United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
The major environmental highlight of the past decade was the
1992 UNCED, or Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Africa played a
major role both during the process leading up to UNCED and at the conference
itself. The region, through the OAU, presented the African Common Position on
Environment and Development, which highlighted the region's environment and
development priorities. The environmental challenges facing Africa and the rest
of the world were articulated by the then UN Secretary-General, Butros Butros
Ghali, at the opening of UNCED (see Box 1.4).
Perhaps the most defining decision of the 1992 Earth Summit
was the granting of equal footing, in the Rio Declaration, to both the environment
and to development. This was a significant departure from the 1972 Stockholm
Conference, which gave prominence to the environment, despite its groundbreaking
decisions on political, social and economic issues. While the Stockholm Conference
defined an environmental right, the Earth Summit not only reaffirmed this right,
but also balanced it with 'the right to development', which it said must be
fulfilled 'to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present
and future generations'. This reaffirmation echoes the 1991 Abuja Treaty Establishing
the African Economic Community (see Box 1.5), which sets
out Africa's obligations towards natural resources and development.
|Box 1.4 A turning point in global environment and
'It is indeed an historic conference. Possibly, future generations
will call it a turning point, a moment in history when a major
correction was introduced in the process of the industrial
revolution which started, less than 200 years ago, to transform
so profoundly conditions on our planet ... While the environment
is an emerging new and very serious problem, we must not forget
that development is still the highest priority and an unreached
UN Secretary-General, Butros Butros Ghali, opening the 1992
|Box 1.5 Abuja Treaty-Article 58 (Environment)
'Member states undertake to promote a healthy environment.
To this end, they shall adopt national, regional and continental
policies, strategies and programmes and establish appropriate
institutions for the protection and enhancement of the environment.
For purposes of paragraph 1 of this article, member states
shall take the necessary measures to accelerate the reform
and innovation process leading to ecologically rational, economically
sound and socially acceptable development policies and programmes.'
Source: OAU 1991
At the Earth Summit, the eradication of poverty was identified as an indispensable
requirement for sustainable development, in order to decrease the disparities
in standards of living and to better meet the needs of most people in the world.
The Earth Summit also called for:
- elimination of unsustainable patterns of production and consumption;
- enhancement of the development, adaptation, diffusion and transfer of technologies,
including new and innovative technologies;
- recognition that environmental issues are best handled with the participation
of all concerned citizens at the relevant level;
- enactment of effective environmental legislation;
- implementation of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) before projects
- recognition of the vital role women play in environmental management and
the need to ensure their full participation;and
- recognition of the vital role of indigenous people and their communities,
and of other local
communities, in environmental management.
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