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Abstract and Applied Analysis
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 219040, 27 pages
Solution of the First Boundary-Value Problem for a System of Autonomous Second-Order Linear Partial Differential Equations of Parabolic Type with a Single Delay
1Department of Mathematics and Descriptive Geometry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic
3Department of Cybernetics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
Received 29 March 2012; Accepted 9 May 2012
Academic Editor: Miroslava Růžičková
Copyright © 2012 Josef Diblík et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The first boundary-value problem for an autonomous second-order system of linear partial differential equations of parabolic type with a single delay is considered. Assuming that a decomposition of the given system into a system of independent scalar second-order linear partial differential equations of parabolic type with a single delay is possible, an analytical solution to the problem is given in the form of formal series and the character of their convergence is discussed. A delayed exponential function is used in order to analytically solve auxiliary initial problems (arising when Fourier method is applied) for ordinary linear differential equations of the first order with a single delay.
In this paper, we deal with an autonomous second-order system of linear partial differential equations of the parabolic type with a single delay where the matrices of coefficients are constant and , .
Usually, when systems of differential equations are investigated, the main attention is paid to systems of ordinary differential equations or systems of partial differential equations [1–5]. The analysis of systems of partial differential equations with delay is rather neglected. This investigation is extremely rare.
The first boundary-value problem for (1.1) is solved for having real eigenvalues , , and having real eigenvalues , . Throughout the paper, we assume that there exists a real constant regular matrix simultaneously reducing both matrices and into diagonal forms that is, where For some classes of matrices, suitable transformations are known. Let us mention one of such results [6, Theorem , page 291]. First, we recall that a complex square matrix is a normal matrix if where is the conjugate transpose of . If is a real matrix, then , that is, the real matrix is normal if . A square matrix is called unitary if where is the identity matrix.
Theorem 1.1. If a finite or infinite set of pairwise commuting normal matrices is given, then all these matrices can be carried by one and the same unitary transformation into a diagonal form.
Let be a positive constant, and let be continuously differentiable functions such that Together with system (1.1), we consider the first boundary-value problem, that is, the boundary conditions and the initial conditions A solution to the first boundary-value problem (1.1), (1.9)–(1.14) is defined as a pair of functions continuously differentiable with respect to variable if , twice continuously differentiable with respect to if , satisfying the system (1.1) for , the boundary conditions (1.9)–(1.12), and the initial conditions (1.13), (1.14). If necessary, we restrict the above definition of the solution to where is a positive integer.
The purpose of the paper is to describe a method of constructing a solution of the above boundary-initial problem. Assuming that a decomposition of system (1.1) into a system of independent scalar second-order linear partial differential equations of parabolic type with a single delay is possible, an analytical solution to the problem (1.9)–(1.14) is given in the form of formal series in part 3. Their uniform convergence as well as uniform convergence of the partial derivatives of a formal solution is discussed in part 4. A delayed exponential function (defined in part 2 together with the description of its main properties) is used in order to analytically solve auxiliary initial problems (arising when Fourier method is applied) for ordinary linear differential equations of the first-order with a single delay.
To demonstrate this method, we will use systems of two equations only, although it can simply be extended to systems of equations.
2. Preliminaries—Representation of Solutions of Linear Differential Equations with a Single Delay
A solution of the systems (1.1) satisfying all boundary and initial conditions (1.9)–(1.14) will be constructed by the classical method of separation of variables (Fourier method). Nevertheless, due to delayed arguments, complications arise in solving analytically auxiliary initial Cauchy problems for first-order linear differential equations with a single delay. We overcome this circumstance by using a special function called a delayed exponential, which is a particular case of the delayed matrix exponential (as defined, e.g., in [7–10]). Here we give a definition of the delayed exponential, its basic properties needed, and a solution of the initial problem for first-order homogeneous and nonhomogeneous linear differential equations with a single delay.
Definition 2.1. Let . The delayed exponential function is a function continuous on defined as where
Lemma 2.2. For the differentiation of a delayed exponential function, the formula holds within every interval , .
Proof. Within the intervals , , the delayed exponential function is expressed as Differentiating this expression, we obtain
2.1. First-Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations with a Single Delay
Let us consider a linear homogeneous equation with a single delay where , together with the initial Cauchy condition
Proof. The representation (2.7) is a linear functional of the delayed exponential function and . Because by Lemma 2.2 the delayed exponential function is the solution of (2.5), the functional on the right-hand side of (2.7) is a solution of the homogeneous equation (2.5) for arbitrary (differentiable) .
We will show that initial condition (2.6) is satisfied as well, that is, we will verify that, for , the next identity is correct: We rewrite (2.7) as From Definition 2.1, it follows:
Remark 2.4. Computing the integral in formula (2.7) by parts, we obtain for : We remark that it is possible to prove this formula assuming only continuity of the function that is, continuous differentiability of is, in general, not necessary when we represent by formula (2.12).
Further we will consider the linear nonhomogeneous differential equation with a single delay where , together with initial Cauchy condition (2.6).
Proof. Transforming by a substitution where is a new unknown function, we obtain or Correspondingly, the initial condition for (2.17) is As follows, from formula (2.7), the solution of the corresponding initial Cauchy problems (2.17), (2.18) is Using substitution (2.15), we obtain which is formula (2.14).
2.2. First-Order Nonhomogeneous Linear Differential Equations with a Single Delay
Let a linear non-homogeneous delay equation with a single delay be given, where and . We consider the Cauchy problem with a zero initial condition that is, we put in (2.6).
Proof. We apply substitution (2.15). Then or, equivalently, We will show that the solution of the non-homogeneous equation (2.25) satisfying a zero initial condition (deduced from (2.15) and (2.22)) is Substituting (2.26) in (2.25), we obtain Since we obtain Hence, This equality is true since and, by formula (2.1) in Definition 2.1, if . In accordance with (2.15), we get that is, formula (2.23) is proved.
3. Partial Differential Systems with Delay
Now we consider second-order autonomous systems of linear partial homogeneous differential equations of parabolic type with a single delay (1.1) where and . The initial conditions (1.13), (1.14) are defined for . Boundary conditions (1.9)–(1.12) are defined for and compatibility conditions (1.8) are fulfilled on the interval .
By the transformation the systems (1.1) can be reduced to a form that is, into two independent scalar equations Initial and boundary conditions reduce to and to where
3.1. Constructing of a Solution of (3.3)
We will consider (3.3) with the boundary conditions (3.5), (3.6) and the initial condition (3.7). We will construct a solution in the form where , is a solution of (3.3) with zero boundary conditions and with a nonzero initial condition and is a solution of a non-homogeneous equation where with zero boundary conditions and a zero initial condition
For finding a solution of (3.3), we will use the method of separation of variables. The solution is seen as the product of two unknown functions and , that is, Substituting (3.17) into (3.3), we obtain Separating variables, we have where is a constant. We consider two differential equations Nonzero solutions of (3.21) that satisfy zero boundary conditions exist for the choice , , and are defined by the formulas where are arbitrary constants. Now we consider (3.20) with : Each of (3.24) represents a linear first-order delay differential equation with constant coefficients. We will specify initial conditions for each of (3.23), (3.24). To obtain such initial conditions, we expand the corresponding initial condition (see (3.12)) into Fourier series where We will find an analytical solution of the problem (3.24) with initial function (3.26), that is, we will find an analytical solution of the Cauchy initial problem for every . Using the results of Part 2, we will solve the problem (3.27). According to formula (2.14), we get where Thus, the solution of the homogeneous equation (3.3) that satisfies zero boundary conditions (3.11) and a nonzero initial condition (3.12) (to satisfy (3.12) we set , in (3.23)) is where is defined by (3.26), by (3.29), and .
3.1.2. Nonhomogeneous Equation (3.13)
Further, we will consider the non-homogeneous equation (3.13) with zero boundary conditions (3.15) and a zero initial condition (3.16). We will try to find the solution in the form of an expansion where and are unknown functions. Substituting (3.31) into (3.13) and equating the coefficients of the same functional terms, we will obtain a system of equations: where are Fourier coefficients of the function , that is, In accordance with (3.15), we assume zero initial conditions for every equation (3.32). Then, by formula (2.23) in Theorem 2.6, a solution of each of the problems (3.32), (3.34) can be written as where is defined by formula (3.29).
3.2. Formal Solution of the Boundary Value Problem
Now we complete the particular results giving a solution of the boundary value problem of the initial system (1.1) satisfying conditions (1.9)–(1.14) in the form of a formal series. Conditions of their convergence will be discussed in the following Part 4.
Since the solutions and of auxiliary problems are formally differentiable once with respect to and twice with respect to , and functions , are once differentiable, we conclude that a formal solution of the first boundary value problem (3.5), (3.6) and (3.7) for (3.3) can be expressed by the formula: where , coefficients are defined by formulas (3.26), coefficients by formulas (3.33), and the numbers by formula (3.29).
4. Convergence of Formal Series
A solution of the first boundary value problem for (3.3), (3.4) is presented in the form of formal series (3.37), (3.38). We will show that, when certain conditions are satisfied, the series (together with its relevant partial derivatives) converges for where is arbitrarily large and, consequently, is a solution of partial delay differential equations (3.3), (3.4).
Theorem 4.1. Let, for the functions defined by (3.26) and (3.33), for an integer and arbitrary , there exist constants , such that Then, for , the formal series on the right-hand side of expression (3.37) as well as its first derivative with respect to and its second derivative with respect to converge uniformly. Moreover, equality (3.37) holds, and the function is a solution of (3.3) for .
Proof. First we prove that the right-hand side of expression (3.37) uniformly converges. Decompose the function as
In the following parts, we will prove the uniform convergence of each of the series , separately.
Throughout the proof, we use the delayed exponential function defined by Definition 2.1, formula (2.1). Note that this function is continuous on and at knots where two lines in formula (2.1) can be applied. We use this property in the proof without any special comment.
Uniform Convergence of the Series
We consider the coefficients , of the first series . As follows from Definition 2.1 of the delayed exponential function, the following equality holds: Therefore, Due to condition (4.2), we conclude that Therefore, the series converges uniformly with respect to and . If where , then the estimations remain valid. Note that inequalities (4.2) are also valid for because Consequently, it is easy to see that the series converges uniformly for and .
Uniform Convergence of the Series
We consider the coefficients , of the second series . In the representation we calculate the second integral by parts and use formula (2.2) in Lemma 2.2: where As follows from the Definition 2.1 of the delayed exponential function, for , the following equality holds: Therefore, for we get Due to condition (4.2), we conclude that The proof of the uniform convergence of the series for and can now be performed in a way similar to the proof of the uniform convergence of the series for and .
For the coefficients , the following holds: Therefore, for we get Due to (4.7), the proof of the uniform convergence of the series for and can now be performed in a way similar to the proof of the uniform convergence of the series for and .
Finally, we consider the coefficients at . Substituting , we obtain the following: We will split this integral in two: Therefore, owing to the mean value theorem, there are values and such that and (using the Definition 2.1 of the delayed exponential function) we have