- The first computer mouse
- The first graphical user interface
- The first personal, interactive, networked computer
- The first use of hypertext (i.e. text with links)
Robert Taylor, whose funding led to the creation of the ARPANET, told a pretty good joke, which he himself said was probably apocryphal. Rather than retell it, I grabbed a copy from here:
Whenever you build an airplane, you have to make sure that each part weighs no more than allocated by the designers, and you have to control where the weight it located to keep the center of gravity with limits. So there is an organization called weights which tracks that.Allan Kay was also there. Allan is always fascinating to listen to. He said something that I thought was useful. He said that there is a difference between "new" and "news". "News" is when something happens and you get an update that it happened. News is simple and easy to assimilate. Something is "new" when it changes the rules of the game. When something is "new", it's impossible to fully understand the ramifications.
For the 747-100, one of the configuration items was the software for the navigation computer. In those days (mid-1960s), the concept of software was not widely understood. The weight of the software was 0. The weights people didn't understand this so they sent a guy to the software group to understand this. The software people tried mightily to explain that the software was weightless, and the weights guy eventually went away, dubious.
The weights guy comes back a few days later with a box of punch cards (if you don't know what a punch card is, e-mail me and I will explain). The box weighed about 15 pounds. The weights guy said "This box contains software". The software guys inspected the cards and it was, in fact, a computer program. "See?", the weights guy said, "This box weighs about 15 pounds". "You don't understand", the software guys responded, "The software is in the holes".
He had a great example. When the printing press came out, people thought it was "news". Suddenly, it was cheaper to print books. What they didn't understand was that it was actually "new". The printing press allowed ideas to spread more quickly, more broadly, and more accurately than ever before. It was impossible for them to understand just how profoundly the printing press would affect the world.