Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared by trainees ofbaabtra as a part of mentoring program. This is not officialdocument of baabtra –Mentoring PartnerBaabtra-Mentoring Partner is the mentoring division of baabte System Technologies Pvt .Ltd
What is Exception?• An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program• That disrupts the normal flow of the programs instructions• In general, when a Python script encounters a situation that it cant cope with, it raises an exception• An exception is a Python object that represents an error• When a Python script raises an exception, it must either handle the exception immediately otherwise it would terminate and come out
Handling an exception:• If you have some suspicious code that may raise an exception• you can defend your program by placing the suspicious code in a try: block• After the try: block, include an except: statement, followed by a block of code which handles the problem as elegantly as possible.
Syntax:try: You do your operations here; ......................except ExceptionI: If there is ExceptionI, then execute this blockexcept ExceptionII: If there is ExceptionII, then execute this block. ......................else: If there is no exception then execute this block.
Exception Handling• A single try statement can have multiple except statements• This is useful when the try block contains statements that may throw different types of exceptions• You can also provide a generic except clause, which handles any exception• After the except clause(s), you can include an else-clause.• The code in the else-block executes if the code in the try: block does not raise an exception.• The else-block is a good place for code that does not need the try: blocks protection.
Example-1• Here is simple example which opens a file and writes the content in the file and comes out gracefully because there is no problem at all #!/usr/bin/python try: fh = open("testfile", "w") fh.write("This is my test file for exception handling!!") except IOError: print "Error: cant find file or read data“ else: print "Written content in the file successfully“ fh.close()• This will produce following result Written content in the file successfully
Example-2• Here is one more simple example which tries to open a file where you do not have permission to write in the file so it raises an exception: #!/usr/bin/python try: fh = open("testfile", "w") fh.write("This is my test file for exception handling!!") except IOError: print "Error: cant find file or read data“ else: print "Written content in the file successfully“ fh.close()• This will produce following result: Error: cant find file or read data
The except clause with no exceptions:• You can also use the except statement with no exceptions defined as follows try: You do your operations here; ...................... except: If there is any exception, then execute this block. ...................... else: If there is no exception then execute this block.
The except clause with no exceptions:• This kind of a try-except statement catches all the exceptions that occur.• Using this kind of try-except statement is not considered a good programming practice• Because it catches all exceptions but does not make the programmer identify the root cause of the problem that may occur
The except clause with multiple exceptions:• You can also use the same except statement to handle multiple exceptions as follows: try: You do your operations here; ...................... except(Exception1[, Exception2[,...ExceptionN]]]): If there is any exception from the given exception list, then execute this block. ...................... else: If there is no exception then execute this block.
The try-finally clause:• You can use a finally: block along with a try: block. The finally block is a place to put any code that must execute, whether the try-block raised an exception or not.• The syntax of the try-finally statement is this: try: You do your operations here; ...................... Due to any exception, this may be skipped. finally: This would always be executed. ......................• Note that you can provide except clause(s), or a finally clause, but not both• You can not use else clause as well along with a finally clause
The try-finally clause:• Note that you can provide except clause(s), or a finally clause, but not both.• You can not use else clause as well along with a finally clause
Argument of an Exception:• An exception can have an argument,• which is a value that gives additional information about the problem• The contents of the argument vary by exception.• You capture an exceptions argument by supplying a variable in the except clause as follows: try: You do your operations here; ...................... except ExceptionType, Argument: You can print value of Argument here...
• If you are writing the code to handle a single exception, you can have a variable follow the name of the exception in the except statement.• If you are trapping multiple exceptions, you can have a variable follow the tuple of the exception.• This variable will receive the value of the exception mostly containing the cause of the exception.• The variable can receive a single value or multiple values in the form of a tuple.• This tuple usually contains the error string, the error number, and an error location.
Example-3• Following is an example for a single exception: #!/usr/bin/python # Define a function here. def temp_convert(var): try: return int(var) except ValueError, Argument: print "The argument does not contain numbersn", Argument # Call above function here. temp_convert("xyz");• This would produce following result: The argument does not contain numbers invalid literal for int() with base 10: xyz
Raising an exceptions:• You can raise exceptions in several ways by using the raise statement• The general syntax for the raise statement. Syntax: raise [Exception [, args [, traceback]]]• Here Exception is the type of exception (for example, NameError)• Argument is a value for the exception argument.• The argument is optional; if not supplied, the exception argument is None.• The final argument, traceback, is also optional (and rarely used in practice), and, if present, is the traceback object used for the exception
Example-4• An exception can be a string, a class, or an object.• Most of the exceptions that the Python core raises are classes, with an argument that is an instance of the class.• Defining new exceptions is quite easy and can be done as follows: def functionName( level ): if level < 1: raise "Invalid level!", level # The code below to this would not be executed # if we raise the exception