Chemehuevi (Colorado River Numic)
The Chemehuevi language was traditionally spoken in the Mojave Desert, and later through displacement of the Maricopa by the Mojave and Quechan, on the shores of the Colorado River in Chemehuevi Valley to the south. In pre-contact times, there may have been 500-800 speakers of Chemehuevi (Kroeber 1925). Today, there are fewer than two dozen first-language speakers (Golla 2011).
Chemehuevi is the westernmost variety of a language that has been called Colorado River Numic. Other varieties are Southern Paiute (spoken from southeastern California through to southwestern Utah) and Ute (spoken throughout the rest of Utah and Colorado). Colorado River Numic is a member of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Within Numic, it is most closely related to Kawaiisu, spoken in the Tehachapi and Piute Mountains of southern California. More distantly, it is related to Panamint, Shoshone (spoken throughout Nevada, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming), Comanche (spoken mainly in Oklahoma, Texas, and Arizona), Mono, and Northern Paiute. The other Uto-Aztecan languages of California are Tubatulabal and the Takic languages (Cahuilla, Cupeño, Gabrielino, Juaneño, Kitanemuk, Luiseño, Serrano, and Tataviam).
Selected archival materials at Berkeley
- Bunte, Pamela A. 1979. Problems in Southern Paiute syntax and semantics. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University.
- Golla, Victor. 2011. California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Press, Margaret L. 1975. Grammar of Chemehuevi. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. [PDF]
- Press, Margaret L. 1979. Chemehuevi: A grammar and lexicon. Berkeley: University of California Press. [PDF]
- Sapir, Edward. 1930. The Southern Paiute language. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 65:1–296.
- Sapir, Edward. 1930. Texts of the Kaibab Paiutes and Uintah Utes. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 65:297-535.
- Sapir, Edward. 1931. Southern Paiute dictionary. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 65:537-730.
- Southern Ute Tribe. 1979. Ute dictionary. Ignacio, CO: Ute Press.