Common brushtail possum in New Zealand
Introduction by European settlers
European settlers aiming to establish a wild source for food and fibre and fur pelts for clothing introduced the common brushtail possum from Australia to New Zealand in the 1850s; by the 1980s the peak population had reached an estimated 60-70 million. Through control measures, by 2009 the New Zealand population had been reduced to an estimated 30 million.
Possums are vectors of bovine tuberculosis, which is a major threat to the dairy, beef, and deer farming industries. The disease is endemic in possums across about 38% of New Zealand (known as ‘vector risk areas’). In these areas, nearly 70% of new herd infections can be traced back to possums or ferrets. The Biosecurity Act 1993, which established a national pest management strategy, is the legislation behind control of the disease in New Zealand. The Animal Health Board operates a nationwide programme of cattle testing and possum control with the goal of eradicating M. bovis from wild vector species across 2.5 million hectares – or one quarter – of New Zealand’s at-risk areas by 2026 and, eventually, eradicating the disease entirely.
The TB-free New Zealand programme is regarded as "world-leading". It has successfully reduced cattle and deer herd infection rates from more than 1700 in 1994 to fewer than 100 herds in July 2011. Much of this success can be attributed to sustained possum control reducing cross-infection and breaking the disease cycle. For example, at Hohotaka, in New Zealand's central North Island, control work from 1988 to 1994 achieved a sustained mean reduction of 87.5% in the density of Tb‐infected possums. As expected, annual Tb incidence in local cattle herds consequently declined by a similar amount (83.4%).
From 1979–1984, possum control was stopped due to lack of funding. In spite of regular and frequent TB testing of cattle herds, the number of infected herds snowballed and continued to increase until 1994. The area of New Zealand where there were TB wild animals expanded from about 10 to 40%.
That possums are such effective transmitters of TB appears to be facilitated by their behaviour once they succumb to the disease. Terminally ill TB possums will show increasingly erratic behaviour, such as venturing out during the daytime to get enough food to eat, and seeking out buildings in which to keep warm. As a consequence, they may wander onto paddocks, where they naturally attract the attention of inquisitive cattle and deer. This behaviour has been captured on video.
The introduction of possums has been ecologically damaging because the native vegetation has evolved in the absence of mammalian omnivores. Possums selectively browse native vegetation causing particular damage to broadleaved trees, notably Metrosideros species including rata. This leads to competition for food with native forest birds, changes in forest composition, and eventually canopy collapse. Possums are opportunists and will eat the eggs of native birds. They do not have so much impact on southern beech (Nothofagus), but their presence tends to reduce the species diversity of Nothofagus forest, since they eat many of the other species that would naturally be present. The predation of bird eggs and chicks has led them to be referred to as "reluctant folivores" in that they eat foliage to survive but prefer other foods.
Attempts to reduce numbers by trapping and poisoning have had some success. Trapping and cyanide are generally used by individual hunters as pest control or fur harvesting, while the Department of Conservation, Animal Health Board and regional councils use biodegradable 1080 poison to target larger areas. Studies by DOC have found that the risk of the few losses of native birds; (34 individuals in 70 aerial drop operations) and native invertebrates and mammals are outweighed by the recovery of the native species once the competition for food and predation has been eased. There is the added benefit of killing other invasive species. There have been isolated reports of pets, in particular dogs, succumbing to poisoning from 1080, probably through eating possum carcasses. The Animal Health Board and the Department of Conservation jointly operate poison drops. The effects of these drops on the environment have been considered by ERMA in allowing the use of 1080. and in consultation with Māori. There is opposition to the use of 1080 from some quarters, since New Zealand is now the world's largest consumer of 1080.
To prevent damage to young trees, it seems to be necessary to keep numbers very low, perhaps 5% of the levels that would be reached without interference. DoC is the largest single agency involved in possum control and much possum control is also carried by the AHB, councils and regional authorities, especially to combat the threat of bovine tuberculosis.
In 2009, conservation measures had achieved some significant success, especially in certain regions, and had reduced possum numbers to around 30 million animals from a carrying capacity of 48 million. (Estimates produced in the 1980s of 70 million possums were flawed.) Almost half (13.3 million hectares) of New Zealand's vegetated land is under some form of possum control, either for conservation reasons, or to reduce the spread of bovine tuberculosis.
A small cottage industry in fur pelts and wool mixed with possum fur fibre has developed, and trappers and hunters provide the raw material. The fur is often sold as 'eco-fur' by a number of small manufacturing and retailing businesses. The numbers of animals taken for fur is rising and has almost equalled the numbers killed in poisoning. A number of New Zealand companies are exporting possum carcasses to Taiwan, Hong Kong and Malaysia for human consumption, where possum is regarded as a delicacy and known as "Kiwi bear". There is also a small industry processing possum meat as 'Possyum' dog food, also for export.
In 2010 the Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals criticised a number of New Zealand schools which had carried out "possum-tossing contests", which involved throwing dead possums. The society said that "while it's technically not illegal, it's morally wrong to throw a dead animal around". The principal of one of the schools said that the contest helped pupils to engage with the outdoors and had also included education about humane methods of possum control. A local newspaper editorial argued that the schools were in rural areas which had different practices, "both traditional and otherwise", to those of urban areas.
- 1080 usage in New Zealand
- Conservation in New Zealand
- Agriculture in New Zealand
- Animal Health Board
- Department of Conservation
- Montague, T.L. (2000): The Brushtail Possum: Biology, Impact and Management of an Introduced Marsupial. Manaaki Whenua Press. Accessed 8 June 2013.
- NZPA (26 November 2009). "NZ possum population halved since 1980s". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- DOC (July 2004). "3.1 Possums as reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis". The use of 1080 for pest control. Department of Conservation. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- "TBfree New Zealand programme".
- "Bovine TB control: What are other countries doing?". 21 July 2011.
- Kean, J.M.; Barlow, N. D.; Hickling, G.J. (1999). "Evaluating potential sources of bovine tuberculosis infection in a New Zealand cattle herd". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. doi:10.1080/00288233.1999.9513358.
- DOC (July 2004). "1. Introduction". The use of 1080 for pest control. Department of Conservation. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- "Future freedom from bovine TB, Graham Nugent (Landcare Research)". 2011.
- "Dr Paul Livingstone letter to the editor". Gisborne Herald, 26 May 2011. Check date values in:
- DOC (July 2004). "3.4 Possum impacts on native animals". The use of 1080 for pest control. Department of Conservation. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
- DOC (July 2004). "3. Why we use 1080 for pest control". The use of 1080 for pest control. Department of Conservation. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- "1080 Information". Animal Health Board. 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
- DOC (July 2004). "2.The reassessment process The use of 1080 for pest control". The use of 1080 for pest control. Department of Conservation. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- Stop 1080 Poison
- "New research estimates there are about 30 million possums in New Zealand". Landcare Research. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- "Welcome to New Zealand Possum Products". New Zealand Souvenirs Mall.
- Dawson Furs – Manufacturers of Possum Fur Products Including Yarn and Duvet Covers – Possyum
- "Row over NZ possum-tossing contest". BBC News. 23 September 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- Cowan, P. E., et al. (1997). Effects of possum browsing on northern rata, Orongorongo valley, Wellington, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 27, 173–179.
- Payton, I. J., et al. (1997). Response of selected tree species to culling of introduced Australian brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula at Waipoua Forest, Northland, New Zealand. Biological Conservation, 81, 247–255.
- Rogers, G. M., & Leathwick, J. R. (1997). Factors predisposing forests to canopy collapse in the southern Ruahine Range, New Zealand. Biological Conservation, 80, 325–338
- Montague, T. L. (2000). The Brushtail Possum: Biology, Impact and Management of an Introduced Marsupial. Manaaki Whenua Press. ISBN 0-478-09336-5.
- Possum information at the Department of Conservation
- Possum information at the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
- Possum information sheets and manuals at Landcare Research
- TB free New Zealand – TB control programme in New Zealand
- Bovine TB information on Department of Conservation website – The use of 1080 for pest control in New Zealand – Possums as reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis
- Information about bovine TB on 1080: The Facts website – Facts about how 1080 poison is used to control bovine TB in New Zealand