what type of ladder provides a convenient means for boarding or leaving an anchored vessel?
where are accommodation ladders located on large Navy ships?
two on the starboard side and two on the port side
if more than one ladder is rigged, what ladder is reserved for officers and ceremonies?
the forward accommodation ladder located on the quarterdeck
which ladder is used to work details and crew liberty parties?
the after ladder
where are some aircraft carriers fitted with an accommodation ladder?
in their transom (on the stern of the ship)
what constitutes the accommodation ladder?
an upper and lower platform that is connected by the ladder and supported by either a chain or wire bridle and bail hanging by a pennant. an H-Frame is also attached to the lower platform
what is the purpose of the H-Frame that is attached to the outboard side of the lower platform of the accommodation ladder?
it is equipped with fenders so that boats can come alongside to pick up or discharge passengers
what is the inboard side of the lower platform fitted with, that when rigged hold the ladder in proper position off the side of the ship?
ports called shoes. these shoes have pads attached to their ends to help prevent damage to the ship or ladder
what device supports the upper platform of the accommodation ladder?
a brace known as a wishbone (OUT RIGGER?)
what is the purpose of a single-sheave block that is attached to the underside of the forward outboard comer of the upper platform of the accommodation ladder?
a line is rigged through this block which acts as a sea painter to keep a boat alongside in position with the accommodation ladder
what are most accommodation ladders used by the Navy today made of?
aluminum, for ease of handling
where are accommodation ladders stowed when secured for sea?
everything is rigged in, disassembled in most cases, and stowed in brackets either on the rail or along a section of the superstructure. all of the smaller portable parts are stowed in a gear locker close to where the ladder is rigged
when an accommodation is rigged, what is the first thing that must be done?
to follow the ship's plans. make sure that all parts are on hand and that the toggle pins and bolts are seized with short sections of wire and attached to the ladder
what is the second step to be done when rigging an accommodation ladder?
rig the upper platform
once the upper platform of an accommodation ladder is in place, what is the next step?
secure the ladder to it. this is an area where the ship's plans and design must be followed
what are outriggers?
arms swung out from the ship used to lay the ladder on and seat the ladder to the upper and lower platforms
on ships not having outriggers, what davit can be used to support the ladder over the side?
the J-Bar Davit
once the H-Frame and lower platform are rigged on deck, how can they be worked over the side to attach to the ladder?
by use of the falls from the J-Bar davit or from some other sustainable attachment point
as the accommodation ladder is lowered, where will the weight of the ladder shift when the ladder is in its down position?
to the pendant, bail, and bridle
what is used on accommodation ladders to prevent the fore and aft movement of the ladder?
turnbuckles are rigged from the lower platform to the side of the ship
what is a boat line that is rigged to the upper platform of an accommodation ladder?
nothing more than a block rigged under the forward outboard corner of the upper platform to act as a sea painter to assist boats making landing at the ladder
what safety rule is absolutely necessary for all personnel to follow when working outside of lifelines and over the side of the ship?
must be in life jackets and safety harnesses with proper safety lines rigged
what device is used to protect the ship of a ship from contact with a pier or another ship?
pneumatic fenders positioned fore and aft of the accommodation ladder
what is one of the marks of a smart efficient ship, when going to anchorage?
the proper use of her ground tackle and also the manner in which she has her accommodation ladders and boat boom rigged
how are some accommodation ladders modified for use on a pier or barge?
the lower platform and H-Frame are left off, and a roller and a safety step are installed at the bottom of the ladder
what are deck fittings?
the various devices attached to the hull that assist in handling the ship
where are the most common deck fittings found?
around the weather decks
what is a cleat?
a device consisting of a double ended pair of projecting horns used for belaying a line or wire
what are bitts?
heavy vertical cylinders, usually arranged in pairs, used for making fast lines that have been led through chocks
when constructed in pairs what is each bitt some times called?
what is a chock?
a heavy fitting with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led
what are the 3 types of chocks?
what type of chock is opened at the top?
the open chock
what is a closed chock?
a mooring chock that is closed by an arch of metal across the top
what is a roller chock?
a mooring chock that contains a roller for reducing friction
what is a pad eye?
a plate with an "eye" attached, welded to the deck to distribute the strain over a large area and to which a block can be hooked or shackled
what is a bollard?
a strong cylindrical upright on a pier, over which the eye (or bight) of a ship's mooring line is placed
what is most common ship fender?
a pneumatic fender made of rubber, about 4 ft long and 3 ft in diameter. it should be positioned amidships at the extreme beam
where are additional smaller pneumatic fenders or "homemade" manila fenders kept ready?
on the forecastle and on the fantail
what device is used to protect a fender system from damage due to the motion of moored ships?
what are camels?
floating separators which can be attached to a fender system, the wharf, pier, or the ship itself
what it a boatswain's chair?
a hardwood sheet attached to a double bridle of stout line. it is used while working either aloft or over the side
what bend is used to tie the gantline to the boatswain's chair?
a double becket
what is the purpose of a dummy gantline that is usually left reeved from the crosstree up through the sheave at the truck and back to the crosstree?
it makes it unnecessary for anyone to climb to the topmast to reeve a chair gantline through
how is the end of the chair gantline secured to the end of the dummy gantline?
by butting the two ends together and seizing with turns of rope yarn back and forth between strands, so everything will pass through the sheave without fouling
when the desired working height has been reached, what signal should you give to the crew below?
"To Hold What They Got"
when you are aloft in the boatswain's chair, what command should you give to inform the deck drew to let go of the gantline?
when device should you bend at the tail of the gantline to when riding down the standing rigging?
to a shackle placed around the wire
what officer must you receive permission from before going aloft?
what is processed to ensure that key personnel are aware of any work being done aloft?
a "man aloft chit"
what officer(s) must sign the "man aloft chit"?
the ship's electrical maintenance officer (EMO), the communication's officer (COMMO), and the command duty officer (CDO)
what should you do with your tools while working aloft?
tie tools and equipment to the boatswain's chair to prevent them from falling on personnel below
when personnel are preparing to go work over the side, when should the OOD be notified?
while preparing to work, and again upon securing
what is required of all personnel working over the side of the ship on stages, boatswain's chairs, and on work floats?
wear life jackets and (with exception of the personnel in boats) be equipped with a parachute-type safety harness with safety lines tended from the deck above
who must constantly supervise personnel working on scaffolding, stages, and boatswain's chairs?
a competent petty officer and personnel must be assigned to tend the safety lines
what type of device should be used to secure all tools, buckets, and brushes to the ship when you are working over the side?
by lanyards to prevent their loss overboard or injury to personnel below
what is a stage?
a stout plank to the underside of which two short wooden horns are attached athwartships, either by nailing or bolting on, a foot or two from either end
what part(s) of the stage should support all of the weight, when properly rigged?
what is the chief purpose of the horns that are attached to the underside of the stage?
to hold the plank off the side
what are the two ways the gantlines on your stage may be rigged?
by means of an eye splice in the end of the gantline; by means of the stage hitch
what is the best method to reeve your gantline for lowering?
over a smooth surface, never have your gantlines running over a sharp edge
how many persons may be allowed on a stage at the same time?
no more than 2
what should you use to secure your tools to the stage?
what are soundings?
measuring the depth of water
when are soundings taken?
when the ship is going into or out of port or approaching an anchorage
what is the most accurate means of obtaining soundings?
the hand lead
even though ships today have modern depth-sounding equipment, what is a mandatory piece of equipment and are routinely checked during inspections and refresher training periods?
what is the approximate weight of a lead line?
7 to 14 pounds
what device may be used for determining the direction in which a ship, practically dead in the water, is moving?
the lead line
how is the direction of the movement of the ship found by using the lead line?
by placing the lead line on the bottom, directly below the leadsman, and noting the direction of the motion of the ship as shown by the change of direction of the lead line from the up and down
what is used to identify the 7-fathom mark on the lead line?
a red rag
how far from the lead should you put your wooden toggle?
about 2 fathoms
what is the first word you say when ready to make the heave on a lead line?
when should the marker on the lead line be read?
when the lead is on the bottom and the line hauled just taut, up and down
how is the ability to heave the lead acquired?
only by practice
how are lead lines often marked?
on each half fathom over the range of depth used most and may even have foot markings around the more important depths
how deep is the water when the leadsman reports "a quarter less than 3"
2 3/4 fathoms
what safety barriers are used to prevent personnel from falling or being washed over the side?
when lifelines are removed for any purpose, who is required to ensure that emergency lines are rigged and that everyone has been cautioned to keep clear?
the officers and petty officers concerned
when the ship is underway and a crew member has to work outside the lifelines, who must you obtain permission from?
the Commanding Officer
what is used to identify the 5-fathom mark on a lead line?
a white rag
how far from the block through the line passes shall a person stand when handling a line?
a least 6 feet
what is canvas?
often called duck, general name for a strong, heavy, plain cloth woven of cotton or linen
what is numbered duck?
sometimes called ounce duck or army duck, it runs from No.1 (heaviest) to No.12 (lightest)
what does the number in the numbered duck mean?
a certain weight in ounces per square yard of cloth
what is the difference between numbered duck and ounce or army duck?
army or ounce duck have finer yarns, higher cloth counts, and usually lighter weights
how is canvas usually made up?
in bolts from 85 to 100 yarns and is issued by the linear yard in widths form 22 to 72 inches
what is one type of synthetic fabric used extensively for tarps, awnings, and for boat, winch, and reel covers?
a nylon cloth with a vinyl film on both sides (Herculite #80 and Hypalon)
what number size of canvas is used to make sand bags and hammocks?
what number size of canvas is used to make hatch paulins?
what number of canvas is used for making hose rack covers?
why is the Navy now using more synthetic fabrics?
canvas is relatively short-lived and synthetic fibers are lighter and easier to stow. they are also rot and mildew resistant
what type of material is best suited for blackout and welding curtains?
how should synthetic fabrics be cleaned?
wash with saddle soap or any other mild soap and water, scrub with a soft bristle brush, using circular motions; and rinse with clear water
what are the current ship building specification requirements for topside canvas?
all topside canvas must be treated according to the intended use
what type of line should be used for bolt ropes and lashings on synthetic fabrics?
cotton or synthetic lines
what grommet is recommended for use in synthetic fabrics?
the spur type
where is white, untreated canvas normally used aboard ship?
why should canvas never be stowed where acid is or has been stowed?
acid fumes are detrimental to canvas
what should canvas be scrubbed with when it has become dirty or stained by grease or oil?
use a mild soap solution, rinse thoroughly, and hang the canvas up to dry
what is the best way to repair a winch cover that is made of canvas if a grommet tears out?
sew a patch over the spot and put in another grommet
what is a good rule to remember when measuring and cutting canvas?
measure TWICE and cut ONCE
what measuring canvas for items that will be stretched taut (awnings) what amount should be deducted?
deduct 1/2 inch for each linear foot in both length and width
when measuring canvas for items that is to be loose, what amount should be added?
add 1/2 inch to each linear foot in both length and width
how are sail needles numbered?
according to size; higher number = smaller needle
how should sail needles be stowed?
dried carefully and oiled or stowed in a container of powdered chalk to prevent them from rusting
what are 2 types of palms issued in the Navy?
the sailmaker's palm and the roping palm
how is the roping palm designed?
for use on jobs requiring the largest needles (sewing bolt ropes)
what is a sailmaker's or bench hook?
it has a swivel eye, and is used to hold the ends of two pieces of canvas being sewn together
why is beeswax used on sail twine?
it reduces the wear on the sail twine while sewing is being done, and it retards deterioration
what is the most common type of twine used for sewing machines?
sail twine, which is listed in the stock catalogs as mattress twine
what twine is best for hand-sewing?
lacing twine (already waxed)
what type of stitch is most commonly used for joining two pieces of canvas?
the round stitch
when is a flat stitch used?
when a strong seam is required
what stitch is used to mend tears in heavy or painted canvas?
the herringbone stitch
what stitch is used to mend tears in light or medium canvas?
the baseball stitch
what are bolt ropes?
the ropes around the edges of awnings and sails
what is the purpose of bolt ropes?
to take the strain of the stops, clews, reef points, etc
what stitch is used to sew on a bolt rope?
the round stitch, size determined by the size of the rope
what is the correct procedure to use when sewing bolt ropes to canvas?
keep the rope taut and the canvas slack
what are awnings?
canvas or synthetic coverings spread over the decks of a vessel to protect the crew from sun and weather
what is used to hold up the center of an awnings?
a strong fore and aft wire rope jackstay supported by intermediate stanchions
what is the average size of a seabag?
usually 1 ft in diameter and 36 inches in length
when making a canvas seabag, what type of stitch is used to attach the bottom section to the tube section?
the round stitch
what are hand sewn grommets made of?
what are the two most common types of metal grommets used by a Boatswain's Mate?
1) eyelet and ring type
2) spur type
in what sizes does the eyelet and the ring type grommet come in?
sizes 6 to 15, inclusive, with inner diameters from 3/4 to 2 inches
in what sizes does the spur type grommet come?
sizes 0-6, inclusive, with inner diameters from 1/4 to 3/4 inches
what type of grommet is especially for awnings and sails?
the eyelet and ring type
how must metal fittings be sewn to canvas?
use our sail twine doubled and twisted together, using as many round stitches as you can
how are awning hooks positioned and prevented from sliding along the bolt rope?
by taking several crisscross stitches around the hook
what procedure is used when spreading an awning?
haul it over the jackstay and spread it out for and aft. next, man and reeve off the earrings, pull them taut and secure them temporarily to the ridge rope
during rains, how are awnings housed to allow them to shed water better?
by casting off two of more stops between earrings and securing them tautly to the lifeline
what are the 8 different types of leather?
3-shoe 4-chamois 5-kid 6-lacing 7-belting
what are the 3 most common types of leather used by a Boatswain's Mate?
how is rigging leather designated?
by weight (light, medium, heavy) and ranges from 6 ounces per square foot to over 10 ounces per square foot
what are the 2 types of belting used by the Boatswain's Mate?
in any length
what widths does flat belting come in?
single ply (1-6 inches)
double ply (2-12 inches)
what are the 2 widths round belting comes in?
1/4 and 3/8 inches
what action must be take with leather that is exposed to elements?
it must be kept well oiled or waxed (Neat's foot oil)
how can leather in places such as lifelines be kept well preserved?
by the application of paste wax
what element will cause leather to rend, crack, and shrink considerably when exposed to it?
why should paper be put between hides of leather that are stowed flat, one on top of the other?
to prevent sticking
why must rolls of leather have top stowage?
to prevent crushing
why should original moisture-proof wrappers be left on the leather as long as possible?
to prevent mildew
when 2 leather edges are joined by hand-sewing, why is the line along which the stitches are to run on each edge grooved?
so as to countersink the stitches below the surface
what stitch is particularly useful in sewing leather on the looms of oars?
the shoemaker's or cobbler's stitch
how can leather be made easier to handle and sew?
soak it in water for a few minutes
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