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CHINA : Summary analysis of material flows and materials intensity indicators
China is an HDD country with a long history of intensive agriculture leading to the current high population densities. It is apparent from Figure 10 (a) that the extremely rapid growth in DMC per capi... ta noted in REEO AP (UNEP 2011) continued up to the onset of the GFC, and furthermore that the transition away from a biomass based to a minerals based society appears to have accelerated (Figure 10 (d)). China first exceeded the world average DMC per capita in 1995, and by 2008 was consuming materials at a per capita rate over 160% of the world average. Accelerated growth in material use is continuing with DMC per capita increasing by 25% between 2005 and 2008. The latest data on PTB per capita emphasises the rapidly increasing reliance of China on imports to meet its requirements for metals and fossil fuels. Net imports of metal ores and industrial minerals, which accounted for less than 10% of DMC in 1998, were equal to nearly 25% of DMC in 2008, and would contribute a much higher effective share of actual metal used if the concentration effects of traded commodities are taken into account. The ratio of imported fossil fuels to total DMC remains low, at around 6% in raw tonnage terms, however in the 11 category data disaggregation (see online database), the apparent near self sufficiency of China in fossil fuels overall does not hold for petroleum, with imports contributing around 49% of total supply in 2008, up from 42% in 2005 and from being a net exporter in 1992. While the strong trend towards decreasing MI from the mid 1970s to the year 2000 has not returned, modest improvements have formed a new trend since 2004, more than compensating for a period of increasing MI from 2002-2004. The rate of improvement in MI has not come close to offsetting the effect of growing GDP on resource demands, as is made evident from the rapid escalation in DMC discussed above. Also, as noted in association with Table 2 in section 3, even as China’s individual MI improved, its rapidly growing share of the regional economy comes at the expense of low MI producers like Japan, and has thus driven regional MI higher.
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