US 7382444 B2
The invention relates to an electronic distance measuring apparatus for surveying, e.g. for measuring the distance from the apparatus to an object. The apparatus comprises: a) an objective lens (101), defining an optical axis (OA), b) at least two sources (111, 112) of structured light for transmitting beams (λ1, λ2) of separate wavelengths towards said object, said beams on reflection from said object received by the objective lens (101), (c) at least two receivers (141, 142) arranged outside a beam path (109) as defined by the objective lens (101), and adapted to receive said received beams (λ1, λ2) of structured light. Optical means comprising at least two dichroic surfaces (121 a, 122 a) are each arranged at a tilt angle (α1, α2) with respect to said axis (OA), said optical axis (OA) passing through said surfaces, at least one of said dichroic surfaces arranged on a plate (121, 122), said at least two dichroic surfaces (121 a, 122 a) adapted to reflect at least one of said received structured light beams (λ1, λ2), respectivly, towards said receivers (141, 142).
1. Electronic distance measuring apparatus for surveying, e.g. for measuring the distance from the apparatus to an object comprising:
a) an objective lens defining an optical axis (OA),
b) at least two sources of structured light for transmitting beams (λ1,λ2) of separate wavelengths towards said object, said beams on reflection from said object received by the objective lens,
(c) at least two receivers arranged outside a beam path as defined by the objective lens, and adapted to receive said received beams (λ1,λ2) of structured light, whereat optical means comprising at least two dichroic surfaces are each arranged at a tilt angle (α1, α2) with respect to said axis (OA), said optical axis (OA) passing through said surfaces, at least one of said dichroic surfaces arranged on a plate, said at least two dichroic surfaces adapted to reflect at least one of said received structured light beams (λ1,λ2), respectively, towards said receivers.
2. Electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
3. Electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
4. Electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
5. Electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
6. Electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
7. Electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
8. An electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
9. Electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
10. Electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
11. Electronic distance measuring apparatus according to
The present invention generally relates to an automatic survey instrument comprising a source of structured light for transmitting a beam of said light towards said object, a receiver adapted to receive said reflected structured light beam when reflected from said object, said received light being co-axial with the transmitted light, an objective lens and a reticle with optical means positioned there-between, said objective lens and said reticle defining an optical axis. The invention more specifically relates to the arrangement for redirecting the reflected light in the receiver.
Automatic survey instruments of the present type comprise a telescope system where received light can be divide into separate channels for range-finding, tracking and viewing or manual aiming. The transmitter beam for the range-finder and for the tracker function are preferably coaxial to the receiver optics.
The light reflected from the target object, and received at the instrument is divided, depending upon the purpose, in light components of different wavelengths such as the light for tracking, range finding and visible light for viewing. By using the tracking light and range finding light thus divided, range finding and automatic tracking may be performed.
Such instruments, using more than one channel, according to the prior art, uses different types of prisms in the receiver with or without dichroic coatings for splitting/separating the beams into the different channels.
The word dichroic in this context refers to dichroic mirrors/prisms or coatings, which exhibit selective reflection and transmission of light as a function of wave-length regardless of its plane of vibration. A dichroic mirror thus selectively reflects light according to its wave-length and transmits light having other wavelengths. The use of prisms, i.e. cubic prisms primarily requires long building lengths, problems in providing needed filters within the prisms and inherently high costs, in that the costs for producing the prisms are high.
Belonging to the related art are e.g. EP-1 081 459 and EP-0 987 517. In these discussions of problems related to the use of prisms can be found. In EP-0 987 517 e.g. the arrangement includes several prisms in which two beams having different wavelengths are separated using two dichroic prisms. In EP-1 081 459 prisms are disclosed, but also one dichroic plate is used for separating beams with different wavelengths; however, that plate is arranged perpendicular to the optical axis of the instrument, thus reflecting the light in the coaxial direction, while allowing other wavelengths to pass through the plate.
The use of prisms, however, introduces certain problems. Drawbacks are the fact the glass extends the optical path so the building length increases, the size of the prisms become large and the prisms are heavy. The requirements on parallelity between prisms surfaces are very high and making a dichroic filter within the glass is harder than on a surface between air and glass. All this means that the prisms become large and expensive and the telescope becomes larger and heavier. More advanced prism constructions can reduce building length but the costs further increases for providing the prisms and the complicated structure resulting therefrom. Aditionally, the prisms make the apparatus larger and heavier causing other problems as increased power consumption, as when automatically tracking an object.
Examples of wavelengths used for visible light are in the range of 400 nm to 650 nm for collimating purposes. For range-finding visible light at 660 nm or IR light at 850 nm can be used and for tracking IR light at 785 nm. These wavelength ranges are generally termed channels of a particular type such as visual channel, tracking channel etc.
The present invention intends to overcome the above mentioned problem by a solution which is both simple and inexpensive.
This object has been achieved by a automatic survey instrument of the initially defined kind, wherein tilted dichroic plates arranged primarily on the optical axis defined by the objective lens and the reticle of the instrument, which according to this invention preferably also coincides with the visual channel, i.e. the optical path for the visible light used when viewing the target through the apparatus. Secondary mirrors may be used to fold the optical paths within the apparatus. These secondary mirrors may be of the dichroic type.
Substituting prisms for separating the different channels with plates results in simpler components, simpler coatings and generally shorter telescope length. As referred to above with the use of prisms, the channels are separated and/or reflected by passage through the prism, entering the prism from air through a first surface and exciting the prism to air. During that process the light (IR or visual) is either reflected against second prism surface and thereafter exists the prism through a third surface of the prism or it is allowed to pass through the second surface. The resulting optical path within the prism may either be depending on the type of prism material used or in this case the second prism surface may have a dichroic coating. Depending on the desirability of short telescope lengths this will increase the complexity of the prisms.
According to the invention the prisms have been replaced by tilted dichroic plates and/or mirrors; however, one prism may be used in one of the optical paths. This results in simpler components, simpler coatings, lower costs, and shorter telescope lengths, as will be shown.
By using the tilted dichroic plates it is possible to reflect the different channels in a direction where the reflected beam is non-coaxial with the main optical axis of the apparatus and thus arrange for receivers or sensors placed adjacent to a volume as defined by the aperture and the focusing lens. The plates will, however, introduce optical aberrations in the beam passing through the plate, e. g. coma and astigmatism, as the plates by necessity have to have a certain thickness in order to be stable.
These effects may be compensated for in a number of ways, which will be shown in the different embodiments below.
In the drawings like details are shown using corresponding reference numbers.
Both beams λ1 and λ2 exit the objective lens 101 coaxially as shown in the figure. In order to accomplish this, the transmitters have been arranged such that the beams λ1 and λ2 each are reflected in a respective dichroic mirror 113 and 114, directly or via a light guide, such that the thus reflected beam incident on the mirrors 113 and 114 form a coaxial beam hitting the prism 102, i. e. the beam λ1 transmitted from the transmitter 111 is reflected in the mirror 113 and is transmitted through the mirror 114, while the beam λ2 transmitted from the transmitter 112 is reflected in the mirror 114 thus forming a common optical path.
The light reflected from the target reaches the objective lens in the form of a beam composed of the transmitted wavelengths and normally broadened as to cover the total area of the objective lens. It will be understood that the prism 102 is small in relation to the area of the objective lens and thus will obstruct a relatively small part of the composed beam λ1, λ2 reflected by the target.
Two dichroic plates 121, 122 are arranged in a tilted manner in the reflected beam on the optical axis OA, between the prism 102 and the reticle 105. “Tilted” in this context should be taken to mean that the plates are arranged such as to not be perpendicular to the optical axis OA. Part of the beam having the wavelength λ1 is reflected in the first tilted plate 121 towards a mirror 131, which reflects the beam towards a detector 141. Likewise the part of the beam, having the wavelength λ2 is allowed to pass through the first plate 121 on to tilted plate 122 where it is reflected towards a second mirror 132 which reflects the beam towards a detector 142. The plates being tilted and not perpendicular to the beam. Also it is not required that the mirrors be perpendicular to the beam as is shown in the figure. The mirrors must of course be placed such as to deflect the beam in the direction of the receiver.
The two receivers (141,142) are arranged outside a beam path (109) as defined by the objective lens (101).
In this embodiment a further emitter 115 is indicated arranged perpendicular to the optical axis, which may emit light of a wavelength λ3. This may be used for some third reason e.g. as a visible beam to aid pointing to a target.
The tilt angle α is shown in
The axis around which the plate is tilted e.g. the axis indicated as 150, defines a tilt direction will be shown below to be of interest.
In this second embodiment transmitter 211, transmitting light of the wavelength λ1, is arranged as in the first embodiment. The second transmitter 212 transmitting light of the wavelength λ2, is arranged in the same manner as transmitter 115 in the first embodiment, making one dichroic mirror superfluous.
The optical path for λ1 for the light reflected from the target will essentially be the same as in the first embodiment via the dichroic mirror 221 and mirror 231 towards the receiver 241. Further the tilt angle of the dichroic plates 221 and 222 have been changed such that the once reflected light of the wavelength λ2 is directed towards the receiver 242. This has been accomplished by resizing the distance between the plate 221 and/or by changing the tilt angles of the plates to allow the beam λ2 reflected in plate 222 to reach the receiver passing essentially adjacent to plate 221, i.e. plate 221 will not reach in to the reflected beam from plate 222. This figure also illustrates the capability to direct the beam to the detector without a second reflecting mirror.
The dichroic plates may exhibit a wedge form in order to compensate for optical aberrations in the visual channel. This is illustrated in
In this third embodiment transmitter 311, transmitting light of the wavelength λ1 and the second transmitter 312 transmitting light of the wavelength λ2, are arranged in the same manner as in embodiment 1 using dichroic mirrors 313, 314 to bend the light towards the prism 302.
The optical path for λ1 for the light reflected from the target will essentially be the same as in the first embodiment via the dichroic mirror 321 and 331 towards the receiver 341. The beam λ2 has a beam path essentially as in
In this embodiment a compensating plate 307 with a tilt axis oriented 90° with respect to the tilt axis of the other plates is inserted to compensate for optical aberrations caused in the visible channel by the visible light having to transverse the plates 321 and 322.
In this forth embodiment a first transmitter 411, transmitting light of the wavelength λ1 arranged perpendicular to the optical axis OA and the second transmitter 412 transmitting light of the wavelength λ2 arranged coaxial to the optical axis OA, using dichroic mirror 414 to bend the light towards the prism 402.
The optical path for beam λ2 is reflected by the dichroic mirror 422 in the direction of a detector 442, the tilt axis of plate 422 in this case being oriented perpendicular to the tilt axis of plate 421. This represents the third method of compensating for optical aberrations.
The optical path for λ1 for the light reflected from the target will essentially be the same as in the first embodiment via the dichroic mirror 421 and 431 towards the receiver 441. Part of the beam, light having the wavelength λ1 is reflected in the first tilted plate 421 towards a further dichroic plate 431 which reflects the beam towards a detector 441. In this embodiment the tilt axis of the second plate 422 is essentially arranged perpendicular to the tilt axis of the first plate 421, thus serving to compensate for optical aberrations in the visible channel from the first plate
A top view (detail of
The embodiments described are to be understood as mere examples of embodiments according to the invention. Because the dichroic plates are relatively inexpensive as compared with complicated prism systems and also because the relative compactness that can be accomplished according to the invention this contributes to an overall compact and lightweight design of apparatuses for tracking and range-finding apparatuses.