The people were all in arms. The banks of the Ohio were crowded with men and boys, incessantly shooting at the pilgrims, which flew lower as they passed over the river. Multitudes were thus destroyed. For a week or more, the population fed on no flesh other that of pigeons, and talked of nothing but pigeons.”
— John James Audubon 1813.
It is believed that before European colonization of North America the passenger pigeon population numbered more than five billion birds. It was likely the most abundant bird in the world. The passenger pigeon provided an anticipated bounty to Native Americans in eastern North America. Early settlers also routinely dispatched the birds in large numbers, but by the middle of the nineteenth century their numbers were still in the billions. Sixty-some years later their numbers equaled one. Then on Sept. 1, 1914, Martha, a captive passenger pigeon at the Cincinnati Zoo, slipped from her perch. And then there were none.
Yep, billions (with a “b”) of wild passenger pigeons disappeared from the North American landscape in a scant six decades. And disappeared is actually misleading because there is no mystery associated with their extirpation. They were slaughtered for money.
Surely habitat destruction — the rampant deforestation of the East — played a part, but no one knows how big a part or if the passenger pigeon would have adapted because it never got the chance. The extent of this slaughter is kind of hard to get your head around, but business ledgers kept account and Clive Ponting reported on some of those ledgers in his book, A Green History of the World, first published in 1991.
Ponting writes: “The scale of the operation can be judged by figures that seem almost incredible but which were carefully recorded as part of a perfectly legal and highly profitable commerce. On just one day in 1860 (23 July) 235,200 birds were sent east from Grand Rapids in Michigan. During 1874 Oceana County in Michigan sent over 1,000,000 birds to the markets in the east and two years later was sending 400,000 a week at the height of the season and a total of 1,600,000 in the year. In 1869, Van Buren County, also in Michigan, sent 7,500,000 birds to the east. Even in 1880, when numbers had already been severely reduced, 527,000 birds were shipped east from Michigan.”
Technology was likely the final nail in the coffin of the passenger pigeon. Flocks of millions upon millions of birds did not go unnoticed, and once railways and telegraph began to stretch across the country, all it took was a short message stating a flock’s location and hunters (pigeoners) would hit the road, getting there in time to decimate the flock.
Sadly, there was a scientific gap too. Simple numbers camouflaged the unique biology of the passenger pigeon. The thinking of the era was that there are billions of them — take all you want. It was even an official mantra: when a bill was brought to the Ohio Legislature in 1857 seeking protection for the passenger pigeon, the Senate filed a report stating, “the passenger pigeon needs no protection. Wonderfully prolific, having the vast forests of the North as its breeding grounds, traveling hundreds of miles in search of food, it is here today and elsewhere tomorrow, and no ordinary destruction can lessen them or be missed from the myriads that are yearly produced.” Fifty-seven years later, the passenger pigeon was extinct.
Passenger pigeons produced only one egg per pair per year. When pigeoners began taking all squabs (fledgling passenger pigeons) at nesting sites, it guaranteed there would be few adults to replenish the population. Without intervention, reproductive rates could never keep up with the annual slaughter of squabs. And, sadly, there was no intervention.
Have we learned our lesson? About the only place this same kind of scenario plays out is in the depths and breadths of our oceans, where the commercial harvest of bluefin tuna has reduced the overall population by 96 percent. From the skies to the seas, it seems, profit reigns.