Zauli Sajani, Stefano; Bonasoni, Paolo; Cristofanelli, Paolo; Marinoni, Angela; Lauriola, Paolo
Regional Center for Environment and Health ARPA Emilia-Romagna Modena, Italy firstname.lastname@example.org (Zauli Sajani)
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) Italian National Research Council Bologna, Italy (Bonasoni, Cristofanelli, Marinoni)
Regional Center for Environment and Health ARPA Emilia-Romagna Modena, Italy (Lauriola)
To the Editor:
Despite limited evidence, concerns regarding the health effects of Saharan dust are growing.1 The few studies on asthma2,3 and mortality,4–6 regardless of their specific aims, methodologies, and findings, could be considered pioneering; however, they exhibit low statistical power and uncertainties in characterizing the exposure of populations to dust episodes.
The first critical step in defining exposure is to identify the days affected by Saharan dust events. In general, the classification is based on in situ or remote sensing (both ground-based or satellite) measurements of various aerosol fractions together with atmospheric transport/emission modeling studies. No analysis is available in the literature on the impact of the various classification methods.
However, the main issue in defining exposure is characterizing the size distribution of Saharan particles and identifying the ideal specific particulate fractions (PM2.5, PM2.5–10, PM10, PM1–10, and PM1) to characterize Saharan outbreaks and dust exposure unambiguously.
Most epidemiologic papers refer to Saharan dust as coarse particles (usually considered as PM2.5–10); this definition, however, is inconsistent with the typical size distribution of Saharan particles observed at the Italian Climate Observatory “O. Vittori” at Mt. Cimone (2165 m above sea level).7 This station, which belongs to the Global Atmosphere Watch program of the World Meteorological Organization, is ideal for intercepting Saharan air masses before they mix with urban pollution and is equipped with an optical particle counter (Grimm 1.108) capable of detecting particles with diameter (Dp) between 300 nm and 20 μm.
The Figure shows the average aerosol size distributions observed between August 2002 and December 2010 during Saharan dust events and under dust-free conditions. The Saharan dust events are identified by analyzing temporal patterns of concentrations of particles larger than 1 μm and by analyzing 3-dimensional back trajectories. This multiyear analysis clearly shows that the contribution of Saharan dust to size classes <2.5 μm is dominant in terms of numbers and substantial in terms of mass. Over the entire particle size range, 99.5% of the number and 38% of the mass are <2.5 μm during Saharan dust events. Considering only particles larger than 1 μm (considered the lower limit of coarse particles), 91% of the number and 34% of the mass during Saharan dust events fall within the range of 1–2.5 μm. Observations carried out at Mt. Cimone from 2008 to 2010 using a condensation particle counter showed that particles smaller than 300 nm are nearly unaffected by Saharan outbreaks. The contribution of particles larger than 10 μm is almost negligible.
Figure. Average part...Image Tools
These data confirm findings in previous studies on African dust size distributions over the western Atlantic, which showed that one-third to one-half of the dust mass was <2.5 μm.8 Some differences may be found in areas closer to the Sahara because of the greater presence of coarse giant particles (>10 μm) that are strongly affected by gravitational deposition during long-range transport.
Although Saharan dust events in some regions increase the concentrations of primarily PM2.5–10 particles, the Saharan particle size distributions are strongly affected by smaller size fractions, particularly PM1–2.5 particles. This information is especially important when establishing chemical analyses of specific size fractions and investigating the health effects and mechanisms of action for Saharan particles. More care should be devoted to characterizing exposure to Saharan particles, both in terms of the size distribution and of the chemical-physical changes of Saharan air masses during their transport.
Stefano Zauli Sajani
Regional Center for Environment and Health
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC)
Italian National Research Council
Regional Center for Environment and Health
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2. Gyan K, Henry W, Lacaille S, et al.. African dust clouds are associated with increased paediatric asthma accident and emergency admissions on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Int J Biometeorol. 2005;49:371–376.
3. Prospero JM, Blades E, Naidu R, Mathison G, Thani H, Lavoie MC. Relationship between African dust carried in the Atlantic trade winds and surges in pediatric asthma attendances in the Caribbean. Int J Biometeorol. 2008;52:823–832.
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6. Zauli Sajani S, Miglio R, Bonasoni P, et al.. Saharan dust and daily mortality in Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Occup Environ Med. 2011;68:446–451.
7. Marinoni A, Cristofanelli P, Calzolari F, Roccato F, Bonafè U, Bonasoni P. Continuous measurements of aerosol physical parameters at the Mt. Cimone GAW Station (2165 m asl, Italy). Sci Total Environ. 2008;391:241–251.
8. Prospero JM, Olmez I, Ames M. Al and Fe in PM2.5
suspended particles in south-central Florida: the impact of the long range transport of African mineral dust. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2001;125:291–317.
© 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.