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Fast-forward to 2012, where there’s an Administration promoting Open Government and citizen engagement via the internet and social media. The old law, affectionately called FACA by government insiders, is still in force and increasingly irrelevant as agencies look for ways around its strictures to seek citizen and expert input. But the original goals of the law are still very much a priority – to promote citizen participation and transparency, to ensure objectivity in advice to federal agencies and limit the influence of special interests, and to ensure efficiency in the use of resources by periodically reviewing committees to ensure they serve a useful purpose.
The Administrative Conference of the U.S. (ironically, a FACA committee itself!) took steps last month to begin bringing FACA into the 21st century. It sponsored research that surveyed the historical evolution of the implementation of the Act, surveyed some of the stakeholders involved in the Act’s implementation, and identified best practices in place in a number of agencies.
Tension Among the Goals of FACA. The tensions between the various goals of the Act were brought to light as a result of the research. For example, a symbolic Clinton-era executive order cut and capped the number of advisory committees. This directive focused on streamlining bureaucracy and gave great weight to the goal of efficiency, but reduced the opportunity for citizen and expert participation. The research noted that today there are 469 FACA committees created administratively and another 604 mandated by law or the president – a total of 1,071, with about 40,000 members.
An emphasis on efficiency might have been an appropriate goal in the past to limit what might have been seen as expensive, outdated committees. However, when viewed from today’s perspective, there is a greater emphasis on engaging the public in their government and technology can be used to efficiently streamline the administrative and transparency demands of a committee. There is also concern about the objectivity and openness of panels. For example, President Obama banned registered lobbyists from serving, and Congress is considering legislation to limit the ability of agencies to seek other means of gaining advice and to increase transparency of committee proceedings.
Research Results. The ACUS report found, not surprisingly, three sets of problems: “(1) procedural burdens that inhibit the effective using of advisory committees without substantially furthering the policies of the Act; (2) confusion about the scope of the statute that might discourage agencies from using committees or induce them to engage in ‘work-arounds’ to avoid triggering its requirements; and (3) agency practices that either undermine or fail to fully promote the transparency and objectivity of the advisory committee process.”
As a result, agencies felt that they had to develop strong cases for why they needed an advisory committee before they sought permission from General Services Administration (GSA) to create one, so they typically avoided creating one or tried to find ways around the requirements. In practice, it often took at least a year to create an advisory committee, with much of that delay at the agency level. GSA is responsible for administering a cap on the number of committees, so it apportioned the number of committees that could be formed among agencies, and agencies oftentimes did not want to seek permission for more.
So in general, there were few incentives and many barriers to seeking public and expert advice by government agencies. While technical panels exist, for example to provides statistical advice to the Census or medical advice on AIDS, there are few panels for citizens to contribute insights at the grassroots level, such as in national parks or veterans hospitals.
Recommendations. ACUS made a series of recommendations to address the problems uncovered in its research report, and which provide a new beginning to re-think how public input could be sought and used, including:
So while the recommendations don’t call for a clean slate, they do challenge the White House and Congress to re-visit the existing law and how it is implemented. Who knows, maybe we’ll see a move from 1,000 committees with 40,000 members to 10,000 committees with 400,000 members! But would that be seen as creating a more connected citizenry or a more bloated government? Like the 40 year history of FACA shows, that will be a value judgment to be sorted out by the White House and Congress. Nevertheless, as ACUS demonstrates through its recommendations, it is a conversation worth having.
Graphic Credit: Department of Commerce