- About this Journal ·
- Abstracting and Indexing ·
- Advance Access ·
- Aims and Scope ·
- Article Processing Charges ·
- Articles in Press ·
- Author Guidelines ·
- Bibliographic Information ·
- Citations to this Journal ·
- Contact Information ·
- Editorial Board ·
- Editorial Workflow ·
- Free eTOC Alerts ·
- Publication Ethics ·
- Reviewers Acknowledgment ·
- Submit a Manuscript ·
- Subscription Information ·
- Table of Contents
International Journal of Ecology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 156274, 9 pages
The Effect of Timing of Grassland Management on Plant Reproduction
Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7007, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Received 15 August 2011; Accepted 4 December 2011
Academic Editor: Andrew Denham
Copyright © 2012 Tommy Lennartsson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
- H. Sjörs, Ekologisk Botanik. Biologi 10, Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala, Sweden, 1971.
- M. Pärtel and M. Zobel, “Small-scale plant species richness in calcareous grasslands determined by the species pool, community age and shoot density,” Ecography, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 153–159, 1999.
- U. Emanuelsson, The Rural Landscapes of Europe—How man has Shaped Europe’s Nature, Formas, 2009.
- R. M. Fuller, “The changing extent and conservation interest of lowland grasslands in England and Wales: a review of grassland surveys 1930–1984,” Biological Conservation, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 281–300, 1987.
- D. Stanners and P. Bourdeau, Europe's Environment. The Dobris Assessment, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1995.
- Statistics Sweden, “Betesmarker—historiska data,” Statistiska Meddelanden 36:9001, Statistics Sweden, Borås, Sweden, 1990.
- Nature Conservancy Council, Nature Conservation in Great Britain, Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, UK, 1984.
- U. Gärdenfors, The 2010 Red List of Swedish Species, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala, Sweden, 2010.
- E. Gustavsson, A. Dahlström, M Emanuelsson, J. Wissman, and T. Lennartsson, “Combining historical and ecological knowledge to optimise biodiversity conservation in semi-natural grasslands,” in The Importance of Biological Interactions in the Study of Biodiversity, J. L. Pujol, Ed., pp. 173–196, 2011.
- G. L. A. Fry, “Conservation in agricultural ecosystems,” in The Scientific Management of Temperate Communities for Conservation, I. F. Spellerberg, F. B. Goldsmith, and M. G. Morris, Eds., pp. 415–443, Blackwell, London, UK, 1991.
- G. Beaufoy, D. Baldock, and J. Clark, The Nature of Farming. Low Intensity Farming Systems in Nine European Countries, Institute for European Environmental Policy, London, UK, 1995.
- A. García, “Conserving the species-rich meadows of Europe,” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 40, no. 1–4, pp. 219–232, 1992.
- K. H. Patriksson, Skötselhandbok för Gårdens Natur-och Kulturvärden, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Jönköping, Sweden, 1998.
- I. Pehrson, Bete och Betesdjur, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Jönköping, Sweden, 2001.
- T. Lennartsson and J. G. B. Oostermeijer, “Demographic variation and population viability in Gentianella campestris: effects of grassland management and environmental stochasticity,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 451–463, 2001.
- A. C. Linusson, G. A. I. Berlin, and E. G. A. Olsson, “Reduced community diversity in semi-natural meadows in southern Sweden, 1965–1990,” Plant Ecology, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 77–94, 1998.
- E. M. Veenendaal, W. H. O. Ernst, and G. S. Modise, “Reproductive effort and phenology of seed production of savanna grasses with different growth form and life history,” Vegetatio, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 91–100, 1996.
- B. Dumont, A. Farruggia, J. P. Garel, P. Bachelard, E. Boitier, and M. Frain, “How does grazing intensity influence the diversity of plants and insects in a species-rich upland grassland on basalt soils?” Grass and Forage Science, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 92–105, 2009.
- R. M. Callaway, Z. Kikvidze, and D. Kikodze, “Facilitation by unpalatable weeds may conserve plant diversity in overgrazed meadows in the Caucasus Mountains,” Oikos, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 275–282, 2000.
- L. H. Fraser and J. P. Grime, “Interacting effects of herbivory and fertility on a synthesized plant community,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 514–525, 1999.
- I. Noymeir, M. Gutman, and Y. Kaplan, “Responses of Mediterranean grassland plants to grazing and protection,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 290–310, 1989.
- R. Fernandez Ales, J. M. Laffarga, and F. Ortega, “Strategies in Mediterranean grassland annuals in relation to stress and disturbance,” Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 313–322, 1993.
- T. Lennartsson, P. Nilsson, and J. Tuomi, “Induction of overcompensation in the field gentian, Gentianella campestris,” Ecology, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 1061–1072, 1998.
- H. J. Zopfi, “Ecotypic variation in Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scopoli) Pollich (Scrophulariaceae) in relation to grassland management. I. Morphological delimitations and habitats of seasonal ecotypes,” Flora, vol. 188, no. 1, pp. 15–39, 1993.
- M. Akhalkatsi and J. Wagner, “Reproductive phenology and seed development of Gentianella caucasea in different habitats in the Central Caucasus,” Flora, vol. 191, no. 2, pp. 161–168, 1996.
- L. Påhlsson, Vegetationstyper i Norden, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1994.
- S. H. Hurlbert, “Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments,” Ecological Monographs, vol. 54, pp. 187–211, 1984.
- L. Oksanen, “Logic of experiments in ecology: is pseudoreplication a pseudoissue?” Oikos, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 27–38, 2001.
- M. E. Castle, “A simple disc instrument for estimating herbage yield,” Journal of the British Grassland Society, vol. 31, pp. 37–40, 1976.
- J. Lid, Norsk og Svensk Flora, Det Norske Samlaget, Oslo, Norway, 1979.
- H. Ellenberg, H. E. Weber, R. Düll, V. Wirth, and W. Werner, Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa, Scripta Geobotanica, Göttingen, Germany, 2001.
- V. G. Allen, C. Batello, E. J. Berretta et al., “An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals,” Grass and Forage Science, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 2–28, 2011.
- B. Mossberg and L. Stenberg, Den Nya Nordiska Floran, Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm, Sweden, 2003.
- G. P. Quinn and M. J. Keough, Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2002.
- M. Begon, J. L. Harper, and C. R. Townsend, Ecology, Blackwell Science, London, UK, 3rd edition, 1996.
- J. Wissman, Grazing regimes and plant reproduction in semi-natural grasslands, Ph.D. thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006.
- H. M. Jutila and J. B. Grace, “Effects of disturbance on germination and seedling establishment in a coastal prairie grassland: a test of the competitive release hypothesis,” Journal of Ecology, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 291–302, 2002.
- T. Karlsson, “Early-flowering taxa of Euphrasia (Scrophulariaceae) on Gotland, Sweden,” Nordic Journal of Botany, vol. 4, pp. 303–326, 1984.
- I. S. Warwick and D. Briggs, “The genecology of lawn weeds. III. Cultivation experiments with Achillea millefolium L., Bellis perennis L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L. and Prunella vulgaris L. collected from lawns and contrasting grassland habitats,” New Phytologist, vol. 83, pp. 509–536., 1979.
- T. Lennartsson, Demography, reproductive biology and adaptive traits in Gentianella campestris and G. amarella—evaluating grassland management for conservation by using indicator plant species, Ph.D. thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1997.
- J. M. Bullock and C. A. Marriot, “Plant responses to grazing and opportunities for manipulation,” in Grazing Management, A. J. Rook and P. D. Penning, Eds., pp. 17–26, British Grassland Society, London, UK, 2000.
- M. Fenner, M. E. Hanley, and R. Lawrence, “Comparison of seedling and adult palatability in annual and perennial plants,” Functional Ecology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 546–551, 1999.
- P. Tiffin, “Mechanisms of tolerance to herbivore damage: what do we know?” Evolutionary Ecology, vol. 14, no. 4–6, pp. 523–536, 2000.
- L. Jerling and M. Andersson, “Effects of selective grazing by cattle on the reproduction of Plantago maritima,” Holarctic Ecology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 405–411, 1982.
- V. Pavlů, M. Hejcman, L. Pavlů, J. Gaisler, P. Nežerková, and L. Meneses, “Changes in plant densities in a mesic species-rich grassland after imposing different grazing management treatments,” Grass and Forage Science, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 42–51, 2006.
- W. I. Linkowski, B. Cederberg, and L. A. Nilsson, Vildbin och Fragmentering, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Jönköping, Sweden, 2004.
- A. Pekkarinen, “Oligolectic bee species and their decline in Finland (Hymenoptera: Apoidea),” in Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Congress of Entomology, pp. 151–156, 1999.
- M. Franzén and S. G. Nilsson, “How can we preserve and restore species richness of pollinating insects on agricultural land?” Ecography, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 698–708, 2008.
- C. Sarin and K. O. Bergman, “Habitat utilisation of burnet moths (Zygaena spp.) in southern Sweden: a multi-scale and multi-stage perspective,” Insect Conservation and Diversity, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 180–193, 2010.