In mathematics, given two measurable spaces and measures on them, one can obtain a product measurable space and a product measure on that space. Conceptually, this is similar to defining the Cartesian product of sets and the product topology of two topological spaces, except that there can be many natural choices for the product measure.
Let and be two measurable spaces, that is, and are sigma algebras on and respectively, and let and be measures on these spaces. Denote by the sigma algebra on the Cartesian product generated by subsets of the form , where and This sigma algebra is called the tensor-product σ-algebra on the product space.
A product measure is defined to be a measure on the measurable space satisfying the property
(In multiplying measures, some of which are infinite, we define the product to be zero if any factor is zero.)
In fact, when the spaces are -finite, the product measure is uniquely defined, and for every measurable set E,
where and , which are both measurable sets.
Even if the two factors of the product space are complete measure spaces, the product space may not be. Consequently, the completion procedure is needed to extend the Borel measure into the Lebesgue measure, or to extend the product of two Lebesgue measures to give the Lebesgue measure on the product space.
The opposite construction to the formation of the product of two measures is disintegration, which in some sense "splits" a given measure into a family of measures that can be integrated to give the original measure.
- Given two measure spaces, there is always a unique maximal product measure μmax on their product, with the property that if μmax(A) is finite for some measurable set A, then μmax(A) = μ(A) for any product measure μ. In particular its value on any measurable set is at least that of any other product measure. This is the measure produced by the Carathéodory extension theorem.
- There is always a unique minimal product measure μmin, given by μmin(S) = supA⊂S, μmax(A) finite μmax(A), where A and S are assumed to be measurable.
- Here is an example where a product has more than one product measure. Take the product X×Y, where X is the unit interval with Lebesgue measure, and Y is the unit interval with counting measure and all sets measurable. Then for the minimal product measure the measure of a set is the sum of the measures of its horizontal sections, while for the maximal product measure a set has measure zero unless it is contained in the union of a countable number of horizontal lines and a set with projection onto X of measure 0. In particular the diagonal has measure 0 for the minimal product measure and measure infinity for the maximal product measure.
- Loève, Michel (1977). "8.2. Product measures and iterated integrals". Probability Theory vol. I (4th ed.). Springer. pp. 135–137. ISBN 0-387-90210-4.
- Halmos, Paul (1974). "35. Product measures". Measure theory. Springer. pp. 143–145. ISBN 0-387-90088-8.