Gower, J. C. and Krzanowski, W. J.
Analysis of distance for structured multi-variate data.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics), 48(4) pp. 505–519.
Many data sets in practice fit a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) structure but are not consonant with MANOVA assumptions. One particular such data set from economics is described. This set has a 24 factorial design with eight variables measured on each individual, but the application of MANOVA seems inadvisable given the highly skewed nature of the data. To establish a basis for analysis, we examine the structure of distance matrices in the presence of a priori grouping of units and show how the total squared distance among the units of a multivariate data set can be partitioned according to the factors of an external classification. The partitioning is exactly analogous to that in the univariate analysis of variance. It therefore provides a framework for the analysis of any data set whose structure conforms to that of MANOVA, but which for various reasons cannot be analysed by this technique. Descriptive aspects of the technique are considered in detail, and inferential questions are tackled via randomization tests. This approach provides a satisfactory analysis of the economics data.
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