(QUEENSLAND, Australia) — The United States might see the highest number of cases of whooping cough in more than five decades this year, possibly caused by a weaker vaccine, many experts say.
The Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine for children has not been as effective in protecting against whooping cough as the older version that was available nearly two decades ago, according to a study published Tuesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Almost 20,000 cases of whooping cough, also known as pertussis, have been reported so far in the United States, compared to nearly 8,579 cases seen this time last year, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
As many as 95 percent of whooping cough cases might result from the waning immunity of people who were initially vaccinated but have not gotten the booster vaccine, according to Dr. William Schaffner, chairman of preventive medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tenn.
The original vaccine, which contained a small amount of inactivated whole bacteria, was a crude form that brought with it side effects like fever and swelling at the injection site, but it was considered lifelong lasting at preventing the disease. In the late 1990s, it was substituted for a so-called cleaner vaccine that only used small particles of the bacteria and was considered safer but might not be as effective long term.
“That makes getting the booster shot more important,” Schaffner said.
The government recommends that children get vaccinated in five doses between ages 2 month to 6 years. Children around age 12 are recommended to receive a booster shot.
“Despite its efficacy, it looks that over time some of the protection does start to wane and decrease,” said Dr. Charles Foster, staff physician in the Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the Cleveland Clinic.
Even the booster shot might not as effective in warding off whooping cough among older teens and adults, according to the CDC. In some cases, older teens who contracted the disease had received their booster, the agency told ABC News. Increasing rates have been seen in 13 to 14 year olds, who would have received their booster about two years prior.
“No vaccine is 100 percent effective,” Foster said.
The body’s immune response wanes over time. And if there’s no exposure to this vaccine after a few years, then the protection might decrease, Foster said.
“But there’s pretty good data that the vaccine is mostly effective in patients who have the full course of the vaccine,” he said.
A spokesman for GlaxoSmithKline, the company that makes the vaccines, says the company has reviewed the number of cases of pertussis this year.
“We are not in a position at this time to draw specific conclusions from the data, but we anticipate working closely with the CDC and other public-health authorities to fully understand what factors may be contributing to the increased incidence of pertussis currently being seen in Washington and to a lesser extent in other states in the U.S.,” the spokesman said in a written response to ABC News on behalf of the company.
In the study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, researchers in Queensland, Australia, looked at 58,000 children who either received series of shots with the old vaccine, a full series of the current vaccine, or a combination of both between 1999 and 2011. One-hundred twenty-three children who received the series of the current vaccine developed whooping cough compared with only 90 children who received the full series of the old vaccine. Those who received the combination of doses seemed to have the highest protection, the study found.
“The challenge for future pertussis vaccine development is to address the benefit-risk, trade-off highlighted by our study, and to develop vaccines that induce long-lasting protection from the first dose, without the adverse events associated with DTwP [old vaccine] use,” the authors wrote.
Even with the study findings, some experts aren’t convinced that a revival of the old vaccine or a new combination vaccine might be a better alternative.
“There are benefits and risks and you have to balance the two,” said Foster, who cited weighing the risks between adverse events of the old vaccine against the waning immunity of the current.
Vaccines requiring a booster shot are no less effective than other kinds of vaccines, Foster said.
“The current vaccine is still effective and people need to make sure children are up to date in the series of vaccines and teens, adults, and pregnant women get the pertussis vaccine,” he said. “Vaccination remains the best way to prevent pertussis.”
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio