEP4 (KpnI, PvuI, NheI, HindIII, NotI, XhoI, SfiI, BamH1 cloning site, inducible methallothionein IIa gene promoter, hygromycin selectable marker: Invitrogen), pREP8 (BamH1, XhoI, NotI, HindIII, NheI, and KpnI cloning site, RSV-LTR promoter, histidinol selectable marker; Invitrogen), pREP9 (KpnI, NheI, HindIII, NotI, XhoI, SfiI, and BamHI cloning site, RSV-LTR promoter, G418 selectable marker; Invitrogen), and pEBVHis (RSV-LTR promoter, hygromycin selectable marker, N-terminal peptide purifiable via ProBond resin and cleaved by enterokinase; Invitrogen). Selectable mammalian expression vectors for use in the invention include pRc/CMV (HindIII, BstXI, NotI, SbaI, and ApaI cloning site, G418 selection; Invitrogen), pRc/RSV (HindIII, SpeI, BstXI, NotI, XbaI cloning site, G418 selection; Invitrogen), and others. Vaccinia virus mammalian expression vectors (see, Kaufman, 1991, supra) for use according to the invention include but are not limited to pSC11 (SmaI cloning site, TK- and β-gal selection), pMJ601 (SalI, SmaI, AflI, NarI, BspMII, BamHI, ApaI, NheI, SacII, KpnI, and HindIII cloning site; TK- and β-gal selection), and pTKgptFIS (EcoRI, PstI, SalI, AccI, HindII, SbaI, BamHI, and Hpa cloning site, TK or XPRT selection).
Once a particular recombinant DNA molecule is identified and isolated, several methods known in the art may be used to propagate it. Moreover, once a suitable host system and growth conditions are established, recombinant expression vectors of the present invention can be propagated and prepared in quantity. As previously explained, the expression vectors which can be used include, but are not limited to, the following vectors or their derivatives: human or animal viruses such as vaccinia virus or adenovirus; and plasmid and cosmid DNA vectors, to name but a few.
In addition, a unicellular host cell strain may be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the translational and post-translational processing and modification (e.g., glycosylation, cleavage [e.g., of signal sequence]) of proteins. Unicellular host cells of the present invention, include, but are not limited to E. coli, Pseudonomas, Bacillus, Strepomyces, yeast, CHO, R1.1, B-W, L-M, COS1, COS7, BSC1, BSC40, BMT10 and Sf9 cells.
Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the desired modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. Expression in eukaryotic cells can increase the likelihood of “native” glycosylation and folding of a heterologous protein. Moreover, expression in mammalian cells can provide a tool for reconstituting, or constituting, TRANCE activity. Furthermore, different vector/host expression systems may affect processing reactions, such as proteolytic cleavages, to a different extent.
Vectors are introduced into desired host cells by methods known in the art, e.g., transfection, electroporation, microinjection, transduction, cell fusion, DEAE dextran, calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection (lysosome fusion), use of a gene gun, or a DNA vector transporter (see, e.g, Wu et al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267:963–967; Wu and Wu, 1988, J. Biol. Chem. 263:14621–14624; Hartmut et al., Canadian Patent Application No. 2,012,311, filed Mar. 15, 1990).
A method for producing TRANCE, wherein the method is included in the present invention, comprises culturing a unicellular host under conditions that provide for expression of TRANCE, and recovering TRANCE from the unicellular host and the culture.
Also disclosed herein is a modulator of immune response in a mammal, wherein the modulator is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
There are two types of modulators disclosed herein. One type is an agonist of TRANCE. It is expected in increase the active life of mature dendritic cells relative to the life of mature dendritic cells not exposed to this modulator, and hence increases T cell activation and overall immune response in the mammal. This type of modulator is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
The other type of modulator is an antagonist of TRANCE. It is expected to prevent the interaction of TRANCE with TRANCE-R and decrease the active life of mature dendritic cells relative to the life of mature dendritic cells which can interact with TRANCE. Hence, a TRANCE antagonist modulator decreases T cell activation and overall immune response in the mammal. This type of modulator is selected from the group consisting of an anti-sense TRANCE nucleic acid comprising at least one phosphodiester analog bond, and the antibody having an immunogen selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
The modulator of present invention also relates to genes encoding analogs or derivatives of TRANCE, that have the same or homologous functional activity as the native TRANCE and homologs thereof from other species. The production and use of derivatives and analogs or derivatives related to TRANCE are within the scope of the present invention. In one embodiment, the derivative or analog is functionally active, i.e., capable of exhibiting one or more functional activities associated with a wild-type TRANCE of the invention. In another embodiment, the modulator is an analog or derivative of a TRANCE fusion protein, which contains protein domains from at least one specific protein in a construct.
TRANCE analogs or derivatives can be made by altering encoding nucleic acid sequences which encode TRANCE, by substitutions, additions or deletions that provide for functionally equivalent molecules. Preferably, derivatives are made that have enhanced or increased functional activity relative to that of native TRANCE.
Due to the degeneracy of nucleotide coding sequences, other DNA sequences which encode substantially the same amino acid sequence as genomic or cDNA TRANCE can be used in the practice of the present invention. These include but are not limited to allelic genes, homologous genes from other species, and nucleotide sequences comprising all or portions of the genes which are altered by the substitution of different codons that encode the same amino acid within the sequence, thus producing a silent change. Likewise, the TRANCE analogs or derivatives of the invention include, but are not limited to, those containing, as a primary amino acid sequence, all or part of the amino acid sequence set forth in
Particularly preferred substitutions are:
Amino acid substitutions may also be introduced to substitute an amino acid with a particularly preferable property. For example, a Cys may be introduced a potential site for disulfide bridges with another Cys. A His may be introduced as a particularly “catalytic” site (i.e., His can act as an acid or base and is the most common amino acid in biochemical catalysis). Pro may be introduced because of its particularly planar structure, which induces β-turns in the protein's structure.
The isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding TRANCE, or an analog or derivative thereof can be produced by various methods known in the art. The manipulations which result in their production can occur at the gene or protein level. For example, the cloned gene sequence can be modified by any of numerous strategies known in the art (Sambrook et al., 1989, supra). The sequence can be cleaved at appropriate sites with restriction endonuclease(s), followed by further enzymatic modification if desired, isolated, and ligated in vitro. In the production of the gene encoding a derivative or analog, care should be taken to ensure that the modified gene remains within the same translational reading frame as the native gene, uninterrupted by translational stop signals, in the gene region where the desired activity is encoded.
Additionally, a nucleic acid sequence can be mutated in vitro or in vivo, to create and/or destroy translation, initiation, and/or termination sequences, or to create variations in coding regions and/or form new restriction endonuclease sites or destroy preexisting ones, to facilitate further in vitro modification. Preferably, such mutations enhance the functional activity of the mutated gene product. Any technique for mutagenesis known in the art can be used, including but not limited to, in vitro site-directed mutagenesis (Hutchinson, C., et al., 1978, J. Biol. Chem. 253:6551; Zoller and Smith, 1984, DNA 3:479–488; Oliphant et al., 1986, Gene 44:177; Hutchinson et al., 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:710), use of “TAB” linkers (Pharmacia), etc. PCR techniques are preferred for site directed mutagenesis (see Higuchi, 1989, “Using PCR to Engineer DNA”, in PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification, H. Erlich, ed., Stockton Press, Chapter 6, pp. 61–70).
Moreover, the present invention also includes derivatives or analogs of TRANCE produced from a chemical modification. The TRANCE protein of the present invention may be derivatized by the attachment of one or more chemical moieties to the protein moiety. The chemically modified derivatives may be further formulated for intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, oral, nasal, pulmonary, topical or other routes of administration. Chemical modification of TRANCE may provide additional advantages under certain circumstances, such as increasing the stability and circulation time of the chemically modified TRANCE and decreasing immunogenicity. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337, Davis et al., issued Dec. 18, 1979. For a review, see Abuchowski et al., in Enzymes as Drugs (J. S. Holcerberg and J. Roberts, eds. pp. 367–383 (1981)). A review article describing protein modification and fusion proteins is Francis, 1992. Focus on Growth Factors 3:4–10, Mediscript: Mountview Court, Friern Barnet Lane, London N20, OLD, UK.
Chemical Moieties For Derivatization. The chemical moieties suitable for derivatization may be selected from among water soluble polymers. The polymer selected should be water soluble so that the TRANCE analog or derivative does not precipitate in an aqueous environment, such as a physiological environment. Preferably, for therapeutic use of the end-product preparation, the polymer will be pharmaceutically acceptable. One skilled in the art will be able to select the desired polymer based on such considerations as whether the polymer/component conjugate will be used therapeutically and if so, the desired dosage, circulation time, resistance to proteolysis, and other considerations. For TRANCE, these may be ascertained using the assays provided herein.
The water soluble polymer may be selected from the group consisting of, for example, polyethylene glycol, copolymers of ethylene glycol/propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly-1, 3-dioxolane, poly-1,3,6-trioxane, ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, polyaminoacids (either homopolymers or random copolymers), and dextran or poly(n-vinyl pyrrolidone)polyethylene glycol, propropylene glycol homopolymers, prolypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols and polyvinyl alcohol. Polyethylene glycol propionaldenhyde may have advantages in manufacturing due to its stability in water.
The polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or unbranched. For polyethylene glycol, the preferred molecular weight is between about 2 kDa and about 100 kDa (the term “about” indicating that in preparations of polyethylene glycol, some molecules will weigh more, some less, than the stated molecular weight) for ease in handling and manufacturing. Other sizes may be used, depending on the desired therapeutic profile (e.g., the duration of sustained release desired, the effects, if any on biological activity, the ease in handling, the degree or lack of antigenicity and other known effects of the polyethylene glycol to a therapeutic protein or analog).
The number of polymer molecules so attached to TRANCE may vary, and one skilled in the art will be able to ascertain the effect on function. One may mono-derivatize, or may provide for a di-, tri-, tetra- or some combination of derivatization, with the same or different chemical moieties (e.g., polymers, such as different weights of polyethylene glycols). The proportion of polymer molecules TRANCE molecules will vary, as will their concentrations in the reaction mixture. In general, the optimum ratio (in terms of efficiency of reaction in that there is no excess unreacted component or components and polymer) will be determined by factors such as the desired degree of derivatization (e.g., mono, di-, tri-, etc.), the molecular weight of the polymer selected, whether the polymer is branched or unbranched, and the reaction conditions.
The polyethylene glycol molecules (or other chemical moieties) should be attached to TRANCE with consideration of effects on functional or antigenic domains of TRANCE. There are a number of attachment methods available to those skilled in the art, e.g, EP 0 401 384 herein incorporated by reference (coupling PEG to G-CSF), see also Malik et al., 1992, Exp. Hematol. 20:1028–1035 (reporting pegylation of GM-CSF using tresyl chloride). For example, polyethylene glycol may be covalentiy bound through amino acid residues via a reactive group, such as, a free amino or carboxyl group. Reactive groups are those to which an activated polyethylene glycol molecule may be bound. The amino acid residues having a free amino group include lysine residues and the N-terminal amino acid residues; those having a free carboxyl group include aspartic acid residues glutamic acid residues and the C-terminal amino acid residue. Sulfhfydryl groups may also be used as a reactive group for attaching the polyethylene glycol molecule(s). Preferred for therapeutic purposes is attachment at an amino group, such as attachment at the N-terminus or lysine group.
One may specifically desire N-terminally chemically modified TRANCE. Using polyethylene glycol as an illustration of the present compositions, one may select from a variety of polyethylene glycol molecules (by molecular weight, branching, etc.), the proportion of polyethylene glycol molecules to TRANCE molecules in the reaction mix, the type of pegylation reaction to be performed, and the method of obtaining the selected N-terminally pegylated protein. The method of obtaining the N-terminally pegylated preparation (i.e., separating this moiety from other monopegylated moieties if necessary) may be by purification of the N-terminally pegylated material from a population of pegylated protein molecules. Selective N-terminal chemically modification may be accomplished by reductive alkylation which exploits differential reactivity of different types of primary amino groups (lysine versus the N-terminal) available for derivatization in TRANCE. Under the appropriate reaction conditions, substantially selective derivatization of TRANCE at the N-terminus with a carbonyl group containing polymer is achieved. For example, one may selectively N-terminally pegylate TRANCE by performing the reaction at pH which allows one to take advantage of the pKa differences between the e-amino groups of the lysine residues and that of the a-amino group of the N-terminal residue of TRANCE. By such selective derivatization attachment of a water soluble polymer to TRANCE is controlled: the conjugation with the polymer takes place predominantly at the N-terminus of TRANCE and no significant modification of other reactive groups, such as the lysine side chain amino groups, occurs. Using reductive alkylation, the water soluble polymer may be of the type described above, and should have a single reactive aldehyde for coupling to TRANCE. Polyethylene glycol proprionaldehyde, containing a single reactive aldehyde, may be used.
Also included in the modulator of the present invention is a fusion protein wherein its amino acid sequence contains an amino acid sequence as set forth in
The modulator of the present invention also can be an anti-sense TRANCE nucleic acid comprising at least one phosphodiester analog bond. An anti-sense molecule is comprised of RNA or DNA, or analogs or derivatives of RNA or DNA, and has a nucleotide sequence such that it is complementary to a specific RNA transcript of a gene. It is designed to hybridize to the specific RNA to form a duplex and block the function of the specific RNA. The anti-sense molecule of the present invention can prevent the expression of TRANCE in T cells. Hence, no interaction occurs between TRANCE and TRANCE-R on the surface of mature dendritic cells, the signal transduction of TRANCE is blocked, the upregulation of the expression of Bcl-xL in the mature dendritic cell is prevented. As a result, apoptosis is not inhibited, and the life span of mature dendritic cells is decreased relative to the life span of mature dendritic cells wherein the TRANCE signal transduction is not blocked.
Also included in the modulator of the present invention are antibodies having an immunogen selected from the group consisting of the polypeptide having an amino a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
Various procedures known in the art may be used for the production of polyclonal antibodies to TRANCE polypeptide or a derivative or analog thereof, or fusion proteins containing TRANCE or a fragment thereof. For the production of an antibody, various host animals can be immunized by injection with the TRANCE polypeptide, or an analog or derivative (e.g., fragment or fusion protein) thereof, including but not limited to rabbits, mice, rats, sheep, goats, etc. In one embodiment, the TRANCE polypeptide or fragment thereof can be conjugated to an immunogenic carrier, e.g., bovine serum albumin (BSA) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Various adjuvants may be used to increase the immunological response, depending on the host species, including but not limited to Freund's (complete and incomplete), mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanins, dinitrophenol, and potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Giterin) and Corynebacterium parvum.
For preparation of monoclonal antibodies directed toward the TRANCE polypeptide, or fragment, analog or derivative thereof, or fusion protein containing the amino acid residue sequence of TRANCE or a fragment thereof, any technique that provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture may be used. These include but are not limited to the hybridoma technique originally developed by Kohler and Milstein [Nature 256:495–497 (1975)], as well as the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique [Kozbor et al., Immunology Today 4:72 1983); Cote et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:2026–2030 (1983)], and the EBV-hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies [Cole et al., in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77–96 (1985)]. In an additional embodiment of the invention, monoclonal antibodies can be produced in germ-free animals utilizing recent technology [PCT/US90/02545]. In fact, according to the invention, techniques developed for the production of “chimeric antibodies” [Morrison et al., J. Bacteriol. 159:870 (1984); Neuberger et al., Nature 312:604–608 (1984); Takeda et al., Nature 314:452–454 (1985)] by splicing the genes from a mouse antibody molecule specific for a polypeptide together with genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate biological activity can be used; such antibodies are within the scope of this invention. Such human or humanized chimeric antibodies are preferred for use in therapy of human diseases or disorders (described infra), since the human or humanized antibodies are much less likely than xenogenic antibodies to induce an immune response, in particular an allergic response, themselves.
According to the invention, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies [U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778] can be adapted to produce TRANCE polypeptide-specific single chain antibodies. An additional embodiment of the invention utilizes the techniques described for the construction of Fab expression libraries [Huse et al., Science 246:1275–1281 (1989)] to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity for a TRANCE polypeptide, its derivatives, analogs or fusion proteins.
Antibody fragments which contain the idiotype of the antibody molecule can be generated by known techniques. For example, such fragments include but are not limited to: the F(ab′)2 fragment which can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule; the Fab′ fragments which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab′)2 fragment, and the Fab fragments which can be generated by treating the antibody molecule with papain and a reducing agent.
In the production of antibodies, screening for the desired antibody can be accomplished by techniques known in the art. e.g., radioimmunoassay, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay), “sandwich” immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels, for example), western blots, precipitation reactions, agglutination assays (e.g., gel agglutination assays, hemagglutination assays), complement fixation assays, immunofluorescence assays, protein A assays, and immunoelectrophoresis assays, etc. In one embodiment, antibody binding is detected by detecting a label on the primary antibody. In another embodiment, the primary antibody is detected by detecting binding of a secondary antibody or reagent to the primary antibody. In a further embodiment, the secondary antibody is labeled. Many means are known in the art for detecting binding in an immunoassay and are within the scope of the present invention. For example, to select antibodies which recognize a specific epitope of a TRANCE polypeptide, one may assay generated hybridomas for a product which binds to a TRANCE polypeptide fragment containing such epitope. For selection of an antibody specific to a TRANCE polypeptide from a particular species of animal, one can select on the basis of positive binding with TRANCE polypeptide expressed by or isolated from T cells of that species of animal, and negative binding with TRANCE from other species.
The foregoing antibodies, particularly if they are detecably labeled, can be used in methods known in the art relating to the localization and activity of the TRANCE polypeptide, e.g., for Western blotting, imaging TRANCE polypeptide in situ, measuring levels thereof in appropriate physiological samples. etc., using any of the detection techniques mentioned above or known in the art. Moreover, a detectable label for an antibody of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, conjugation of the antibody to an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase, or the incorporation of radioactive isotopes into the structure of an antibody of the present invention.
As explained above, a modulator of the present invention modulates the active life of dendritic cells, and hence effects the immune response and T cell activation in a mammal. It is important to note that the present invention includes modulators that are agonists of TRANCE and increase the life span of mature dendritic cells, and modulators that are antagonists of TRANCE and ultimately decrease the life span of mature dendritic cells exposed to them relative to the life span of mature dendritic cells not exposed to a such a modulator.
In particular, modulators of the present invention which are agonists of TRANCE and increase the life span of mature dendritic cells, increase T cell activation, and hence increase immune response in a mammal include a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
Modulators of the present invention that are antagonists of TRANCE prevent the upregulation of expression of Bcl-xL in mature dendritic cells so that apoptosis in those cells is not inhibited, resulting in a decrease of the life span of such mature dendritic cells, a decrease T cell activation, and a decrease in immune response to an antigen. One such TRANCE antagonist modulator of the present invention is an anti-sense TRANCE nucleic acid comprising at least one phosphodiester analog bond. Another TRANCE antagonist modulator of the present invention is an antibody having an immunogen a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
Also provided in the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising modulators of the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset, dizziness and the like, when administered to a human.
Such pharmaceutical compositions may be for administration for injection, or for oral, pulmonary, nasal or other forms of administration. In general, comprehended by the invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising effective amounts of a low molecular weight component or components, or derivative products, of the invention together with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, preservatives, solubilizers, emulsifiers, adjuvants and/or carriers. Such compositions include diluents of various buffer content (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength; additives such as detergents and solubilizing agents (e.g., Tween 80, Polysorbate 80), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite), preservatives (e.g., Thimersol, benzyl alcohol) and bulking substances (e.g., lactose, mannitol); incorporation of the material into particulate preparations of polymeric compounds such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, etc. or into liposomes. Hylauronic acid may also be used. Such compositions may influence the physical state, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance of the present proteins and derivatives. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. (1990, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 18042) pages 1435–1712 which are herein incorporated by reference. The compositions may be prepared in liquid form, or may be in dried powder, such as lyophilized form.
Contemplated for use herein are oral solid dosage forms, which are described generally in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. 1990 (Mack Publishing Co. Easton Pa. 18042) at Chapter 89, which is herein incorporated by reference. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, pills, troches or lozenges, cachets or pellets. Also, liposomal or proteinoid encapsulation may be used to formulate the present compositions (as, for example, proteinoid microspheres reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,673). Liposomal encapsulation may be used and the liposomes may be derivatized with various polymers (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556). A description of possible solid dosage forms for the therapeutic is given by Marshall, K. In: Modern Pharmaceutics Edited by G. S. Banker and C. T. Rhodes Chapter 10, 1979, herein incorporated by reference. In general, the formulation will include the the modulator of the present invention and inert ingredients which allow for protection against the stomach environment, and release of the biologically active material in the intestine.
Also specifically contemplated are oral dosage forms of the the modulator. The modulator may be chemically modified so that oral delivery of the the analog or derivative of TRANCE is efficacious. Generally, the chemical modification contemplated is the attachment of at least one moiety to the modulator, where said moiety permits (a) inhibition of proteolysis; and (b) uptake into the blood stream from the stomach or intestine. Also desired is the increase in overall stability of the the modulator and increase in circulation time in the body. Examples of such moieties include: polyethylene glycol, copolymers of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyproline. Abuchowski and Davis, 1981, “Soluble Polymer-Enzyme Adducts” In: Enzymes as Drugs, Hocenberg and Roberts, eds., Wiley-Interscience. New York, N.Y., pp. 367–383; Newmark, et al., 1982, J. Appl. Biochem. 4:185–189. Other polymers that could be used are poly-1,3-dioxolane and poly-1,3,6-tioxocane. Preferred for pharmaceutical usage, as indicated above, are polyethylene glycol moieties.
For the modulator, the location of release may be the stomach, the small intestine (the duodenum, the jejunum, or the ileum), or the large intestine. One skilled in the art has available formulations which will not dissolve in the stomach, yet will release the material in the duodenum or elsewhere in the intestine. Preferably, the release will avoid the deleterious effects of the stomach environment, either by protection of the modulator or by release of the the modulator in the pharmaceutical composition beyond the stomach environment, such as in the intestine.
To ensure full gastric resistance a coating impermeable to at least pH 5.0 is essential. Examples of the more common inert ingredients that are used as enteric coatings are cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), HPMCP 50, HPMCP 55, polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), Eudragit L30D, Aquateric, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), Eudragit L, Eudragit S, and Shellac. These coatings may be used as mixed films.
A coating or mixture of coatings can also be used on tablets, which are not intended for protection against the stomach. This can include sugar coatings, or coatings which make the tablet easier to swallow. Capsules may consist of a hard shell (such as gelatin) for delivery of dry therapeutic i.e. powder; for liquid forms, a soft gelatin shell may be used. The shell material of cachets could be thick starch or other edible paper. For pills, lozenges, molded tablets or tablet triturates, moist massing techniques can be used.
The pharmaceutical composition can be included in the formulation as fine multi-particulates in the form of granules or pellets of particle size about 1 mm. The formulation of the pharmaceutical composition for capsule administration could also be as a powder, lightly compressed plugs or even as tablets. The pharmaceutical composition could be prepared by compression.
Colorants and flavoring agents may all be included. For example, modulator may be formulated (such as by liposome or microsphere encapsulation) and then further contained within an edible product, such as a refrigerated beverage containing colorants and flavoring agents.
One may dilute or increase the volume of the pharmaceutical composition with an inert material. These diluents could include carbohydrates, especially mannitol, a-lactose, anhydrous lactose, cellulose, sucrose, modified dextrans and starch. Certain inorganic salts may be also be used as fillers including calcium triphosphate, magnesium carbonate and sodium chloride. Some commercially available diluents are Fast-Flo, Emdex, STA-Rx 1500, Emcompress and Avicell.
Disintegrants may be included in the formulation of the pharmaceutical composition into a solid dosage form. Materials used as disintegrates include but are not limited to starch, including the commercial disintegrant based on starch. “EXPLOTAB.” Sodium starch glycolate, Amberlite, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ultramylopectin, sodium alginate, gelatin, orange peel, acid carboxymethyl cellulose, natural sponge and bentonite may all be used. Another form of the disintegrants are the insoluble cationic exchange resins. Powdered gums may be used as disintegrants and as binders and these can include powdered gums such as agar, Karaya or tragacanth. Alginic acid and its sodium salt are also useful as disintegrants.
Binders may be used to hold the pharmaceutical composition together to form a hard tablet and include materials from natural products such as acacia, tragacanth, starch and gelatin. Others include methyl cellulose (MC), ethyl cellulose (EC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) could both be used in alcoholic solutions to granulate the therapeutic.
An anti-frictional agent may be included in the formulation of the pharmaceutical composition to prevent sticking during the formulation process. Lubricants may be used as a layer between the pharmaceutical composition and the die wall, and these can include but are not limited to; stearic acid including its magnesium and calcium salts, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), liquid paraffin, vegetable oils and waxes.
Soluble lubricants may also be used such as sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium lauryl sulfate, polyethylene glycol of various molecular weights. Carbowax 4000 and 6000.
Glidants that might improve the flow properties of the pharmaceutical composition during formulation and to aid rearrangement during compression might be added. The glidants may include starch, talc, pyrogenic silica and hydrated silicoaluminate.
To aid dissolution of the pharmaceutical composition into the aqueous environment a surfactant might be added as a wetting agent. Surfactants may include anionic detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and dioctyl sodium sulfonate. Cationic detergents might be used and could include benzalkonium chloride or benzethomium chloride. The list of potential non-ionic detergents that could be included in the formulation as surfactants are lauromacrogol 400, polyoxyl 40 stearate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 10, 50 and 60, glycerol monostearate, polysorbate 40, 60, 65 and 80, sucrose fatty acid ester, methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. These surfactants could be present in the formulation of the modulator either alone or as a mixture in different ratios.
Additives which potentially enhance uptake of the modulator are for instance the fatty acids oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
Controlled release oral formulation may be desirable. The pharmaceutical composition could be incorporated into an inert matrix which permits release by either diffusion or leaching mechanisms, e.g., gums. Slowly degenerating matrices may also be incorporated into the formulation. Some enteric coatings also have a delayed release effect.
Another form of a controlled release of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is by a method based on the “OROS” therapeutic system (Alza Corp.), i.e. the pharmaceutical composition is enclosed in a semipermeable membrane which allows water to enter and push drug out through a single small opening due to osmotic effects.
Other coatings may be used for the formulation. These include a variety of sugars which could be applied in a coating pan. The therapeutic agent could also be given in a film coated tablet and the materials used in this instance are divided into 2 groups. The first are the nonenteric materials and include methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylhydroxy-ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose, sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose, providone and the polyethylene glycols. The second group consists of the enteric materials that are commonly esters of phthalic acid.
A mix of materials might be used to provide the optimum film coating. Film coating may be carried out in a pan-coater or in a fluidized bed or by compression coating.
Pulmonary Delivery. Also contemplated herein is pulmonary delivery of the modulators of the present invention. The pharmaceutical composition is delivered to the lungs of a mammal while inhaling and traverses across the lung epithelial lining to the blood stream. Other reports of this include Adjei et al., 1990, Pharmaceutical Research, 7:565–569; Adjei et al., 1990, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 63:135–144 (leuprolide acetate); Braquet et al., 1989, Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 13(suppl. 5):143–146 (endothelin-1); Hubbard et al., 1989, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. III, pp. 206–212 (a1-antitrypsin); Smith et al., 1989, J. Clin. Invest. 84:1145–1146 (a-1-proteinase); Oswein et al., 1990, “Aerosolization of Proteins”, Proceedings of Symposium on Respiratory Drug Delivery II. Keystone, Colo., March. (recombinant human growth hormone); Debs et al., 1988, J. Immunol. 140:3482–3488 (interferon-g and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and Platz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,656 (granulocyte colony stimulating factor). A method and composition for pulmonary delivery of drugs for systemic effect is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,569, issued Sep. 19, 1995 to Wong et al.
Contemplated for use in the practice of this invention are a wide range of mechanical devices designed for pulmonary delivery of therapeutic products, including but not limited to nebulizers, metered dose inhalers, and powder inhalers, all of which are familiar to those skilled in the art.
Some specific examples of commercially available devices suitable for the practice of this invention are the “ULTRAVENT” nebulizer, manufactured by Mallinckrodt, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.: the “ACORN II” nebulizer, manufactured by Marquest Medical Products, Englewood, Colo.; the “VENTOLIN” metered dose inhaler, manufactured by Glaxo Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and the “SPINHALER” powder inhaler, manufactured by Fisons Corp., Bedford, Mass.
All such devices require the use of formulations suitable for the dispensing of the modulator. Typically, each formulation is specific to the type of device employed and may involve the use of an appropriate propellant material, in addition to the usual diluents, adjuvants and/or carriers useful in therapy. Also, the use of liposomes, microcapsules or microspheres, inclusion complexes, or other types of carriers is contemplated. Chemically modified modulator may also be prepared in different formulations depending on the type of chemical modification or the type of device employed.
Formulations suitable for use with a nebulizer, either jet or ultrasonic, will typically comprise the modulator of the present invention dissolved in water at a concentration of about 0.1 to 25 mg of biologically active molecule per mL of solution. The formulation may also include a buffer and a simple sugar (e.g., for protein stabilization and regulation of osmotic pressure). The nebulizer formulation may also contain a surfactant, to reduce or prevent surface induced aggregation of the modulator caused by atomization of the solution in forming the aerosol.
Formulations for use with a metered-dose inhaler device will generally comprise a finely divided powder containing the modulator suspended in a propellant with the aid of a surfactant. The propellant may be any conventional material employed for this purpose, such as a chlorofluorocarbon, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a hydrofluorocarbon, or a hydrocarbon, including trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethanol, and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, or combinations thereof. Suitable surfactants include sorbitan trioleate and soya lecithin. Oleic acid may also be useful as a surfactant.
Formulations for dispensing from a powder inhaler device will comprise a finely divided dry powder containing the modulator and may also include a bulking agent, such as lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, or mannitol in amounts which facilitate dispersal of the powder from the device, e.g., 50 to 90% by weight of the formulation. The modulator should most advantageously be prepared in particulate form with an average particle size of less than 10 mm (or microns), most preferably 0.5 to 5 mm, for most effective delivery to the distal lung.
Nasal Delivery. Nasal delivery of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is also contemplated. Nasal delivery allows the passage of the modulator to the blood stream directly after administering the pharmaceutical composition to the nose, without the necessity for deposition of the product in the lung. Formulations for nasal delivery include those with dextran or cyclodextran.
As explained above, the present invention discloses a TRANCE agonist pharmaceutical comprising a modulator which is an agonist of TRANCE and selected from the group consisting of the polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
Moreover, the present invention discloses a TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition comprising an antagonist of TRANCE, selected from the group consisting of the anti-sense TRANCE nucleic acid comprising at least one phosphodiester analog bond, and the antibody having an immunogen selected from the group consisting of the polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention discussed above can be used to treat immune system related conditions in a mammal. In particular, included in the present invention is a method to treat an immune system related condition in a mammal with a TRANCE agonist pharmaceutical composition, comprising the steps of exposing at least one mature dendritic cell of the mammal to an antigen so that the at least one mature dendritic cell can present the antigen on its surface, and administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the TRANCE agonist pharmaceutical composition. In this method, the antigen can include, but is not limited to, a pathogen or a fragment thereof, a virus or a fragment thereof, or a turmor, or a fragment thereof. Moreover, the immune system related condition which can be treated with the present invention includes, but is not limited to viruses, such as HIV or cancer.
As explained above, two costimulatory signals are necessary to activate T cells against a particular antigen presented on the surface of a mature dendritic cell. One signal is from the antigen bound to an MHC molecule on the surface of the mature dendritic cell. This complex interacts with the T cell receptor complex on the surface of the T cell. The other signal results from molecules produced by the mature dendritic cell that bind to receptors on the T cell. The T cell becomes activated upon receiving both signals, and undergoes an autocrine process wherein it separates from the dendritic cell and simultaneously secretes a growth factor like IL-2 along with cell-surface receptors that bind to it. The binding of IL-2 to its receptor stimulates the T cell to proliferate, so long as it has already encountered its specific antigen. After receiving these signals, the activated T cell departs and the antigen presenting mature dendritic cell is available to activate another T cell. Hence, TRANCE agonist modulators of the present invention mimic TRANCE, and induce upregulation of expression of Bcl-xL in mature dendritic cells, which inhibits apoptosis. As a result, the life span of the mature dendritic cell exposed to the TRANCE agonist modulator is increased relative to the life span of mature dendritic cells which are not exposed to the TRANCE agonist modulator. This life span increase permits the mature dendritic cells presenting antigens to activate a greater number of T cells than mature dendritic cells not exposed to TRANCE or the TRANCE agonist modulator. Hence, the immune response of the mammal is ultimately increased, since T cell activation contributes to the response. Consequently, this method of the present invention modulates T cell activation in the mammal and permits the treatment of an immune system related condition. The antigen may be a pathagen, or a fragment thereof, a virus, or a fragment thereof, or an antigen from a tumor.
The exposure of the mature dendritic cell to the antigen can occur in vivo or in vitro. If it occurs in vivo, the antigen is administered to the mammal so that mature dendritic cells of the mammal can interact with the antigen and present it on their surfaces. If the exposure occurs ex vivo, then at least one mature dendritic cell is removed from the mammal, exposed to the antigen ex vivo so that the antigen can be presented on its surface, and then reintroduced into the mammal prior to administering the TRANCE agonist pharmaceutical composition.
Moreover, the TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition can also be used in a method to treat immune system related conditions. In particular, disclosed herein is a method for treating an immune system related condition in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition. In this embodiment, the immune system related condition is related to over-expression of TRANCE in the mammal. Autoimmune disease is an example of an immune system related condition involving overexpression of a protein receptor of the TNF superfamily. Hence, since TRANCE is a member of the TNF superfamily, its over expression can also result in an immune system related condition. As a result, this method can be used to treat such a condition. Moreover, this method can be used to to treat hypersensitivity in a mammal towards an allergen. Since the TRANCE antagonist pharmaceutical composition decreases immune response, this method can be used to induce anergy in a mammal and decrease the mammal's immune response towards an allergen.
The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” is used herein to mean an amount sufficient to prevent, and preferably reduce by at least about 30 percent, more preferably by at least 50 percent, most preferably by at least 90 percent, a clinically significant change in the S phase activity of a host cellular mass, or other feature of pathology such as for example, elevated blood pressure, fever or white cell count as may attend its presence and activity.
Dosages. For all of the above pharmaceutical compositions, as further studies are conducted, information will emerge regarding appropriate dosage levels for treatment of various conditions in various patients, and the ordinary skilled worker, considering the therapeutic context, age and general health of the recipient, will be able to ascertain proper dosing.
Also disclosed herein is a method for modifying levels of expression of a TRANCE protein in a mammal, comprising the steps of removing at least one hematopoietic stem cell from the mammal, destroying remaining hematopoietic stem cells in the mammal, transfecting the at least one hematopoietic stem cell with a vector containing a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a TRANCE protein such that the nucleic acid molecule becomes incorporated into the genome of the hematopoietic stem cell, forming a transfected hematopoietic stem cell, and introducing the transfected hematopoietic stem into the mammal so that the transfected hematopoietic stem cell can self replicate and differentiate within the mammal. Such a method can be used to treat a mammal in which TRANCE is not expressed.
The method for removing of a stem cell from a mammal is well known in the art. Moreover, transfecting such a cell with an expression vector of the present invention such that a gene expressing TRANCE operatively associated with a promoter is incorporated into the genome of the stem cell is also included in the present invention.
Destruction of remaining stem cells in the mammal can be done with numerous protocols, such as for example, radiation treatments. It is important however, that the mammal be kept in a germ free environment as its immune system will be unable to protect it from foreign viruses, bacteria and pathogens.
After all remaining stem cells of the mammal have been destroyed, the transfected stem cell can be reintroduced into the mammal, wherein it replicates and differentiates. As a result, the immune system is repopulated with T cells that can express TRANCE.
In one embodiment of the present invention, this method is used to modify TRANCE expression in a human, and the expression vector used to transfect the stem cell contains the isolated nucleic acid sequence of
The antibodies or isolated nucleic acids of the invention can be used in diagnosis of diseases or disorders associated with apparent defects in TRANCE activity by evaluating the level of expression of a functional TRANCE in a bodily sample. In particular, nucleic acid probes or PCR primers can be used to verify expression of mRNA coding for TRANCE in standard protocols, such as Northern blots, Southern blots, and RT-PCR followed by a Southern blot. Moreover, anti-TRANCE antibodies of the present invention can be used in numerous immunoassays known in the art to detect the expression of TRANCE in a bodily sample. In particular, the antibodies of the present invention can be used to detect expression of TRANCE in cells, and in some instances, to localize its expression on the surface of T cells.
In specific embodiments, a deficiency in TRANCE activity may be evaluated in the context of a disease or disorder associated with a deficiency of a TNF protein. For example, a deficiency of the TNF receptor family protein CD40 results in an immune system related condition called Hyper IGM syndrome. In another example Autoimmune Human Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) is a condition caused by a mutation in the TNF receptor family protein Fas, such that the protein is not expressed, or is expressed in a mutated form with either no activity or decreased activity relative to the wildtype Fas protein. Consequently, a deficiency of TRANCE expression in an appropriate bodily sample of a mammal is indicative of the presence of an immune system related condition in the mammal. Appropriate bodily samples include, but are not limited to, blood and lymphoid tissue such as lymph node tissue, spleen tissue, or thymus tissue.
Screening a bodily sample as described above for expression of TRANCE can be accomplished with the antibodies of the present invention (including antibodies which are TRANCE antagonist modulators) by techniques known in the art, e.g., radioimmunoassay, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay), “sandwich” immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels, for example), western blots, precipitation reactions, agglutination assays (e.g., gel agglutination assays, hemagglutination assays), complement fixation assays, immunofluorescence assays, protein A assays, and immunoelectrophoresis assays. etc. In one embodiment, TRANCE antibody binding to TRANCE or a fragment thereof is detected by detecting a label conjugated to the TRANCE antibody. In another embodiment, the TRANCE antibody is detected by detecting binding of a secondary antibody or reagent to the primary antibody. In a further embodiment, the secondary antibody is labeled. Many means are known in the art for detecting binding in an immunoassay and are within the scope of the present invention.
Moreover, the isolated nucleic acid sequences of the present invention can be used to screen for the expression of TRANCE in a bodily sample. For example, The mRNA from a bodily sample can be isolated, and immobilized on a solid support, such as nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). This support can then be incubated with the isolated nucleic acid molecule of
The present invention may be better understood by reference to the following non-limiting Examples, which are provided as exemplary of the invention.
TRANCE Is a Novel Ligand of the Tumor Necrosis
Factor Receptor Family That Activates c-Jun N-
terminal Kinase in T cells
A novel member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family, designated TRANCE, was cloned during a search for apoptosis-regulatory genes using a somatic cell genetic approach in T cell hybridomas. The TRANCE gene encodes a type II membrane protein of 316 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of35 kD. Its extracellular domain is most closely related to TRAIL, FasL and TNF. TRANCE is an immediate early gene upregulated by TCR stimulation and is controlled by calcineurin-regulated transcription factors. TRANCE is most highly expressed in thymus and lymph nodes but not in non-lymphoid tissues and is abundantly expressed in T cells but not in B cells. Cross-hybridization of the mouse cDNA to a human thymus library yielded the human homolog, which encodes a protein 83% identical to the mouse ectodomain. Human TRANCE was mapped to chromosome 13q14 while mouse TRANCE was located to the portion of mouse chromosome 14 syntenic with human chromosome 13q14. A recombinant soluble form of TRANCE composed of the entire ectodomain induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in T cells but not in splenic B cells or in bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells. These results suggest a role for this TNF-related ligand in the regulation of the T cell dependent immune response.
The TNF cytokine family currently includes TNF, LT-α, LT-β, FasL. CD40L, CD30L, CD27L, 4-1BBL, OX40L (1) and TRAIL/APO-2L (2, 3) which exhibit the highest homology between their C-terminal, receptor binding domains. The family members are type II membrane proteins that act in an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine manner either as integral membrane proteins or as proteolytically processed soluble effectors. Binding to their cognate receptors leads to the activation of several signal transduction pathways: the cascade of caspase/ICE-like proteases, the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors and the mitogen-activated protein kinases including the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK), and the extracellularly-regulated kinases (ERK) (4–6).
The biochemical pathways activated by the TNF-related ligands are coordinated to effect a diverse set of biological responses including apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation, and survival (1). Caspases execute the biochemical events leading to apoptosis (4) whereas NF-κB appears to inhibit cell death (7). In addition to its anti-apoptotic role, NF-κB regulates numerous genes, such as cytokines and adhesion molecules, that are critical in triggering and maintaining immune-mediated inflammatory responses (8). TNFR1, TNFR2, CD30, CD40, DR3/wsl-1/TRAMP/Apo-3, and the TRAIL receptor, when stimulated or over expressed, recruit TRAF2, a signal transducing protein that activates JNK in vitro (9). Fas can activate JNK by recruiting the protein Daxx to its death domain (10). Thus, JNK activation appears to be a common signaling event downstream of TNF-related ligand/receptor binding. JNK is linked to lymphocyte activation and proliferation since it can activate c-Jun, a component of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) (11). Emerging evidence suggests that JNK is also critical in mediating apoptosis in non-lymphoid cells in response to some (10, 12–14), but not all physiologic agonists, e.g., TNFR1 mediated cell death (9, 15).
The expression of TNF-related ligands on T cells are regulated by signaling from the T cell receptor (TCR) and mediate many of its biological effects. FasL, TNF and CD30L are responsible for TCR-mediated apoptosis of T cells and immature thymocytes (16, 17). Seven of the TNF family members, in conjunction with TCR-stimulation, can enhance T cell proliferation (1). Therefore, upregulation of TNF cytokine members and their receptors by the TCR may provide an autocrine costimulatory mechanism to enhance the cells' own proliferation after stimulation with antigen (1). The TCR also upregulates TNF-related ligands for the purposes of B cell co-stimulation, protection against Ig antigen-receptor induced apoptosis and antibody isotype switching (18–20), dendritic cell activation and differentiation (21), and of inducing apoptosis in virally infected cells or transformed cells (22). To investigate the molecular regulation of TCR-mediated apoptosis a cloning strategy based on somatic cell genetics (23) was used, in which gene expression in mutant T cell hybridomas, resistant to TCR-mediated cell death yet capable of other receptor-associated functions (e.g. IL-2 secretion), is compared with gene expression in wild-type cells sensitive to TCR-mediated cell death. Such a strategy should yield genes associated with apoptosis and not activation although it is possible to obtain genes involved in other processes. This technique was used successfully to clone the gene TDAG51, a gene required for Fas expression and TCR-mediated cell death (24). Using similar methods new member of the TNF cytokine family, designated TRANCE (TNF-related activation-induced cytokine) was cloned, which is predominantly expressed on T cells and in lymphoid organs and is controlled by the TCR through a calcineurin-regulated pathway. A soluble form of the ligand consisting only of the extracellular domain can activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) specifically in T cells but not in B cells or bone-marrow derived dendritic cells. These results suggest that TRANCE plays a specific role in regulating T cell functions.
Subtractive hybridization and differential screening. 1×108 KMls18.104.22.168 or KIT22.214.171.124 T cell hybridomas, were incubated on 15 cm plates coated with 5 μg/mL of H57-597 (α-TCR Ab) as previously described (24). Poly A(+) RNA was extracted using a FastTrack 2.0 mRNA isolation kit (Invitrogen) and 2 μg from TCR-stimulated KMls126.96.36.199 (KMls188.8.131.52+) and TCR-stimulated KIT184.108.40.206 (KIT220.127.116.11+) was used to make tester and driver cDNA, respectively. Suppression subtractive hybridization was performed using the PCR-select cDNA subtraction kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (Clontech). Briefly, tester and driver was digested with RsaI and the tester was ligated to adapter DNA. After two hybridizations with the tester and driver cDNA (20 h and 8 h) the resulting mixture was diluted 1:1000 and amplified by PCR using flanking and nested primers to produce a subtracted and normalized PCR fragment library. The efficiency of subtraction was verified via Southern blot analysis of the unsubtracted and subtracted PCR products using a 32p-labeled GAPDH cDNA probe. 26 primary cycles and 18 secondary cycles of PCR amplification yielded the greatest signal:noise ratio estimated by comparing the amount of PCR product synthesized to the amount of GAPDH in the subtracted product (data not shown). Using these conditions, subtracted PCR products were TA cloned into the pCR2.1 plasmid (Invitrogen). To screen differentially expressed products 100 ng of plasmid DNA containing the subtracted fragments were immobilized on duplicate nitrocellulose filters using a slot blot apparatus (Schleicher and Schuell) and hybridized to cDNA probes (1×107 cpm/mL) derived from either KIT18.104.22.168+ or KMls22.214.171.124+ poly A(+) RNA. Signals were quantified using a phosphorimager (Molecular Dynamics).
Full length cloning of murine and human TRANCE cDNA. A subtracted cDNA fragment, designated 8-50.51, which scored positive in the differential screening assay was used to screen a λZAP cDNA library derived from KMls126.96.36.199+ (24). The longest clone (2.2 kb) was sequenced with a Sequenase 2.0 kit (United States Biochemical) over both sense and anti-sense directions using a series of oligonucleotide primers. To clone the human homolog a BamHI-BamHI fragment corresponding to TRANCE (nt 366–1035) was used to screen 1×106 phage from a λgt11 5′-Stretch Plus human leukemia library (Clontech) using low stringency hybridization conditions. A partial human clone was sequenced using the same method described for murine TRANCE.
Mouse cell purification. All cells were harvested from 4–8 week old BALB/c mice (The Jackson Laboratory). T cell enrichment: T cells were purified from 5×107 lymph node cells using a T cell enrichment kit (Biotex). B cell enrichment: 5×107 splenocytes were negatively selected for T cells via magnetic beads conjugated to anti-mouse Thy 1.2 following the manufacturer's protocol (Dynabeads Thy 1.2, Dynal). Bone-marrow derived-dendritic cell enrichment (BMDC): Mature BMDC were isolated as previously described (25). Proliferating and apoptotic lymph node T cells (LNTC): LNTC were harvested and treated with concanavalin A (ConA; 5 μg/mL) plus IL-2 (10 U/mL) for 48 h and then with IL-2 alone (50 U/mL) for 48 h to yield proliferating T cells (17). To induce cell death, the proliferating T cells were incubated on α-CD3ε (145-2C11) coated plates for 6–72 hours as previously described (17). Using these conditions, ˜50% of the cells are dead by 48 h versus ˜5% cell death in the cells treated with ConA plus IL-2 alone. The purity of T, B and BMDC enriched fractions was tested by FACS and in all cases was greater than 90%.
Northern Analysis and Semi-Quantitative PCR. Expression and regulation of TRANCE in T cell hybridomas was determined by Northern blot analysis of poly A(+) RNA extracted at the indicated time points from the following samples: unstimulated or TCR-stimulated cells either in the presence of media alone, FK506 (10 ng/mL; Fujisawa USA) or cycloheximide (1 μg/mL; Sigma). The 8-50.51 fragment was used as a probe. To determine TRANCE expression in mouse tissues or in stimulated LNTC, total RNA was extracted from various organs or cells as previously described (24) and 20 μg from each sample was analyzed by Northern blot using the TRANCE full length cDNA as a probe. A 28S ribosomal RNA probe (data not shown) or a GAPDH cDNA probe was used to control for RNA loading. For semi-quantitative PCR analysis total RNA was extracted from T or B cell enriched fractions using the RNA Isolation Kit (Stratagene) and first strand cDNA was transcribed from 1 μg of RNA using Superscript RT (Gibco BRL) following the protocol provided by the supplier. The first strand reaction was diluted 1:100, allowing amplification to occur as linear function of starting concentrations, and was subjected to PCR using the following conditions: β-Actin: (sense: 5′-ATG AAG ATC C.G. ACC GAG CG-3″(SEQ ID NO:9), antisense: 5′-TAC TTG CGC TGA GGA GGA GC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:10), 94° C. 30 sec. 50° C. 1 min, 72° C. 1 min for 30 cycles). TRANCE: sense: 5′-CCT GAG ACT CCA TGA AAA CGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:11), antisense: 5′-TAA CCC TTA GTT TTC CGT TGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:12), 94° C. 30 sec, 52° C. 1 min, 72° C. 1 min for 30 cycles). The PCR products were analyzed by Southern blot as previously described (24).
Expression and Purification of Soluble TRANCE. A FLAG-tagged soluble form of TRANCE was generated by cloning a PCR product encoding the TRANCE ectodomain (amino acid residues 72–316 of
Supernatant was harvested 72 h later, passed through a 0.45 μm filter, incubated with the α-FLAG M2 affinity gel (Kodak) and eluted with the FLAG peptide (250 μg/mL; Kodak) as outlined in the manufacturer's protocol. The eluant was dialyzed against PBS, adjusted to 10% glycerol and the protein concentration was ascertained in a BCA protein assay (Pierce).
Chromosomal localization of murine and human TRANCE. Human TRANCE mapping: A Genebridge 4 radiation hybrid mapping panel was obtained from Research Genetics. Inc. (Huntsville, Ala.). Hybrid DNA was subjected to PCR (94° C. 20 sec, 55° C. 15 sec, 72° C. 1 min, for 30 cycles) with primers derived from the 3′-UTR of the human TRANCE mRNA. Analysis of the data was performed using the radiation hybrid mapping server at the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research as previously described (26). Murine TRANCE mapping: Murine TRANCE was mapped using an intersubspecific backcross. A TRANCE specific genomic DNA fragment of 582 bp was amplified by PCR using synthetic oligonucleotide primers (5′-ACC CAG ATG GAC TTC TGT GG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:13), 5′-TTT CCT TCG ACG TGC TAX CG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14), and a single stranded conformation polymorphism between 57BL/6J and CAST/Ei mice was detected in MDE gels as previously described (27). The polymorphism was mapped on a panel of DNA from 57 C57BL/6J×CAST/Ei)F1×C57BL/6J backcrossed mice, donated by The Jackson Laboratory Mouse Mutant Resource, which contains a large number of previously typed markers on all chromosomes (28).
c-Jun N-terminal kinase assays. 2–5×106 cells were incubated for 1–2 hours at 37° C., 5% CO2 on plates coated with the α-FLAG M2 antibody (10 μg/mL). The cells were treated with either soluble TRANCE in 10% glycerol/PBS solution or an equal volume of 10% glycerol/PBS solution before harvesting at the indicated time points and frozen in a dry ice/ethanol bath. Cells were lysed with Triton Lysis Buffer [20 mM Tris·Cl (pH 7.5), 137 mM NaCl, 1 mM PMSF, 5 mM EDTA, 2 mM EGTA, 1 mM Na3VO4, 25 mM β-glycerophosphate, 50 mM NaF, 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 15% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100], spun down in a microcentrifuge to remove cell debris, and supernatants were incubated with goat (α-JNK1 Ab (0.3 μg; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 2 h at 4° C. Protein A sepharose was added for 1 h and the beads were washed 2 times with Triton Lysis Buffer then 2 times with JNK Reaction Buffer [25 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 25 mM β-glycerophosphate, 25 mM MgCl2, 2 mM DTT, 0.1 mM Na3VO4]. For the kinase reaction, 30 μL of JNK Reaction Buffer containing 1.5–3.0 μg of purified GST-c-Jun(1–79) (generously donated by Dr. H. Hanafusa, The Rockefeller University), 0.5 μCi of γ-32P ATP and ATP (20 μM) was incubated with the immunoprecipitated JNK for 20 min at 30° C. The reactions were stopped with 2× loading buffer, boiled for 5 min and run on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel as previously described. (29)
Identification of mouse and human TRANCE. The molecular defects in KIT188.8.131.52, a mutant T cell hybridoma resistant to TCR-mediated apoptosis (23) were investigated by comparing its gene expression with that of KMls184.108.40.206, the parental cell line sensitive to TCR-mediated apoptosis. Differentially expressed genes between TCR-stimulated KIT220.127.116.11 (KIT18.104.22.168+) and TCR-stimulated KMls22.214.171.124 (KMls126.96.36.199+) were isolated using suppression subtractive hybridization, a cDNA subtraction technique based on suppression PCR that is sensitive to rare transcripts (30). After subtracting KIT188.8.131.52+cDNA from KMls184.108.40.206+cDNA a mini-library was generated by randomly subcloning the subtracted PCR products. The plasmid library was then subjected to differential screening using KIT220.127.116.11+cDNA and KMls18.104.22.168+cDNA as probes. Of the 347 plasmids screened, 76 produced a stronger signal with the KMls22.214.171.124+ probe than with the KIT126.96.36.199+ probe. One positive, designated 8-50.51, is shown in
Using 8-50.51 as a probe we screened a KMls188.8.131.52+ cDNA library to obtain a full length clone. The full length cDNA (
Regulation and tissue distribution of TRANCE. The signaling capabilities and biological functions of the TNF family appear redundant. Yet specificity clearly exists, as shown by gene-knockout studies, in which the deletion of one family member cannot by fully compensated by the others. Specificity may be achieved by restricting the expression of these genes to particular cells and tissues and or by linking their induction to different regulatory pathways. Temporal regulation of the TNF family members may also be important in properly coordinating their biological effects in vivo (1). The regulation of TRANCE induction by the TCR was studied in T cell hybridomas with cycloheximide (CHX), an inhibitor of translation, and FK506, a FKBP ligand that inhibits calcineurin (PP-2B) (
To examine TRANCE regulation in non-transformed cells, Northern analysis was performed on concanavalin A (ConA) and IL-2 stimulated LNTC, a model of antigen-mediated T cell proliferation and on proliferating LNTC re-stimulated with α-CD3ε Ab, a model of peripheral T cell clonal deletion (17). ConA and IL-2 stimulated T cells express relatively low amounts of TRANCE message whereas FasL expression is high (
Northern blot analysis revealed that TRANCE expression is restricted to the thymus and lymph node (
Chromosomal Mapping of TRANCE. The murine TRANCE locus was mapped to mouse chromosome 14 by use of an intersubspecific backcross (27, 28). In 57 backcross mice TRANCE showed two recombinants with the Rb1 locus (Lod 13.4) and nine recombinants with Rps10-rs4 (Lod>>6.4) (data not shown). After inferring marker genotypes from recombinant mice, incorporating other markers and minimizing double crossovers, the gene order and map distances (cM±SE) were: Rb1 -(1.5±1.0)-TRANCE-(1.5±1.1)-Rps10-rs4-(3.7±1.6)-Rp136-rs2-(6.4±2.1 )-Rp17-rs2-(4.2±1.7)-Dct. TRANCE is located on mouse chromosome 14 near a non-MHC locus suggestively linked to autoimmune nephritis in NZB mice (34), implicating TRANCE in the regulation of immune-tolerance. Human TRANCE was localized by radiation hybrid mapping at 3.98 cR (approximately 800 kB) from the marker, CHLC.GATA6B07 (D13S325), located at 117 cR on the WI radiation hybrid framework of chromosome 13 (data not shown). Superposition of this map with the cytogenetic map of human chromosome 13 allowed the assignment of TRANCE to chromosomal band 13q14.
Biochemical function of TRANCE. A soluble form of TRANCE containing the entire ectodomain fused to an N-terminal FLAG epitope (TRANCE-Ecto) was constructed to examine the biochemical function of TRANCE and to identify the cellular targets that respond to this protein. TRANCE-Ecto, when expressed in 293T cells and purified to homogeneity, has an apparent molecular weight of ˜37 kD by SDS-PAGE analysis (
Described herein is the cloning of a novel member of the TNF cytokine gene family whose expression is restricted to T cells and lymphoid organs and can participate in signaling to T cells implicating TRANCE in the regulation of T cell dependent immune responses. TRANCE was obtained through a genetic screen and it appears associated with cell death and not cell survival or proliferation (
TRANCE, a New TNF Family Member Predominantly
Expressed in T cells, is a Dendritic Cell Specific
TRACE is a new member of the TNF family that is induced upon T cell receptor engagement and activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) following interaction with its putative receptor (TRANCE-R) (Wong. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272;25190–25194). TRANCE expression is restricted to lymphoid organs and to T cells. Disclosed herein is a showing that high levels of TRANCE-R are detected on mature dendritic cells (DC) but not on freshly isolated B cells, T cells or macrophages. Signaling by TRANCE-R appears dependent on TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), since JNK induction is impaired in cells from transgenic mice over expressing a dominant negative TRAF2 protein. TRANCE inhibits apoptosis of mouse bone-marrow derived DC and human monocyte-derived DC in vitro. The resulting increase in DC survival is accompanied by a proportional increase in DC-mediated T cell proliferation in an MLR. TRANCE upregulates Bcl-xL expression suggesting a potential mechanism for enhanced DC survival. TRANCE does not induce the proliferation of B cells or increase the survival of T or B cells. Therefore, TRANCE is a new DC restricted survival factor that mediates T cell-DC communication and provides a tool to modulate DC activity, and hence immune response.
Apoptosis plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of the immune system (35–37). Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family can regulate apoptosis in addition to an array of other biological effects such as cell proliferation and differentiation (38). Despite the functional redundancy of this family, specificity may be accomplished by coordinating the spatial and temporal expression of TNF-related ligands and their receptors and by restricting the expression of signal transduction molecules to specific cell types. TNF receptors interact with a family of molecules called TRAFs (TNF receptor-associated factors)1 that act as adaptors for downstream signaling events (39). For example, TRAF2 activates NF-κB (40) and also c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)(41–43). The biochemical events leading to apoptosis involve the caspase family of cysteine proteases (44), whereas NF-κB appears to inhibit cell death (45). The TNF receptor family can also regulate apoptosis by modulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-related proteins (46, 47). Recent data indicates that the Bcl family controls apoptosis by altering transmembrane conductance in mitochondria and by preventing the activation of caspases (48–50).
An important role of TNF members in dendritic cells (DC) biology has recently emerged. DCs have several specializations that lead to the stimulation of naive T cells and play a role in the initiation of the immune response (51). TNF-α and CD40L are molecules involved in the differentiation of DC from CD34+ bone-marrow or cord blood progenitors (52–54). Moreover, CD40L increases DC survival, upregulates MHC and costimulatory molecule expression and induces the expression of a variety of cytokines (e.g., IL-12) in DC (55). Both CD40 and TNFR interact with TRAF2, suggesting that TRAF2 plays a role in DC function.
Recently, TRANCE (TNF-related activation-induced cytokine), a novel ligand of the TNF family was cloned during a search for apoptosis regulatory genes. Remarkably, TRANCE expression is restricted to lymphoid specific organs and is selectively expressed in T cells (56). Disclosed herein is the discovery that TRANCE-R signals via TRAF2 in thymocytes and increases DC survival by upregulating Bcl-xL expression, a property shared with CD40L. However, unlike CD40L, TRANCE selectively acts on mature DC but not on B cells. In addition, high levels of the TRANCE-R are only detected on DC suggesting that a major function of TRANCE in vivo is to modulate DC activity. Hence, TRANCE can also modulate T cell activation and immune response to an antigen.
Expression and Purification of Soluble TRANCE. A FLAG epitope-tagged TRANCE molecule (FLAG-TRANCE) was expressed in 293T cells and purified as described (56). To create a human CD8-TRANCE recombinant molecule (hCD8-TRANCE), the extracellular domain of murine TRANCE (a.a. 245–316 of
Mice. C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d) mice were from Taconic Farms (Germantown, N.Y.). Transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative form of TRAF2 (TRAF2.DN) were engineered as described (57).
Cells. Bone-marrow derived DC (BMDC) were generated as described (58) and were used on day 8 of culture. Enriched populations of fresh lymph node or splenic DC were prepared by digesting organs with collagenase then selecting for low density cells via centrfilgation on a Nycodenz column (14.5% w/v in PBS+5 mM EDTA; Nycomed, Oslo, Norway) for 15 min. at 4° C. Mature spleen DC were prepared by culturing freshly isolated spleen DC overnight as described (59). The cytokine-induced generation of human DC from PBMCs was performed as described (60). After 2 days in monocyte conditioned medium (MCM), TRANCE or PBS was added to the DCs. Lymph node T cells (99% CD3+ as assessed by flow cytometry) were prepared by magnetic bead depletion (Dynal, Oslo, Norway) of class II, B220, NK1.1, and F4/80 positive cells. B cells were prepared by magnetic depletion of Thy1.2 positive cells (Dynal). Cell viability was assayed by trypan blue exclusion or by propidium iodide uptake.
Flow cytometry. DC phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry as described (61) using the following FITC or PE-conjugated mAbs: H-2Kb, I-Ab, ICAM-1, CD11b, CD11c, CD80, CD86, CD25, CD40 (PharMingen). Other mAbs used were biotinylated α-Fas, CD3-FITC, B220-FITC (PharMingen) and NLDC-145-FITC. The expression of TRANCE-R was assessed using the hCD8-TRANCE fusion molecule at 10 μg/mL at 4° C. followed by biotinylated OKT8 mAb and then streptavidin-PE (BioSource International, Camarillo, Calif.). Negative controls were performed by omitting hCD8-TRANCE. For analysis of TRANCE-R expression on resting B cells and fresh DC, low density cells were stained with FITC-B220 or FITC-CD11c, respectively and analyzed on a “FACSCAN” (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, Calif.).
Mixed leukocyte resection. BMDC treated for 48 hours in the presence or absence of recombinant TRANCE were cultured with 1×105 purified allogeneic T-cells in flat bottom 96-well plates in a final volume of 200 μl for 3 days and then pulsed for eight hours with 0.5 μCi of 3[H]-Thymidine (Dupont NEN®, Boston, Mass.). The cells were then harvested on glass fiber filters and 3[H]-Thymidine incorporation was measured using a standard scintillation-detection procedure.
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Assays. 2–5×106 cells from TRAF2.DN transgenic mice or from control littermates were incubated 1–2 hours at 37° C. on plates coated with OKT8 antibody (10 μg/mL). The cells were treated with either soluble TRANCE or an equal volume of PBS before harvesting at the indicated time points and frozen in a dry ice/ethanol bath. JNK was immunoprecipitated with α-JNK1 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif.) and kinase activity assessed as described (56).
Western and RT-PCR analysis of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. BMDC (8×106/well) were cultured in RPMI in six well plates and treated with PBS, FLAG-TRANCE (1 μg/mL) or soluble CD40L for 0 or 24 hours. The cells were lysed, and 50 μg of protein from each sample were resolved on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to Immobilon-P membranes (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). The blots were blocked in 5% skim milk, probed with α-Bcl-2 (4C11) or α-Bcl-xL (236) [Kindly provided by Dr. Gabriel Nunez, Univ. of Michigan] and detected with the appropriate HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and enhanced chemiluminesence substrate (ECL, Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, Ill.). For RT-PCR analysis of bcl-xL mRNA expression, BMDC (2×106 cells/well) were cultured in 24 well plates, treated with the appropriate reagents and quickly frozen in a cry ice/ethanol bath at the various time points. Total RNA was extracted (RNEasy, Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.) and cDNA was diluted to allow PCR amplification to occur as a linear function of starting concentrations. PCR was performed using the conditions and primers as described (47).
TRANCE-R is expressed at high levels in dendritic cells. To identify cells that express TRANCE-R, hCD8-TRANCE was used as a molecular probe for FACS analysis. TRANCE-R was detected on mature BMDC, freshly isolated lymph node DC and freshly isolated spleen DC (
TRANCE is a dendritic cell survival factor. The biological effects of TRANCE were further studied on mature DCs. TRANCE-treated DCs formed densely packed clusters while control, untreated cells exhibited relatively sparse aggregates (
CD40L upregulates the anti-apoptotic molecule. Bcl-xL, in B cells and protects them from Ig-receptor mediated cell death (47). In addition, CD40L upregulates Bcl-2 in human DC derived from CD34+ progenitor cells, a phenomenon which was correlated with a resistance to Fas mediated apoptosis (46). To determine whether TRANCE can influence Bcl-2 or BCl-xL their expression in DC stimulated with TRANCE or CD40L was measured by Western analysis. BMDC expressed relatively high levels of Bcl-2 and relatively low levels of Bcl-xL after reaching maturity in GM-CSF (
TRANCE enhances DC-mediated T cell proliferation. To examine the functional consequences of TRANCE on DCs the MLR stimulating ability of DC treated with TRANCE was measured. Increasing doses of FLAG-TRANCE enhanced DC survival at 48 hours which, in turn, led to a proportional increase in the stimulation of T cell proliferation (
TRANCE does not affect B cell proliferation. Expression of high levels of the TRANCE-R appeared restricted to DC by FACS analysis. However, it was found that TRANCE could activate JNK in thymocytes (56) suggesting that FACS analysis might lack the sensitivity to detect low levels of receptor. To further examine the specificity of TRANCE for DCs, its ability to induce B cell proliferation or survival was tested, two functions mediated by CD40L. Recombinant hCD8-TRANCE, tested for its anti-apoptotic function in BMDC, could not stimulate B cell proliferation (
TRANCE-mediated JNK induction requires functional TRAF2. Recruitment of TRAF2 to the TNFR complex or the CD40 receptor complex is necessary for JNK activation (41–43, 57). To test the possibility that TRANCE-R also signals via TRAF2, we analyzed TRANCE-mediated JNK activation in thymocytes from transgenic mice over expressing a dominant negative form of TRAF2 (TRAF2.DN) (57). JNK activity peaked 2.5 fold over unstimulated cells at 5 minutes in control littermates whereas JNK induction was significantly reduced in TRAF2.DN thymocytes (
It has been demonstrated that TRANCE, in addition to CD40L, is a modulator of DC function. Similar to CD40L. TRANCE modulates the survival of mature DC by regulating the expression of Bcl-xL. In contrast to CD40L, however, TRANCE does not act on other APC such as B cells. The signal transduction pathways downstream of TRANCE-R that regulate DC activities remain unknown. TRANCE appears to signal via TRAF2. at least in thymocytes, suggesting that TRAF2 may play a critical role in mediating signals for differentiation, activation and survival in DC.
These findings complement the description of the selective expression of this new TNF family member in T cells. The high level of expression of TRANCE-R on DC suggests a specific role for TRANCE in T cell-DC communication during the primary immune response. Rapid upregulation of TRANCE upon TCR engagement on T cells (56) could specifically enhance the survival of DC during antigen presentation. Both antigen-specific T cells and the antigen presenting DC would therefore depend on each other for activation and survival, respectively. Mature DC which fail to present antigen to T cells would not receive T cell help and thereby die of neglect. This T cell-DC interaction is likely to occur in the T cell area of lymphoid organs which contain DC of mature phenotypes (65). DC can only be detected in afferent lymph not efferent lymph suggesting that DCs are destined to die when they migrate to the lymph node. TRANCE may be important to maintain DC survival perhaps acting prior to CD40L since TRANCE is an immediate early gene (56). Many experiments indicate that DC pulsed ex vivo with an antigen can be used to induce immunity to tumor or viral antigens in vivo (66). TRANCE can provide a tool to specifically enhance DC function by enhancing their survival in vivo.
Many other variations and modifications of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The above embodiments are, therefore, merely exemplary, and all such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
It is further understood that all base sizes or amino acid sizes, and all molecular weight or molecular weight mass values given for nucleic acids or polypeptides are approximate, and are provided for description.
Various publications are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
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|U.S. Classification||530/388.1, 530/387.3, 530/391.3, 530/388.23, 530/387.1, 530/389.2, 530/389.1|
|International Classification||C07K14/525, C12Q1/68, C07K16/24, A61K38/00, C07K16/46, A61K38/19|
|Cooperative Classification||C07K2319/00, C07K14/525, A61K38/191, C12Q1/6883, C12Q2600/158|
|European Classification||A61K38/19A, C07K14/525, C12Q1/68M6|
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