Public Information Notices
Portugal and the IMF
Free Email Notification
The IMF Executive Board on October 17, 1997 concluded the 1997 Article IV consultation1 with Portugal.Background
The performance of the Portuguese economy in recent years has been distinctly positive, characterized by accelerating growth, lower inflation, and a beneficial rebalancing of the policy mix through a reduction in the fiscal deficit and an easing of interest rates. The economy is clearly reaping the benefits of stability-oriented policies, in the form of noninflationary growth and good chances of meeting the Maastricht criteria.
The process of real convergence, that raised GDP per capita from half of the EU average in 1985 to some 70 percent in 1996, has resumed. The recovery has been gathering momentum, and forecasts for GDP growth in 1997 have been revised upward, to around 3 1/2 percent. Activity is benefitting from rapid capital accumulation, spurred by lower financing costs, profitability gains, improved business confidence, and a number of large infrastructure projects. Increased real disposable income and a pickup in employment since 1996 have supported consumer demand. Nominal convergence is also proceeding, aided by exchange rate stability and a decline in wage awards. The rate of inflation is now within the Maastricht reference value. The recovery has also brought a long-awaited reduction in unemployment (to an average of 6.8 percent in the first three quarters of 1997). This attests to a continued flexibility of the Portuguese labor market, stemming primarily from real wage flexibility. Rigid employment protection regulations, however, remain on the books.
Monetary policy continues to be geared toward maintaining exchange rate stability. The escudo's relative strength within the ERM and declining inflation have allowed the Bank of Portugal to progressively reduce official interest rates over the past year, with the three-month interest rate differential against Germany narrowing to some 150 basis points. Bond yields have fallen even more markedly, bringing the long-term differential against Germany to new lows, of under 40 basis points.
The government has characterized its approach to fiscal consolidation as one of "rigor with a social conscience." The two budgets (1996-97) enacted since it took office and the newly drafted 1998 budget, therefore, have pursued a common strategy of relying on improved tax administration to raise revenues, of emphasizing sustained social (especially for education) and infrastructure spending, and of implementing a bold privatization program whose substantial proceeds will help reduce the debttoGDP ratio to a projected 63 percent by end-1997. This strategy, in conjunction with the strong cyclical upswing and declining interest rates, contributed to a considerably larger improvement in the general government deficit in 1996 (to 3.2 percent of GDP) than originally budgeted. It has also brought the deficit target of 2.9 percent of GDP well within reach for 1997, albeit with a somewhat different evolution of several budget items than anticipated (including the incorporation of a previously unbudgeted capital transfer from Banco Nacional Ultramarino). In spite of the restraint on spending on goods and services and the noteworthy improvement in tax administration, the improvement in the structural primary balance has nonetheless remained modest and current primary spending has continued to rise (by 1/2 percentage point of GDP in both 1996 and 1997, and a further rise is envisaged for 1998). The root cause of this increase lies in the dynamics of transfer payments, notably for health and civil service pensions.
The convergence program for 1998-2000 recognizes the need for continued fiscal adjustment and structural reforms. The fiscal deficit is targeted to be halved to 1 1/2 percent of GDP by 2000. Public spending will continue to be reoriented toward education, poverty alleviation, and infrastructure investment. The weight of primary expenditures in GDP would be marginally reduced by the end of the convergence program period, based on intended reforms in the health and social security systems. In the latter area, an ad hoc Commission is to present its reform proposals by end-year. The program also envisages the enactment of tax reform, focused on broadening the tax base, with the aim of reducing direct taxes in the medium term. The macroeconomic scenario assumes a continuation of Portugal's catch-up process: output growth is expected to peak in 1998, due to the effects of the Lisbon World Expo, and moderate to 3.3 percent in subsequent years. Inflation is projected to equal the EU average as of 1998. This scenario does not differ significantly from the IMF staff's own projections.
Executive Board Assessment
Directors welcomed the likely achievement of the targeted general government deficit of 2.9 percent of GDP in 1997, sustained by a buoyant revenue performance and lower interest payments--a reflection of the success in reducing inflation. They noted, however, the presence of expenditure overruns, particularly with respect to health. Some Directors regretted that the capital transfer from Banco Nacional Ultramarino had not been used to improve the 1997 budget deficit outcome. Directors urged the authorities to make decisive efforts to curtail health expenditure overruns, which were a chronic source of budget pressures, and to maintain a tight monitoring of budget execution in other spending areas.
Looking to 1998 and over the medium term, Directors stressed the need for a strong fiscal position, given Portugal's relatively high degree of output volatility and to provide room for the operation of automatic stabilizers. In that context, a number of Directors felt that, with stronger growth and lower interest payments, the opportunity could have been seized to accelerate the pace of fiscal adjustment in the 1998 budget and over the medium term, consistent with the Stability and Growth Pact. Directors stressed that ongoing efforts to improve tax administration would need to be complemented by measures to curb current primary spending. Consolidation based on the containment of such spending would allow the public sector to carry out its sizable investment program and create room for the intended reduction in direct taxation toward the end of the convergence program period.
In that connection, Directors stressed the importance of containing transfer payments through reforms of the health and social security systems. Controlling health expenditure was considered to be a priority, and Directors saw scope for strengthened cost control incentives and a greater use of copayments. Reform of the social security system, for its part, would need to address both the longer-term problems of the general pension system, as well as the more immediate pressures stemming from the regime governing civil servants. Directors encouraged the authorities to move promptly once the recommendations of the Commission for Social Security Reform were finalized later this year. Some Directors also advised that the treatment accorded to civil servants' pensions be brought in line with that of the private sector.
Directors commended the authorities for their firm conduct of monetary policy, based on a credible commitment to exchange rate stability, that had brought the Bank of Portugal's final objective of medium-term price stability within reach. Such progress was providing welcome scope for a decline in short-term interest rate premia, which was being judiciously taken up by the central bank.
While noting that unemployment had declined in 1997 and continued to be appreciably below the EU average, Directors called for vigilance against the possible emergence of some of the structural rigidities that had led to high and persistent unemployment elsewhere in Europe. Labor market flexibility was essential to Portugal's successful performance within the monetary union. To that end, Directors felt it important that the traditional flexibility of real wages be supplemented by an easing of the comparatively rigid formal employment regulations.
Directors welcomed the continued success of the privatization program that had enhanced efficiency, attracted foreign investment, and contributed significantly to reducing the public debt. They saw further scope to improve the economy's efficiency by removing distortions in the real estate market, strengthening competition policy, and expediting the judicial process. The maintenance of competitiveness under EMU would also require an enhancement of human capital to sustain productivity growth, and Directors supported the priority accorded to improving education and training.
Finally, Portugal's recent subscription to the IMF's Special Data Dissemination Standard was welcomed.
|Portugal Selected Economic Indicators|
|Real economy||Change in percent2|
|CPI (year average)||5.2||4.1||3.1||2.2||2.3|
|Unemployment rate (in percent)||6.8||7.2||7.3||6.8||6.6|
|Gross national saving (percent of GDP)||22.5||24.0||22.7||24.1||24.9|
|Gross domestic investment (percent of GDP)||25.1||24.7||25.2||26.4||26.9|
|Public finance||Percent of GDP|
|Central government balance3||-5.1||-4.2||-3.6||-2.7||-2.6|
|General government balance3||-6.1||-5.8||-3.2||-2.9||-2.5|
|Money and credit (end-period)||Change in percent|
|Total domestic credit4||11.9||11.9||11.4||15.0||. . .|
| L- (M2 + treasury bills held by the
nonbank resident public)
|9.5||8.2||9.0||7.4||. . .|
|Interest rates (period averages)||Percent|
|Three-month treasury bill rate5||10.5||9.7||7.2||5.4||. . .|
|Ten-year government bond yield5||11.5||11.5||8.6||6.1||. . .|
|Balance of payments||Percent of GDP2|
|Gross official reserves (in US$ billions)4, 6||20.7||21.0||20.8||18.7||. . .|
|Reserve cover (months of imports of GNFS)4||7.2||5.8||5.3||4.3||. . .|
|External debt (US$ billions)||9.5||11.8||11.6||12.0||. . .|
|Exchange rate regime||Member of ERM
|Present rate (October 22, 1997)||Esc 181.5 per US$|
|Nominal effective rate (1990 = 100)4||94.7||96.3||96.9||93.4||. . .|
|Real effective rate (1990 = 100)4||111.4||114.6||115.5||111.9||. . .|
1IMF staff projections; unless otherwise noted.
2Unless noted otherwise.
3Data for 1998 correspond to the draft budget.
6Gold valued at constant prices.
1Under Article IV of the IMF's Articles of Agreement, the IMF holds bilateral discussions with members, usually every year. A staff team visits the country, collects economic and financial information, and discusses with officials the country's economic developments and policies. On return to headquarters, the staff prepares a report, which forms the basis for discussion by the Executive Board. At the conclusion of the discussion, the Managing Director, as Chairman of the Board, summarizes the views of Executive Directors, and this summary is transmitted to the country's authorities. In this PIN, the main features of the Board's discussion are described.
IMF EXTERNAL RELATIONS DEPARTMENT