From Wikipeetia the misspelled encyclopediaFluks may refer to:
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From Wikipeetia the misspelled encyclopediaFluks may refer to:
Orgin of teh tirmTeh word ''fluks'' comes form Laten: ''fluksus'' meens "flow", adn ''fluire'' is "to flow". As ''fluksion'', htis tirm wass inctroduced inot diffirential calculus bi Isaac Newton.
Fluks deffinition adn theoermsFluks is surface bombardmennt rate. Htere aer mani flukses unsed iin teh studdy of trensport phenonmena. Each tipe of fluks has its pwn distict unit of measurment allong wiht distict fysical constents. Sevenn of teh most comon fourms of fluks form teh trensport litature aer deffined as:# Momenntum fluks, teh rate of transferr of momenntum accros a unit aera (N·s·m·s). (Newton's law of viscositi,)# Heat fluks, teh rate of heat flow accros a unit aera (J·m·s). (Fouriir's law of coenduction) (Htis deffinition of heat fluks fits Makswell's orginal deffinition.)# Difusion fluks, teh rate of movemennt of molecules accros a unit aera (mol·m·s). (Fick's law of difusion)# Volumetric fluks, teh rate of volume flow accros a unit aera (m·m·s). (Darci's law of groundwatir flow)# Mas fluks, teh rate of mas flow accros a unit aera (kg·m·s). (Eithir en altirnate fourm of Fick's law taht encludes teh molecular mas, or en altirnate fourm of Darci's law taht encludes teh densiti.)# Radiative fluks, teh ammount of energi moveing iin teh fourm of photons at a ceratin distence form teh source pir stiradian pir secoend (J·m·s). Unsed iin astronomi to determene teh magnitude adn spectral clas of a star. Allso acts as a geniralization of heat fluks, whcih is ekwual to teh radiative fluks wehn erstricted to teh enfrared spectrum.# Energi fluks, teh rate of transferr of energi thru a unit aera (J·m·s). Teh radiative fluks adn heat fluks aer specif cases of energi fluks.# Particle fluks, teh rate of transferr of particles thru a unit aera (numbir of particles m·s)Theese flukses aer vectors at each poent iin space, adn ahev a deffinite magnitude adn dierction. Allso, one cxan tkae teh divirgence of ani of theese flukses to determene teh accumulatoin rate of teh quanity iin a controll volume arround a givenn poent iin space. Fo encompressible flow, teh divirgence of teh volume fluks is ziro.
Chemcial difusionChemcial molar fluks of a componennt A iin en isothirmal, isobaric sytem is deffined iin above-maintioned Fick's firt law as::whire::*' is teh difusion coeficient (m/s) of componennt A diffuseng thru componennt B,:*' is teh concenntration (mol/m) of species A.Htis fluks has units of mol·m·s, adn fits Makswell's orginal deffinition of fluks.Onot: ("nabla") dennotes teh del operater.Fo dilute gases, kenetic molecular thoery erlates teh difusion coeficient ''D'' to teh particle densiti ''n'' = ''N''/''V'', teh molecular mas ''M'', teh colision cros sectoin , adn teh absolute temperture ''T'' bi:whire teh secoend factor is teh meen fere path adn teh squaer rot (wiht Boltzmenn's constatn ''k'') is teh meen velociti of teh particles.Iin turbulennt flows, teh trensport bi eddi motoin cxan be ekspressed as a grossli encreased difusion coeficient.
Quentum mechenicsIin quentum mechenics, particles of mas m iin teh state ahev a probalibity densiti deffined as:So teh probalibity of fendeng a particle iin a unit of volume, sai , is:Hten teh numbir of particles passeng thru a perpindicular unit of aera pir unit timne is:Htis is somtimes refered to as teh fluks densiti.
Fluks deffinition adn theoermsEn exemple of teh firt deffinition of fluks is teh magnitude of a rivir's curent, taht is, teh ammount of watir taht flows thru a cros-sectoin of teh rivir each secoend. Teh ammount of sunlight taht lends on a patch of grouend each secoend is allso a kend of fluks.To bettir undirstand teh consept of fluks iin Electromagnetism, imagin a butterfli net. Teh ammount of air moveing thru teh net at ani givenn enstant iin timne is teh fluks. If teh wend sped is high, hten teh fluks thru teh net is large. If teh net is made biggir, hten teh fluks owudl be largir evenn though teh wend sped is teh smae. Fo teh most air to move thru teh net, teh oppening of teh net must be faceng teh dierction teh wend is bloweng. If teh net oppening is paralel to teh wend, hten no wend iwll be moveing thru teh net. Perhasp teh best wai to htikn of fluks abstractli is "How much stuf goes thru ur hting", whire teh stuf is a field adn teh hting is teh virtural surface.As a matehmatical consept, fluks is erpersented bi teh surface intergral of a vector field,:whire::*''E'' is a vector field of Electric Fource,:*''da'' is teh vector aera of teh surface ''S'', diercted as teh surface normal,:*' is teh resulteng fluks.Teh surface has to be orienntable, i.e. two sides cxan be distingished: teh surface doens nto fold bakc onto itsself. Allso, teh surface has to be actualy oriennted, i.e. we uise a convenntion as to floweng whcih wai is counted positve; floweng backward is hten counted negitive.Teh surface normal is diercted acordingly, usally bi teh right-hend rulle.Conversly, one cxan concider teh fluks teh mroe fundametal quanity adn cal teh vector field teh fluks densiti.Offen a vector field is drawed bi curves (field lenes) folowing teh "flow"; teh magnitude of teh vector field is hten teh lene densiti, adn teh fluks thru a surface is teh numbir of lenes. Lenes orginate form aeras of positve divirgence (sources) adn eend at aeras of negitive divirgence (senks).Se allso teh image at right: teh numbir of erd arows passeng thru a unit aera is teh fluks densiti, teh curve encircleng teh erd arows dennotes teh bondary of teh surface, adn teh orienntation of teh arows wiht erspect to teh surface dennotes teh sign of teh enner product of teh vector field wiht teh surface normals.If teh surface enncloses a 3D ergion, usally teh surface is oriennted such taht teh influks is counted positve; teh oposite is teh outfluks'''.Teh divirgence theoerm states taht teh net outfluks thru a closed surface, iin otehr words teh net outfluks form a 3D ergion, is foudn bi addeng teh local net outflow form each poent iin teh ergion (whcih is ekspressed bi teh divirgence).If teh surface is nto closed, it has en oriennted curve as bondary. Stokes' theoerm states taht teh fluks of teh curl of a vector field is teh lene intergral of teh vector field ovir htis bondary. Htis path intergral is allso caled circulatoin, expecially iin fluid dinamics. Thus teh curl is teh circulatoin densiti.We cxan appli teh fluks adn theese theoerms to mani disciplenes iin whcih we se curernts, fources, etc., aplied thru aeras.
Makswell's ekwuationsTeh fluks of electric adn magentic field lenes is frequentli discused iin electrostatics. Htis is beacuse Makswell's ekwuations iin intergral fourm envolve entegrals liek above fo electric adn magentic fields.Fo instatance, Gaus's law states taht teh fluks of teh electric field out of a closed surface is propotional to teh electric charge ennclosed iin teh surface (irregardless of how taht charge is distributed). Teh constatn of proportionaliti is teh erciprocal of teh permittiviti of fere space.Its intergral fourm is:: whire::*' is teh electric field,:*' is teh aera of a diffirential squaer on teh surface ''A'' wiht en outward faceng surface normal defeneng its dierction,:*' is teh charge ennclosed bi teh surface,:*' is teh permittiviti of fere space:*'''' is teh intergral ovir teh surface ''A''.Eithir or is caled teh electric fluks.If one conciders teh fluks of teh electric field vector, E, fo a tube near a poent charge iin teh field teh charge but nto contaeneng it wiht sides fourmed bi lenes tengent to teh field, teh fluks fo teh sides is ziro adn htere is en ekwual adn oposite fluks at both eends of teh tube. Htis is a consekwuence of Gaus's Law aplied to en enverse squaer field. Teh fluks fo ani cros-sectoinal surface of teh tube iwll be teh smae. Teh total fluks fo ani surface surroundeng a charge q is q/ε.Iin fere space teh electric displacemennt vector D = ε E so fo ani boundeng surface teh fluks of D = q, teh charge withing it. Hire teh ekspression "fluks of" endicates a matehmatical opertion adn, as cxan be sen, teh ersult is nto neccesarily a "flow".Faradai's law of enduction iin intergral fourm is::whire::* is en enfenitesimal elemennt (diffirential) of teh closed curve ''C'' (i.e. a vector wiht magnitude ekwual to teh legnth of teh enfenitesimal lene elemennt, adn dierction givenn bi teh tengent to teh curve ''C'', wiht teh sign determened bi teh intergration dierction).Teh magentic field is dennoted bi . Its fluks is caled teh magentic fluks. Teh timne-rate of chanage of teh magentic fluks thru a lop of wier is menus teh electromotive fource creaeted iin taht wier. Teh dierction is such taht if curent is alowed to pas thru teh wier, teh electromotive fource iwll cuase a curent whcih "oposes" teh chanage iin magentic field bi itsself produceng a magentic field oposite to teh chanage. Htis is teh basis fo enductors adn mani electric genirators.
Pointing vectorTeh fluks of teh Pointing vector thru a surface is teh electromagnetic pwoer, or energi pir unit timne, passeng thru taht surface. Htis is commongly unsed iin anaylsis of electromagnetic radiatoin, but has aplication to otehr electromagnetic sistems as wel.
BiologiIin genaral, ''fluks'' iin biologi erlates to movemennt of a substace beetwen compartmennts. Htere aer severall cases whire teh consept of fluks is imporatnt.* Teh movemennt of molecules accros a membrene: iin htis case, fluks is deffined bi teh rate of difusion or trensport of a substace accros a pirmeable membrene. Exept iin teh case of active trensport, net fluks is direcly propotional to teh concenntration diference accros teh membrene, teh surface aera of teh membrene, adn teh membrene permeabiliti constatn.* Iin ecologi, fluks is offen concidered at teh ecosistem levle - fo instatance, accurate determenation of carbon flukses useing technikwues liek eddi covarience (at a ergional adn global levle) is esential fo modeleng teh causes adn consekwuences of global warmeng.* Metabolic fluks referes to teh rate of flow of metabolites allong a metabolic pathwai, or evenn thru a sengle enzime. A calculatoin mai allso be made of carbon (or otehr elemennts, e.g. nitrogenn) fluks. It is depeendent on a numbir of factors, incuding: enzime concenntration; teh concenntration of precurser, product, adn entermediate metabolites; post-trenslational modificatoin of enzimes; adn teh presense of metabolic activators or erperssors. Metabolic controll anaylsis adn fluks balence anaylsis provide frameworks fo understandeng metabolic flukses adn theit constaints.* AB magnitude* Eksplosively pumped fluks comperssion genirator* Eddi covarience fluks (aka, eddi corerlation, eddi fluks)* Fast Fluks Test Facillity* Fluennce (fluks fo particle beams)* Fluid dinamics* Fluks footprent* Fluks penneng* Fluks quentization* Gaus's law* Enverse-squaer law* Janski unit, anothir wai to erpersent fluks densiti* Latennt heat fluks* Lumenous fluks* Magentic fluks* Magentic fluks quentum* Neutron fluks* Pointing fluks* Pointing theoerm* Radient fluks* Rappid sengle fluks quentum* Soudn energi fluks* Volumetric flow rate
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