I have frequently thought about this and have not found an answer. I have a few thoughts about it though. I like to call it Traditional Phrasing or Traditional Harmonic/Cadence Phrasing. I will refer to this as "Traditional Phrasing".
The more traditional the music the more likely that the phrasing will place the cadence within a standard form. In baroque and early classical music you will find that pieces starting with an anacrusis, or pick up, will always leave an equal amount of beats out of the last measure (in 4/4: if your pick up is one quarter note, your last measure will only have 3 beats). The strict rules of form made phrases end within a standard form. It seems they rather liked the idea of perfection (perfect intervals, cadences) and thought that keeping everything inside a nice even number of bars, like 16 or 32 for a short piece, made them more perfect. To remain in the form, or the even phrases within that form, the cadences must take place in or before the last bar of the perfect form.
Song form is largely evolved from the classical tradition and the closer to the classical era the music is, the more likely it will have this "traditional phrasing". Early Jazz, through the 50s or so, largely conforms to a lot of the classical phrasing. Many Jazz standards are popular songs of the time period they were written, which often conform to standard forms and phrases. These standard phrases also allowed for easier improvising as the genre evolved.
I've also noticed this tendency in Blues, Folk and Bluegrass. I believe this is a result of the evolution of song form as well.
Rock seems to be one of the big turning points. Early rock is still largely placed in the "traditional phrasing" but as the genre started becoming more modally driven and riff based "traditional phrasing" became less common. I think that this is partly due to the repetitive nature. A riff or phrase would usually be short and repeat itself many times over. When a phrase starts and ends on the tonic, it kind of feels like you're starting over every time you repeat. When you resolve your cadence at the start of the next phrase, it feels like you never stopped. Right when you would have stopped, the next phrase started. It seems that because the phrases were short and intended for repetition, the cadences were placed on the downbeat of the subsequent phrase.
The Modal approach to Jazz was another turning point but in a sort of different way. I would still hear the melodies as conforming to the "traditional phrasing" just not always having the harmony accompanying it. The melodies tend to resolve within their given form, not at the top of the next phrase. Some pieces still seem to exhibit the "traditional phrasing" but on a much larger scale than the melodic phrasing. For example, "So What". 2 chords in the whole song: I-7 and bII-7; I for 16 bars, bII for 8, and back to I for 8. If we consider bII the dominant, then in the large scale we could see the last 8 bars being the resolution. To look at it scaled down: I | I | bII | I ||
It seems that the more a style of music draws from a long standing tradition, as opposed to a new approach, the more likely it will conform to the "traditional phrasing".