Gyanendra, in full Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (born July 7, 1947, Kathmandu, Nepal), last monarch (2001–08) of Nepal, who ascended to the throne after the assassination of King Birendra (reigned 1972–2001) and the subsequent suicide of Crown Prince Dipendra, who had committed the murder.
Gyanendra, the second son of King Mahendra (reigned 1955–72), was educated at St. Joseph’s College in Darjiling, India, and graduated in 1969 from Tribhuvan University in Kathmandu. As the younger son, he was not directly involved in politics or governmental activities during the reigns of his father, Mahendra, and his older brother, Birendra, but he was active in several environmental and conservationist organizations as well as some business firms. He traveled abroad frequently, visiting most of the major Asian and European countries, the United States, the Soviet Union, Australia, and New Zealand.
In June 2001, however, his life took a sudden dramatic turn when the Nepalese royal family was plunged into crisis. On June 1, Crown Prince Dipendra assassinated King Birendra and eight other members of the royal family. With Dipendra’s suicide the following day, Gyanendra was unexpectedly called to ascend the throne, which he did on June 4. He faced the daunting task of leading a country that was reeling from these tragic events and that also had been in political turmoil since a bloody insurrection was launched in 1996 in some areas of the country by a radical Maoist faction that wanted to replace the monarchy with a communist government. Many wondered whether Gyanendra was adequately prepared for the job. By mid-2002 the intense rivalry between several major political parties and periodic flare-ups of the insurgency contributed to an atmosphere of confusion and disorder in Nepal.
In attempting to control the insurgency, Gyanendra adopted policies that were seen as authoritarian and ultimately harmful to the monarchy. In October 2002 he dissolved the Parliament; he appointed a series of prime ministers but repeatedly put off elections. In February 2005 he dismissed the prime minister and cabinet and assumed direct power. In April 2006, however, more than two weeks of sustained protests forced Gyanendra to relinquish direct palace rule and reinstate the Parliament, which in May voted to further curtail his powers. In November the government and the Maoist insurgency signed a UN-mediated peace accord. An interim constitution, promulgated in January 2007, called for the creation of an elected constituent assembly. In December 2007 it was agreed that the monarchy would be abolished, and elections were held for the constituent assembly in April of the following year. The Maoists won the most seats, and on May 28, 2008, more than two centuries of royal rule came to an end as the new assembly voted to declare Nepal a democratic republic. Gyanendra left the palace but remained in the country as a private citizen and businessman.