US 4612617 A
A method and a device for monitoring instantaneous electrical parameters of a power distribution system under load utilizing digital control means. An analog signal equivalent to such a parameter is sensed and rated down for processing by solid state components. This signal is converted into a binary coded digital signal having n digits. A plurality of digital signals is sampled and squared values with a format of 2n digits are derived from each sample. The squared values of one sampling period are accumulated to a sum value composed of 2n+m digits and the square root comprising n+k digits of the sum is taken. This value is rescaled to a true root mean square value by performing k left shifts as an accurate measurement result. The core of such device is represented by a microcomputer with built-in analog-to-digital converter.
1. A method for monitoring instantaneous electrical parameters being present in a circuit of a power distribution system under load, the method utilizing digital control means adapted to be connected to said circuit and including the steps of:
(a) sensing the present load condition of the circuit and deriving an equivalent analog signal constituting one electrical characteristic of the electro-motive power present in said circuit;
(b) rating down said analog signal to a range suitable for processing by an integrated electronic circuit;
(c) converting the rated analog signal into a binary coded digital signal comprising a value of n digits;
(d) sampling a plurality of subsequent binary digital signals during a sampling period;
(e) deriving from each of the sampled digital signals a respective squared value with a format of 2n digits and accumulating each respective squared value obtained during one sampling period of a sum value composed of 2n+m digits;
(f) forming a square root value of said sum value, said square root value comprising n+k digits; and
(g) rescaling said square root value to a true root means square value by performing k left shifts on the square root value and storing said true root mean square value,
whereby the rescaled value represents an accurate measurement of said electrical characteristic.
2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said electrical characteristic comprises the magnitude of the potential being present at said electrical circuit.
3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein a second electrical characteristic comprises the magnitude of the electrical load current present on said electrical circuit and the series of steps (a) through (g) is alternatively executed with respect to a respective one of these characteristics.
4. The method as recited in claim 3, wherein said digital signal is provided in a format of an 8 bit word and accordingly the values derived therefrom are based on an 8 bit format with variable n equaling the number 8 and variables k and m being integers smaller than n and wherein said method further comprises the step of extending the sum value obtained by step (e) to a full word format by means of multiplying the sum value to result in an extended sum value with variable m equaling the number 8 and correspondingly variable k of said square root value obtained in step (f) performed thereafter comprises the number 4.
5. The method as recited in claim 4, after executing steps (a) through (g) further comprising the step of:
(h) deriving a digital encoded offset signal being equivalent to an analog zero value; adding said offset signal with the appropriate sign to the stored true root mean square value and restoring the resulting corrected root means square value.
6. The method as recited in claim 5, after executing steps (a) through (h) further comprising the step of:
(i) obtaining a refined true root mean square value by forming an average value of said corrected root mean square value obtained during sampling period and of the respective corrected root mean square value obtained during a previous sampling period.
7. The method as recited in claim 6, for use with monitoring load conditions of a power line wherein the series of steps (a) through (i) is continuously repeated in subsequent sampling periods for obtaining the corrected average value of at least one electrical characteristic; updating the respective corrected average value by storing the latest result; and selectively retrieving the respective stored value for display.
8. The method as recited in claim 6, for use with voltage regulating means of a power distribution system wherein said electrical circuit includes a voltage regulator having inputs connected to a power line, outputs connected to a distribution line and control inputs for receiving control signals for readjusting a predetermined magnitude of the output voltage in dependence upon the present actual magnitude of the output voltage, said method further comprising the steps of:
comparing the stored value constituting the instantaneous magnitude of the output voltage with a predetermined nominal output voltage value; and
deriving respective controls signals for stepwise lowering the magnitude of the output voltage if the actual output voltage is above said nominal value and for stepwise raising the magnitude of the output voltage, respectively if the actual output voltage is below said nominal value.
9. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein said control signals become effective only if the magnitude of the actual output voltage lies outside of the predetermined small bandwidth centered around the nominal value.
10. An electronic device for monitoring instantaneous electrical parameters being present in an electrical circuit of a power distribution system under load and being adapted to be connected to the electrical circuit for sensing the present load condition of the same, said monitoring device comprising:
means for sensing the present load condition of the electrical circuit and deriving an equivalent analog signal constituting one electrical characteristic of the electro-motive power present in the electrical circuit;
conditioning means for converting said analog signal into a rated analog signal of a range suitable for use with electronic solid state components;
means for converting the rated analog signal into a binary coded digital signal comprising a value of n digits;
means for sampling a plurality of subsequent binary digital signals during a sampling period;
means for deriving from each of the sampled digital signals a respective squared value having a format of 2n digits and for accumulating each respective squared value obtained during one sampling period to a sum value composed of 2n+m digits;
means for forming a square root value of said sum value, said square root value comprising n+K digits; and
means for rescaling said square root value to a true root means square value by performing k left shifts on the square root value and storing the true root means square value,
whereby the rescaled value represents an accurate measurement of said electrical characteristic.
11. The monitoring device as recited in claim 10, wherein said means for converting the rated analog signal, said sampling means, said means for deriving squared values and for accumulating squared values to a sum value, said means for forming a square root value and said means for rescaling the squared root value comprise an 8 bit microcomputer having an analog input and outputs, said analog input being connected to receive said rated analog signal, and wherein converting means comprise an analog to digital converter being integrated into said microcomputer.
12. The monitoring device as recited in claim 11, wherein said sensing means further comprise
a scaling potential transformer connected in parallel to said electrical circuit for sensing the magnitude of the voltage present at the parallel connection, and
a scaling current transformer connected series with said electrical circuit for sensing the current flowing through said electrical circuit; and
wherein said conditioning means include a voltage signal conditioning circuit and a current signal conditioning circuit each having inputs connected to a respective one of said scaling transformers and having outputs.
13. The monitoring device as recited in claim 12, wherein said micrcomputer includes
two alternatively selectable analog signal inputs each designed for selectively through connecting a respective one of the outputs of said conditioning circuits to said analog to digital converter having internal converter outputs;
an 8-bit internal bus and three input/output ports, said internal bus being connected to said input/output ports and said converter outputs; and
an internal timer designed to initiate timer interrupts defining a task interval between subsequent interrupts;
whereby the microcomputer is controlled to successively execute different tasks during subsequent task intervals.
14. The monitoring device as recited in claim 13 further comprising a watch dog circuit connected to receive a refresh signal periodically issued by the microcomputer during normal operation, said watch dog circuit being designed to generate a reset signal furnished to the microcomputer after lapse of the normal time period between two subsequent refresh signals whereby a disruption of the normal operating condition of the microcomputer is indicated.
15. The monitoring device as recited in claim 14 further comprising a power supply network including a rectifier bridge having inputs connected to respective outputs of one of said scaling transformers and having an output furnishing an unregulated direct current supply voltage, a regulating circuit having an input connected to said rectifier bridge output and an output furnishing a regulated direct current voltage; and filter capacitors arranged between ground and said input and said output, respectively of said regulating circuit.
16. The monitoring device as recited in claim 15, wherein said conditioning means comprise:
a precision full bridge rectifier having inputs connected to receive said equivalent analog signal and having an output;
a resistor arranged between said precision rectifier output and the analog input of the microcomputer; and
a clamping network including a pair of clamping diodes each connected with opposite polarity between said analog input and ground and regulated supply voltage, respectively.
17. The monitoring device as recited in claim 16, wherein said precision full bridge rectifier of said conditioning means comprises:
an operational amplifier having a postive input connected to ground, a negative input connected to said scaling potential transformer, and an output;
a further diode connected between said amplifier output and said position rectifier output; and
a feedback network including a first precision resistor arranged between said precision rectifier output and said negative amplifier input and including a further precision resistor arrangement connected between said precision rectifier output and ground.
18. The monitoring device as recited in claim 17, wherein said microcomputer further includes a test input and an internal alternate current zero cross detection unit connected thereto, and said conditioning means further comprise a zero cross converter network having an input connected to a respective one of said scaling transformers and an output connected to said microcomputer test input.
19. The monitoring device as recited in claim 18, wherein said zero cross converter network comprises:
a further operational amplifier having a negative input, a positive input and an output forming the output of said zero cross converter network;
a further resistor arranged between the input of said zero cross converter network and said negative input of said further operational amplifier;
a further pair of clamping diodes arranged in anti-parallel between said negative input of said further operational amplifier and ground;
a bias resistor network connected to said positive input of said further operational amplifier and including a feedback resistor connected to said operational amplifier output and a further resistor connected to ground; and
a load resistor arranged between said output of said further operational amplifier and positive regulated supply voltage.
20. The monitoring device as reicted in claim 19, suitable for use as a control unit of a step-voltage regulator designed for maintaining predetermined characteristics of a distribution line of a power distribution system independent from changing load conditions, said monitoring device further comprising a control parameter switch arrangement including a series of parameter switches designed as multi-stage switches each having an input and binary coded outputs and each designed to be independently set to a specific step value within a predetermined range, said parameter switches determining selected values of a group of control parameters, wherein each of said switches is separately activated by said microcomputer by selecting the respective switch input, and the outputs of said parameter switches are connectred in parallel to one input/output port of the microcomputer.
21. The monitoring device as recited in claim 20, further comprising a parameter selector unit in form of a binary decoder having coded inputs connected to respective lines of one of the input/output ports of the microcomputer and outputs each connected to a respective one of said parameters switch inputs.
22. The monitoring device as recited in claim 21, wherein said output means being connected to said first input/output port of the microcomputer further comprise:
a multiple driver unit including individual driver stages each having an input connected to a respective line of the first input/output port and an output providing a power output signal;
a display section having indicator elements each connected to a respective driver output for displaying in-range and out-off-range conditions on the distribution line in dependence upon said measured electrical characteristics; and
control elements providing steering signals for the step voltage regulator, each of said control elements being connected to a respective one of said driver outputs and being selectively activated thereby by means of a respective power output signal.
23. The monitoring device as recited in claim 22, wherein the second input/output port of the microcomputer besides being associated with the parameter selector unit is utilized as an external bus suitable for connection with an add-on unit designed for displaying numerical values of said measured electrical characteristics and derived from said characteristics, respectively.
The invention is related to a method for measuring instantaneous electrical parameters of power distribution systems utilizing digital control means and to a programable control apparatus performing such method.
The power source of a typical distribution system is a generator producing a large quantity of power at medium voltage level. The power is stepped up by a transformer and sent over a transmission line. At the other end of the transmission line a step-down transformer is provided for transforming the power down to a sub A transmission level for distributing it to widely scattered distribution substations. In the individual substation the power is again stepped down and fed out onto distribution feeders which include distribution transformers for transforming the feeder power to 120/240 volts eventually supplied to individual customers.
The entire function of such a distribution system is to deliver power to the end user at a voltage within acceptable limits; this is easily understood when considering that all electrical appliances are designed for optimum performance if supplied by power of a specific voltage level and a fixed frequency.
The frequency is here of less concern, since it can be kept a constant solely by regulating the power source, whereas it is one of the basic constraints of a power distribution system to supply a rated voltage to each individual customer. Within the system, measurements are taken for evaluating instantaneous load conditions and for adjusting accordingly the operation characteristics of the distribution system in order to supply such rated voltage to the individual customer independent from changing load conditions of the system.
Large distribution systems do not solely rely upon generator regulators for such purpose, more often additional measures are taken for correcting the voltage at various locations throughout the system. A variety of measures are conventionally utilized for such voltage regulation controlling the output voltage at specific points of the distribution system based upon the current line resistances and reactances and the instantaneous load condition. Voltage regulators are primarily used at sub-transmission level or on distribution feeders between the substations and the consumer.
Merely for the purpose of illustration, a well known type of voltage regulator, the single- or three-phase auto-transformer with voltage regulating tabs in one of the windings and including a motor driven tab-changing mechanism may be mentioned. The auto-transformer basically is a transformer in which primary and secondary windings are coupled both mechanically and electrically for producing a regulated step-up or step-down voltage. Since sudden boosts in voltage on a circuit would have adverse effects, a fine regulation of conventionally 32 voltage steps within a range from 10% below to 10% above normal voltage are provided. Since a manually controlled regulator would have little utility, it is imperative to have the tab position of the regulator controlled automatically by a control device that is sensitive to the output voltage of the regulator. For this reason, the regulator adjustment mechanism typically includes self-positioning, spring driven contacts loosely coupled to a driving motor or electrically positioned contacts directly geared to this motor. The operation of the motor drive is controlled by a control unit that evaluates the output characteristics of the regulator in order to raise or lower the same to a predetermined level.
Conventionally, such control units are designed as analog electronic devices which include electrical circuits for sensing the output voltage of the regulator, for compensating a line voltage drop, and for providing a time delay function. The voltage censing circuit is connected to the output circuit of the auto-transformer through a scaling potential transformer and evaluates the instantaneous output voltage with respect to a predetermined voltage in order to derive an output signal governing the motor of the tab changing mechamism. Since regulators are usually located remotely from the load center, even a constant output voltage cannot prevent the load current flowing through the line from the regulator to the load center to cause an additional drop in voltage. This voltage drop is proportional to the changing load current, however the voltage regulator can be adjusted to correct for this drop in voltage between the regulator and load center by an appropriately set line drop compensator circuit. A current proportional to the line current is circulated through the line drop compensator by means of a current transformer inserted into the load circuit.
The initiation of a raising control action and a lowering control action, are spaced apart by a voltage zone which is known as the voltage bandwidth. This bandwidth must be higher than the minimum correction obtainable through the regulator, or hunting of the regulator will result. Furthermore, hunting of the regulator is limited by the time delay circuit which purpose is to withhold a tap-changing signal for a certain period of time even when the output voltage is outside of the voltage limit. The delay time is usually adjustable and may be set in intervals of seconds in a range of 10 to 120 seconds.
The conventional analog control devices may have additional features such as voltage reduction to cause the set voltage point to be lowered, or limiting the maximum output voltage for protecting users near the transformer, or measures for operation under reverse flow condition. Optional features usually require additional circuitry.
Such conventional analog control devices have been proven reliable and cost effective for a plurality of applications, however, since any analog circuit just can serve a special purpose, desirable optional features of such a control unit necessitate additional circuitry which more often compel a complete redesign of the basic unit. Therefore, conventional analog control units very often are constructed to fulfill just basic requirements. This may be illustrated by means of some examples. Even though line voltage and current information is made available in the control unit necessarily, such data is not accessable to an operator without additional circuitry or metering equipment. With line current and voltage information available, other power system data could be derived including real power, reactive power, and power factor. The conventional analog control unit does not include the means to easily visualize such parameters. Furthermore, analog control units are not general purpose units, they are designed for a specific purpose and not easily adjustable for different applications. This shows that the conventional analog control units have limitations and disadvantages.
For this reason, more recently digital control units including a programable processing unit have been proposed. One of the major advantages of digital control units is that such units can be designed more generically. Digital control devices may include basic features which can be utilized in a variety of applications for sensing, measuring and processing of a plurality of electrical parameters within power distribution systems and can provide a complete series of tools for monitoring and controlling the performance of a power distribution system. The generalized hardware structure of such a control unit is a powerful means for lowering the cost for many applications without requiring a redesign and even more expensive special purpose devices may become superfluous.
Such a digital control unit has been disclosed in a conference paper "Microprocessor-Based Control of Transformer Tap Changing" presented by J. Jindrick and N. Nohria at the Pacific Coast Electrical Association Engineering and Operating Conference, San Francisco, March 1982. A reprint was published by McGraw-Edison Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. The article outlines concepts of possible approaches for a digital control unit based upon either a single-chip micro-computer, a single-board computer, or a bus-oriented computer system and evaluates such different design concepts. The single-chip micro computer approach is believed to have limited flexibility and is, therefore, not to favored despite the lowest possible cost. On the other hand, the bus-oriented computer approach having various functional modules is believed to provide a virtually unlimited amount of flexibility with the constraint of higher cost. Accordingly, from the authors point of view the single-board computer concept has been selected as the most feasible design concept. The control unit includes a data-acquisition section which provides a data base for the microprocessor calculating desired power system information. The data acquisition section includes a 12 bit successive approximation analog-to-digital converter which is used to translate analog line voltage and current values obtained from the distribution system into digital information. A sample-and-hold circuit freezes the data during conversion. The obtained samples are then processed using a fast fourier transform (FFT) to determine the real and imaginary values of an input signal. An 8-channel multiplexer is provided to select up to eight channels of analog information which is scaled to values the multiplexer, the sample-and-hold circuit and the analog-to-digital converter can accept. Also, a timer is included which determines the precise instant when new data is to be acquired.
A number of other inputs and outputs to the computer are implemented including outputs to the tap-changing mechanism for use with either electric mechanical relays or solid-state relays. There are also provisions for inputs and outputs to other utility equipment such as an over/under frequency output for breaker or switch control in cogeneration applications.
The key to the flexibility of the proposed digital control unit is the ability of the microprocessor system to multiplex its hardware resources among several tasks. From the authors point of view, it is necessary to supply sophisticated software to support basic system operations, such as input/output timing, communications and data management. This software includes a data acquisition module governing the sampling of three analog input signals such as output voltage, output current and the differential voltage between input and output of the regulating transformer. The core of the software is a regulating module which processes all input information from every source to determine corresponding output signal. The input information to this module includes the described analog information and control parameters, such as rated voltage, bandwidth, line-drop compensation and time-delay values. An output software module supplies the proper signals to start a tap change; this module may also monitors the motor current to determine that the tap change in fact took place. Various other software modules are included for calculating desired power system information and from the authors point of view the software of a microprocessor regulating control will continue to evolve as additional features are defined and added to the control. Therefore, it is believed that the module approach is the most feasible approach to easily add new features.
While the proposed digital control represents a first step for replacing conventional analog electro-mechanical control units by programmable units in order to obtain a higher flexibility, further steps have to be taken to make the most efficient use of this digital technology. The flexibility of a microprocessor based control unit is but one advantage; certainly the cost factor is also of importance, but considering the remote installation of such control unit reliability is the most decisive factor. For this reason, a virtually unlimited amount of flexibility is less important than a simple, dependable hardware structure aiming at straight forward solutions of design objectives and still offering possibilities for including optional features which may enhance the power of such a tool. It may be emphasized that in contrast to quite a variety of applications of sophisticated digital equipment which accordingly needs more and more maintenance, digital equipment for this group of applications in rugged surroundings is required to be dependable in a wide temperature range almost without any maintenance. Furthermore, such digital equipment for use with power distribution systems should have at least some self-testing capabilities for elimiting basic souces of error which could cause the power distribution system to run out of control.
It is therefore a main object of the present invention to provide an improved method for monitoring instantaneous electrical parameters being present in an electrical circuit of a power distribution system under load by utilizing digital control means adapted to be connected to such electrical circuit.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a device suitable for performing such method and being designed for high reliability without the need of continuous maintenance.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such device utilizing digital technology and thereby achieving a high system flexibility.
A further object of the present invention is to provide such a method and a device for performing the same which make use of digital techniques and corresponding integrated components in a most efficient manner for achieving both low cost and simplicity of the circuit design yielding high performance reliability.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such monitoring device based upon a small microcomputer together with built-in hardware circuitry which design allows to achieve the desired flexibility by programming, however avoids undue software overhead by relying on hardware features whenever applicable within the concept of the hardware-software-system.
Still another object of the present invention is to implement such method and the corresponding device such that the novel equipment represents a direct replacement of existing control devices and still offers the possibility of adding optional features if desirable without redesign and undue burden on the basic implementation.
These objects, as well as other objects which will become apparent from the description which follows, are achieved by an improved method for monitoring instantaneous electrical parameters being present in an electrical circuit of a power distribution system under load and utilizing digital control means adapted to be connected to the electrical circuit, wherein such method includes sensing of the present load condition of the electrical circuit and deriving an equivalent analog signal constituting one electrical characteristic of the electro-motive power present in the circuit. This analog signal is rated down to a range suitable for processing by an integrated electronic circuit and converted into a binary coded digital signal comprising a value of n digits. A plurality of subsequent binary digital signals is sampled during a sampling period and from each of the sampled digital signals a respective squared value with a format of 2n digits is derived. The squared values obtained during one sampling period are accumulated to a sum value composed of 2n+m digits. A square root value is formed of the sum value, wherein the square root value comprises n+k digits. Finally the square root value is rescaled to a true root mean square value by performing k left shifts on the square root value and the true root means square value is stored.
The equivalent analog signal maybe either the magnitude of the voltage present at test points of such an electrical circuit or the instantaneous electrical current flowing through such circuit. In both cases the method is designed for measuring the true square root value of such signals. The method is specifically designed for being performed by means of a small microcomputer, such microcomputers normally have just an 8 bit bus structure. The limited format of an 8 bit word means a limitation in terms of accuracy, as can easily be illustrated. An 8 bit format allows for encoding 256 different values. If such format is utilized to represent the magnitude of a voltage of 120 V nominal, it can be easily understood that the difference between subsequent steps of an 8 bit format represents 0.5 V. Such pattern of subsequent 0.5 V steps is much to coarse to suffice the normal accuracy requirements for measuring electrical characteristics in power distribution applications. In general, an accuracy of 0.1 V is required and is reached by conventional monitoring devices.
The novel method in accordance with the present invention includes specific measures to overcome this limitation by extending the format to more than 8 bits even if the hardware structure of the digital control means implemented by an 8 bit microcomputer does not easily comply with such accuracy requirements. In this manner, the method in accordance with the present invention allows to derive a true root mean square value of the sensed analog signal having more than eight bits and is nevertheless designed for use with just an inexpensive small microcomputer.
The characteristic of the present invention will become more apparent from a preferred embodiment wherein the digital signal which represents a converted form of the sensed analog signal is provided in a format of an 8 bit word and accordingly the values derived therefrom are based on an 8 bit format. The variable n thus equals the number 8 and variables k and m are integers smaller than n. Under these assumptions the sum value representing the accumulation of the squared values obtained during one sampling period is extended to a full word format by means of multiplying this sum value in order to achieve an extended sum value with variable n equaling 8 and correspondingly variable k of the square root value equaling 4. What is practically achieved thereby as that the limitation of a small microcomputer with an 8 bit bus structure is overcome to yield the accuracy requirements for monitoring electrical parameters in power distribution system.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention this monitoring method is especially powerful for use with voltage regulator means of a power distribution system wherein the electrical circuit includes a step-change voltage regulator feeding a distribution line. This voltage regulator has control inputs for receiving control signals for readjusting the magnitude of the actual output voltage to a predetermined nominal value. For this reason the stored value constituting the magnitude of the actual output voltage is compared with the predetermined nominal output value. Respective control signals are derived from this comparison for stepwise lowering the magnitude of the output voltage by means of the voltage regulator, if the actual output voltage is above the nominal value and for stepwise raising the magnitude of the output voltage, respectively if the actual output voltage is below said nominal value. In this application, the monitoring method in accordance with the present invention is utilized for actually measuring the instantaneous load conditions of the distribution line and for controlling changes of this line in accordance with predetermined parameters to maintain nominal characteristics on the line.
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention constitutes an electronic device for performing the method wherein for converting the rated analog signal into a binary coded digital signal, for sampling a plurality of such digital signals during a sampling period, for deriving from such digital signals respective squared value, for forming the square root value and for rescaling this square root value an 8 bit microcomputer is utilized which has an analog input and outputs. The analog input is connected to receive the rated analog signal and an analog to digital converter is integrated into the microcomputer and connected to this analog input. The use of such a microcomputer has the advantage of being able to process analog signals which just have to be rated in accordance with the range of voltages suitable for such a solid state circuit. In this manner, the discrete networks forming interfaces of the microcomputer to the monitored electrical circuit can be of a very simple and straight-forward design; which is of major importance if the monitoring device is utilized at remote locations in the field and continuous maintenance is not justified because of high cost. The only limitation is that the built-in analog-to-digital converter is specifically designed for the 8 bit bus structure of the microcomputer and therefore is of just limited accuracy. This accuracy problem however is overcome by the under-lying concept of the method as outlined above.
In summary, the present invention does not only provide a microcomputer based monitoring an control device for use with power distribution systems but is specifically tailored to such an application in order to make the most efficient use of the limited hardware and software capabilities of such a microcomputer. The monitoring device can be used as a direct replacement of corresponding conventional devices and offers, in addition, a flexibility of a microcomputer based design for a plurality of optional features which could not be as easily implemented by a discrete hardware structure.
A better understanding of the invention may be had by reference to the following description of perferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram schematically representing a control unit including a microcomputer with analog inputs, the microcomputer providing the main control functions and representing input/output interface units of the same to a power distribution system;
FIG. 2 represents a circuit diagram of a power supply network for use with the control unit of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a circuit diagram of control logic circuitry for the control unit of FIG. 1 including a timing network and a watchdog circuit;
FIG. 4 illustrates schematically an arrangement of selectively preset multi-connector switches arranged for storing predetermined input control parameters of the control unit;
FIGS. 5 and 6 show circuit diagrams representing signal conditioning networks provided for conditioning analog input signals such as a scaled potential to be shaped into analog input signals acceptable by the microcomputer;
FIG. 7 represents a timing diagram illustrating the sequential execution of several control modules designated as path "A" through "D";
FIG. 8 represents a flow chart illustrating a power up, reset and system initialization routine of the microcomputer leading the same to a start condition;
FIG. 9 shows another flow chart illustrating schematically the progress of the program execution of the microcomputer after such start condition and including a macro representation of the different control paths "A" through "D";
FIGS. 10 and 11 represent flow charts illustrating the program flow during the execution of control path "A";
FIG. 12 shows a corresponding flow chart for the execution of control path "B" provided for deriving a filtered RMS value of the magnitude of the instantaneous voltage;
FIG. 13 illustrates by means of another flow chart a sub-routine utilized for deriving route mean square (RMS) values of analog input signals;
FIG. 14 illustrates an flow chart the execution of the part of the program of the microcomputer representing control path "C" provided for computing a filtered RMS value of the load current; and
FIG. 15 shows another flow chart illustrating the program flow when executing control path "D" which covers general control routines of the microcomputer and a derivation of a value controlling a line-drop compensation.
A control unit designed for measuring instantaneous values of the electrical characteristics of a power distribution sytem, and for processing such values to derive corresponding output signals is represented in FIG. 1 together with the necessary interface units. The core of the control unit is a single-chip microcomputer 10. Several suitable micrcomputers are commercially available; the chosen microcomputer 8022 which is one of the members of the Intel MCS-48 mcirocomputer family has sufficient memory capacity, includes a built-in analog-to-digital converter, zero-cross detection capability and has a powerful input/output system. However, similar microcomputers with corresponding capabilities are available and could replace this microcomputer. Furthermore, Intel provides sufficient documentation such a user manuals and application notes for the design engineer such that a separate detailed description of the microcomputer as such is deemed not to be necessary. For this reason details of the structure and the operation of the microcomputer will be given in the following only to the extent necessary for a better understanding of the present invention.
The microcomputer has a three input/output ports P0, P1, and P2, respectively. Each of these input/output ports is schematically illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 by correspondingly referenced pins; in this manner pins P00 through P07 represent the eight inputs/outputs of port P0; pins P10 through P17 depict the bidirectional inputs and outputs of port P1 and the pins P20 through P27 illustrate the third port P2. In the present application the first port P0 is used to supply output control signals as will be described later in more detail. The second port P1 is utilized internally for selecting predetermined control input parameters governing the operation of the control unit. In addition, the port P1 may form an external data and address bus if optional features are added to the control unit which optional features are implemented on a separate printed circuit board.
The mentioned control input parameters are represented by the setting of various multi-connector switches 12 schematically shown in FIG. 1 which will be described later in more detail. For the present overview it may be sufficient to outline that a parameter selector 14 which may be implemented as 3-to-8 decoder decodes address information transmitted through the input/output port P2 into a select signal for a corresponding one of the control parameter switches 12. The coded setting of the selected switch is then furnished to the microprocessor through the third input/output port P2.
In addition, the microcomputer 10 has two analog inputs AN0, AN1 respectively and two test inputs T0 and T1, respectively. Each of these analog inputs receives an individual analog input signal corresponding to the instantaneous output voltage and the output current, respectively of a voltage regulator installed within a power distribution system. As schematically indicated, a signal proportional to the output voltage is furnished by a conventional potential transformer 16 installed in the output line of a voltage regulator, not shown. Correspondingly a current transformer 18 supplies an input signal corresponding to the instantaneous value of the load current flowing in the output line of such voltage regulator.
These two signals both representing the current load condition at the output side of the voltage regulator comprise the basic input information to the control unit. The potential signal and the current signal each are supplied through a respective one of signal conditioning circuits 20 and 22, to a corresponding one of the two analog inputs AN0 and AN1 of the microcomputer 10. The analog inputs are internally connected to a analog-to-digital converter implemented in hardware within the microcomputer 10 and not separately illustrated. This converter is designed for successive approximation to covert the analog input signal into a corresponding binary signal.
In addition, each of these scaled analog input signals is supplied through a corresponding conditioning network designated as zero-cross converter 24 and 26, respectively to a respective one of the test pins T0 and T1. This latter circuit arrangement provides a zero-cross signal path to be described later in more detail.
Furthermore, FIG. 1 illustrates schematically several other circuits which are necessary for the desired operation of the microcomputer 10. These circuits include a power supply network 28 which is connected to receive AC voltage from the potential transformer 16 and furnishes the direct current voltages necessary for operating the control unit as schematically indicated. The timing of the operation of the microcomputer 10 is based upon an external clock circuit 30; and self-starting capabilities of the control unit are represented by a watchdog circuit 32.
After this outline of the structure of the control unit a more detailed description of the hardware circuits surrounding the microcomputer 10 will be more easily apprehended.
In order to render the control unit operable, as mentioned, the power supply network 28 is provided which is designed to receive AC voltage from the potential transformer 16 in order to furnish the necessary DC voltages for the control unit as shown in more detail in a circuit diagram of FIG. 2. The secondary voltage of the potential transformer 16 --shown in FIG. 1--is received at two inputs of a rectifier bridges 50 having an output connected to ground through a filter capacitor C1. Under normal operating conditions the primary winding of the potential transformer may receive an unregulated voltage varying from 90 to 145 V. In accordance with the winding ratio of the potential transformer 16 this variation will then result in an approximate 12 to 20 VDC minimum to maximum swing at the output of the rectifier bridge 50 accordingly designated as nominal +16 VDC.
It may be noted that this unregulated voltage provides the main supply voltage for various subsections of the control unit, such as the voltage signal conditioning circuit 20 and the current signal conditioning circuit 22 which derive the power from this voltage source through the RC circuit composed of resistor R1 and another filer capacitor C2 connected to ground. This RC circuit provides additional filtering and decoupling of the supply voltage designated Vcc and furnished at a connector tap of this RC circuit.
A 5 V reference source including a conventional 5 V regulator 52 and further filter capacitors C3 and C4, respectively is connected to this connector tap to satisfy the analog/digital reference requirements of microcomputer 10. A calibration of this voltage source is not required since its initial accuracy obtained from any suitable commercially available voltage regulator will be sufficient. In accordance with the manufacturer's pin assignment of the microcomputer 10 the output of this reference voltage source is designated VAREF.
In a similar manner, the unregulated +16 VDC voltage source is connected to an input of a further voltage regulator, a 6 V regulator 54 having an output connected to digital ground through a further filter capacitor C5 providing additional filtering. This is the main +6 VDC supply source. Under most conditions the load of this voltage source may be rather high and appropriate measures have to be taken for providing proper heat sink characteristics whenever the 6 V regulator 54 is under full load. Finally, the power supply circuitry includes further capacitor C6, C7, C8 and C9 which provide the necessary power supply by-passing for both the analog and digital power inputs of the microcomputer 10. The corresponding outputs of the power supply network are again designated with reference symbols in accordance with the manufacturer's pin assignment of the microcomputer 10.
A timing control citcuit referenced as clock circuit 30 and the watchdog circuit 32 both shown schematically in FIG. 1 are illustrated in more detail in FIG. 3 in conjunction with the respective input section of the microcomputer 10. The chosen microcomputer contains clock and oscillator circuitry and requires only one external timing control element to generate all internal timing signals. The microcomputer 10 has two clock inputs referenced as XTAL1 and XTAL2, respectively. In accordance with the manufacturer's instruction, a parallel circuit comprising a further resistor R2 and a crystal CR isconnected to these two inputs. In addition, a further capacitor arranged between the second clock input XTAL2 and digital ground is provided to increase the immunity of the microprocessor 10 to line transient noise or other unwanted signals which may find their way into the control unit. An oscillator frequency of 3.00 MHz is chosen in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction, thereby designating an internal instruction cycle time of 10 microseconds. This timing allows for maximum operating speed of the selected microcomputer 10 over the desired temperature range for industrial use. The internal timer of the microcomputer 10 is an 8-bit counter and accordingly an overflow occurs after 8,192 counts which corresponds to a time interval of 81.9 milliseconds between two overflows. This timing scheme enables accurately monitoring of elapsed time and provides for a simple hardware replacement of software overhead, as will become a more apparent later.
The remaining circuitry shown in FIG. 3 comprises basically the watchdog circuit 32. For a better understanding of this function it may be recognized that bit 7 appearing at pin PO7 of the first input/output port P0 is designated as a watch dog timer flag bit which is complemented when the selected path task of the microcomputer 10 is complete. When the software structure is established in such a manner that normally each task of the microcomputer is finished within the mentioned overflow period of 82 milliseconds the path flag will normally be reset after completion of the task. As will be understood, this scheme results in a 6 Hz square wave supplied at pin PO7 under normal operating conditions. The output signal drives a transistor Q1 and appears correspondingly at its collector output. A light emitting diode LED1 and a load resistor R3 are connected in series between this collector and positive supply voltage +16 V which is generated as described above. Accordingly, in a normal operation condition the light emitting diode LED1 flashes with frequency of 6 Hz.
Furthermore, an operational amplifier OA1 is provided in the watchdog circuit and has a negative input connected to the collector of the transistor Q1 through the series connection of a further capacitor C11 and of a bias network comprising diodes D1, D2 and a further capacitor C12. The amplifier stage also includes a feedback resistor R4 arranged between the output of the operational amplifier OA1 and its negative input. A further resistor R5 is arranged between the output of the operational amplifier OA1 and its positive input; the same input, in addition, is connected to ground through a further resistor R6.
This circuit arrangement is designed such that the signal appearing at the collector of transistor Q1 will maintain a voltage level at the negative input of the operational amplifier OA1 which level is greater than the positive input voltage threshold. This is achieved under control of a charge pumping action of the bias network including diodes D1 and D2 and the capacitor C12. As a result, the output of the operational amplifier OA1 will be forced to a low level. The potential normally is maintained at the negative input of the operational amplifier OA1 by means of the charge of capacitor C12. This potential will decrease as a result of a discharge of capacitor C12 through the feedback resistor R4 to a voltage below the positive threshold value if the normal execution flow is disrupted. This causes the output of the operational amplifier OA1 to go high and resets the microcomputer 10. Should normal program execution fail to reoccur, capacitor C12 will then be recharged through the feedback resistor R4 and cause the negative input of operational amplifier OA1 to become higher than the threshold value. This feature allows the watchdog circuit to self-arm itself and to automatically reinitiate another reset. This action will continue indefinitely or until normal program execution is re-established.
The remaining circuitry shown in FIG. 3 uses the high current ouput pins P10 and P11 of the microcomputer 10 for indicating certain operating conditions of the control unit. Each output pin connects to an individual light emitting diode LED2 and LED3, respectively and through a respective one of two load resistors R7, R8 to positive supply voltage +6 VDC. As will become more apparent later, an output signal at high current output pin P10 indicates a fault condition whereas output pin P11 is utilized to drive a "null" indicator which may be used as a calibration aid.
In the general overview in conjunction with FIG. 1 it was indicated that the operation of the control unit is dependent upon various control parameters which may be individually set in accordance with requirements resulting from the installation of the control unit and the associated voltage regulator within a power distribution system and the type of regulator used, as well. Conventionally, measures are taken to enable an operator to explicity control the tap-change motor of the voltage regulator depending on the monitored regulator output voltage in a manual mode. Obviously, in such a mode the control unit will be used only as a monitoring unit and should not be enabled to effectively influence the rotation of the tap-change motor.
In contrast, in the automatic mode the control unit automatically generates output control signals for directly controlling the rotation of the tap-change motor. Without stressing this design detail, it may be easily understood that such modes of operation, as conventionally, are selectively activated by means of a mode select switch, not shown, which prevents the output control signals of the microcomputer 10 to become effective in the manual mode. In the following, the different input control parameter functions and their implementation will be described in more detail only in view of the automatic mode. This restriction is deemed to be sufficient for a full disclosure considering the fact that the automatic mode of operation utilizes all capabilities of the control unit also including the functions carried out by the control unit in the manual mode.
In summary, the operation of the control unit shall be such that the control of the tap-change motor shall depend on the monitored regulator output characteristics in comparison to various control parameters. Conventionally, step-voltage regulators are designed for operating in a range of ±10% of the nominal output voltage of 120 VAC with the understanding that this value is the root mean square (RMS) value of the line voltage. FIG. 4 illustrates the control input parameter switches and shows a first multi-connector switch SW1 which represents a voltage level setting switch. The switch is designed for 29 steps which design allows for covering a range of 106 V through 134 V assuming a step size of 1.0 V. The commercially available switch has coded outputs such that each of its settings specifies a respective one of hexa-decimal figures. This is indicated by a respective labeling of the five control parameter outputs of the voltage level setting switch SW1.
A conventional control unit also includes measures for delaying the response time of the control unit to monitored signals in order to avoid a hunting condition of the control. Accordingly, another multi-connector switch with coded outputs, the response time-delay switch SW2 is provided. Fifteen steps are implemented in this case and assuming a step size of 10 seconds, time delays ranging from 10 seconds to 150 seconds can be set. In accordance with this layout switch SW2 has only four outputs furnishing the coded signal.
The zone of voltage between the initiation of either a raising or a lowering control action is known as the voltage bandwidth. Again this bandwidth must be larger than the minimum correction obtainable through the regulator, or hunting of the regulator will result. In fulfillment of this requirement, a third parameter switch, the voltage bandwidth switch SW3 is provided to set the bandwidth in a range from 1.0 V through 6.0 V in 0.5 V steps which results in a number of 11 steps. consequently, also this switch has four parallel outputs.
Furthermore, even conventional analog controls for a step-change voltage regulator may include a line-drop compensation function which allows for precompensating the output voltage of the regulator in view of the load conditions on the output line when carrying full load. The line-drop compensation incorporates eight individual resistance and reactance sections and accordingly two further control input parameter switches SW4 and SW5 are provided for setting respective values. Both the resistance compensation switch SW4 and the reactance compensation switch SW5 in absolute values cover a range of 24 volts in 1.0 volt steps. This design corresponds to 25 steps and accordingly five outputs are provided for each switch furnishing the encoded setting information. Each of these compensation switches is associated with an individual direction switch SW9 and SW10, respectively utilized to assign a sign to the set resistance and reactance values. The combination of switches SW4 and SW9 allows for a full range of line-drop compensation from-24 V to +24 V; correspondingly the same range is made available for the reactance compensation by means of the switches SW5 and SW10.
A further switch, the calibration switch SW6 is provided for calibration adjustment. This switch is adjustable from -1.75 V to +1.75 V in 0.25 V steps in order to permit control calibration either at the factory or in the field. For calibration a potential representative of forward power flow conditions is applied to the control unit and the potential is read at two voltage meter test terminals, not shown, and the voltage level setting switch SW1 is set to the value of the voltage measured at these test terminals. Then the calibration adjustment switch SW6 is rotated until the described null indicator LED3 is illuminated. Incompliance with the 15 steps of the calibration adjustment switch SW6 four parallel outputs provides a hexa-decimal figure designating the set position.
TABLE 1______________________________________SWITCH CONDITIONNO. FUNCTION OPEN CLOSED______________________________________1 90° current trans- Lag in Lag former filter lag out2 Low current trans- Disable Enable former inhibit inhibit inhibit3 Spare -- --4 Sample mode Average RMS5 WYE/Delta regulator DELTA WYE configuration6 30° Delta regulator Delta Delta configuration lead lag7 Straight/inverted Inverted Straight transformer winding8 Straight/inverted Inverted Straight regulator______________________________________
The switch panel still includes one further switch, the identification code switch SW8. This switch comprises eight individual stages specifying a specific configuration of the control unit. Table 1 furnishes the necessary information on the function of the eight stages of this identification code switch SW8. The left hand column specifies the individual switch stage by means of a reference symbol which is identical to the labeling of the identification code switch SW8 in FIG. 4; the center column describes the associated function in general and the two right hand columns are referred to the switch position. The contents of this table are self-explanatory to those skilled in the art and further discussion is deemed not be necessary.
This table shows that this identification code switch is a simple and effective means for adjusting the control unit to a given configuration of the voltage regulator and the conditions at the location of installation.
In addition, FIG. 4 shows the parallel connection of the individual outputs of each of these control input parameter switches to respective ones of the eight lines of the third input port P2 across individual decoupling diodes D3 which provide for the desired bus structure which is completed by a parallel arrangement of pull-up resistors R13 each connected to a respective one of the lines of the input/output port P2. Each of these switches is individually selected by means of the parameter selector 14 which is represented in FIG. 4 in more detail. In fact, the selector is a conventional 3-to -8 bit decoder having three select inputs A,B,C which are connected to respective ones of the pins P12, P13 and P14, respectively of the second input/output port P1.
The output signal furnished at pin P17 of the second input/output port provides for an inhibit signal of this parameter selector 14 in case that this port is utilized as a bi-directional port in an extended mode of operation of the control unit as indicated schematically in FIG. 1. In this mode connection can be made to optional features of the control unit which are implemented on a separate printed circuit board and receive data and control information through the extended input/output port P1.
Is now the time for a more detailed description of the networks utilized for conditioning the instantaneous input signals, i.e. networks which correspond to the circuits 20 through 26 schematically indicated in FIG. 1. It may be noted that the actual hook-up of the control unit onto the voltage regulator is implemented in a conventional manner by means of the indicated scaling transformers 16 and 18, respectively. These transformers can be fused and surge suppressed by metal oxide varistors. Also included in the transformer design may be correction windings to compensate for control voltage potential errors which may be calibrated out at the factor. However, these design details are of less concern with reference to the present invention and any other appropriate measures may be taken to furnish the necessary instantaneous values to the interfaces of the control unit. With this understanding the respective transformers are no longer illustrated in the detailed circuit diagrams of the conditioning networks.
FIG. 5 shows a circuit diagram which corresponds to the voltage signal zero-cross converter 24 of FIG. 1. The voltage zero-cross signal is derived from one of the scanning transformers and routed through a current limiting resistor R9, plus/minus clamping diodes D4 and D5, respectively, and a zero-crossing detection comparator OA2. The clamping diodes D4, D5 limit the maximum input signal applied to the comparator's negative input to a range within±1 V (peak-to-peak) over the entire operating voltage range of ±13 V through±26 V (peak-to-peak) occurring at the outputs of the scaling transformer. As a result, this minimizes zero-cross phase error resulting from a±5 mV threshold uncertainty of comparator OA2 by clamping the potential input signal, without scarificing its effective dv/dt value as the signal crosses zero. It may be easily understood that the phase error may be derived from the inverse of the sine value of a quantity determined by the ratio of peak-to-peak zero threshold uncertainty and the peak-to-peak input voltage. Accordingly, it may be computed for different applications that the absolute phase error even in a worst case condition is fairly below 0.03 degrees.
FIG. 6 shows another analog voltage processing path designed for conditioning a signal representing the magnitude of the potential transformer input voltage. This network corresponds to the voltage signal conditioning circuit 20 shown in FIG. 1. The input signal is obtained from the secondary winding of the potential transformer and routed through a precision full-bridge rectifier which is here implemented by means of resistors R10, an operational amplifier 0A3 and a further diode D6 connected to the output of this operational amplifier 0A3. It may be noted that resistors R10 are precision resistors of identical values and therefore have been labeled identically. In fact, these resistors R10 may be implemented as a resistor pack having a resistance tolerance of 0.1% which maintains a uniform gain for positive and negative input excursions. As easily derived, the overall gain of the rectifier circuit is -0.5. Assuming a turn ratio of the scaling transformer 16 of 5/128, the peak output of the absolute value rectifier should approach but not exceed the maximum input of 5 V at a maximum potential input of 180 V (RMS).
The output of this rectifier network is connected through a further resistor R11 to the analog input AN0 of the microcomputer 10. A clamping network including diodes D7 and D8 is provided for signal limiting. Resistor R11 and these clamping diodes thus protect the microcomputer 10 from permanent damage should the described input levels exceed normal operating limits.
It may be recalled that switch #4 of the identification code switch SW8 specifies a specific sampling mode of the microcomputer 10. In dependence upon the setting of this switch, the analog input signal applied to the first analog input AN0 of the microcomputer 10 will be very rapidly sampled over a 50 milli-second sampling period. During the sample period, depending on the setting of the associated switch stage of switch SW8 the digitized analog magnitude samples are either continuously integrated for deriving an average value or a continuous operation summing the squares of the instantaneous sample values is performed over the same period in order to obtain a true root mean square (RMS) value. At the end of the sampling period, the microcomputer 10 will contain a 16 bit count being either directly proportional to the true average value of the furnished magnitude signal or being directly proportional to the square of the RMS value of the incoming signal. Tests have shown that accuracies of at least 0.25% can be obtained over an input signal range of 92 to 145 V RMS.
Corresponding to the conditioning circuitry associated with the auxiliary potential transformer path, current signals are furnished to the microcomputer 10 through the conditioning circuits 22 and 26 respectively. The signal path for the current transformer magnitude signal is implemented in a similar manner corresponding to the potential magnitude signal path described above in conjunction with FIG. 6 the only difference being that the scaled secondary current of the current transformer is routed through a precision resistor circuit which converts this current into a voltage signal. This voltage signal is then converted by a rectifier of a design corresponding to the same of the full-bridge rectifier shown in FIG. 6.
It will now become more apparent why an active rectifier was selected and implemented by operational amplifier 0A3 as opposed to a diode type rectifier. This implementation reduces the cost and size requirements of the scaling current transformer 18 significantly, since a diode rectifier would create a basic problem at low current levels when a significant portion of the scaled secondary current may be lost through the magnetizing reactance of the current transformer 18 due to the blocking effect of the forward voltage drop of such diodes in a rectifier bridge. In order to minimize any error resulting from this schottky effect a current transformer must be designed with a large magnetizing reactance. Even low forward drop schottky diodes do not solve this problem in a sufficient manner. However, the use of an active rectifier eliminates this unwanted effect of a forward voltage drop and allows for greatly reducing the magnetizing reactance requirements of the current transformer 18.
Returning now to FIG. 1, the output section of the microcomputer 10, that is the function of the first input/output port P0 will be described in more detail. The input/output port P0 is associated with the basic output functions of the control unit. Each of the parallel output lines connected to a respective one of the pins P00 through P06 is connected to a respective one of identical pull up resistors R11 which, in turn, are commonly connected to the supply voltage +6 VDC. Furthermore, each of these output lines is connected to an integrated circuit 56 which furnishes for each connected line of the first input/output port P0 an individual Darlington driver stage in order to provide for a power output.
The output signals appearing at the outputs associated with the first input/output port P0 specify the output control conditions as follows. Bit 0 appearing at pin P00 is the tap motor direction select bit. In "off" condition a first relay RY1 will be activated in order to provide for a steering signal of the tap-change motor. The engaged relay RY1 controls a raising operation for increasing the output voltage of the voltage regulator if the present load condition determines a forward power factor situation. When a reverse power factor was found the engaged first relay RY1 will steer the tap-change motor to a lower voltage condition. However, if this bit 0 of port P0 is in "on" condition a second relay RY2 will be engaged which steers the tap-change motor in a direction opposite to the directions above with respect to the same conditions of forward or reverse power factor.
Bit 2 of the output port P0 appearing at pin P02 controls an auxiliary RY3. This relay is necessary for providing the proper potential to the control sensing circuitry, since the control unit is supposed to be operable for both states, that is both directions of power flow. Accordingly, an "on" condition of bit 2 supplied at pin P02 holds the relay RY3 engaged in case of forward power flow in combination with "straight" design of the associated voltage regulator.
Accordingly, relay RY3 is also engaged when the voltage regulator is of "inverted" design and reverse power flow is detected. Bit 2 of the first input/output port P0 is reset when relay RY3 must be deactivated upon occurrence of conditions reverse to those described above.
In this context, it may be noted that a further light emitting diode LED4 is activated by another one of the output signals of the first input/output port P0 in order to indicate the present state, that is the direction of the power flow. This display element will be in "on" condition if reverse power flow is detected, and consequently will be shut off if forward power flow exists.
The mentioned band indicator 58 includes three more LED elements which are provided for displaying a relative indication of the instantaneous voltage relative to the set point, i.e. an indication of "in band", "out of band, high" or "out of band, low" in each of these cases a respective one of further light emitting diodes LED5, LED6, and LED7, respectively is activated by means of the high condition of a corresponding one of the remaining bits of the first input/output port P0.
Finally, a further explanation of the function of the external bus forming an extension of the second input/output port P1, as schematically indicated in FIG. 1 may be now appropriate. The described hardware structure represented in FIGS. 1 through 6 may be implemented on one single printed circuit board. The hardware design allows for basic features of the control unit, however, the input signals and the processed information as such would allow for implementing some optional features without the need of additional input information and even without extensive further processing of signals. Such an optional feature may be a multi-purpose display unit which could be designed such that depending on the selection of incoming data, different values of the signals and characteristics derived by the microcomputer are selectively displayed. The external bus provides the interface means to possible add-on units, such as a separate display unit. Add-on units may be structured as slaves with respect to microcomputer 10 and may be implemented on separate printed circuit boards. This approach offers the flexibility desirable for a universal use of the described control unit. This flexible design concept includes add-on units implemented in hardware or even comprising another programmable sub-unit depending upon application requirements.
In a preferred embodiment, the control unit shall act as the controller for a step voltage regulator such as a tap-change auto transformer. Specifically, the control unit shall control the rotational direction of the tap-change motor that causes the average output of the regulator to rise or fall. The control function shall depend on the monitored regulator output voltage, the voltage level set point as determined by the first switch SW1, the response-time-delay set point determined by the setting of the second switch SW2, the bandwidth set point in accordance with the setting of switch SW3, the line drop compensation set points specified by switches SW4, SW9 and SW5, SW10, respectively, in conjunction with the monitored load power factor count and the state (direction) of power flow.
In the automatic mode, the operation of the control unit in general is as follows:
The output voltage of the regulator is monitored through a scaling transformer i.e., the potential transformer 16 or a utility winding. The control unit receives this voltage and compares it or a voltage as corrected by the sensing transformer, if necessary, to the voltage-level set point. If the difference between these two voltages is greater in magnitude than one-half of the bandwidth set point, a time-delay depending on the setting of the second switch SW2 will be initiated. Such delay occurs before the tap-change motor is energized to run in a raising or lowering direction. The determination of the rotation of this tap-change motor is based on the sign of the difference between the sensed voltage and the voltage level set point and the state of power flow through the regulator. If the load side voltage is below the voltage-level set point, the tap-change shall be in the direction to raise this voltage in order to reduce the voltage difference to a value which is less than one-half of the bandwidth. If the load side voltage is above the voltage-level set point, the tap-change motor is commanded to lower the output voltage thereby reducing the difference to a value of less than one-half the bandwidth.
As mentioned above, provision shall be made for delaying the tap-change motor actuation on the occurence of a bandwidth excursion. This is achieved by means of a response-delay counter which is implemented in the control logic of the control unit. This counter is capable of time increment and decrement and can be intermittently set and reset. More specifically, the response-delay counter shall begin (or continue) to accumulate time when the absolute value of the difference between the input voltage level sensed by the control unit and the voltage level set point is greater than one-half of the bandwidth, that is when the input voltage deviation changes from being within the bandwidth to being outside of the bandwidth. Provisions are made to prevent any accumulation of time above the time delay setting. On the other hand, the accumulation of counts stops and begins (or continues) to decrease when the absolute value of the difference between the sensed voltage and the voltage level set point is less than 75% of one-half the bandwidth. The rate of decrement preferably is 0.75 of the increment rate and count accumulation does not decrease below zero.
The accumulation of counts, as described above, continues to increment or to decrement, as was last commanded, when the absolute value of the difference between the sensed voltage and the voltage level set point is less than one-half the bandwidth, but is more than 75% of one-half the bandwidth. Eventually, the tap-changing mechanism of the voltage regulator is held actuated then, and only then, when the count accumulation is equal to the time delay setting.
The control unit has a capability for detecting forward power flow and reverse power flow. This is achieved by programming the microcomputer 10 such that it continuously monitors the sensed voltage and the load current received from the respective scaling transformers in order to calculate the present state of power flow. By means of the identification code switch SW8, the microcomputer 10 is enabled to recognize the existence of a "straight" or "inverted" regulator application and accordingly the microcomputer activates or deactivates the third relay RY3 to provide proper potential to control sensing circuitry considering those factors. When an inverted style regulator is employed it is conceivable that a reverse power flow condition will occur when no potential transformer is provided. Under such conditions, the control unit will measure 0 V, i.e. less than the 90 V minimum operating voltage as specified hereinbefore. Therefore, should the detector measure less than 64 V, the control unit must be enabled to recognize a special situation which prevents any attempt to raise voltage but rather disables the algorithm so that no further tap-changing is accomplished until forward power flow condition resumes.
Measures have to be taken for avoiding a hunting mode of the voltage regulator at lower power levels, that is a reverse power flow/forward power flow activation shall not occur precisely at zero current. Within a small range of generally ±2% rated load current a change of the direction is inhibited and operation continues based upon the characteristic parameters of the previous sensing state. Only if a current in excess of this range is monitored a switch operation from forward power flow to reverse power flow (and the opposite, if applicable) will be initiated.
Furthermore, it may be recognized that the various settings of the identification code switch SW8 provide means for recognizing WYE, delta-lead or delta-lag connected regulators. It is apparent to those skilled in the art that in a delta system the current wil lead (or lag) the potential by 30° at unity power factor, and appropriate privision must be taken in the microcomputer 10 in order to recognize this phase shift before determining a power flow direction. Eventually, when reverse power flow is detected, appropriate action is commanded by the microcomputer 10 by means of respective signals supplied through the first input/output port P0 in order to initiate a reversal of the tap-changing motor direction. The reverse power flow condition is visually indicated by a display element which is illuminated when reversed power flow exists.
Furthermore, the microcomputer 10 must be programmed to determine the system power factor in order to properly calculate for necessary line drop compensation. The power factor is determined by relating the relative zero crossings of the sensed voltage and the filtered current signals. Again for this computation measures must be taken to account for the ±30° phase shift which will occur in conjunction with delta systems.
The outlined functions of the control unit are achieved by means of the hardware structure described above in conjunction with FIGS. 1 through 6. The disclosed design concept of a microcomputer based control unit aims at minimizing hardware elements in order to reduce costs and even more in order to achieve high system reliability. The second factor is of great importance for applications where such control units are permanently installed at remote locations of a power distribution system and short maintenance periods are not acceptable. It may be recognized by those skilled in the art that the relatively complex control functions are achieved in a straight forward manner by minimized hardware utilizing only one large scale integrated circuit, the microcomputer 10 and a limited number of integrated and discrete elements comprising the interface circuitry for supplying input parameters and signals to the microcomputer 10 and output control signals to the voltage regulator, respectively.
However, this minimized hardware structure puts some constraints on the software for operating the microcomputer. It may be easily understood that the limited memory capacity, an 8-bit bus structure of the microcomputer 10 and its limited instruction set mean quite a burden for the software implementation in view of the time requirements which are inherent to real-time applications, in view of the amount of computation to be performed by a microcomputer with only a limited and less powerful instruction set available for such a microcomputer, and in view of the required high accuracy which is none the less necessary for such applications.
It can easily be concluded that these adverse factors require the use of appropriate algorithms in order to achieve a very economical use of memory with limited software overhead and specific measures to overcome the limitation of a microcomputer with an 8-bit bus structure. One of the major restraints may be apprehended by the illustration of one example. The utilized microcomputer 10 is provided with a built-in analog/digital converter which is utilized for converting the analog potential and current input signals into corresponding digitally encoded values. The depth of the 8-bit bus structure determines the exactness of the corresponding digital values. Any digital figure has a finite number of bits of accuracy, an 8-bit figure has a resolution of 256 discrete steps. The nominal value of the potential is 120 V AC and accordingly an 8-bit format has a resolution of 0.5 V. In a given application however, the present voltage-as previously described in conjunction with the voltage level set points-has to be determined at least as exactly as 0.1 V. It will be shown later that the limitation resulting from the hardware bus structure of the selected microcomputer and its analog/digital converter can be overcome by measures which efficiently utilize the microcomputers hardware characteristics and employ statistical interpolation techniques. This example illustrates but one of the concerns, other areas will become more apparent in conjunction with the following more detailed description of the functions of the microcomputer 10.
It has been previously pointed out that the selected external time control circuitry specifies an internal instruction cycle time of 10 microseconds. Based upon this value and the structure of the internal timer of the microcomputer 10, a time interval of 81.9 ms between two overflows and corresponding time interrupts results. This roughly 82 ms interval scheme is utilized to separate different functions of the microcomputer 10 which are performed sequentially.
Correspondingly, four different macro functions designated as "paths" are implemented. A first path, designated as path "A" covers the computing of frequency and phase counts. Sine and co-sine terms of the power factor phase angle are derived from these frequency and phase counts. In addition, path "A" also includes performing of all binary-to-BDC conversions and display control functions.
A second path designated as "B" processes the analog input signals received from the potential transformer through the conditioning circuitry. The selected analog/digital channel is sampled for 50 ms and the RMS value of the selected input wave form is derived. Two different algorithms may be selectively used. In accordance with one algorithm an average derived RMS value is computed in accordance with equation 1: ##EQU1## The second possibility comprises a true RMS processing method which is performed in accordance with equation 2: ##EQU2## Finally, path "B" also includes computing of the running average of the derived magnitude of the potential input signal.
A third module, designated as path "C" performs functions similar to those described above in conjunction with path "B" with regard to the input current signal. Two computation routines based on equations 1 and 2, respectively, will here be employed for deriving average RMS or true RMS values of the present load current.
Finally, the fourth module, designated as path "D" is provided for performing the calculation of a compensated voltage as specified by equation 3: ##EQU3## where: Vc =computed compensated voltage
Vs =sensed regulator voltage
Is =sensed regulator current
Ifs =full scale current ratings of regulator that results in a 200 mA C.T. output current
Ifs R="R" line drop compensation set point
Ifs X="X" line drop compensation set point
COS φP.F. =cosine of P.F. phase angle
SIN φP.F. =sine of P.F. phase angle
Furthermore, all other control functions based upon set point inputs and previously derived power factor, voltage and current measurements are carried out in order to eventually supply the computed control states and parameters via the input/outport ports P0 and P1.
FIG. 7 shows a timing diagram which illustrates schematically the macro structure of the above outlined functions of the microcomputer 10. FIG. 7 shows a time axis t which is broken down into 82 ms time periods determined by subsequently generated time interrupts. At the beginning of each time period the pervious interrupt is serviced, an executive routine follows which leads to the computation of a respective one of the four paths "A" through "D". Subsequently, another executive routine is performed to complete the tasks the microcomputer 10 has to perform during one 82 ms time period. Accordingly, a dead time occurs until the next time interrupt is generated by means of an overflow of the timer counter of the microcomputer 10.
The timing diagram represented in FIG. 7 shows that the tasks of each of the four paths are executed in four subsequent 82 ms periods whereupon the same sequence starts a new and thus illustrates one of the basic characteristics of the microcomputer 10 forming the core of the control unit. In accordance with the present invention the different tasks have been broken down in such a manner that four different modules requiring essentially the same time for execution are established. The timing diagram of FIG. 7 which is out of scale nevertheless shall indicate that the remaining dead times are rather small as compared to the overall length of this period. Since the breakdown of tasks could be achieved in such an efficient manner, it was possible to utilize the timer interrupt for initiating the next task of the microcomputer instead of a software control mechanism which would have increased the software overhead.
After this outline of the timing concept a more detailed description of the operation of the control unit based upon the functions of the microcomputer 10 will be given in conjunction with more detailed flowcharts illustrated in the drawings beginning with FIG. 8. In addition, an Appendix is provided representing a complete source program including all information concerning memory allocation, register designation, definitions of program constants and input/output addresses for complete information regarding the software on the machine level. The listing as such is formatted in a conventional manner and lists the location LOC, an object code OBJ expressed in hexadecimal figures in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer of the selected microcomputer INTEL 8022. The listing also includes a corresponding source statment of sufficient detail that one skilled in the art and familiar with such microcomputer systems of is enabled to fully appreciate their contents. However, caution may be exercised with respect to the definition of the different tasks "A" through "D" and respective tasks "A" through "G" in the source program. It may be noted that the embodiments described here in the specification and represented in the Appendix, respectively, differ from each other in so far that the overall timing diagram in accordance with FIG. 7 assumes that all tasks of the microcomputer can be executed in four different tasks as opposed to the representation in the Appendix employing seven different tasks. The following description will show that it is possible to provide all functions required by only utilizing four 82 ms time periods which is possible by chaining the various sub-routines in the most efficient and time saving manner.
The flow chart represented in FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of the microcomputer 10 performed for a power-up after a reset condition and the corresponding system initialization. The reset condition 810 reflects the situation which was regarded previously in conjunction with the description of FIG. 3. It may be noted that a reset condition activating the reset input of the microcomputer 10 automatically disables both the internal timer and external interrupts which is represented in block 812. Thereupon the system has to be initialized anew as block 814 depicts. This utilization includes clearing of the accumulator and the random access memory of the microcomputer, and the setting of the initial conditions of both input/output ports P0 and P1, respectively.
Thereupon, as indicated in block 816, the internal timer is started and the timer interrupts are enabled. A following dead time condition represented in block 818 holds the microcomputer 10 in a wait status until the first timer interrupt derived from an overflow of the internal timer occurs. Such overflow occurs every 81.9 ms, as described hereinbefore.
Upon such occurrence of the first timer interrupt, this condition is serviced as illustrated in block 820. This service excludes loading of the status of input/output port P0 into the accumulator of the microcomputer 10 in order to perform the toggle function of the watchdog, as indicated in block 812 whereupon the status of this input/output port P0 is updated.
A self-diagnostic routine "SALERT" is performed which basically tests if the previous task has been timely performed. When this test is successfully completed, the microcomputer 10 is in start condition as indicated in block 826. Looking back to FIG. 7 it may now be understood that the interrupt service occurring at the beginning of each 82 ms time period, as schematically indicated, is represented in more detail in the lower half of the flowchart shown in FIG. 8.
The flow chart shown in FIG. 9 illustrates the subsequent operation of the microcomputer 10. Obviously, the internal timer interrput logic has to be re-enable otherwise the next overflow signal furnished by the internal timer would not be received. This condition is shown in block 910. By moving a number designating the previously serviced path into an internal register and by incrementing this register, the next control path can be selected, as illustrated in block 912. At this time a flag-bit designating the selection of a corresponding path is set which specifies that the computation of the currently selected path still incomplete.
Block 914 of FIG. 9, schematically indicates that the program execution now jumps to the selected control path. This may be easily achieved by loading the path number into the accumulator and adding a certain number in order to generate a sum which is only zero if all paths have been serviced; whereupon an automatic reset to path "A" is accomplished as indicated in block 916. Otherwise, processing will be continued with servicing a respective one of the remaining paths "B" through "D" as indicated in blocks 918 through 922.
It may be noted that the operations of the microcomputer 10 represented by blocks 910 through 914 corresponds to the executive portion occurring between an interrupt service and the computation of the respective path, as shown in FIG. 7. This figure also illustrates that the major portion of the respective 82 ms time period is used up for servicing one of the control modules designated as path. After completion of this computation, the previously mentioned path flag is cleared in accordance with block 924 in FIG. 9 in order to indicate that the respective control module has been completed timely and accordingly the path status is updated. These functions are represented in the timing diagram of FIG. 7 by the second executive portion. After completion of this routine, the microcomputer 10 again is set to a wait status while waiting for the next following timer interrupt. In the following a more detailed description of the four control paths "A" through "D" will be given in conjunction with corresponding flowcharts.
The flowcharts shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 represent the execution of the different functions comprising path "A". The execution starts with resetting the seventh bit of the path byte to zero, as indicated in block 1010, forming a part of the self-diagnostic features of the microcomputer 10. It was previously pointed out that the microcomputer 10 includes an internal analog/digital converter which derives binary values from the analog input signals representing a voltage or current equivalent. Such values have to be converted into a binary coded decimal figures. The conversions are standard features of the 822 microcomputer and are here merely illustrated by block 1012.
Block 1014 represents a further example of the allocation of different subroutines in the different paths in order to make the most efficient use of the fixed time span between the subsequent timer interrupts. This time it is an optional input/output service routine in order to transmit status information across the second input/output port P1 to an optional display unit as discussed above in conjunction with the description of FIG. 1.
The following operations illustrated in blocks 1016 through 1026 of FIG. 10 refer to the recognition of overcurrent or undercurrent conditions at the output of the voltage regulator. In general, a status byte is provided in the random access memory of the microcomputer 10 which byte includes a bit position for designating any load current condition being outside of a normal range determined by upper and lower limits. In addition, as indicated in block 1018 parameters of such an extreme condition are stored for diagnostic purposes.
If the currently sensed average current value ISAVG does not exceed the predetermined upper limit of 350% of the average current, normal operation continues and the presently selected current threshold is evaluated. It may be recalled from the description of the identification code switch SW8 in conjunction with table 1 that the closed switch #2 determines a low current transformer inhibit condition. This condition is stored in bit 6 of the configuration code byte by means of a zero value. Depending on this configuration a test for disabling tap change commands is performed. A 2% current transformer threshold will be loaded in order to determine the undercurrent condition illustrated in block 1026. If the sensed average current value ISAVG lies above the selected threshold, the execution of path "A" will be continued as illustrated in the block diagram shown in FIG. 11.
Zero crossings of the analog input signal corresponding to the output potential of the voltage regulator have to be synchronized with the internal timer in order to enable the microcomputer 10 to perform frequency and phase counts. This is achieved by means of a subroutine PTSYNC, as illustrated in block 1110 of FIG. 11. A corresponding subroutine is listed in more detail on page 16 of the Appendix which shows that the zero time is offset in order to determine the exact synchronization of the event of a zero crossing with the internal timer. The respective count of a zero count register is saved for computing of zero-cross time counts.
Thereupon corresponding frequency and phase counts based upon the conditions appearing at the two tests inputs T1 and T0 of the microcomputer 10 can be computed as illustrated in block 1112.
The execution of a path "A" is continued by determining the power flow direction and by compensating the phase count based upon the regulator configuration as determined by the identification code, i.e. the respective positions of the switches #5 through 8.
The last major subroutine of task "A" is the computation of the sine/cosine values of the power factor angle, as schematically indicated in block 1116. This subroutine consumes the most time within the computation of path "A". Pages 13 through 15 of the Appendix show both essential parts of this subroutine in full detail. In addition, the calculation of the sine and cosine values of the angle are carried out based upon a conventional algorithm which is known as the "Cordic" algorithm; the respective portion of the source program is listed on pages 52 through 54 of the Appendix.
The flow chart shown in FIG. 12 illustrates the program flow of path "B" which is of major importance to the performance of the control unit. The magnitude value of the current output voltage of the voltage regulator is hereby derived from the analog the input signal. Block 1210 illustrates in correspondence to block 1010 of FIG. 10 a first step wherein the corresponding bit of the path byte is reset. Thereafter, as indicated in block 1212 the first analog input ANO and accordingly the first channel of the analog/digital converter of the microcomputer 10 is selected in order to receive the scaled and conditioned voltage signal from the respective conditioning circuitry described above.
Block 1214 of FIG. 12 represents a sub-routine designated as RADRMS which derives a root mean square (RMS) value from the input wave form. This routine being one of the most interesting sub-routines of the program of the microcomputer 10, is shown in more detail in FIG. 13. It may be noted that corresponding parts of the source program are listed on pages 22 through 24 of the Appendix. The first step of this sub-routine illustrated in block 1310 sets the starting conditions. It may be recalled from the description of FIG. 4 that the identification code switch SW8 includes one stage designated switch #4 which specifies selectively one out of two sampling modes, an average mode or a true RMS mode. The corresponding bit of the configuration byte is read in order to determine the selected sampling mode. In addition, for the starting condition several working registers used for temporarily storing sum values are cleared.
As indicated in block 1312 a test is performed which leads in dependence upon the condition of the mentioned configuration bit to one of two branches of this sub-routine controlling either the average sampling mode or the true RMS sampling mode. In the following the latter sampling mode will be discussed in more detail since this mode is preferably utilized unless the average sampling mode has to be selected because of certain conditions on the distribution line.
Having in mind that the entire path "B" has to be performed during one 82 micro-seconds period, a 50 milli-second sampling window is determined which allows for sampling 64 samples in the RMS sampling mode as indicated in block 1314. This means that the following steps represented by blocks 1316 through 1324 are sequentially carried out in a sampling loop which takes 780 micro-seconds and if repeated 64 times a sampling window of 49.92 micro-seconds as determined.
The output signal of the analog/digital converter is an 8 bit word which is moved into the accumulator of the microcomputer 10 as indicated in block 1316. Thereafter, in accordance with block 1318 a squared value of this sample is computed. It may be noted that this is achieved by means of a further sub-routine which is listed in the Appendix on pages 41 and 42. As can easily be derived from the format of the input signal, the resulting squared value will be a two byte word. This result will be added to the sum of squared samples which was accumulated in previous loops. This new sum value obtained in accordance with block 1320 is saved for further accumulation during the following loop period. Thereafter, in accordance with block 1322, the sample count is decremented. This decremented value is tested for a zero value in accordance with block 1324 and a jump back to block 1316 is performed if this value is not zero. A zero value indicates that the 50 mili-second sampling window has passed and thereafter the final sum value is obtained.
Briefly referring to the sampling loop of the average sampling mode illustrated in blocks 1316' through 1324', it may be noted that this loop comprises similar steps except for computing a squared value of a sample. The mentioned fast 8×8 square sub-routine takes an execution time of 55 cycles which time is spared in the average sampling mode. Therefore, the loop time of this mode is shorter and the same sampling window which allows for taking 256 samples instead of only 64 samples. The larger number of samples offsets to some extent the limited approximation of the average algorithm. In addition, it may be recognized that the sample numbers as such have been selected in accordance with the binary number scheme to allow for easier computation in order to save software overhead.
The final processing of the RMS sum is illustrated in blocks 1326 and 1328. As mentioned above, the squared value of a sample is a 16 bit number and accordingly the RMS sum corresponds to a 22 bit number when taking into account that 64 samples have been accumulated. The rescaling of the RMS sum as indicated in block 1326 simply means an extension of this 22 bit word to a full three byte word of 24 bits by multiplying this sum value by four. In accordance with the formula for deriving a true RMS value the square root of this value has to be taken, as indicated in block 1328. The resulting number is a 12 bit number which is 16 times the average value of the voltage.
Similar final processing has to be executed for the average sum value as indicated in blocks 1330 and 1332 of FIG. 13. Since the result has to be expressed in the same format for both sampling modes in order to achieve easier further processing of such values, again a corresponding rescaling of the obtained average value to an average "RMS" value has to be performed. In this manner a 12 bit word is finally stored in two designated working registers of the microcomputer 10 for further processing.
The above described routine for deriving a true RMS value of the sensed voltage should be briefly evaluated prior to returning to the final steps of path "A" execution. One has to realize that the computation started out from a binary coded decimal figure representing one sample of the magnitude of the sensed voltage and expressed in an 8 bit word. The result is now a 12 bit word which is capable of expressing 16 times the number of steps of the originally sensed value. This does not necessarily mean that the accuracy of this value is 16 times better than of an 8-bit sample value. However, tests have been verified that at least the upper three of the four least significant bits are useful and accurate in the given application.
The output voltage of a voltage regulator, under normal operating conditions while being a relatively slowly changing value as compared to the narrow sampling window of 50 mili-seconds nevertheless represents an analog wave form. What is achieved by means of the described sub-routine is that a plurality of samples are taken wherein each sample value is an individual digital approximation of the actually furnished analog signal. Furthermore, it can be assumed that the hardware circuitry of the utilized analog/digital converter is designed such that its resolution is at least as high as to achieve an accurate 8 bit result. In fact, what has been concluded from test results is that the accuracy of the analog/digital converter of the selected microcomputer 10 is much higher. The actual limitation within this microcomputer is the 8-bit structure.
It can now be derived from information theory that the information content of the output signals of the analog/digital converter is higher than the information of a single 8 bit word as such which can be retrieved if the converter is--for this purpose--regarded as an ideal circuit and a plurality of samples are taken. Without actually trying to provide such theoretical findings, actual tests have shown that this is sufficiently true under the given conditions. It is of special advantage that the selected microcomputer comprises an analog/digital converter which actual implementation to a sufficient extent fulfills the different requirements of an ideal circuit. Only one ambiguity remains in form of an undesired offset drift which can be eliminated as will be described in the following. In summary, this derivation of the true RMS value overcomes the system-inherent limitation of an 8-bit microcomputer which evenutally made it possible to utilize such a microcomputer for executing the control functions of the control unit in accordance with the present invention.
Returning now to FIG. 12 and the remaining steps of path "B", in block 1216 it is indicated that the next step of the routine takes care of the mentioned offset problem. It may be recalled from the previous description that a "NULL" calibration adjustment feature is provided for the control unit. This feature here is again utilized for deriving an offset value which is then added with a proper sign to the calculated RMS value. A refined RMS value is obtained and restored into the designated working registers of the microcomputer 10. The following step is an averaging step for further refinement by forming the average of a previously saved average magnitude value and the new RMS value. In this manner, as indicated in block 1218, eventually the new average value of the magnitude of the sensed voltage is obtained. The execution of path "B" terminates after a test for an over flow condition of the sensed output voltage of the voltage regulator which test is performed to the alert control unit of a hazard condition and to limit the finally obtained average magnitude value to a value smaller than 180 V. This test is indicated in block 1220.
These last three steps of the path "B" routine, in fact, are performed by means of further sub-routines as indicated in FIG. 12 and corresponding sections of the source program are found on pages 26, 21, and 25, respectively of the Appendix.
FIG. 14 illustrates path "C" which is provided for computing the magnitude value of the input signal corresponding to the sensed load current. From a comparison of FIGS. 12 and 14 it can be easily derived that this computation is carried out in quite a similar manner and is based upon the same principles utilized for deriving the potential magnitude value; a summarizing description is therefore deemed to be sufficent.
The setting of the path bit as indicated in block 1410 has the same purpose as corresponding steps previously described with respective paths. For calculating the magnitude of the current the second channel of the analog/digital converter including the associated second analog input AN1 of the microcomputer 10 is selected, as illustrated in block 1412. Block 1414 shows that the same sub-routine RADRMS as described in conjunction with FIG. 13 is utilized with one execption that the scaling of the current magnitude value is adjusted to the magnitude of the input signal which results in a different scaling of this value. Correspondingly, in block 1416 the same different scaling appears again when the final average magnitude value of the current is derived. Finally, block 1418 corresponds to block 1220 of FIG. 12 with the execption that the upper limit of the current value is set to 700 mA, that is 350% overcurrent.
Nevertheless, it may be obtained from this brief outline of the execution of path "C" that the same time extensive and above all memory consuming sub-routines for calculating magnitude values are utilized. This gives another example for the organization of the software and the macro timing of the control functions of the control unit.
The fourth path, path "D" is illustrated in FIG. 15. The execution of this path again starts by setting the corresponding path bit similar to the start of the previously described paths. Block 1512 schematically represents an extensive sub-routine VCOMP for computing the line drop compensation voltage. The corresponding formula forming the algorithm for this computation has been given in equation 3. As can be seen from this equation time consuming computation has to be performed especially in view of the fact that sine and cosine values have to be calculated, values have to be squared and eventually square roots have to be taken. A plurality of sub-routines necessary for this computation have already been outlined previously. Other sub-routines of more conventional design can be obtained from a review of the Appendix where the computation of the line-drop compensated voltage VC is listed starting at page 27.
The final block 1514 of path "D" schematically represents general control functions to be performed by the microcomputer 10 which comprise a number of diagnostic routines and further control routines as may be obtained from the source program listing starting on page 30 of the Appendix.
There has thus been shown and described a novel method for measuring instantaneous electrical parameters of power distribution systems utilizing digital control means and a programable control apparatus performing such method which fulfill all the objects and advantages sought therefor. Many changes, modification, variations and other uses in applications of the subject invention will, however, become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering the specification and the accompanying drawings which disclose preferred embodiments thereof. All such changes, modifications, variations and other uses in applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention which is limited only by the claims which follow. ##SPC1##