Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami
In 1105 al-Sulami published his treatise, Kitab al-Jihad ("Book of the Holy War"), and preached his ideas from the Great Mosque in Damascus. He recognized the danger from the Christian invaders and saw their connection to the ongoing Christian reconquests of Sicily and Spain. He believed that Muslims had abandoned jihad and other religious duties, and argued that the caliphs were supposed to make war on the Christians once a year, something they had not done for many years. God, he claimed, was now punishing Muslims for their sins. In order to defeat the crusaders, al-Sulami argued that Muslims must practise the inner jihad so that they could successfully undertake the jihad against the enemy. His message was mostly ignored, as Muslim rulers would not merge the concept of jihad with military expeditions until later in the 12th century under Nur ad-Din Zangi and Saladin.
Only two manuscripts of the Kitab survive, both incomplete, and both in Damascus.