Royal Economic Society
|Motto||Amor urget habendi (Aquisitiveness impels)|
|Formation||1890 as the British Economic Association - 1902 became Royal Economic Society on receiving a Royal Charter|
|Legal status||Registered Charity|
|Purpose||Promoting the study of economic science|
|Charlie Bean (April 2013-2015) / John Hardman Moore (2015-)|
|Executive Committee and Council / Economic Journal|
The Royal Economic Society (RES) is a professional association which promotes the encouragement of the study of economic science in academic life, government service, banking, industry and public affairs. Originally established in 1890 as the British Economic Association, it was incorporated by Royal Charter on 2 December 1902.
The RES has two publications, produced by Wiley-Blackwell Publishing: The Economic Journal, first published in 1891, and The Econometrics Journal, first published in 1998. Both journals are available online through the RES website.
As well as publishing two journals, the RES supports a number of committees including the Women’s Committee and the Conference of Heads of University Departments of Economics (CHUDE). The society also hosts an annual conference.
Today, the society is managed by an executive committee, who are jointly responsible for developing and executing the society's policies and activities. The committee is made of up leading economists from across the country, currently (2013-2015) presided by Charlie Bean. The incoming president (2015-2017) is John Hardman Moore.
The History of the Royal Economic Society
The foundation of the British Economic Association was a response to changing attitudes towards economics in the 1880s. The study of economics had commonly been taught as part of a broad curriculum including subjects such as history and philosophy. Those engaged in the study of economics came from a number of professions and academic disciplines. Towards the end of the nineteenth century however, there was an academic movement towards the clear demarcation and definition of economics as a scholarly subject. Economic thinkers followed the example of their counterparts in history and philosophy, who also sought to define and differentiate their disciplines at this time, inaugurating such journals as the English Historical Review(1886) and Mind (1887).
The same period saw the revival of fundamentalist socialist attacks on economics. In order to protect the discipline from damaging criticism, while still encouraging intellectual discussion, many economic thinkers strove to draw economics more decidedly within the realm of scholarly debate.
The establishment of an economic society in this era of change indicates a desire to strengthen economics as a well respected academic discipline and to encourage debate and research amongst specialist scholars. Indeed, in an announcement to the American Economic Association dated 1887 proposing the formation of an Economic Society in Britain, scholars acknowledged the disunity and criticism of economics, calling for a society that would ‘aim at the advancement of theory, at the consolidation of economic opinion, at the encouragement of historical research and at the criticism of industrial and financial policy’.
Initial Proposals for a Society
Initial proposals for a British Society of Economics were drafted as early as 1883. Discussion began between Herbert Somerton Foxwell and Sir Robert Harry Inglis Palgrave. Palgrave had suggested creating a society specialising in the publication of translations and reprints of significant economic works. Foxwell however, had a more ambitious scheme in mind, a society that published a quarterly journal along the lines of the Quarterly Journal of Economics or the Journal des Economistes.
There is no doubt that Foxwell's plans were influenced by foreign models such as the German body Verein für Socialpolitik, founded in 1887, the French journals, the Journal des Économistes and the Revue d'Economie Politique established in 1841 and 1887 and the American Economic Association, inaugurated in 1885. Indeed, in 1887 Foxwell published an announcement in the Association’s publication saying ‘it is scarcely doubtful that we shall shortly follow the lead so ably set us on your side of the Atlantic’. As the discipline of economics was promoted and strengthened in America and Europe, scholars in the UK recognised an increasing urgency to ensure that British economic thought was represented. Certainly, Foxwell was not the only economist to propose the establishment of a scholarly journal in Britain. The Economic Review was established by scholars in Oxford in 1889, the year before the British Economic Association was inaugurated in London and its publication, The Economic Journal, set up.
While there was a recognised need for a society of economists in the 1880s, it took a considerable time for Foxwell’s plans to come to fruition. One of the reasons for delay was Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), Professor at Cambridge. Foxwell and Palgrave were keen to involve Marshall in the development of the association and its publication. Marshall was fully in support of their plans, but as preparations progressed, he became preoccupied in completing his "Principles of Economics". His former pupil, Edward Gonner, tried to encourage Marshall to participate in discussions to finalise the society, but was unable to drive Marshall to action. He remarked to Foxwell that:
for the next two years or so the matter must rest in abeyance unless active measures be taken. Of course I know he will be glad if such be done and I am sure he will render assistance but he will not take the initiative.
Gonner and Foxwell had to progress the foundation of the society without Marshall. Marshall was only drawn back into discussion when proposals for the nature of the society did not meet his approval.
The Nature of the Society
There had been much debate about what kind of society should be formed. Palgrave, Foxwell and Marshall had discussed the idea that an economic journal should be attached to the Royal Statistical Society. But after some negative discussions with the society, the idea was dropped. Marshall had hoped that the group would come together naturally, centred around the scholars at Cambridge. Gonner, however, wanted the society to be an honoured institution of scholars. He argued that members should be selected ‘not for an interest in economics but for work’. ‘Some scientific qualification’ should also be essential for membership. Foxwell seems to have agreed with this approach. Marshall however, opposed the idea. He explained to Foxwell ‘I don’t want to include “mere” businessmen. But I don’t want to exclude Bank Directors and others of the class who are for me at least the most interesting members of the Political Economy Club...It is men of affairs from whom I learn’. Marshall succeeded in persuading his friends. The society, at its inauguration, was made available to all those with an interest in economics, regardless of their scholarly qualifications.
Finding an Editor
The inclusive attitude of society membership was also extended to the aims of its proposed journal. It was agreed that the publication should provide a forum for all views and opinions. The criteria for selection in the journal would be scholarly excellence, not political or scholarly persuasion. There was much difficulty, however, in finding a suitable editor to manage such a journal. Foxwell had favoured the appointment John Neville Keynes as editor, but he was not available. Foxwell admitted that without Keynes, the appointment was a difficult one:
...any number of men with strong views will volunteer, but these are just the persons we don’t want. We want cool heads, keen brains and impartial judgement. With these are required scholarship, information and if possible a knowledge of German. It seems to me a most difficult and delicate post.
The search for an editor caused serious delays. It was not until 1890, the year of the society’s inauguration, that Francis Ysidro Edgeworth was appointed editor. Edgeworth held a chair in Economics at Kings College London, and was appointed Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford University in 1891. Though his academic standing made him an excellent candidate for the role, Edgeworth admitted the difficulties of establishing a new journal.
I wrote to Marshall asking advice on every small difficulty which arose, until he protested that, if the correspondence was to go on at that rate, he would have to use envelopes with my address printed on them.
Despite initial difficulties however, Edgeworth’s editorship was highly successful and he remained as editor for the next 34 years.
The Inauguration of the Society
After years of discussion and delay, the British Economic Association (BEA) was inaugurated at University College London on 20 November 1890. Alfred Marshall wrote a letter of invitation to scholars and businessmen interested in economics, drawing around 200 people to the meeting. In the letter, Marshall set out the central aims of the society, to encourage debate and enable the dissemination of economic research through the medium of a British academic journal.
Attendees unanimously showed their support for the plans. Edgeworth was formally appointed as Editor of the Economic Journal. George Goschen, Second Viscount Goschen, the statesman and businessman, was selected as President of the society.
George Bernard Shaw politely questioned the suitability of ‘a gentleman who was identified with any political party in the state’ as head of the society, but Marshall responded
I am one of those who am not in political support of Mr. Goschen. I believe all agree with me that since we cannot have an economist who has no political opinions at all; we could not have a better President than Mr. Goschen.
After the elections, the BEA wasted no time in carrying out its aims to publish a journal. The first issue of The Economic Journal was printed in March 1891, with the editor’s promise that
The most opposite doctrines may meet here as on a fair field...Opposing theories of currency will be represented with equal impartiality. Nor will it be attempted to prescribe the method, any more than the result, of scientific investigation.
While The Economic Journal provided an outlet for the scholarly assessment of economic theory and policy, and helped to establish economics as a distinct and significant area of research, the BEA was slow to make an impact on the development of economics in other areas. As President, Goschen demonstrated a vehement desire to improve the status of economics in public opinion. At the inaugural council meeting, he warned of a ‘general idea that economists had finished their proper work in the education of the nation’. At the BEA annual dinner in 1895, he argued that economics ‘was not treated with the respect accorded to other sciences’.
But despite Goschen’s vocal concern, the BEA could not make an immediate impact. The council made a bid to the Council of Legal Education to add economics to its subject of instruction, but failed to succeed in their endeavour.
The slow progress of the BEA in its early years may be explained by the difficulties in establishing a financially viable association and journal. Membership fluctuated considerably in the first ten years, rising to a high of 750 members in 1893-4 before falling by around 40% between 1892 and 1900. During this period, it was necessary to reconsider the printing arrangements of the Journal to ensure the financial stability of the association. In time however, the association established itself as a stable and successful economic institution. By the beginning of World War II, membership had risen to over 4500, under the management of John Maynard Keynes. Aside from the impact of successive presidents and editors, it is possible that the application for Royal Charter in 1900 had some effect on this gradual improvement, establishing the BEA as a well-respected and significant Economic Institution.
The secretary of the BEA, Henry Higgs, proposed that the council apply for Royal Charter ten years after its inauguration. Ten volumes of the Economic Journal were presented to King Edward VII, with the request that he become Patron of the Society. Royal Charter was duly granted on 2 December 1902. The charter indicated the society’s work to further economic science, its collection of a specialist library and its publication of a journal, saying:
And whereas in order to secure the property of the said society, to extend its operations, and to give it its due position among the Scientific Institutions of Our Kingdom, we have been besought to grant George Joachim Viscount Goschen, and to those who now are members of the said society, or who shall from time to time be elected Fellows of the Royal Economic Society hereby incorporated, Our Royal Charter of Incorporation for the purposes aforesaid.
The British Economic Association, on accepting the Royal Charter, became the Royal Economic Society.
The Royal Economic Society has supported the study of economics through engagement in a variety of activities.
The publication of economic works was something that Palgrave had been keen to establish from the very inception of the society. The RES has supported a number of such publications, for example, the works and correspondence of David Ricardo, Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics, Centenary Essays and Correspondence, the Essay on the Principle of Population, Principles of Political Economy and Travel Diaries of T. R. Malthus, Francis Ysidro Edgeworth's Mathematical Psychics and Papers on Political Economy and Hiroshi Mizuta’s work on Adam Smith’s library. The society also published The Economic Advisory Council: A Study of Economic Advice During Depression and Recovery by Susan Howson and Donald Winch.
The preservation of the history of economics was also at the forefront of the Royal Economic Society’s activities, from its early years. The council funded the repair of Adam Smith’s grave in 1942 and organised the cleaning of Malthus’ memorial in the 1960s. In 1972, it supported the organisation of a bicentennial Exhibition on Ricardo at the Drapers Company. The society also took a great interest in recording its own history. In the 1960s the society liaised with AW Coats, providing him with archival access to write his 'Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society', published in the Economic Journal. In 1990, John Hey and Donald Winch co-edited a volume to celebrate the centenary of the society and the journal. The RES also gave support to the publication of the Guide to Archive Sources in the 1970s, a volume which became the basis for a website on economists' papers 1950-2000, also sponsored by the society.
The society supported contemporary economic research by hosting specialist conferences on varied topics including Decision Analysis (1973), Wages and Unemployment (1981) and Exchange Rate Systems (1986). Today, the RES conference is an annual event, attracting over 400 presenters speaking on varied topics over several days.
The RES established activities to support economists at every stage in their career. The RES Annual Policy Lecture, established in 2001, aimed to expose sixth form students and members of the general public to the research of top economists. The Young Economist of the Year essay competition initiated in 2007, sought to encourage young students to think critically about key economic issues. The Austin Robinson Prize (2007), given to the best paper published in the Economic Journal by an author within five years of completing their PhD, was instituted to support the development of early career scholars. The RES Prize (1990), given annually to the best paper published in the Economic Journal, was set up to celebrate the work of established economists. In 1987 the Conference Heads of University Departments of Economics was established to bring together heads of Economic departments with the aim of promoting the teaching and studying of Economics in the UK.
In addition to these initiatives, the RES founded the Women’s Committee in 1996, developed to promote the role of women in the UK economics profession, with a particular concern for career entrants.
One of the most significant of the Royal Economic Society’s recent activities was the inauguration of The Econometrics Journal (EctJ) in 1998. Recognising the need for a journal dedicated to econometric research, the RES established the EctJ, with the aim of creating a top international field journal for the publication of macro- micro and financial econometrics. In 2011 the Editors of The Econometrics Journal initiated the annual Denis Sargan Econometrics Prize, awarded annually to the best article published in journal.
- Home RES Website. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- Charity Commission Search Charity Commission Website. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- RES Annual Conference RES Website. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- Alon Kadish and Richard D. Freeman, ‘Foundation and Early Years’, in A Century of Economics: 100 Years of the Royal Economic Society and the Economic Journal, John D. Hey and Donald Winch (eds), (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), p.22-24
- Herbert Somerton Foxwell, "The Economic Movement in England", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2 (1887), p.103
- A. W. Coats "The Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society", The Economic Journal, 78 (1968), 349-371, p.35
- Winch, Donald 'A Century of Economics' in Hey, J.D. and Winch D. Eds, A Century of Economics: 100 Years of the Royal Economic Society, (London: Blackwell, 1990), p.7
- A. W. Coats "The Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society", The Economic Journal, 78 (1968), 349-371, p.355
- Alon Kadish and Richard D. Freeman, ‘Foundation and Early Years’, in A Century of Economics: 100 Years of the Royal Economic Society and the Economic Journal, John D. Hey and Donald Winch (eds), (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), pp.28-31
- A. W. Coats 'The Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society', The Economic Journal, 78 (1968), 349-371, p.351-2
- Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, "The British Economic Association", The Economic Journal, 1 (1891), p.1
- A. W. Coats "The Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society", The Economic Journal, 78 (1968), 349-371, p.353
- A. W. Coats "The Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society", The Economic Journal, 78 (1968), 349-371, p.362
- Past Editors Since 1891. Royal Economic Society Website. Retrieved 17 July 2013
- A. W. Coats "The Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society", The Economic Journal, 78 (1968), 349-371, p.357
- Alon Kadish and Richard D. Freeman, ‘Foundation and Early Years’, in A Century of Economics: 100 Years of the Royal Economic Society and the Economic Journal, John D. Hey and Donald Winch (eds), (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), pp.33-35
- Winch, Donald 'Wealth and Life: Essays on the Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain 1848–1914, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp.359ff
- Alon Kadish and Richard D. Freeman, ‘Foundation and Early Years’, in A Century of Economics: 100 Years of the Royal Economic Society and the Economic Journal, John D. Hey and Donald Winch (eds), (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), p.43
- "The Royal Economic Society Charter of Incorporation", The Economic Journal, 13 (1903), 1-5, p.2
- RES Archive at LSE RES_10/2 British Library of Political and Economic Science. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- RES Archive at LSE RES_10/6 British Library of Political and Economic Science. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- RES Archive at LSE RES_10/13 British Library of Political and Economic Science. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- RES Publications. RES Website. Retrieved 17 July 2013
- RES Archive at LSE RES_10/3/2 British LIbrary of Political and Economic Science. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- RES Archive at LSE RES_12/1 British Library of Political and Economic Science. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- RES Archive at LSE RES_12/3 British Library of Political and Economic Science. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- RES Archive at LSE RES_12/611 and RES_12/6/2 British Library of Political and Economic Science. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- A. W. Coats 'The Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society', The Economic Journal, 78 (1968), 349-371
- John D. Hey and Donald Winch (eds) A Century of Economics: 100 Years of the Royal Economic Society and the Economic Journal, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), p.35
- Economists Papers. Website. Retrieved 17 July 2013
- RES Archive at LSE RES_12/11 British Library of Political and Economic Science. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- Policy Lecture Series RES Website. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- Essay Competition RES Website. 17 June 2013
- The Austin Robinson Prize RES Website. Retrieved 17 June 2013
- The RES Prize RES Website. Retrieved 17 June 2013
- CHUDE RES Website. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- RES Women's Committee RES Website. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- Dennis Sargan Prize RES Website. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ‘After Seven Years’, The Economic Journal, vol. 8, no. 29 (1898), 1–2 JSTOR
- http://www.res.org.uk/view/HistoryEconomicJournal.html History of the Economic Journal
- ‘The British Economic Association’, The Economic Journal, vol. 1, no. 1 (1891), 1–14, JSTOR
- 'The Royal Economic Society. Charter of Incorporation', "The Economic Journal", vol.1, no. 14 (1903), 1-5 JSTOR
- ‘The Society’s Jubilee’, The Economic Journal, vol. 50, no. 200 (1940), 401–409 JSTOR
- Coats, A.W. ‘The Origins and Early Development of the Royal Economic Society’, The Economic Journal, vol. 68, no. 310 (1968), 349–371 JSTOR
- Hey, John and Winch, Donald, "A Century of Economics: 100 Years of the Royal Economic Society and the Economic Journal", (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990)