Patent application title: FABRIC-COVERED POLYMERIC PROSTHETIC LINER
Christopher T. Kelley (Grandview Heights, OH, US)
Christopher T. Kelley (Grandview Heights, OH, US)
James M. Colvin (Hilliard, OH, US)
James M. Colvin (Hilliard, OH, US)
The Ohio Willow Wood Company
IPC8 Class: AA61F278FI
Class name: Leg socket holder cushioning means (e.g., pad or liner, etc.)
Publication date: 2012-10-04
Patent application number: 20120253475
A prosthetic cushion liner and cushion locking liner for use as a
standalone interface between an amputee's residual limb and the interior
of a prosthetic socket. The liners include a fabric covering having an
open end for introduction of a residual limb and a closed end opposite
said open end, and a cushioning block copolymer and plasticizing oil gel
composition residing on only an interior surface of the fabric covering.
The gel composition includes some amount of a Septon J-Series
thermoplastic elastomer material. The cushion locking liner further
includes a distally-located docking element for coupling the liner to the
socket of a prosthesis.
1. A prosthetic cushion liner for use as a standalone residual
limb-prosthetic socket interface, comprising: a fabric covering having an
open end for introduction of a residual limb and a closed end opposite
said open end; and a continuous layer of a cushioning and
shape-conforming block copolymer and plasticizing oil gel composition
residing on only an interior surface of said fabric covering, said gel
composition including some amount of Septon J-Series thermoplastic
elastomer material, said polymeric material extending from said closed
end of said fabric covering some distance toward said open end of the
2. The prosthetic cushion liner of claim 1, wherein said gel composition further includes an amount of an additional thermoplastic elastomer.
3. The prosthetic cushion liner of claim 2, wherein said additional thermoplastic elastomer functions, at least in part, as a detackifying agent.
4. The prosthetic cushion liner of claim 1, wherein said plasticizing oil is mineral oil.
5. A prosthetic cushion locking liner for use as a standalone residual limb-prosthetic socket interface, comprising: a fabric covering having an open end for introduction of a residual limb and a closed end opposite said open end; and a continuous layer of a cushioning and shape-conforming block copolymer and plasticizing oil gel composition residing on only an interior surface of said fabric covering, said gel composition including some amount of Septon J-Series thermoplastic elastomer material, said polymeric material extending from said closed end of said fabric covering some distance toward send open end of said fabric covering; and a docking element attached to said fabric covering at the closed end thereof for coupling the liner to a socket portion of a prosthetic limb.
6. The prosthetic cushion locking liner of claim 5, wherein said gel composition further includes an amount of an additional thermoplastic elastomer.
7. The prosthetic cushion locking liner of claim 6, wherein said additional thermoplastic elastomer functions, at least in part, as a detackifying agent.
8. The prosthetic cushion locking liner of claim 5, wherein said plasticizing oil is mineral oil.
 The present invention is directed to a gel and various articles of manufacture such as a cushion liner and a cushion locking liner for increasing the comfort of a wearer. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a prosthetic cushion liner and a cushion locking liner having a fabric outer covering and a novel block copolymer gel interior, the prosthetic liners designed to function as a standalone interface between an amputee's residual limb and the interior of a prosthetic socket.
 Polymeric prosthetic liners (or "liners") have become the interface of choice among amputees due to various beneficial characteristics thereof. These characteristics include, for example, comfort, security of suspension, protection of the residual limb, and ease of use. Modern liner technology allows amputees to employ a liner as the sole (stand-alone) interface between their residual limb (which is also commonly referred to as a residuum or amputation stump) and the interior of a prosthetic socket--in contrast to known wool or knit socks and cushioned socks or sheaths that must be worn in multiple layers and/or various combinations to provide sufficient cushioning and protection to a residual limb.
 Prosthetic liners may be non-suspensory in nature. Non-suspensory liners are commonly referred to as "cushion liners." Prosthetic liners may optionally be suspensory in nature and may, therefore, include a docking element that facilitates suspension by mechanical attachment of the liner to the socket of a prosthesis. Suspensory liners are commonly referred to as "locking liners" or "cushion locking liner." Liners can be of standard "off-the-shelf" design, meaning the liner is of generic shape and will fit a range of residual limb shapes and sizes. Alternatively, liners may be custom designed for a particular amputee.
 Liners may be comprised of various polymeric materials, including silicone, urethane, and thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) gels. Liners are now commonly made using various block copolymer and mineral oil gel compositions. Such polymeric materials, particularly block copolymer and mineral oil gel compositions, have proven themselves to provide an optimal level of comfort for most users.
 It is also known to construct such liners with an outer layer of fabric. For example, the present assignee produces patented fabric-covered liners having an interior of exposed polymeric gel for contacting and cushioning an amputee's residual limb, and an integrated outer layer of fabric for, among other things, increasing the wear resistance of the liner, and facilitating donning/doffing and insertion of the liner-covered residual limb into a prosthetic socket.
 As would be understood by one of skill in the art, liners as described above are frequently used by lower limb amputees. Lower limb amputees generally fall into one of two categories: above knee (AK) amputees and below knee (BK) amputees. In the case of a BK amputee, the knee joint is still present and, thus, a bending of the residual limb at the knee joint will still occur during ambulation. While the prosthetic hard socket of a BK prosthesis is generally recessed to accommodate the knee joint, BK amputees typically wear a liner that extends over the knee joint to some point along the thigh of the residual limb. Consequently, bending of the knee joint occurs under cover of the liner.
 In a typical below-knee (BK) prosthesis an amputee's stump tends to "piston" in the socket: during ambulation the stump will come up in the socket of the prosthesis until the attaching means holding the prosthesis to the wearer causes the prosthesis to lift with the stump. On the way down, air may be trapped between the residuum and stump sock, or between the prosthesis socket and sock, or between a socket liner and a sock.
 With wool and cotton socks which tend to breathe and which are not airtight, this pistoning effect is not a major problem with regard to the generation of sound effects. Since wool and cotton tend not to tightly form fit a residuum, the amputee typically packs a material around the residuum once it is placed into the prosthetic device or adds additional socks to increase thickness or puts on thicker socks in order to provide necessary fit. However, for socks which do not breathe and which are made from, e.g., polymeric material, a problem occurs when the residuum pistons in the prosthetic device: sound effects such as sucking and gurgling noises are generated which are obtrusive and inappropriate, often embarrassing the wearer. In addition, such air pockets produce non-uniform pressures and loading discontinuities on the skin, irritating it.
 Finally, many amputees experience a swelling of the stump. When the residuum is in a prosthetic socket the stump tends to contract significantly, and when taken out of the socket the stump tends to expand within minutes of removal. This expansion and contraction of the residuum contributes to the development of air pockets and the generation of obtrusive noises since a sock which may have provided a comfortable fit on the expanded stump becomes a loose fit with air pocket opportunities when the residuum is placed inside the prosthetic socket. In addition, and over time, an amputee's residuum tends to adjust in size, usually shrinking. As these changes occur they increase the tendency for the pistoning effect, described above, to occur. In addition to the embarrassment caused by the sound effects generated by pistoning, cushioned socks which allow or promote air pocket formation quickly wear out and, if not replaced often, lead to lesions, etc. on the residuum.
 Known cushioned residuum sheaths and socks are frequently purely tubular in shape, but may also be conical in shape. In either case, these devices often do not provide a form fit on an amputee's residuum. Further, regardless of whether such sheaths/socks are provided with internal and/or external cushioning material they frequently fail to avoid air pockets. While a stump may generally have a roughly conical or cubical shape there are invariably recessed areas on, e.g., the medial side of the prominent tibia bone. Generally, on the left side of a below knee residual limb, the recessed area will be predominantly on the right side of the tibia bone. There is also typically a smaller recessed area on the left side. For right side residual limbs the predominant recessed area is on the left side of the bone, with smaller recessed areas on the right side. Usually the greatest recess occurs immediately below the patella, on either side. In addition, left side amputees typically have a right side bias to the bony prominence of the below knee stump, and right side amputees have a similar bias to the left side. Conventional tubular or conical elastic socks simply cannot account for these several variable conditions without using extremely high levels of elastic tension which compress the outer-most points along the stump's circumference, causing discomfort and a non-uniform fit.
 Amputees typically attach a prosthetic limb to their residual limb by means of a rigid socket, liner, and a suspension means. The rigid socket is often custom fabricated to match the shape of the intended users residual limb and may be made of thermoplastic or fiber-reinforced thermoset materials, but can also be made from wood, metal, etc. Since such hard materials are generally uncomfortable when in intimate contact with the skin over long periods of time, especially under load bearing conditions, liners and/or prosthetic socks are often used as interface members between the hard socket and the residual limb to increase comfort. Early liners were commonly made of an open cell foam, such as Pelite or Kemblo, but were also made of silicone, urethane, etc., type of materials. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,037 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,132, both incorporated herein by reference. Prosthetic socks, as mentioned above, may be made of wool, cotton, synthetic materials, etc., and amputees tend to prefer liners and socks which are easily changed to facilitate cleaning, to accommodate volume changes in the residual limb, or to accommodate different user activities.
 Suspension systems which help to hold a prosthetic limb in place may or may not be an integral part of the rigid socket and/or liner. Examples of suspension systems include supracondylar or waist belt, joint and corset systems, neoprene or latex sleeves, socket ears which grip the condyles, suction or pin and lock systems such as those where the pin is attached to a liner and the lock is attached to a hard socket, etc. Examples of various suspension systems may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,474, U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,475, U.S. Pat. No. 5,007,937, U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,456, U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,773, U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,774, U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,464, U.S. Pat. No. 5,263,923, U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,497, U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,245, U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,131 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,405, all incorporated herein by reference.
 As block copolymer based prosthetic liners have become increasingly popular, it can be understood that further development of prosthetic liners using such materials would be desirable. The present invention is directed to such a further development.
SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL INVENTIVE CONCEPT
 A prosthetic cushion liner and cushion locking liner of the present invention is designed to enclose at least the portion of a residual limb that will be located in a prosthetic socket. As such, a liner of the present invention generally includes an open end for allowing introduction of the residual limb, and a closed end opposite the open end. The closed end generally abuts and cushions the distal end of the residual limb when the liner is worn. Such a liner may be used by an upper or lower extremity amputee.
 A liner of the present invention is comprised of a polymeric material with a fabric outer covering. As such materials have proven to be especially effective at cushioning and protecting residual limbs while simultaneously providing amputees with a high level of comfort, the polymeric material used in a liner of the present invention is a block copolymer and plasticizing (e.g., mineral) oil gel composition, which may include additional ingredients such as, without limitation, Vitamin E. More particularly, the block copolymer and mineral oil gel compositions used in a liner of the present invention include some amount of J-Series thermoplastic elastomer available from Kuraray America, Inc. in Houston, Tex. The J-Series thermoplastic elastomers incorporate hydrogenated styrenic thermoplastic elastomers and extremely low-hardness gel material to produce a compound that is particularly well-suited for use in a block copolymer and mineral oil gel-based prosthetic liner of the present invention.
 Once constructed, a prosthetic liner of the present invention includes a polymeric material interior and a fabric exterior. When used with a prosthesis, the polymeric material of the liner interior is in contact with the skin of a residual limb and the fabric exterior is in contact with the interior of a prosthetic socket.
 Because the polymeric material of the liner interior will be in contact with the skin of a residual limb when the liner is worn, the polymeric material is preferably smooth and continuous in nature such that there are no seams or other discontinuities that may cause amputee discomfort. A liner of the present invention will typically protect and cushion the entire portion of a residual limb residing in a prosthetic socket.
 While a liner of the present invention may be of the cushion liner variety, other embodiments are constructed as cushion locking liners. To this end, a liner of the present invention may include a docking element (adapter) at the closed (distal) end for facilitating connection of the liner to the socket of a prosthetic limb. Such docking elements may be designed with a special accordion shape that provides for increased comfort when the liner is worn by better conforming to the distal shape of the residual limb.
 A better understanding of a prosthetic liner of the present invention can be gained by review of the following description of several exemplary embodiments thereof, along with the associated accompanying drawing figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
 In addition to the features mentioned above, other aspects of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following descriptions of the drawings and exemplary embodiments, wherein like reference numerals across the several views refer to identical or equivalent features, and wherein:
 FIGS. 1A and 1B show an exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic liner of the present invention;
 FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary prosthetic liner of the present invention having a symmetric polymeric material distribution;
 FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary prosthetic liner of the present invention having an asymmetric polymeric material distribution;
 FIG. 4A is a detailed view in partial transparency of an exemplary docking element located at the closed end of a liner of the present invention; and
 FIG. 4B is a bottom view of the docking element of FIG. 4A.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT(S)
 A first embodiment of a below knee (BK) prosthetic cushion liner 5 of the present invention is depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B and FIGS. 2-3. An exemplary embodiment of a cushion locking liner of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4B, which cushion locking liner may have the same or a similar fabric-gel construction as that shown in FIGS. 1A-1B and FIGS. 2-3. The cushion liner and cushion locking liner of the present invention may be hereinafter referred to simply as a "liner." While the liner shown in the drawing figures is a BK liner, liners of the present invention may also be above knee (AK) liners for use by trans-femoral amputees.
 As shown, the liner 5 includes an open end 10 for permitting insertion of a residual limb, and a closed end 15 opposite the open end. The interior of the liner 5 is comprised of a polymeric material 20 while the exterior of the liner is comprised of fabric 25. The polymeric material 20 of the liner interior will be in contact with the skin of a residual limb when the liner is worn. The fabric 25 of the liner exterior is arranged to be in contact with the interior of a prosthetic socket when the liner is used with a prosthetic limb.
 Because the polymeric material of the liner interior will be in contact with the skin of a residual limb when the liner is worn, the polymeric material is generally smooth and continuous in nature such there are no seams or other discontinuities that may cause amputee discomfort. Typically, the polymeric material will extend completely to the edge of the fabric at the open end of the liner, such that the entire interior surface of the fabric is covered therewith. Alternatively, it is also possible that some length of fabric may remain devoid of polymeric material so as to form a band or cuff of fabric at the open end of the liner. It is preferred, however, that the polymeric material extend along the fabric to a length that is at least equivalent to the depth of a prosthetic socket cavity with which the liner will be used. Consequently, a liner of the present invention will protect and cushion the entire portion of a residual limb residing in a prosthetic socket.
 The fabric portion 20 of a liner of the present invention may be comprised of various fabrics, preferably fabrics that are resistant to the bleed-through of the underlying polymeric material 25. Preferably, but not necessarily, the fabric portion 20 of a liner of the present invention is comprised of a stretch-controlling fabric that is used to control the overall longitudinal elasticity of the liner 5. An explanation of such fabrics and the construction of a liner using such fabrics is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/711,234, filed May 4, 2010, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other useable fabrics may include various stretchable non-woven materials and fiber-on-end fabrics such as Wearforce® composites from Xymid, LLC.
 The polymeric material 25 used in all embodiments of a liner of the present invention is a block copolymer and plasticizing oil gel composition. For example, one preferable plasticizing oil is mineral oil, more preferably a purified mineral oil and, even more preferably, USP grade mineral oil. The gel composition may include other ingredients such as, without limitation, antioxidants, skin conditioning agents, astringents, biocides, medicaments, etc.
 The block copolymer gel compositions used to produce a liner of the present invention include some amount of a Septon J-Series thermoplastic elastomer material available from Kuraray America, Inc. in Houston, Tex. Block copolymer gel compositions used to produce a liner of the present invention may also include some amount of an additional (different) thermoplastic elastomer(s) such as, without limitation, another Septon thermoplastic elastomer. The additional thermoplastic elastomer may function, at least in part, as a detackifying agent.
 The Kuraray J-Series material incorporates hydrogenated styrenic thermoplastic elastomers and extremely low-hardness gel material to produce a composition that is particularly well-suited for use in a block copolymer and mineral oil gel-based prosthetic liner of the present invention. According to the Kuraray website as of the date of this filing, advantageous properties of the J-Series thermoplastic elastomers include: high plasticity; high strength and superior mechanical performance including compression set and tear resistance; high molten liquidity, which is excellent for polymer processing; superior shock-absorption and vibration dampening performance; soft feel; excellent low-temperature properties; and low density/weight savings vs. many other materials. Further exemplary J-Series elastomer properties are provided in the following tables, also obtained from the Kuraray website.
TABLE-US-00001 SEPTON ® J Series Representative Compound Properties Compound 1 (Approximate Compound2 (Approximate hardness 0 <Type A>) hardness 15 <Type A>) Using Using existing Using Using existing SEPTON ® SEPTON ® SEPTON ® SEPTON ® J Series product J Series product Hardness Type A 0 0 14 15 Type C 8 15 43 45 Compression set 40° C. (%) 9 10 11 15 70° C. (%) 59 51 8 27 Impact (%) 36 71 36 57 resilience rate Melt flow rate 160° C., 21N (g/10 min) 34 3 no data no data 160° C., 21N (g/10 min) no data 6 3 1 (Tested by KURARAY CO., LTD.)
TABLE-US-00002 SEPTON J Series Representative Compound Properties Using SEPTON Using Existing Unit J Series SEPTON Product Remarks Hardness (Type A) 0 0 Flexibility, (Shore OO) 14 28 soft feel Impact % 36 71 Shock-absorbing/vibration resilience rate dampening properties Melt flow rate 160 deg. C., 21N g/10 min 34 3 Low melt viscosity 200 deg. C., 21N g/10 min >400 76 High processability Compression set 40 deg. C. % 9 10 Mechanical performance 70 deg. C. % 59 51 on par with existing products (From Kuraray research)
 The resulting block copolymer and plasticizing oil gel composition may have varying degrees of hardness. It has been found, however, that a gel composition having a hardness of between about 15-35 on the Shore 00 scale should provide optimal comfort for most users. The thickness of the polymeric layer of a liner of the present invention is preferably between about 0.150-0.50 inches, but may be thicker in some cases.
 At least three standard geometries may be provided for both the exemplary cushion liners and the exemplary cushion locking liners. These geometries may be a uniform wall (as exemplified in FIG. 2), a tapered wall (as exemplified in FIG. 3), and a contoured wall (not shown). A recessed configuration in which a localized thinning of the gel in the area of the liner that will overlie the back of the knee or the elbow crease is also possible in all liner embodiments.
 The uniform wall cushion and cushion locking liner simply comprise a uniform thickness of gel. Tapered wall cushion liner and cushion locking liners are generally those having a layer of gel which is thicker distally for additional padding (and because most shrinkage of the residual limb occurs at this point of the limb) and thinner proximally (near the open end of the liner) to blend in and interface more easily with the residual limb. The taper may be uniform along both the anterior or posterior sides of the liner, or may be more pronounced along the posterior side (as shown in FIG. 3). Contoured wall cushion liners and cushion locking liners have an uneven distribution of gel throughout to provide cushion effects where needed and, in exemplary embodiments, have a thinner posterior middle and upper to allow maximum range of motion optionally with a thicker distal end both anterior--medial and anterior--later with less thickness in the region between these two areas so as to pad typical bony prominences. Contoured wall liners are often thicker distally and custom shapes can easily be provided to satisfy the individual user.
 Liners of the present invention may also be of multi-layer polymeric construction. Such a construction is described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/407,362, filed Mar. 19, 2009 and 61/037,765, filed Mar. 19, 2008, both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
 Cushion locking liners of the present invention include a docking (attachment) element for connecting the distal end of the liner to the socket of a prosthesis. The docking element may be of various design, as evidenced by the line of locking liners previously and currently available from the assignee, The Ohio Willow Wood Company.
 One particular exemplary embodiment of a docking element 50 of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4B. This docking element 50 includes a metallic threaded T-nut 55 that is attached to the fabric 20 of the liner at the closed end 15 thereof by an overlying and substantially encasing semi-flexible umbrella 70.
 As shown, the T-nut 55 portion of the docking element 50 includes a base portion 60 from which extends a hollow, internally-threaded boss 65. Preferably, at least the interior surface of the base portion 60 of the T-nut 55 is concave so as to better conform to the rounded distal shape of the liner once a residual limb is inserted therein. The threaded boss 65 is provided to receive and retain a like-threaded pin, lanyard connector or other connecting element (not shown) that can be used to attach the liner to a mating docking component associated with a socket of a prosthesis. Such connecting elements are well know to those of skill in the art.
 The encasing umbrella portion 70 of the docking element 50 may be comprised of polyurethane, which bonds to the fabric at the closed end of the liner and secures the T-nut 55 in position thereon. It may also be possible to substitute a hard silicone rubber or another similar material for the umbrella 70. The design of this umbrella 70 differs from known designs in that this umbrella is preferably provided with an accordion configuration. That is, as best shown in FIGS. 4A-4B, the umbrella 70 has a stepped configuration 75 that allows for a slight collapse or compression of the umbrella as the weight of an amputee presses the closed end of an associated liner into the bottom of the prosthetic socket. By allowing for a slight collapse or compression of the umbrella 70, the docking element 50 is able to better conform to the shape of a residual limb, thereby providing increased comfort for amputees. Other locking liners may use an umbrella of other than the depicted accordion configuration, such as an umbrella of smooth configuration.
 Liners of the present invention may be donned by inversion and rolling such that the polymeric material does not drag against the skin. In this manner, the cushioning polymeric material encloses the limb and/or device without sliding or friction. The fabric exterior slides against itself, preventing the sticking together of the polymeric material. Therefore, no lubricant, talcum powder, etc. is required during donning. A liner of the present invention may be doffed (removed) by simply unrolling it from the residual limb.
 If desired, the polymeric material may include antioxidants such as Vitamins A, B and C or any other antioxidants commonly used in polymers and which can weep out on a time release basis. In addition, skin conditioning agents may be added to the polymeric material to soothe the skin during wear. Such skin conditioners may include mineral oil, baby oil, etc., which may be added to the polymeric material prior to its application to the fabric. Astringents, biocides, medicaments, etc., may be added or applied to the polymeric material to prohibit infection, heal sores on the residuum, etc.
 Manufacturing of a liner of the present invention obviously involves application of the polymeric material to the fabric. This process may occur by dipping, spraying, brushing, rolling, etc. Preferably, but not necessarily, liners of the present invention are manufactured by compression molding using a female die cavity, and a male mold core over which the fabric is placed before insertion of the core into the cavity. It may be possible to similarly produce a liner of the present invention by injection molding.
 While certain embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above, the scope of the invention is not to be considered limited by such disclosure, and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention as evidenced by the following claims:
Patent applications by Christopher T. Kelley, Grandview Heights, OH US
Patent applications by James M. Colvin, Hilliard, OH US
Patent applications by The Ohio Willow Wood Company
Patent applications in class Cushioning means (e.g., pad or liner, etc.)
Patent applications in all subclasses Cushioning means (e.g., pad or liner, etc.)