Dear EarthTalk: What is the "production tax credit" and why is it so important to developing alternative renewable energy?
Environmentalists and wind energy boosters breathed a sigh of relief in January when Congress voted to reinstate the production tax credit, a federal tax incentive for companies that generate renewable energy from wind, geothermal or "closed-loop" biomass (dedicated energy crops) sources.
The credit, worth 2.2 cents per kilowatt-hour of energy produced, remains in effect for the first 10 years of a qualifying renewable energy facility's operation. Other technologies, such as "open-loop" biomass (using farm and forest wastes rather than dedicated energy crops), efficiency upgrades and capacity additions for existing hydro-electric, small irrigation, landfill gas and municipal solid waste systems qualify under the program for a lesser credit of 1.1 cents per kilowatt-hour produced. The PTC, which had expired at the end of 2012, can, in effect, get wind and other qualifying renewable energy technologies down into the price range of conventional energy sources.
Available off and on again in one form or another since 1992, the PTC has been key to helping many small utility-grade alternative energy providers get their businesses off the ground, which in turn has created hundreds of thousands of green jobs. According to the American Wind Energy Association, the PTC has helped the U.S. wind industry grow by leaps and bounds.
Thanks to the subsidy, the industry has attracted some $15 billion in investment during each of the past five years. Today, some 500 wind farms operate across 44 states, providing as much as 3 percent of U.S. electricity needs. The increase in supply and demand has meant that the cost of wind has fallen by some 90 percent since 1980.
But Congress has let the PTC expire without renewal four times previously, leaving high and dry the alternative energy producers who depend upon it to make ends meet. Some argue that the "here today, gone tomorrow" nature of the PTC has actually hurt small providers who have not been able to count on what amounts to a subsidy for helping push the country in the right direction energy-wise: "This `on-again/off-again' status contributes to a boom-bust cycle of development that plagues the wind industry," reports the Union of Concerned Scientists, a nonprofit which puts independent science to work to solve the planet's most pressing problems. "In the years following expiration, installations dropped between 73 and 93 percent, with corresponding job losses."
This time around Congress has once again only extended the PTC for one more year, leaving the future uncertain still for qualifying producers and reducing the security of any investments in U.S.-based wind, geothermal and biomass projects. "Short-term extensions of the PTC are insufficient for sustaining the long-term growth of renewable energy," reports UCS, adding that the planning and permitting process for new wind facilities can take two years or more to complete. "As a result, many renewable energy developers that depend on the PTC to improve a facility's cost effectiveness may hesitate to start a new project due to the uncertainty that the credit will still be available to them when the project is completed."
The shame of it is that wind energy is one of America's most promising alternatives. AWEA points out that wind farms can produce as much as 20 percent of the nation's electricity needs -- but only if Congress can commit long-term to supporting them via extending the PTC for more than a year.