Predators and Contraception
In the cases where the urban/suburban deer habitat is isolated from the greater wilderness, rendering out-migration impractical or impossible, deer contraception may need to come into play. Contraception techniques have improved in recent years, rendering many previous obstacles obsolete - e.g. darting no longer needs to be done more than once on the same deer for several years of infertility. Pro-lethal arguments will still have it that deer should be culled first before contraception be administered, but this means that the most easily accessible deer would be culled, leaving the more skittish and reclusive ones for darting purposes.
Not only can contraception keep the population from increasing, it can also cause the population to decrease over time, without the need for lethal intervention. Pro-lethal argument has it that contraception cannot displace culling. Not true. Even if the initial population is too high, it could be steadied by contraception and temporarily sustained by feeding. Deer will die off gradually by natural causes, and the population will decline. At the proper level, contraception alone, without auxiliary feeding, will suffice. No sharpshooting, bow hunting or captive-bolting is necessary. The benefits of a more human society is immeasurable.
Wolves as a deer population control measure is appropriate in the wilderness environment where human-wolf conflict can be resolved.