US 7842428 B2
Fuel cell systems and methods for controlling the operation of components of the fuel cell system, such as which may include a fuel source and a fuel cell stack. In some examples, a fuel source is adapted to provide supply fuel to a fuel cell stack at a supply pressure. In some systems, fuel not used by the fuel cell stack is discharged through at least one exit orifice at an exit pressure. In some examples, a control system is adapted to control operation of one or both of the fuel source and the fuel cell stack based on the flow of unused fuel. In some examples, a target pressure is determined based on the level of electrical current produced by a fuel cell stack, such that when fuel is supplied at the target pressure, the fuel cell stack consumes a given proportion of the supply fuel.
1. A method of operating a fuel cell system, comprising:
producing a supply fuel at a supply pressure;
applying oxidant and the supply fuel to a fuel cell stack, which includes at least one fuel cell, and which is adapted to produce electrical current therefrom;
discharging fuel unused by the fuel cell stack through an exit orifice at an exit pressure;
detecting the exit pressure;
determining the flow of unused fuel based on the exit pressure; and
controlling production of the supply fuel based on the determined flow of unused fuel.
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The present disclosure relates generally to fuel cell systems, and more particularly to systems and methods for determining and controlling fuel usage in a fuel cell system.
An electrochemical fuel cell is a device that converts fuel and an oxidant to electricity, a reaction product, and heat. For example, fuel cells may be adapted to convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and electricity. In such fuel cells, the hydrogen is the fuel, the oxygen is the oxidant, and the water is the reaction product.
A fuel cell stack is one or more fuel cells, including groups of fuel cells, coupled together as a unit. A fuel cell stack may be incorporated into a fuel cell system. A fuel cell system also typically includes a fuel source, such as a supply of fuel and/or a fuel processor. An example of a fuel processor is a steam reformer. The system may also include a battery bank, which stores produced electrical power, and an air source, which delivers oxygen to the fuel cell. There is a need to control fuel cell stacks and other fuel cell system components to regulate the operation of the system, such as to prevent damage to the system and/or to operate the system efficiently in response to applied loads.
The present disclosure relates to fuel cell systems and methods for monitoring fuel use and/or controlling the operation of at least one of a fuel source and a fuel cell stack based on fuel use. In some examples, a fuel cell system includes a fuel source. In some examples, the fuel source is adapted to provide supply fuel to a fuel cell stack at a supply pressure. In some systems, fuel not used by the fuel cell stack is discharged through at least one exit orifice at an exit pressure. In some examples, a control system is adapted to detect the exit pressure and to determine the flow of unused fuel based on the exit pressure, and to control operation of at least one of the fuel source and the fuel cell stack based on the determined flow of unused fuel.
In some examples, a target pressure is determined based on the level of electrical current produced by a fuel cell stack, such that when fuel is supplied at the target pressure, the fuel cell stack consumes a given proportion of the supply fuel. Typically, a fuel cell stack is operated in a range of voltage and current such that the output electrical power is directly proportional to the output current (i.e., increasing current yields increasing power).
Also, in some examples, a fuel source is adapted to produce the supply fuel from one or more feedstocks. The use of the feedstocks by the fuel source is controlled based on one or more of the target pressure and the flow of fuel.
As has been mentioned, methods and systems are disclosed for controlling the operation of at least one of a fuel source and a fuel cell stack. As used herein, a fuel cell stack includes one or more fuel cells, whether individually or in groups of fuel cells, and an energy producing and consuming assembly includes one or more fuel cell stacks, at least one fuel source for the fuel cell stack(s), and at least one energy consuming device adapted to exert an applied load on the fuel cell stack.
The subsequently discussed fuel cell stacks and systems are compatible with a variety of different types of fuel cells, such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, and the like. For the purpose of illustration, an exemplary fuel cell 20 in the form of a PEM fuel cell is schematically illustrated in
In operation, fuel 42 is fed to the anode region, while oxidant 44 is fed to the cathode region. Fuel 42 may also be referred to as supply fuel 42. A typical, but not exclusive, fuel for cell 20 is hydrogen, and a typical, but not exclusive, oxidant is oxygen. As used herein, hydrogen refers to hydrogen gas and oxygen refers to oxygen gas. The following discussion will refer to fuel 42 as hydrogen 42 and oxidant 44 as oxygen 44, although it is within the scope of the present disclosure that other fuels and/or oxidants may be used. Hydrogen 42 and oxygen 44 may be delivered to the respective regions of the fuel cell via any suitable mechanism from respective sources 46 and 48. Examples of suitable fuel sources 46 for hydrogen 42 include at least one pressurized tank, hydride bed or other suitable hydrogen storage device, and/or a fuel processor that produces a stream containing hydrogen gas. Examples of suitable sources 48 of oxygen 44 include a pressurized tank of oxygen or air, or a fan, compressor, blower or other device for directing air to the cathode region. Hydrogen and oxygen typically combine with one another via an oxidation-reduction reaction. Although membrane 28 restricts the passage of a hydrogen molecule, it will permit a hydrogen ion (proton) to pass therethrough, largely due to the ionic conductivity of the membrane. The free energy of the oxidation-reduction reaction drives the proton from the hydrogen gas through the ion exchange membrane. As membrane 28 also tends not to be electrically conductive, an external circuit 50 is the lowest energy path for the remaining electron, and is schematically illustrated in
In practice, a fuel cell stack contains a plurality of fuel cells with bipolar plate assemblies separating adjacent membrane-electrode assemblies. The bipolar plate assemblies essentially permit the free electron to pass from the anode region of a first cell to the cathode region of the adjacent cell via the bipolar plate assembly, thereby establishing an electrical potential through the stack that may be used to satisfy an applied load. This net flow of electrons produces an electric current that may be used to satisfy an applied load, such as from at least one of an energy-consuming device, the fuel cell system itself, etc.
At least one energy-consuming device 52 may be electrically coupled to the fuel cell, or more typically, the fuel cell stack. Device 52 applies a load to the cell/stack/system and draws an electric current therefrom to satisfy the load. This load may be referred to as an applied load, and may include thermal and/or electrical load(s). Illustrative examples of devices 52 include motor vehicles, recreational vehicles, boats and other sea craft, and any combination of one or more residences, commercial offices or buildings, neighborhoods, tools, lights and lighting assemblies, appliances, computers, industrial equipment, signaling and communications equipment, batteries and even the balance-of-plant electrical requirements for the fuel cell system of which stack 24 forms a part. An energy producing and consuming assembly, which is illustrated generally in
In cathode region 32, electrons from the external circuit and protons from the membrane combine with oxygen to produce water and heat. Also shown in
As discussed above, many fuel cell stacks utilize hydrogen gas as a reactant, or fuel. Therefore, a fuel cell stack 24 may be coupled with a source 46 of hydrogen gas 42 (and related delivery systems and balance-of-plant components) to form a fuel cell system 22. An illustrative example of a fuel cell system is schematically illustrated in
Fuel processor 64 includes any suitable device that produces hydrogen gas from the feed stream. Accordingly, fuel processor 64 may be described as including a hydrogen-producing region 70 in which a stream that is at least substantially comprised of hydrogen gas is produced from a feed stream. Examples of suitable mechanisms for producing hydrogen gas from feed stream 68 include steam reforming and autothermal reforming, in which reforming catalysts are used to produce hydrogen gas from a feed stream containing water and at least one carbon-containing feedstock. Other suitable mechanisms for producing hydrogen gas include pyrolysis and catalytic partial oxidation of a carbon-containing feedstock, in which case the feed stream does not contain water. Still another suitable mechanism for producing hydrogen gas is electrolysis, in which case the feedstock is water. Examples of suitable carbon-containing feedstocks include at least one hydrocarbon or alcohol. Examples of suitable hydrocarbons include methane, propane, natural gas, diesel, kerosene, gasoline and the like. Examples of suitable alcohols include methanol, ethanol, and polyols, such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
Feed stream 68 may be delivered to fuel processor 64 via any suitable mechanism and/or via any suitable feedstock delivery system. Although only a single feed stream 68 is shown in
In many applications, it is desirable for the fuel processor to produce at least substantially pure hydrogen gas. Accordingly, the fuel processor may utilize a process that inherently produces sufficiently pure hydrogen gas. Alternatively, the fuel processing assembly and/or the fuel processor may include one or more suitable purification and/or separation devices that remove impurities from the hydrogen gas produced in the fuel processor. When region 70 does not produce pure hydrogen gas, stream 66 may include one or more of such illustrative impurities as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, methane, and unreacted feedstock. As another example, the fuel processing system or fuel cell system may include one or more purification and/or separation devices downstream from the fuel processor. This is schematically illustrated in
Separation region 72 may utilize any process or mechanism for increasing the purity of the hydrogen gas and/or decreasing the concentration of one or more other gases (such as carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide) that may be mixed in with hydrogen gas. Illustrative examples of suitable processes include one or more of chemical separation processes, in which one or more of the other gases are selectively adsorbed or reacted and thereby separated from the hydrogen gas, and physical separation processes, in which a physical barrier is used to selectively divide the mixed gas stream into the at least one product and byproduct streams. Examples of suitable physical separation processes include pressure-driven separation processes, in which the mixed gas stream is delivered into contact with suitable separation structure under pressure, with the pressure differential between the mixed gas region and at least one permeate or product region of the separation structure driving the separation process.
An illustrative chemical separation process is the use of a methanation catalyst to selectively reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide present in stream 74. Other illustrative chemical separation processes include partial oxidation of carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and water-gas shift reactions (to produce hydrogen gas carbon dioxide from water and carbon dioxide).
Non-exclusive examples of suitable pressure-driven separation processes include the use of one or more hydrogen-selective membranes and the use of a pressure swing adsorption system. Illustrative examples of suitable hydrogen-selective membranes include membranes formed from palladium or palladium alloys, such as alloys of palladium and copper or silver. The thin, planar, hydrogen-permeable membranes are preferably composed of palladium alloys, most especially palladium with 35 wt % to 45 wt % copper, such as approximately 40 wt % copper. These membranes, which also may be referred to as hydrogen-selective membranes, are typically formed from a thin foil that is approximately 0.001 inches thick. It is within the scope of the present disclosure, however, that the membranes may be formed from hydrogen-selective metals and metal alloys other than those discussed above, hydrogen-permeable and selective ceramics, or carbon compositions. The membranes may have thicknesses that are larger or smaller than discussed above. For example, the membranes may be made thinner, with commensurate increase in hydrogen flux. The hydrogen-permeable membranes may be arranged in any suitable configuration, such as arranged in pairs around a common permeate channel as is disclosed in the incorporated patent applications. The hydrogen permeable membrane or membranes may take other configurations as well, such as tubular configurations, which are disclosed in the incorporated patents. An example of a suitable structure for use in separation region 72 is a membrane module, which contains one or more hydrogen permeable membranes. Examples of suitable hydrogen-selective membranes, methods for forming and utilizing the membranes, and separation devices that include one or more hydrogen-selective membranes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,319,306, 6,537,352 and 6,562,111, the complete disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
Another example of a suitable pressure-separation process for use in separation region 72 is pressure swing adsorption (PSA). In a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process, gaseous impurities are removed from a stream containing hydrogen gas. PSA is based on the principle that certain gases, under the proper conditions of temperature and pressure, will be adsorbed onto an adsorbent material more strongly than other gases. Typically, it is the impurities that are adsorbed and thus removed from the mixed gas stream.
In the context of a fuel cell system, the fuel processor preferably is adapted to produce substantially pure hydrogen gas, and even more preferably, the fuel processor is adapted to produce pure hydrogen gas. For the purposes of the present disclosure, substantially pure hydrogen gas is greater than 90% pure, preferably greater than 95% pure, more preferably greater than 99% pure, and even more preferably greater than 99.5% pure. Illustrative, nonexclusive examples of suitable fuel processors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,117, 5,997,594, 5,861,137, and pending U.S. patent application Publication No. 2001/0045061. The complete disclosures of the above-identified patents and patent application are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
Also shown in
Controller 82 is illustrated as being implemented as a unit. It may also be implemented as separate controllers, such as a controller for the fuel cell stack and a controller for the fuel source. Such separate controllers, then, can communicate with each other via appropriate communication linkages. Control system 80 may include one or more analog or digital circuits, logic units or processors for operating programs stored as software in memory, and, as has been mentioned, may include one or more discrete units in communication with each other.
In the example shown in
Other examples of values that may be monitored for a fuel source 46 in the form of a fuel processor 64 include the mode of operation of the fuel processor, the supply of feedstock, the rate at which hydrogen gas is being produced, the operating temperature, and the stoichiometry of the chemical process for producing fuel. An example of a monitored value for the air source is the rate at which air is being supplied to the fuel processing assembly and the fuel cell stack. When oxygen source 48 is incorporated into either or both of the fuel source and/or fuel cell stack, its operation and measurement will typically be incorporated into the corresponding linkage for the unit into which it is incorporated. Not all of these values are necessarily essential, and other values may be measured as well, depending on the particular requirements and configuration of the fuel cell system, the complexity of the system, the desired level of control, and particular user preferences.
Typical modes of operation for a fuel processor include start-up, shutdown, idle, running (active, hydrogen-producing), and off. In the off operating state, the fuel processor is not producing hydrogen gas and is not being maintained at suitable operating conditions to produce hydrogen gas. For example, the fuel processor may not be receiving any feed streams, may not be heated, etc. In the start-up operating state, the fuel processor is transitioning from the off state to its running operating state, in which the fuel processor is at its desired operating parameters for producing hydrogen gas, is receiving feedstock(s) and producing more than a nominal flow of hydrogen gas therefrom for delivery to the fuel cell stack and/or hydrogen-storage device. Accordingly, in the start-up state, the fuel processor is being brought to the desired operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, for producing hydrogen gas. For example, fuel processors in the form of steam reformers typically operate at temperatures in the range of 200° C. and 800° C., and at pressures in the range of 50 psi and 1000 psi (gauge), although temperatures and pressures outside of these ranges are within the scope of the disclosure, such as depending upon the particular type and configuration of fuel processor being used. In the standby, or idle, operating state, the fuel processor is not producing any hydrogen gas, or only a nominal flow of hydrogen gas, with this flow typically not being delivered to the fuel cell stack or hydrogen-storage device. Instead, any produced hydrogen gas (or other output stream) is typically vented or utilized as a combustible fuel in a burner or other heating assembly. However, in the idle operating state, the fuel processor is typically maintained at the desired operating parameters for producing hydrogen gas, such as upon delivery of the appropriate feed stream(s), whereupon the fuel processor may be returned to its running operating state. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that, in the idle operating state, the above-discussed nominal flow of hydrogen, when present, is sufficient to produce enough electric current to power the fuel cell system and/or recharge the system's energy-storage device. In the shutdown operating state, the fuel processor is transitioning to its off operating state, such as from its running or idle operating states.
In some examples, control system 80 is adapted to control the size of at least one of the one or more exit orifices. In such an example, exit orifice 90 may be part of a valve 92 having an orifice adjusting mechanism 94. By controlling the size of the exit orifice, the rate of flow F2 is controlled, and the exit pressure P2 is controlled. In some fuel cell systems 22, a change in the exit pressure produces a corresponding change in the supply pressure P1. In this way, the supply pressure may be controlled by controlling the discharge pressure. Although referred to herein simply as an exit orifice, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that more than one orifice may be used, and/or that two or more outlets or other apertures may collectively be referred to as the exit orifice.
As illustrated, controller 82 is adapted to communicate over a linkage 100 with a pressure gauge 102 adapted to detect pressure P1 of the supply fuel supplied to fuel cell stack 24 by fuel source 46. Similarly, a linkage 104 provides communication with a pressure gauge 106 adapted to detect pressure P2 of the unused fuel prior to discharge from fuel cell stack 24. Further, a linkage 108 provides communication between the controller and valve 92, and can provide for communication of control signals transmitted from the controller and receipt of values related to the size of exit orifice 90. All of these illustrative communication linkages and interrelationship are not required. For example, the pressure of the supply fuel may not be measured and/or control may not be based at least partially thereupon in all embodiments. As a illustrative, non-exclusive variation, the system may include a pressure relief valve or other pressure controller that is adapted to detect whether a maximum, or upper, pressure threshold is reached or exceeded, with the system thereby not actively measuring the particular pressure of the supply fuel. Instead, the measurement, or operating parameter, is simply whether the pressure has reached or exceeded a particular threshold pressure.
Fuel cell system 22 may be adapted to discharge unused fuel from fuel cell stack 24 in different modes. These modes include at least a continuous bleed mode and a purge-based or dead-end mode. In a continuous bleed mode, unused fuel is discharged continuously and concurrently from the fuel cell stack 24, during production of electricity by the fuel cell stack. In some fuel cell systems 22 operated in a continuous bleed mode, such as in the context of the illustrative fuel cell system and parameters discussed subsequently, exit orifice 90 may have a fixed size and/or flow characteristics (including a combination of orifices having a combined size and flow characteristic) appropriate for a particular application, and the exit pressure and flow depend on the supply pressure and flow consumed by the fuel cell. As an example, an exit orifice size of less than 0.1 inch in diameter, such as 0.033 inches in diameter, or another selected size in the range of 0.02-0.07 inches in diameter may be used. Although circular orifices having particular diameters are mentioned, the exit orifice, as a single orifice or combination of orifices, may have any appropriate individual and/or collective cross-sectional size, shape and/or flow characteristics suitable for use in a particular system and/or application.
In other examples of fuel cell systems 22 operated in a continuous bleed mode, the size of the exit orifice 90 is varied to change the rate of flow F2, the exit pressure P2, the supply pressure P1, or a combination of these. In such systems, the orifice size may be variable over a small range of values, or it may be variable over a wide range of values, depending on the valves used, the operating characteristics of the fuel cell stack, and the controller.
In fuel cell systems 22 operating in a purge-based or dead-end mode, unused fuel is discharged from the fuel cell stack 24 intermittently for limited periods of time. In some examples of systems 22, orifice 90 is kept substantially closed between discharges of unused fuel. The fuel cell stack then is operated so that fuel is supplied at a rate that matches or nearly matches consumption.
During purging or discharging of the fuel cell, valve 92 is opened wide so that fuel can flow rapidly through exit orifice 90. Although not required, the period between purges can be much longer than the duration of discharge. As an example, a purge of one second may take place every thirty seconds of operation of the fuel cell stack. If one liter of fuel is discharged during each purge, and 49 liters of fuel are consumed in the production of electricity between purges, the fuel cell stack is utilizing 98 percent of the fuel. As such, the fuel cell stack may be described as having 98% utilization of the fuel.
The duration of each purge, the frequency of the purges, or both, are varied in some fuel cell systems. The varying of the frequency and/or duration of purges provides for control of the utilization of the fuel. An increase in either the duration or frequency of the purges produces a corresponding decrease in the utilization of fuel, for given operating conditions of the fuel cell system. In other examples, changing the frequency and/or duration of purges may be made to maintain a selected utilization level. For example, at reduced levels of consumption of fuel by the fuel cell stack, or at reduced supply fuel pressures P1, purges may be of shorter duration and/or decreased frequency. Conversely, at higher levels of consumption and/or higher supply fuel pressures, purges may be of longer duration and/or increased frequency.
In some examples, control system 80 may be adapted to control fuel source 46 and/or fuel cell stack 24, based at least in part on the flow of supply fuel to the fuel cell stack. For example, the production of supply fuel may be controlled by controlling the stoichiometry of the associated chemical process and/or the production efficiency of a fuel processing assembly, and/or by controlling the release of supply fuel from a storage device, and/or by adjusting the operating state, rate of production, etc. of fuel source 46 as required to meet electrical load requirement 52 or 78. In some examples of fuel cell systems, the flow F1 of fuel is not readily measured directly. In such examples, then, flow F1 may be determined indirectly by determining the fuel consumed by the stack, represented by flow F3, and the flow P2 of unused fuel discharged from orifice 90.
In at least some fuel cell stacks, the flow F3 of fuel consumed by the fuel cell stack has been determined to be directly proportional to the electrical current output of the fuel cell stack, here represented as Ifc. Generally, fuel cell stacks are operated such that the output electrical power increases with the output electrical current. In this case, then, the flow is determined by the equation F3=b·Ifc. Although the value of “b” depends on the operating characteristics of the individual fuel cell stack, in some fuel cell stacks, the value of b may be less than 1, and in particular, a value of 0.589 has been determined to be reasonably accurate for some fuel cell stacks.
In some examples of fuel cell stacks 24, ranges of operating parameters may be established. The following operating parameters apply to some exemplary fuel cell stacks constructed and operated according to the present disclosure. It is within the scope of the disclosure that other operating parameters are utilized or otherwise apply. As illustrative examples, the maximum and minimum current ranges for a particular stack may be greater or less than the illustrative values presented below.
Utilization, U, of the fuel by the fuel cell stack may be defined as the proportion of the supply fuel flow F1 that is used for production of power, or
In order to achieve a selected utilization level for a given fuel cell current, a specific exit pressure is required. The supply pressure, then, is equal to the exit pressure plus a pressure drop in the fuel cell. In this example, this pressure drop is negligible.
These illustrative figures demonstrate that the exit flow F2 is proportional to the stack current for a constant utilization of 83%. By adjusting stack current (consumption) to hold exit flow F2 on the Exit Flow F2 curve of
Control of fuel cell stack 24 and/or fuel source 46 by control system 80 may be accomplished, at least in part, using these various values and relationships. The exit pressure identified in the graph of
As has been discussed, the various control parameters may be used in different ways to control various components of fuel cell system 22. For example, the exit fuel flow, and correspondingly, the exit pressure, provide an indication of the amount of fuel provided by fuel source 46. Operation of the fuel source, and in particular the stoichiometry of the fuel processor, may be based on this information. Further, the air supply and fuel cell may be controlled to provide a supply pressure that will result in a desired utilization of the fuel. Production of supply fuel and fuel cell exit pressure may be adjusted to provide a desired supply pressure. Also, the exit orifice may be adjusted to vary the exit flow and/or exit pressure. Accordingly, by maintaining a target pressure for the supply fuel for a given stack current, the fuel utilization may be maintained at a desired level.
Illustrative, non-exclusive or required, descriptions of aspects of the fuel cell system presented herein are presented below. For example, control system 80 may be adapted to detect the exit pressure of unused fuel from an exit orifice, and/or to detect the electrical current produced by the fuel cell stack. The flow of unused fuel may be based on the detected exit pressure. The consumption of fuel by the fuel cell stack, in turn, may be determined based on the determined flow of unused fuel and/or the electrical current produced by the fuel cell stack. Accordingly, the control system may be adapted to determine the flow of supply fuel based on the electrical current produced by the fuel cell stack and the exit pressure. Further, the control of operation of at least one of the fuel source 46 and the fuel cell stack 24 may be based on the flow of unused fuel and/or based on the determined consumption of fuel by the fuel cell stack 24.
As an additional example, control system 80 may be described as being adapted to detect the level of electrical power produced, to determine a target supply pressure at which the fuel cell stack consumes a given proportion of the supply fuel for a given level of electrical power produced by the fuel cell stack, and to control operation of the fuel cell stack based on the target supply pressure. For example, the fuel source and/or the fuel cell stack may be controlled to maintain the fuel supply or exit pressure at about the target pressure. Further, the control system may be further adapted to control operation of the fuel source in a manner tending to change the supply or exit pressure to the target pressure. A change in the electrical power produced by the fuel cell stack may be detected, and the target supply pressure may then be changed based on the detected change in the electrical power. In examples where the fuel source is adapted to produce the supply fuel from one or more feedstocks, the control system may be adapted to control use of the feedstocks by the fuel source based on the determined target pressure and/or based on a determined flow of supply fuel. In examples where the fuel source includes a fuel processor that produces the supply fuel, the control system may be adapted to determine the stoichiometry of the chemical process based on the determined flow of supply fuel, and control production of the supply fuel based on the determined stoichiometry.
The above operating states and subroutines have been presented to provide examples of how the control system may automate the operation of fuel cell system 22 and/or energy producing and consuming assembly 56. The examples provided above should not be construed in a limiting sense, as many variations of the operating characteristics, parameter values, and fuel cell system design and configuration are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
Fuel cell systems and control systems described herein are applicable in any situation where power is to be produced by a fuel cell stack. It is particularly applicable when the fuel cell stack forms part of a fuel cell system that includes a fuel processing assembly that provides a feed for the fuel cell stack.
The automation of fuel cell system 22 enables it to be used in households, vehicles and other commercial applications where the system is used by individuals that are not trained in the operation of fuel cell systems. It also enables use in environments where technicians, or even other individuals, are not normally present, such as in microwave relay stations, unmanned transmitters or monitoring equipment, etc. Control system 80 also enables the fuel cell system to be implemented in commercial devices where it is impracticable for an individual to be constantly monitoring the operation of the system. For example, implementation of fuel cell systems in vehicles and boats requires that the user does not have to continuously monitor and be ready to adjust the operation of the fuel cell system. Instead, the user is able to rely upon the control system to regulate the operation of the fuel cell system, with the user only requiring notification if the system encounters operating parameters and/or conditions outside of the control system's range of automated responses.
The above examples illustrate possible applications of such an automated fuel cell system, without precluding other applications or requiring that a fuel cell system necessarily be adapted to be used in any particular application. Furthermore, in the preceding paragraphs, control system 80 has been described controlling various portions of the fuel cell system. The system may be implemented without including every aspect of the control system described above. Similarly, system 22 may be adapted to monitor and control operating parameters not discussed herein and may send command signals other than those provided in the preceding examples.
It is believed that the disclosure set forth above encompasses multiple distinct methods and/or apparatus with independent utility. While each of these methods and apparatus has been disclosed in its preferred form, the specific examples thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. The subject matter of the disclosures includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and subcombinations of the various elements, features, functions and/or properties disclosed herein. Similarly, where the claims recite “a” or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof, such claims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements.
It is believed that the following claims particularly point out certain combinations and subcombinations that correspond to disclosed examples and are novel and non-obvious. Other combinations and subcombinations of features, functions, elements and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such amended or new claims, whether they are directed to different combinations or directed to the same combinations, whether different, broader, narrower or equal in scope to the original claims, are also regarded as included within the subject matter of the present disclosure.
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