Something struck me as I was looking frame-by-frame at Sochi videos. I hadn't looked at slow-motion videos of skaters before, so I was surprised to see how much the skater will rotate on the ice during take-off. Now, my understanding is that if a skater under-rotates on the landing by more than 1/4 rotation, it gets marked with a "<" and the skater receives less points. But what about on the take-off? It seems like for some (non-Axel) jumps, the skater is practically facing forward by the time the feet leave the ice, so it almost looks like an Axel or something. So what I'm wondering is:
1. How much are skaters allowed to pre-rotate for each of the jumps rule-wise? Sort of like how there's a 1/4 rotation leeway on the landing.
2. How much do skaters typically pre-rotate for each of the jumps in actual practice, on multi-turn jumps? I put this separately because it might just be that skaters do it but usually don't get called on it, even if the rules say not to do it.
3. Is it considered "bad form" i.e. somewhat looked down on to pre-rotate? Or is it something that is usually allowed just to make sure the skater gets all the way around the rotation?
4. Are there any special penalties for pre-rotation, such as "e" for edge violations and "<" for under-rotations? Is it a GOE penalty?