The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies
By: Prof. A. Shapur Shahbazi
Haftsin (Haft Sin) denoting 'seven items beginning with the letter sin (S)', is one of the components of the rituals of the New Year's Day festival observed by most Iranians. The items are traditionally displayed on the Sofra-ye haft sin (Masse‚, Croyances, pp. 156-57; Enjavi, I, pp. 87-105; Honari, pp. 30-33, 132-35; Gharavi; Bolûkbâši, pp. 8-9; Šakurzâda, pp. 62-64, 98-102; Safi-ne‘âd, pp. 404, 434-35). This is a dining cloth (sofra) that every household spreads out on the floor (or on a table) in a room normally reserved for entertaining guests, and places upon it the following items. At the head (farthest from the entrance) is placed a mirror, flanked by two candelabra holding candles (traditionally according to the number of the children in the household). In front of these are placed a copy of the Koran (the Š or the Divân of Hâfez have also been used), a jar of water usually containing a goldfish (many households add a jug of rainwater collected earlier and/or a bowl of water containing a green leaf of pomegranate, sour orange, or box-tree (šemšâd), vessels containing milk, rose water (golâb), honey, sugar, and (one, three, five or seven) colored eggs. The center is normally occupied by a vase of flowers, customarily hyacinth (sonbol) and branches of musk-willow (bid-e mešk). Next to it are placed sabza and at least six more items starting with the letter sin (described below), a plate containing fruit (traditionally apples, oranges, pomegranates and quinces), some sort of bread (often sweetened, such as the Shirazi tali-ye širin made of fine wheat flour, sugar, honey and rose water; for variations see Honari, pp. 125-26), mâst (yogurt) and fresh cheese, various sweets, and âjil, a mixture of dried roasted seeds of chick-peas, melons, wheat (gandom berešta), rice (berenjak) and nuts, all mixed with raisins.
The sin items are traditionally as follows:
1. sabza, that is, wheat (or barley, sometimes lentils also) grown to the height of a few inches inside a thin piece of white cloth wrapped around a clay jug (kuza; nowadays the sabza is more commonly grown on a shallow earthenware plate);
2. sepand (esfand), seeds of wild rue (often placed in a small incense burner and burned just after the turn of the year, see esp. Donaldson, pp. 120-23);
3. sib, apples, already mentioned;
4. sekka, a few newly minted coins;
5. sir, garlic cloves (formerly with the roots dyed red, blue and green to resemble colored tassels);
6. serka, vinegar; and
7. a bowl of samanu (called samani by the Shirazis and Kurds).
This last item is prepared in the following way (Šakurzâda, pp. 62-64). A goodly amount of wheat is soaked in water (preferably rain water collected for the purpose) for three days and then spread on a large metal tray (sini) and covered with a white cloth. When the wheat has grown a little, it is minced on a stone slab or wooden board and then ground in a mortar (hâvan/hovang) and the sap mixed with hot water, oil, and flour, and the whole cooked very slowly (often taking an entire night) by women (no adult male is allowed to participate in the process); unshelled almonds and walnuts are also added. The result is a thick, sweet paste reddish in color, a portion of which is reserved for the Nowruz table and the rest distributed among neighbors, who return the container together with one or more colored eggs or a green leaf.
Five observations are in order here. First, despite the name, the Sofra-ye haft sin contains many essential elements that do not start with the letter sin. Secondly, the selected sin items invariably number more than seven, and senjed 'fruit of jujube', somâq 'sumac', and sowhân (brittles made of granulated sugar and honey enriched with saffron, almond and pistachio seeds), are almost invariably added. Many households add even more sin items, such as sabzi (a dishful of germinated fine herbs), siyâh dâna 'fennel', sangak (a very hard pea-like grain, cooked for a very long time; the dish is widely popular and in Kâšân even sold as a special haft-sin item: Enjavi, I, p. 89), se-pestân 'sebestan', and sorma 'collyrium'. Thirdly, the Sofra-ye haft sin is not particular to the Nowruz festival. In many places it is customary to set out an identical sofra for wedding ceremonies (Honari, p. 31; for Gilân in particular see Pur(-e) Davud, p. 77, and in certain areas it is prepared during the eve of the fortieth winter day (š, in reality midwinter's eve); in the region of Kâšân it is set out at the Esbandi festival on the 25th Bahman (11th month), which corresponds to 1st Esfand (12th month) in the official calendar (Enjavi I, pp. 44, 87-105; II, p. 163). Fourthly, some peoples who share in the heritage of Iranian culture and tradition (e.g., the Afghans, Tajiks, Armenians) do not prepare it. Even more remarkable is the fact that it is not customary among the Kurds (Honari, pp. 132-33) or the Zoroastrians (Boyce, Stronghold, p. 168 n. 10; Âzargo-šasp, p. 247), both ardent preservers of ancient Iranian traditions for whom the heptad does play a central role. It is noted however by Niknâm (p. 32) that "nowadays the haft-sin is prepared for the Nowruz table in many Zoroastrian families, particularly those living in cities." This is clearly a new trend influenced by increased contact with other Iranians. Interestingly, the Kurds bake the samani cake for the feast of Kose geldi (Bois, p. 477). Fifthly, although we know that the Sasanians greeted Nowruz by growing seven kinds of seeds on seven pillars (setuns) and placed on their Nowruz table trays containing seven branches of vegetables (wheat, barley, peas, rice, etc) as well as a loaf of bread made from seven kinds of grain (Ketâb al-maháâsen wa'l-azdâd, p. 361), no analogy with the haft sin should be adduced because of the inconsistencies noted under numbers 1 and 2.
The history of the custom is thus obscure. Some have speculated that the original items started with the letter š (Bolûkbâši, pp. 8-9; Šakurzâda, p. 99,) citing as evidence a couplet clearly recent in date which asserts that "under the Kayanids the Iranians used to place on the Nowruz table š" (honey, milk, wine, pure sugar, a candle, branches of box-tree, and fruits). The artificiality of an explanation that cites Arabic names and neglects such essentials as sir, samanu and sepand is self-evident. Nor can one take seriously the views that the term haft sin is a corruption of haft sini (seven metal trays: Faravaši, p. 57) or haft mim (items starting with the letter M, such as mâst, miva 'fruits', meygu 'shrimp', maviz 'raisins', etc.: see Maškur, pp. 20-21), or even haft Šin 'seven [things] set out' (Honari, pp. 31-32, 132-35). Indeed, all indications suggest that the haft sin as we know it is not old. There is a dubious and isolated reference to it in a Persian manuscript attributed to the Safavid period (no. 3982 in the Central Library of the University of Tehran, see Fehrest-e Ketâb-khâna-ye markazi-e Dânešgâh-e Teh-rân 12, 1339-40 Š./1960-61, p. 2976). Otherwise, it is rarely mentioned in the eyewitness accounts of the Nowruz ceremonies by nineteenth-century travelers and historians. Only Heinrich Brugsch, who was in Tehran in 1860 and described the Nowruz festival in some detail, claims (Brugsch, II, p. 346) that the Iranians greeted the national festival by planting in their gardens flowers with names beginning with the letter S. There are also references to a large tray filled with seven kinds of fruit (Wilson, pp. 24-26; Inostrantsev, tr., p. 184) but not to haft sin, which accordingly seems to have come into vogue only in the last century, owing to publicity in the media.
However, if one considers the sofra of Nowruz as a whole and disregards the letter sin, its essential items perfectly afford reasonable explanation as the reflections of the pastoral and sedentary conditions of ancient Iranians and of their beliefs, especially with regard to the Amәša Spәntas (q.v). Its preparation on the eve of the Nowruz, and the widespread belief that the souls of the departed come down and partake of the table, clearly connect it with the All Souls festival. The eggs (tokhm) symbolize people (mardom, from *martiya tauxman- 'mortal seed'; in the town of Khor eggs are placed under the bench prepared for the bride with the hope that she may bear children: Honari, p. 33 n. 1) and point to the Creator; the milk represents the cattle and Vohu Manah/Bahman, the candles purifying fire and Aša Vahištâ/Ardibehešt, the coins wealth and Xšaƒra vairya/Šahrivar; the hyacinth symbolizes both Haurvatât/Kordâd and Amәrәtât/(A)Mordâd (Russell, p. 382), as do the water, the sabza and the sabzi; the musk willow represents Spәnta Armaiti/Spandârmad, as does the wild rue (sepand/esfand), which has kept part of her name. More interestingly, her healing power (possessing one thousand remedies, ten thousand remedies: Yt 1.27) may be indicated by the garlic, which was so esteemed by the Iranians as a medicine and a means of warding off the evil eye and demonic power that the Persians named one of their months θâigarči- 'Month of garlic' (cf. Kent, Old Persian, p. 187). Anâhid is represented by the (rain)water collected specially for the occasion. The samanu, which is absolutely essential for the sofra and is considered so powerful an aphrodisiac that some call it "the strength of the patriarch" (Honari, p. 123), must also be attributed to Anâhid because it is generally prepared (even among the Kurds, who do not set out the haft sin; Bois, p. 477) only by women, who while stirring the cooking mixture make wishes that they may get good husbands or fine children. Furthermore, the dish is prepared as an offering in the name of the highly revered Fâtema-ye Zahrâ-ye ma´sūm "Fâteme the infallible Zahrâ" (Zahrâ is also the Planet Venus/Anâhid; for the connection see Eilers, pp. 97-108). The Kara Mâhi, which swims in the Vourukaša sea and wards off harmful creatures (Boyce, Zoroastrianism I, p. 89), is represented by the fish in the jar. This analysis, which can be taken much further, shows that the essential objects of the Nowruz table are very ancient and meaningful (cf. Christensen, p. 158; Masse‚, Croyances, p. 156), while the idea of the haft sin is recent and the result of popular fancy tastefully developed into a pleasant ritual.
Page Keywords: Noruz, Newrooz, Newruz, Navruz, Nowrooz, Nowruz, Vernal Equinox, New Year, نوروز جمشيدي، هفت سين
Copyright © 1998-2014 The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)