§ 15. Revolution 1848-1849 biennium in the Austrian Empire
and the Ukrainian national liberation movement
Remember: 1. What were the main achievements of the first
and second stages of the Ukrainian national movement in the Western lands?
2. What are the features of third
phase of the national movement? 3. What is
1. Features of the Ukrainian National
movement in the Revolution 1848-1849 biennium
In February, 1848 France
Revolution broke out that quickly spread to the German and Italian
state, the Austrian Empire. "Spring of Nations", as contemporaries called it, had
as common features and peculiarities of each country. In multinational
Austrian Empire, this feature was the combination of anti-
absolutism of national-liberation movements.
Lands in the West
the "spring people" acquire a Ukrainian movement characteristics that appear in the third,
sense formation of nation's political stage. The main issues that they tried to solve
during the events of the western Ukrainian, were peasants and the national. Need
rid of the remnants of serfdom, serfdom first became imperative
socio-economic development of the region. However, in view of the awakening
national consciousness of Polish and Ukrainian had to solve the problem
streamlining the legal status of both nations in terms of coexistence within
one imperial province. Awakening of national feelings Western
Ukrainian caused requiring territorial demarcation and providing
Ukrainian Competition for their rights under
the "spring people" headed the Greek Catholic clergy. Persuasion
clergy of the need to maintain the Habsburgs, since only this gives
opportunity to gain an advantage over the Poles and Hungarians, caused conservative
nature of the Ukrainian national liberation movement during the revolutionary events.
Event 40-ies. Nineteenth century. at Western
2. The beginning of the revolutionary events in Eastern
As a result of the March uprising
1848 Vienna government go in the strength of the Chancellor Metterniha was retired.
Under the pressure of the revolutionary government has announced new requirements of democratic freedoms,
allowed to separate the edges of the empire to form their own groups "National Guard"
for their protection and announced to general elections to the first Reichstag
which was to adopt new laws.
When the news of Vienna event
Received Galicia, first to act Poles. They appealed to
Emperor to demand restoration of the empire of Polish statehood.
Galicia Poles considered exclusively Polish land, ignoring the presence of the Ukrainian
majority of the population in its eastern part. It is from Galicia they planned
start restoring its statehood.
In order to attract to their side
Ukrainian peasantry Poles, trained experience revolt of 1846, nominated
demand the abolition of serfdom. Join their claims, they suggested
leaders of the Galician Ruthenians. But when the last proposal put forward to include
petition requirement that schools in Galicia near the Polish should
use Ukrainian, Poles rebelled. "There is no Russia, there is Poland, -
they mourned - and Ruthenian language is only a dialect of Polish language! "In this way,
Galician Rusyns expounded what it means for them Poles proclaimed motto
"Equality and brotherhood for all nations."
April 13 in Lviv Poles
announced the founding peoples of the Central Council, which was to become the future
Polish government. Along with this they polish zahodylysya create county
Council and to form the National Guard. Unpleasant surprise to the Poles
was that they ignored Rusyns created May 2, 1848 Home
Ruthenian Council - a body of public self Galician Ruthenians. Its
appearance denied claims Poles represent all the people of Galicia.
The emergence of the Supreme Ruthenian Council was Finally the development
Ukrainian national movement in the Western lands. First Ukrainian
created their own representative body that put forward a political program.
3. Addressing the peasant question
The revolutionary wave of 1848
forced the Austrian government close approach to solving problems and peasant
eliminate remnants of feudal relations. The first farmers will have received
Transcarpathia. In Hungary, part of which included the land, it happened before
in other parts of the empire. March 18, three days after the beginning of the revolution
Hungarian Diet passed a law on agrarian reform. Skasovuvalasya boon to
peasants who were land owners, was to go third of the treated
land. Thus it was to be carried out free of charge, as compensation for landowners
paid by the state. These events had a significant impact on farmers in other regions
Governor Earl Galicia Franz Stadium (1806-1853) decided
take the initiative in the liberation of the peasants. This resulted in his desire
nullify settlements Poles to support the Ukrainian peasants and attract
them to the side of the Habsburgs. April 22, one day before the publication of the adopted
the Vienna Polish project, the Governor announced the cancellation
serfs and peasants ownership of the land they cultivated. Changes in position
Galician peasants took place five months earlier than in other parts
Empire. Actions Stadion were subsequently approved by the emperor, because with this
increased confidence Galician peasants to the Habsburgs.
In the summer of 1848 when
peasant unrest roiling Bukowina, the Viennese government decision of August 9
extended to these lands to the laws adopted on the peasants of Galicia. At the same time
decisions about the peasants, in order to appease landowners were
announced that they will receive compensation for loss of labor and land.
Size portions, which are now owned, were so meager that
Most could barely feed a small family. Of the total cultivated
land farmers in Eastern Galicia were 56%, Transcarpathia - 30%
Bucovina - 46%. Insolvable problem remaining easements - forests and
pastures that were previously jointly owned by farmers and landowners. OfNow farmers can use them only if
paying landowners for a right under the "voluntary" agreements. Actually
easements are the property of their landlords. The fight for the return of villagers continued servitude
up to 1914
However, in general, even these relatively
inconsistent, changes had a positive impact on farmers. As a result of imperial
peasant reform was eliminated remnants of old ties between peasant and
landowner. Farmers have civil rights (moving from one location
elect and be elected), won the land. Now with free
the peasant had to be considered because there was a significant factor
social and political life.
4. Supreme Ruthenian Council Activities
Supreme Ruthenian Council consisted of
30 members, among whom one half were representatives of the Greek Catholic
clergy, another - the secular intelligentsia. On her initiative in Eastern Galicia
was established 12 regional and 50 local councils. Have installed contacts
Ukrainian Bukovina and Transcarpathia. By decision of the board was organized by Ukrainian
National Guard, and to fight against Subcarpathian Hungarian
rebels - People's Self-Defense troops and battalions of mountain shooters.
The first chairman of the Council was elected bishop Gregory
Ukrainian church and
social and political activist Gregory Yakhimovich played a prominent role in Ukrainian
national revival in eastern Galicia. He, in the words of historians, was
"Spiritual ruler of the Ukrainian state."
Theological education received Yakhimovich
in Vienna, while the priest of St.. Barbara in Vienna, continuing
training. He obtained the degree of doctor of theology, philosophy and free
Art. After returning to Galicia worked as a professor and rector
Lviv National University. In 1841-1848 he was a bishop - Assistant
Metropolitan of Lviv M. Levitsky. During the 1848 Revolution gathered
those who initiated the creation of a separate Ukrainian local authority
government to deal with Polish influences in Galicia - Main
Ruthenian Council. Yakhimovich participated in the Council of Russians scientists. He sought
introduction of teaching in schools in Eastern Galicia the Ukrainian language, speaking
for using the Ukrainian language during church sermons. Yakhimovich,
Selected one of the MPs from Galicia to the first General-
constitutional Reichstag, has consistently defended the right of the Ukrainian population
Galicia, the defense became the mother tongue, demanded preservation of the Orthodox Church
Since 1848 Yakhimovich was
Peremyshl bishop since 1860 - Metropolitan of Lviv. Author of numerous
sermons, theological works, speeches on the plight of the Ukrainian population
Basic requirements Galician Rusyns
that they tried to implement the Supreme Ruthenian Council, was first formulated in
petition addressed to the emperor, representatives handed the Greek Catholic clergy
Governor Stadium. It, inter alia, proclaimed the necessity of such
Ukrainian language in schools and office land;
Ukrainian, as well as for the Poles, equal opportunities to hold government posts;
rights of the Greek Catholic clergy and representatives of other religions;
government positions in eastern Galicia only those officials who have
Along with these requirements quite
contained assurances of loyalty Galician Ukrainian Habsburgs.
In the first issue of organ
Supreme Ruthenian Council newspaper "Dawn Galician", released May 15, contained
appeal to the Galician Ruthenians.
On appeal the Supreme Ruthenian
Council to the Ruthenian people, published May 15, 1846 In early
newspaper Dawn Galician "
"We, the Galician Ruthenians belong to
great Rus people, one who speaks the language, makes 15 million, with
which pivtretya million Galician land dwellers. He was once an independent nation,
rivnyavs in the glory of the mightiest nations of Europe, had a literary language,
their own statutes, its own princes, in a word: he was in prosperity and power.
Because of adverse conditions and different political calamity slowly disintegrated our great
people lose their independence, and his princes came under alien domination.
Such misfortune sklonyly with time
many can be masters of the Ruthenian rite err from their fathers, and with them
vyrektysya Ruthenian language and vidtsuratysya of their people, and changing the ordinance but not
could change nationality but not stopped Ruthenian blood in their veins to swim ...
But like everything in the world with time expiring,
as annoying in winter spring is coming, yes, brothers, and this sad state of change
through the constitution. It is a great law, it is a great benefit - is sun as
all Rusyns and risen to a full life and roused us. Budyatsya under
those sun-educated people, far and neighboring rises before our eyes on
Polish nationality of our country ... Is awakened and our beautiful lion and Ruthenian
we pryshlist witchcraft. Get up, brethren, rise from your sleep long because
is time. Stand up, not to disagree, shall remove together to raise the nation
and ensure our freedom given to us ... that we did not disgrace himself before the world
and not dragged over the generations these complaints. Coming from other nations
in love and harmony. Let us be what we can and should be. Cheers people. Perepoyeni
feelings of nationality in this intention and we will work together in such
1. Our first task will be
keep the faith and put our ceremony ... along with the rights of other ceremonies.
2. Develop our nationality in
all directions: perfection of our language, its introduction in schools of higher and lower,
publishing magazines ... competition to have our language in all public institutions
3. We will keep our
constitutional rights to know the needs of our people and seek ways to
correct his life on the constitution ... "
Judge: 1. As specified in the proclamation of national
Galician Ruthenians belong? 2. That
shows the desire of the Supreme Ruthenian Council to act, keeping loyalty
Habsburgs and the only constitutional means. 3. Describe the tasks set for a Home
Moderate character requirements
Supreme Ruthenian Council hosted Austrians. Galician officers from the Governor
Council contacts, hoping to use it as opposed to Polish influences.
Later, the Poles said that Stadion "invented Rusyns" in order to prevent
them. Among the demands of the Ukrainian Galician gained widespread support.
Supreme Ruthenian Council in the first
Nineteenth century. updated the traditional Ukrainian symbols. His honors she
made the emblem of princes Romanovich - picture golden lion on blue
background, as in the Galicia-Volyn principality at the time of Prince Danilo Galician
and his son Leo. Thanks to the efforts of the Council in July 1848 was founded
Galician-Ruthenian dam. This community cared about the publication of cheap books
for the people of Ukrainian. In October of that year in Lviv was convened congress
men of science - scientists Ruthenian Church, which was attended by about 100
participants. Among the most important results of this authoritative collection was
decisions based Ukrainian language should be the national language, and
need to use Slavic Cyrillic, not Latin alphabet. Then in
Lviv National started building the house with a large library and museum.
During the 1848-1849 biennium weekly the first newspaper "Dawn Galician.
The Council of 1849 University of L'viv was opened chair
Ukrainian language and literature, led Holovatsky.
To weaken the activity of the Main
Ruthenian Council Poles tried to find supporters among the Ruthenians. The initiative
Peoples of the Central Council was held May 23 meeting of the Polish gentry Rusyn
origin (Rusyn Polish nation "), which formed the Ruthenian Church. Its purpose
was to direct the Ukrainian national liberation movement in Galicia for
Poles. The right to self-Ukrainian members of the national development
organizations objected. Council published the newspaper "Rus' Diary" Latin
type, which was to become a counterweight to "Dawn Galician. Among the Galician
Ukrainian Ruthenian church activity had no success.
Enhancing national controversy
and blatant disregard for human Ukrainian Poles led to changes in requirements
Supreme Ruthenian Council. June 9 Council first addressed the emperor with a request
the division of Galicia into Polish and Ukrainian parts of two separate
administrations. This idea of delegation advocated for the first Slavic
Congress, which then met in Prague.
5. Ukrainian issues in Slavic
Congress in Prague
Arena convergence Slavic
nations, which first appeared as independent and equal nation with its
requirements, was the first Slavic Congress held in June 1848 in
Initiated the convening of Congress
became leaders of the Czech national movement. They sought to unite the Slavic
nations around the Habsburg Empire restructuring its program to
federation of free and equal Slavic peoples. From their Galicia
Congress sent representatives to the Supreme Ruthenian Council, Central Council of the peoples
and Ruthenian Church. Representatives in Congress last vidrekomenduvalysya as
unique Ukrainian Galician plenipotentiaries. It was one of the reasons
sharp dispute between the three delegations about who has the right to represent
Galicia. Only mediation helped to unite the owners of Congress
representatives of these three organizations into one Galician-Ruthenian section.
Nevertheless, the discussion
Ukraine-Polish relations in Galicia immediately aroused among the members section
new disputes. Representatives of the Supreme Ruthenian Council demanded separation
Galicia to the Polish and Rusyn province. Against this were the delegates from
Central Council and the peoples of Rus Cathedral. It took another intervention
owners to reach a compromise. The result was concluded June 7
agreement between the Ukrainian and Polish delegations called Ukrainian demands in
Galicia, which proclaimed:
equal rights to
use of Ukrainian and Polish-language schools and institutions of Galicia
formation of separate schools for Ukrainian and Polish, teaching in higher
edge education in both languages;
Rights of representatives of all nationalities and religions;
Joint National Guard, a joint managing authority and the joint
political equality was to be guaranteed by the constitution to general;
Galicia into two provinces, which caused the most acute controversy had to be
transferred to the General-address the Reichstag.
All provisions of the agreement
packaged for joint request of the Congress delegates to the emperor. On behalf of
Ukrainian and Polish it expressed a requirement common in Galicia
Regional Government, before convening to elect a local constitutional zahalnoavstriyskoho
Diet and adopt the electoral law that would guarantee equitable representation
two people of Galicia. In this document the first time since the beginning of the revolutionary events
requirement was revised combined Polish and Ukrainian formed on the basis of
mutual respect for national rights.
Sorry to put life in general
had. Congress stopped working when the Austrians started shelling Prague. In
Galicia, Austrian officials have made efforts to udaremnyty achieved
understanding between the Ukrainian and Polish. Prague agreement remained only in
Nineteenth century. evidence of the feasibility of the Polish-Ukrainian compromise
on an equal footing.
6. The first experience of parliamentary activity
Elections to the Reichstag (lower
General-new Chamber of Parliament) in Galicia and Bukovina were
during June 1848 For most Rusyns elections were a matter of a new and
incomprehensible. Polish nobility, trying to prevent the Ukrainian
representatives in parliament, resorted to threats, fraud, forgery
bulletins, etc.. Have made great efforts and by promoting their candidates,
As a result, with 100 seats to
Reichstag, set in Galicia, Ruthenians took only 39 and from 8 places
Bucovina - 5. Among all five members Bukovynian were peasants,
among the Galician - 27 farmers and 9 representatives of the Greek Catholic clergy.
Despite the lack of experience and
unfavorable conditions (lack of knowledge of German, which were conducted meeting
forced to use the services of interpreters, the disdain of the wealthy
strata) peasant deputies adequately represent the interests of Ukrainian
meetings. During the negotiation of the abolition of serfdom, they categorically rejected
possibility of recovery of compensation for it from the peasants.
The real sensation in the
Reichstag became the first ever Ukrainian parliamentary speech, which made
farmer John Kapuschak. Strongly condemning the centuries-old oppression of the peasants, he
stated that landowners have no right to seek redemption obligations,
as there were farmers from all that could. Instead of 100 days set
serfdom they forced farmers practicing 300 days a year. For this, consider
Kapuschak must pay landowners to peasants, and not vice versa. "Carrot and
lash that obvyvalysya around our heads and our weary body - finished
he his remarks - that they have enough, let it be for them and for our redemption! "
This passionate speeches delivered in German, raised in Parliament wave
applause. But Conservative MPs gained majority decision that
farmers must pay landowners compensation for the emancipation of serfs.
Sharp disagreements caused entered
to the Reichstag deputies Rusyn September 3 issue of administrative
Galicia division. Consideration of his prior reports, made four Ukrainian
notes on features of the national situation in the province. Poles strongly
opposed this, declaring that the Ukrainian - is "an artificial nation.
Ukrainian assistance received from the Czechs. "Respect the national aspirations of the
people - rejected applications Polish Czech Franciszek Rieger - still persecuted
as Poles and Russians, and called for an independent existence. "
support of their claims in the land, the Supreme Ruthenian Council initiated assembly 200 thousand
signatures for the division of Galicia into two separate provinces. Parliamentary debate
this issue lasted several months. Finally, a compromise was reached
decision on which belonged to redistribute the province into two ethnic created
principle samoupravni Districts. However, realizing these plans was not.
The first experience of parliamentary activity
7. Vasily Podolynsky and his "Word
Development of Ukrainian
national liberation movement during the revolutionary events of 1848-1849 biennium induced
many think it over the long run. During this time, Galician
Rusyns were able to prove that right to their own independent existence. But
as it will in the future, consensus was not. Supreme Ruthenian Council
repeatedly proves his loyalty to the Habsburgs, however, rely on
their support of the Ukrainian movement in the future was not worth it. Rusyns were interested
Vienna as a means of countering the Polish claims. But those who knew it could not
find common language with the Poles, who saw the Ruthenian obstacle created
Austrians towards the restoration of the Commonwealth.
New landmarks in Ukrainian
national liberation movement of Galician rural lands tried to draw
priest Vasily Podolynsky(1815-1876). He became the first spokesman at Western ideas
gained political independence of Ukraine as a unified democratic republic.
His thoughts expressed in Podolynsky
Labour "A word of caution," published in Polish in 1848 Author
analyzed four possible directions of the Ukrainian movement (Polish,
Austrian, Galician and Moscow) and concluded that none of them
create opportunities for full development of Galician Ruthenians, and therefore
Ukrainian Galician save from death can only national association with
Dnipro Ukrainian cathedral in a single sovereign state. Political ideal became independent by
Ukraine in connection Slavic federal democratic republic.The value of the appearance of this idea in the mid-nineteenth century. prospects for further
Ukrainian movement can not be overstated. It was further evidence
Ukrainians in the advancement towards a modern Ukrainian statehood.
8. Eastern Galicia in the closing stages
"Spring of Peoples
Spring 1848 in the Empire
Habsburg again intensified the revolutionary movement. It became the center of Hungary,
which proclaimed its independence, actually took a course on the separation of
Empire. October 6 in Vienna also erupted in support of the Hungarian uprising
revolutionaries. The news of October the battles in the capital of the empire led to growth
tensions in. Zalunaty appeals follow the example of revolutionary
Vienna. Preparations for the uprising in Ukraine began figures Polish Central
Council peoples. They would, following the example of Hungarian Revolutionaries
make a rebellion, backed by Polish troops trytysyachni National Guard.
But the unanimous support of this idea is not received even in the Polish community.
Supreme Ruthenian Council categorically rejected the joint action with the Poles.
The situation in Ukraine in the meantime
escalating. In late October day is passed without further trouble Polish troops
National Guard of Austria. When November 1st Austrian
troops occupied all important points in the city and during the next battle
opened fire, rebellion broke out. Poland contributed to the brave
radical students and Ruthenian burghers. In Lviv, the streets were
Austrian forces placed on
surrounding hills and 2 November guns began shelling
center. As a result of this barbaric action destroyed the Town Hall,
University and its library, theater, Polytechnic Academy. Human loss
were over 100 dead and wounded. There was a fire. Inside
day rebels cease their resistance. Figures of the peoples of the Central Council have signed the certificate
capitulation. Austrians declared in a state of siege. Several hundred rebels
were seized and given to the field courts. Polish National Guard
dissolved, all newspapers (except government) closed. The activity of all political
organizations, including the Supreme Ruthenian Council and Central Council of the peoples,
banned. November 14 edition of the activities of the first and "Dawn Galician was
allowed, albeit with some restrictions.
Heads of the Supreme Ruthenian Council
approved the "restore order" in the city. Position Rusyn leaders during
Lviv Uprising demonstrated their support of Vienna's traditional government and
conservative in their views. But to understand the positions of need
know the historical realities of Eastern Galicia. Galicians felt his weakness and
feared that cause the absorption of Poles support their last. Because of
This orientation to support the Austrians, whose power during the "spring people" in
Galicia moved and are looking for new allies to give perspective to
the Ukrainian movement.
Suppression of Lviv and Vienna
rebellions was evidence of conversion to the offensive return of the old fans
orders of the empire. Most bitter opponent of Rusyns became the new governor of Galicia
Count Agenor Honuhovskyy, who led the province in the 1849-1859 biennium Exactly
his opposition to attempts to finally udaremnyla Galician Ukrainian redistribute
province and unite it with the Ukrainian part of Transcarpathia.
Governor A. Goluchowski Vienna regarding the possibility of unification of Transcarpathia
from Eastern Galicia
"It (the Supreme Ruthenian Council .- Auto.)
adding the request of the clergy and people of Rus comitates Northern Hungary
requests to join from Ruthenian comitates this part of Galicia in one piece, with the sole
Constitutional formation, the only legislation, and the only government authorities ...
Penetrated the desire to unite with similar people, and if it
request would be granted and Ruthenians as a result of its national development
current hierarchical relationships would become stronger, in this case unless
present, and certainly, future generations would be applied to related
peoples who live under the scepter of Russia, to create a single strong
public body. Then Galicia Ruthenian part of education and material progress
culture would be a focus of deceptions and measures aimed at breaking
hierarchical power clergy, and the above-mentioned association of nations. Shorter
speaking, could begin the same struggle for Russia, which for many years
intermittently, but with iron perseverance is for the revival of free and
independent Poland. "
Judge: 1. What are the implications of combining land,
Ukrainian-inhabited, provided the Governor? 2. Can I assume, based on this document Goluchowski
On his initiative in 1851
Main Rus Council was dissolved. All of provincial governor
handed over to the Poles, who took the Germans on the higher civil service positions. But
any attempts to restore Polish independence or autonomy within
Empire One could not say. Actions Austrian authorities in Galicia have confirmed fears
those who did not trust them before.
9. Peasant movement
1848-1849 biennium caused activation of the peasant movement
Western lands. Contributed to this limited peasant reform
1848 Refusal to pay farmers compensation for former owners
serfdom and the struggle for Servitude forests and pastures have acquired while mass
character. To suppress these statements the government used military force.
The changes contributed to the situation of peasants
increase their political awareness. Natural performances were not the only form
resistance to tyranny peasants landowners. Evidence of increasing authority in Galicia
Supreme Ruthenian Council and its local branches has been continued growth
number of peasant appeals to her. The Council is concerned about these appeals
urged farmers through Zorya Galician "to be patient, repeatedly applied
the Reichstag and the Viennese government's violations of peasant rights. Servitude case
Council proposed to solve the transfer of forest and pasture in rural property. But
All these proposals remain unanswered. Evidence of growing political
activity of the peasantry was also elected 32 members from rural Eastern
Galicia and Bukovina to the Austrian Reichstag. It was the largest peasant
representation from all provinces of the empire.
Summer 1848 increased
peasant movement in Transcarpathia. Although the peasant reform began in these lands
earlier than other regions, peasants were dissatisfied with its implementation.
Landowners actually sabotaged the law on the abolition of serfdom, took
forests and pastures. In many places outraged villagers refused to perform
serfdom. "You know - said villagers - what happened in Poland (discussed rebellion
1846 Galicia .- Auto.)? There
interrupted all gentlemen, and there is a need to do. "
The largest scale peasant movement
acquired in late 1848 - early 1849 North Bukovina.
Organizers of peasant protests were elected from these constituencies MPs
Reichstag. At the request of villagers, they arranged meetings where he reported on his
fight for their rights in the Reichstag. Popular among farmers enjoyed
leader gutsulskih riots 1843-1844 biennium, the Reichstag deputy Lukyan Kobylytsya.
About this legendary leader
Bukovynian peasants survived many transfers, but very little reliable
information. We know that in 27 years of age he already had its authority in
farmers, for which they chose filly authorized representative of their interests
to the landowner. In 1843 some unrest grew into a revolt among
leaders whose name was first mentioned Lukian filly. The materials of the investigation
appearance remained description insurgent leader. Lukyan as an investigator wrote, "was
intelligent man with a facial expression ... Big black swift eyes, aquiline
good nose, black and beautiful Spanish vusok beard gave him a notable
Spanish grandee. He answered with great dignity and emphasized that "forests
our ", and that Hutsuls Didych charge improper contribution. By participating in riots
Filly was beaten with staves and jailed.
After the liberation of rebel guzul
again attempted uprising. Attempt was unsuccessful, and the filly
arrested. Start the 1848 Revolution he met in prison. After
release, when elections to the Reichstag, the villagers elected their counsel
In the Reichstag illiterate
farmers who did not know German, it was difficult, however he did not dumb
witnessed events. With the officers it was an appeal to government agencies,
demanded the abolition of serfdom without any compensation. When the emperor
dissolved the Reichstag, Kobylytsya returned home and continued to fight for rights
peasants. He gathered the villagers showed them his deputy certificate with a seal
(Its influence was almost magical) and said that his friend - the Emperor gave
him all power over Bukovina. Now, say "governor" of Bukovina, all forests
pasture, and land owned by farmers.
With his armed squads
supporters went Kobylytsya Bukovynian villages and cast out thence Austrian
officials and landowners, the land transferred to farmers. Rise quickly
spread. Consequently, in autumn 1848 Austrians were forced to
send to Bukovina significant military units. Over the head of the live or
dead filly award was announced in one thousand gold, but it is not
helped. Only in April 1850 leader of the rebels seized. After
long investigation, accompanied by torture, he fell ill and heavily
end of October 1851 died.
The image of the half from
hero, who combined humor, good luck with the desire to protect people from
offenders, will forever remain in legends and tales of Bukovina.
During appearances in rural
Bukovina evidence began to appear natural awakening of national consciousness Ukrainian population in the province. In
Investigators for gutsulskih riots mention is that the villagers demanded
allow them to create their own expense to train school children in their native language. Landowner-Romanians
attempted to achieve separation from Galicia and Bukovina its transformation into
separate crown land with its own administration. Peasant deputies were
against it. Petition was organized by farmers on Bukovynian
leaving their country of Galicia as part of one province. Convened a
November 1848 the initiative of the peasants - the Reichstag Deputies Meeting
representatives of all the land of peasant communities also wished to Bukovina
was with Galicia. However, the imperial government ignored the desire of the people. By
Constitution 1849 Bukovina became a separate crown land. Because of
that she actually came under Romanian boyars.
10. Ukrainian national liberation movement
in our region during the period of "spring people"
During the 1848-1849 biennium
revolution swept Transcarpathia. Initially welcomed Subcarpathian Ruthenians
Hungarian revolution, laying the hope that it will help them gain their autonomy
land within the new Hungary. However, after the overthrow of the Habsburg dynasty
Revolution leaders denied the right of peoples to self neuhorskyh. It
the main reason that the Subcarpathian Ruthenians did not support the Hungarian
rebels and abide Habsburgs.
The evidence of a politicization
Ukrainian national movement in Transcarpathia was promoting the idea of unification
Transcarpathia from Eastern Galicia and Bukovina in a separate administrative autonomous
unit empire. The first publicly spoke about the need to implement this
priest Alexander Dukhnovych
This Transcarpathin scientist worthy
continued to fight their predecessors by national and cultural rights Ruthenians.
In his creative works - literary, works with education,
philosophy and history. The main business of his life he considered a Dukhnovych
fundamental work on the history of Subcarpathian Rusyns, but was able to publish
only its main provisions in separate articles. The reason for this interference were
Austrian officials, as in the work of the scientist raised the issue that is not
in the interests of the empire.
His view of history
Transcarpathian Rusyns Dukhnovych expressed in the article "State of Rusyns in Hungary,
published in 1849 in "Star Galicia. Much of the credit was a scientist
that he not only dared to show the oppressed position of Rusyns, but
expressed his vision of how it should be improved.
After the revolution Dukhnovych
continued efforts to Rusyns "left a deep sleep. In
1850-1852 biennium he organized the release of three literary anthologies "Congratulations
Rusyn, Galician in journals published many articles about life Transcarpathians,
wrote textbooks and literary works. One had to really not only love
his people, but also have personal courage to prosecution under
Hungarian authorities in the 50-ies state:
was, ECM and will,
was born Rusin,
my rod not forget
These words have found a path to the heart
Transcarpathians and were a national anthem, which is known throughout the land;
appeal to those who united all those who opposed Magyarization Ruthenians.
The multi-faceted activities Duhnovicha promoted the inclusion of Transcarpathian Rusyns in
single stream of national revival of the Slavic peoples.
Ruthenian lands Dukhnovych advanced in article "State of Rusyns in Hungary.
The legitimacy of this act Dukhnovych pokriplyuvav that both sides of the Carpathian Rusyns
Mountains belong to one nation. Scientists have warned that if further Rusyns
remain disconnected, it can lead to their absorption of other nations.
The fight for National policies and cultural
rights of their people also Transcarpathin led scholars, social, political and
Culture and Education Worker Adolf
Dobriansky acquired technical education and
worked as an engineer in the Czech Republic, where he can see the political disempowerment
Slavic peoples and closer with the Czech and Slovak "adherents." Of
which he took over the idea of Slavic unity.
After the revolution Dobriansky
returned to the Carpathians. At first he supported the Hungarian revolution, but it
views differed significantly from the attitude towards the national issues leading
Hungarian Revolution. Then Dobriansky, with DUHNOVICHA, established relationships
with the Supreme Ruthenian Council and began the struggle for land in association Rusyn
single administrative entity.
Dobriansky joined the fight
Hungarian revolution against the Habsburgs. At a critical time for yourself Austrian
emperor was forced to seek the assistance of the Russian emperor. In
July 1849 Russian troops crossed the Carpathian Mountains. The Austrian government
Dobriansky assigned to them as his representative. Hungarian revolution by
Russian assistance was suppressed. Probably under the impression these events Dobriansky
began to think that Russia is the force that can help Rusyns
protect against Magyarization. Even the Habsburgs had to look it
assistance. This was the pretext for future charges Dobriansky that
he began a Russophile, or moskvofilskyy, the direction in policy-
Transcarpathia life. However Dobriansky should evaluate the positions of the time
historical reality. In the absence of Ukrainian statehood orientation
Slavic Orthodox Russia it was considered the most realistic way to protect
Magyarization and stick a catholic faith of Transcarpathian Rusyns.
After the "spring people"
Dobriansky did not stop their struggle. For this he used his
Transcarpathia's seat of the Hungarian Parliament. However, the
Dobriansky repeated statements from the parliamentary rostrum Hungarian officials
answered that there is no other nation, except Hungarian. Despite different
evaluation Dobriansky, in the second half of the nineteenth century. its contribution to
formation of national consciousness Transcarpathian Rusyns in years "spring people"
is very significant.
In January 1849 led
Dobriansky zakarpatska delegation handed over a petition demanding the emperor
combine eastern Galicia and Transcarpathia in a single political and administrative
whole. Shortly Transcarpathians sent to Vienna, another delegation. During
meeting with her emperor promised to meet the demands of Rusyns, but not the words
kept. Rusyn meager concession to the requirements of a permit for the Vienna
create autonomous Ruses District (district) of Rusyn-inhabited lands
Hungarian Centre in Uzhgorod. However, in 1860 it eliminated.
Although reunification and Transcarpathia
Eastern Galicia realize no luck, it showed a new level
western Ukrainian political consciousness. Was expressed for the first time during the spring of nations "
she later found more and more supporters at Western.
In Northern Bukovina during the "spring
Peoples Ukrainian national liberation movement had enough of their own base
for development. In countries that are unfolding Romanian national revival, to
which was to join Bukovina Romanian lands and the establishment of their state.
Lack of the national elite vadyla growth of national consciousness
11. Results and historical significance
revolutionary events of 1848-1849 biennium at Western
Spring in nature -
short-term season. Events "spring people" took place in West
lands as long, but the effects were significant. The most important achievements in
social sphere are the abolition of serfdom and the implementation of the constitutional
During the revolutionary events
Western Ukrainian first gained recognition of their nationality. All
political force, voluntarily or forced to acknowledged the existence in these lands
Ukrainian people with its national aspirations. A decisive contribution in
This was the first in the nineteenth century. Ukrainian political organization -
Supreme Ruthenian Council. Her leadership adhered to, as noted above,
conservative views. However, this did not prevent it to play its historical
role - to unite Rusyns become a leader and advocate for their rights. What
Western Ukrainian Ruthenian Council recognized the main Provincial authority
showed that it meets the requirements of the time.
Evidence solution Ukrainian
National Movement became the first Ukrainian attempts to put forward their own political
program. The contents of these documents demonstrated their awareness of the only
ethnic communities with Dnipro Ukrainian.
For a short historical period
"Spring people" Western Ukrainian became one of the peoples who had
most significant achievements in its national liberation movement. Despite the fact that
Western Ukraine after the events of 1848-1849 biennium
reaction prevailed, Ukrainian has never been as before. Feeling
a part of the Ukrainian people they added a strength and inspiration for further
struggle for national and social liberation.
The influence of revolutionary events in Europe
also felt in the Ukrainian lands within the Russian Empire. They
caused aggravation of the problems that exist in society. It was
Polish national liberation movement on the Right Bank (the Poles attempted to
organize a national uprising) and the fight against the Ukrainian peasantry by
abolition of serfdom. For Ukrainian leaders have become the next European event
cause think about how to improve the fate of his people.
Questions and Tasks
1. What were the features
Ukrainian movement during the revolution of 18481849 years?
2. As revolution began
3. As at Western
was eliminated remnants of feudal relations?
4. Make a plan for item "Activity
Supreme Ruthenian Council "and prepare a story behind it. (In preparation, use
5. Describe Ukrainian participation
in the First Slavic Congress.
6. Give facts that show
effective participation in the Ukrainian General-Reichstag.
7. Explain why Mr. Podolynsky
see figure who tried to draw new benchmarks in the Ukrainian
national liberation movement?
8. What events happened in Eastern
Galicia at the final stage of the revolution?
9. What are the facts confirm the natural
growth of national consciousness of Ukrainian peasants in the Revolution?
10. As Ukrainian rozhortavsya
national liberation movement in our region
11. Identify the results and
historical significance of the events of 18481849 years in West
12. Make a chronological chain
events that took place at Western during the years 18481849
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