Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Probably makes local elevational migrations in the mountains of the western U.S. and possibly the Appalachians; fairly extensive north-south movement in east and north. Apparently two main migration corridors exist in the east: Ohio River valley and Atlantic coastal lowlands (Johnsgard 1988). At Cape May Point, New Jersey, 90% of fall migration was completed between mid-October and mid-November (Duffy and Kerlinger 1992). See also Russell et al. (1991) for an account of fall migration at Cape May Point, New Jersey. At Whitefish Point, Michigan, begins arriving in early April; migration peaks in mid- to late April, with a secondary peak in late May (Wilson Bull. 105:356-359).