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Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 718714, 15 pages
Stochastic Recursive Zero-Sum Differential Game and Mixed Zero-Sum Differential Game Problem
1School of Mathematical Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
2School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
Received 4 October 2012; Accepted 10 December 2012
Academic Editor: Guangchen Wang
Copyright © 2012 Lifeng Wei and Zhen Wu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Under the notable Issacs's condition on the Hamiltonian, the existence results of a saddle point are obtained for the stochastic recursive zero-sum differential game and mixed differential game problem, that is, the agents can also decide the optimal stopping time. The main tools are backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) and double-barrier reflected BSDEs. As the motivation and application background, when loan interest rate is higher than the deposit one, the American game option pricing problem can be formulated to stochastic recursive mixed zero-sum differential game problem. One example with explicit optimal solution of the saddle point is also given to illustrate the theoretical results.
The nonlinear backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs in short) had been introduced by Pardoux and Peng , who proved the existence and uniqueness of adapted solutions under suitable assumptions. Independently, Duffie and Epstein  introduced BSDE from economic background. In , they presented a stochastic differential recursive utility which is an extension of the standard additive utility with the instantaneous utility depending not only on the instantaneous consumption rate but also on the future utility. Actually, it corresponds to the solution of a particular BSDE whose generator does not depend on the variable . From mathematical point of view, the result in  is more general. Then, El Karoui et al.  and Cvitanic and Karatzas  generalized, respectively, the results to BSDEs with reflection at one barrier and two barriers (upper and lower).
BSDE plays an important role in the theory of stochastic differential game. Under the notable Isaacs's condition, Hamadène and Lepeltier  obtained the existence result of a saddle point for zero-sum stochastic differential game with payoff Using a maximum principle approach, Wang and Yu [6, 7] proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium point. We note that the cost function in  is not recursive, and the game system in [6, 7] is a BSDE. In , El Karoui et al. gave the formulation of recursive utilities and their properties from the BSDE's pointview. The problem that the cost function (payoff) of the game system is described by the solution of BSDE becomes the recursive differential game problem. In the following Section 2, we proved the existence of a saddle point for the stochastic recursive zero-sum differential game problem and also got the optimal payoff function by the solution of one specific BSDE. Here, the generator of the BSDE contains the main variable solution , and we extend the result in  to the recursive case which has much more significance in economics theory.
Then, in Section 3 we study the stochastic recursive mixed zero-sum differential game problem which is that the two agents have two actions, one is of control and the other is of stopping their strategies to maximize and minimize their payoffs. This kind of game problem without recursive variable and the American game option problem as this kind of mixed game problem can be seen in Hamadène . Using the result of reflected BSDEs with two barriers, we got the saddle point and optimal stopping strategy for the recursive mixed game problem which has more general significance than that in .
In fact, the recursive (mixed) zero-sum game problem has wide application background in practice. When the loan interest rate is higher than the deposit one. The American game option pricing problem can be formulated to the stochastic recursive mixed game problem in our Section 3. To show the application of this kind of problem and our motivation to study our recursive (mixed) game problem, we analyze the American game option pricing problem and let it be an example in Section 4. We notice that in [5, 9], they did not give the explicit saddle point to the game, and it is very difficult for the general case. However, in Section 4, we also give another example of the recursive mixed zero-sum game problem, for which the explicit saddle point and optimal payoff function to illustrate the theoretical results.
2. Stochastic Recursive Zero-Sum Differential Game
In this section, we will study the existence of the stochastic recursive zero-sum differential game problem using the result of BSDEs.
Let be an -dimensional standard Brownian motion defined on a probability space . Let be the completed natural filtration of . Moreover,(i)is the space of continuous functions from to;(ii)is the -algebra on of -progressively sets;(iii)for any stopping time is the set of -measurable stopping time such that ; will simply be denoted by;(iv)is the set of -measurable processes , -valued, and square integrable with respect to;(v)is the set of -measurable and continuous processes, such that .
The matrix satisfies the following:(i)for any, is progressively measurable;(ii)for any, the matrixis invertible;(iii)there exists a constantssuch that and .
Then, the equation has a unique solution .
Now, we consider a compact metric space (resp. ), and (resp. ) is the space of -measurable processes (resp. ) with values in (resp. ). Let be such that(i)for any , the mapping is continuous;(ii)for any, the functionis -measurable;(iii)there exists a constantsuch thatfor any , , , and;(iv)there exists a constantsuch thatfor any , , , and.
For , we define the measure as
Thanks to Girsanov's theorem, under the probability , the process is a Brownian motion, and for this stochastic differential equation is a weak solution.
Suppose that we have a system whose evolution is described by the process . On that system, two agents and intervene. A control action for (resp. ) is a process (resp. ) belonging to (resp. ). Thereby (resp. ) is called the set of admissible controls for (resp. ). When and act with, respectively, and , the law of the dynamics of the system is the same as the one of under . The two agents have no influence on the system, and they act to protect their advantages by means of and via the probability .
In order to define the payoff, we introduce two functions and satisfying the following assumption: there exists , for all and , such that and is measurable, Lipschitz continuous function with respect to . The payoff is given by , where satisfies the following BSDE: From the result in , there exists a unique solution for . The agent wishes to minimize this payoff, and the agent wishes to maximize the same payoff. We investigate the existence of a saddle point for the game, more precisely a pair of strategies, such that for each .
For , we introduce the Hamiltonian by and we say that the Isaacs' condition holds if for ,
We suppose now that the Isaacs' condition is satisfied. By a selection theorem (see Benes ), there exists , , such that
Thanks to the assumption of , , and , the function is Lipschitz in and monotone in like the function .
Now we give the main result of this section.
Theorem 2.1. is the solution of the following BSDE: Then, is the optimal payoff , and the pair is the saddle point for this recursive game.
Proof. We consider the following BSDE:
Thanks to Theorem 2.1 in , the equation has a unique solution . Because is deterministic, so
We can get .
For any , then we let By the comparison theorem of the BSDEs and the inequality (2.9), we can compare the solutions of (2.11), and (2.13) and get , , so and is the saddle point.
3. Stochastic Recursive Mixed Zero-Sum Differential Game
Now, we study the stochastic recursive mixed zero-sum differential game problem. First, let us briefly describe the problem.
Suppose now that we have a system, whose evolution also is described by , which has an effect on the wealth of two controllers and . On the other hand, the controllers have no influence on the system, and they act so as to protect their advantages, which are antagonistic, by means of for and for via the probability in (2.2). The couple is called an admissible control for the game. Both controllers also have the possibility to stop controlling at for and for ; and are elements of which is the class of all -stopping time. In such a case, the game stops. The controlling action is not free, and it corresponds to the actions of and . A payoff is described by the following BSDE: and the payoff is given by where the , , and are processes of such that . The action of is to minimize the payoff, and the action of is to maximize the payoff. Their terms can be understood as(i)is the instantaneous reward forand cost for;(ii)is the cost forand forifdecides to stop first the game;(iii)is the reward for and cost for ifdecides stop first the game.
The problem is to find a saddle point strategy (one should say a fair strategy) for the controllers, that is, a strategy such that for any .
Like in Section 2, we also define the Hamiltonian associated with this mixed stochastic game problem by , and thanks to the Benes's solution , there exist and satisfying It is easy to know that is Lipschitz in and monotone in .
From the result in , the stochastic mixed zero-sum differential game problem is possibly connected with BSDEs with two reflecting barriers. Now, we give the main result of this section.
Theorem 3.1. is the solution of the following reflected BSDE:
satisfying , and .
One defines and .
Then , is the saddle point strategy.
Proof. It is easy to know that the reflected BSDE (3.5) has a unique solution , then we have
Since and increase only when reaches and , we have . As is an -martingale, then we get
We know that and , , . So,
Next, let be an admissible control, and let . We desire to show that . We have
The payoff can be described by the solution of following BSDE: then and . Thanks to , , and by the comparison theorem of BSDEs to compare (3.9) and (3.10) to get .
In the same way, we can show that for any and any admissible control . It follows that is a saddle point for the recursive game.
Finally, let us show that the value of the game is . We have proved that for any and . Thereby, On the other hand, Now, due to the inequality we have The proof is now completed.
In this section, we present two examples to show the applications of Section 3.
The first example is about the American game option pricing problem. We formulate it to be one stochastic recursive mixed game problem. This can be regarded as the application background of our stochastic game problem.
Example 4.1. American game option when loan interest is higher than deposit interest is shown.
In El Karoui et al. , they proved that the price of an American option corresponds to the solution of a reflected BSDE. And Hamadène  proved that the price of American game option corresponds to the solution of a reflected BSDE with two barriers. Now, we will show that under some constraints in financial market such as when loan interest rate is higher than deposit interest rate, the price of an American game option corresponds to the value function of stochastic recursive mixed zero-sum differential game problem.
We suppose that the investor is allowed to borrow money at time at an interest rate , where is the bond rate. Then, the wealth of the investor satisfies where . represents the instantaneous expected return rate in stock, which is invertible represents the instantaneous volatility of the stock, and is interpreted as a cumulative consumption process. , , , and are all deterministic bounded functions, and is also bounded.
An American game is a contract between a broker and a trader who are, respectively, the seller and the buyer of the option. The trader pays an initial amount (the price of the option) which guarantees a payment of . The trader can exercise whenever he decides before the maturity of the option. Thus, if the trader decides to exercise at , he gets the amount . On the other hand, the broker is allowed to cancel the contract. Therefore, if he chooses as the contract cancellation time, he pays the amount , and . The difference is the premium that the broker pays for his decision to cancel the contract. If and decide together to stop the contract at the time , then gets a reward equal to . Naturally, . , , and are stochastic processes which are related to the stock price in the market.
We consider the problem of pricing an American game contingent claim at each time which consists of the selection of a stopping time (or ) and a payoff (or ) on exercise if (or ) and if . Set then the price of American game contingent claim at time is given by where noted by satisfies BSDE For each , is a convex function of . It follows from  that we have . Here, satisfies where is a bounded -valued adapted process which can be regarded as an interest rate process in finance. So, Here, . Then, from , there exist and , which are increasing adapted continuous processes with and , such that satisfies the following reflected BSDE: with , , and , . Then, the stopping time , and .
We formulate the pricing problem of American game option to the stochastic recursive mixed zero-sum differential game problem which was studied in Section 3, so the previous example provides the practical background for our problem. This is also one of our motivations to study the recursive mixed game problem in this paper.
In the following, we give another example, where we obtain the explicit saddle point strategy and optimal value of the stochastic recursive game. The purpose of this example is to illustrate the application of our theoretical results.
Example 4.2. We let the dynamics of the system satisfy
The control action for (resp. ) is (resp. ) which belongs to (resp. ). The is , and the is , while the function . Then, by the Girsanov's theorem, we can define the probability by
Under the probability , the process is a Brownian motion.
First, we consider the following stochastic recursive zero-sum differential game: satisfies BSDE Therefore, and obviously, the Isaacs condition is satisfied with . It follows that We also can get the conclusion that the optimal game value is an increasing function with the initial value of the dynamics system from the previous representation. Now, we give the numerical simulation and draw Figure 1 to show this point. Let , when , the optimal game value , and the saddle point strategy ; when , , , and, , , and . is increasing function of which coincides with our conclusion.
Second, we consider the following stochastic recursive mixed zero-sum differential game: Then, satisfies the following BSDE: Therefore, , and obviously, the Isaacs condition is satisfied with . It follows that where , and , while is the saddle point. So, the optimal value is
We also can get the conclusion that the optimal game value is an increasing function with the initial value of the dynamics system from the previous representation.
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 10921101, 61174092), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (no. 11125102), and the Special Research Foundation for Young teachers of Ocean University of China (no. 201313006).
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