It was the material on the Italian and Bosnian Cathars that I found most interesting. In Languedoc doctrinal differences were not critical and a broadly unified church structure persisted. In Italy, in contrast, allegiances to competing Eastern ordo and conflicts over doctrine split Cathars into separate communities: Lambert sorts through the evidence to reveal their differences in theology and organisation. The complex political balance in Italy between cities, Guelf and Ghibelline factions, papacy, and empire resulted in idiosyncratic variations in the treatment of Cathars, but their survival was generally assisted by the unwillingness of independent cities to grant church authorities the powers needed for forcible suppression. The Inquisition and lay Catholic confraternities certainly helped it along, but Catharism's gradual decline in Italy was largely due to changes in the Catholic Church which reduced its appeal. (Cathar remnants in the Alps, syncretising with Waldensianism, survived until the early fifteenth century.) The history of the Bosnian Church took a very different course. "[W]hen heretics had authority, freedom and a landed endowment ... [t]heir leaders became virtually indistinguishable from the wealthy and powerful hierarchies of either the Catholic or Orthodox Churches of the time."