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Relativity in Absolute Terms
Twins Paradox explained in special relativity
with an animation sans space-time diagram.
Einstein never commented on where the missing
time went regarding his conclusion that two clocks, once synchronized,
would show a time differential upon being reunited at the end of a
uniform linear motion journey.
This scenario became known as the Twins Paradox, with the clocks being
replaced by twin brothers, one of whom journeys away and then returns
to find his stay-at-home brother has aged less than himself.
An exhaustive search through relativity books, articles and now the
Internet, typically turns up the standard "jump in time" explanation,
whereby a returning astronaut suddenly inherits, at her turn-around
point, "a new meaning of simultaneity" in keeping with Einstein's
clock synchronization, causing hundreds of years to dissappear in a
While a spacetime diagram (space-time diagram) will predict a time
differential between two reunited clocks, it cannot explain where the
missing time has gone, spacetime (space-time) itself being based on
Einstein's clock synchronization. Nothing in Einstein's treatment
addresses actual clock rates (or actual length or actual light speed).
Einstein's treatment is limited to measures obtained by an
observer within a given inertial frame.
Einstein focused on the symmetrically
mutual measures obtained across inertial frames, for which Einstein's
clock synchronization scheme works fine (although it is not needed).
His clock synchronization sheds no light on where the missing time has
gone regarding two reunited clocks (actually regarding any two clocks
where one has undergone a change of frame, reunited or not).
That two reunited clocks show a disparity in their recorded time is
proof that the two clocks experienced actual differing clock rates
while in differing states of uniform linear motion. If the disparity
one can see at the same place moment is a reality, then so too is the
notion of actual differing clock rates a reality. Those two realities
are inseparable. They are one and the same reality.
Regardless of the fact that the structure of space is ever evolving,
the twins paradox (twin paradox or clock paradox) can be understood
only in the context of an absolute frame of reference, in which the
speed of light is constant in an absolute sense, while clock rates
and lengths of rigid bodies vary in an absolute sense. "Absolute
sense" here refers to the "God's eye view" or the view from a
higher dimension, not to an unchanging structure. In this context,
no twins paradox arises because clock rates do actually vary. Such
treatment of special relativity is completely consistent with, and in
fact subsumes, Einstein's special relativity, with its effective
(observational) equivalence of inertial frames, including the consistent
measured speed of light in all inertial frames. Einstein's treatment
of special relativity can easily be diagrammed against a stationary
frame of reference.
Consider the following simple situation which all physicists
will agree upon:
An outbound astronaut can start his clock as he passes by Earth.
That outbound astronaut's clock might record 100 hours during his
outbound journey. An inbound astronaut can start his clock at the
moment he passes by the outbound astronaut. The inbound astronaut's
clock might record 100 hours during his inbound journey. The Earth
clock might show a reading of 250 hours at the moment the inbound
astronaut passes by Earth. Thus, the Earth clock will register 250
hours while the combined recorded time for the outbound and inbound
astronauts' clocks is only 200 hours. One can thus hold two renunited
clocks in ones hand and see a disparity of 50 hours.
(If, instead, a second astronaut had started his clock as he passed
Earth, and were traveling fast enough to overtake the first astronaut,
then the combined recorded time of the Earth clock and the second
astronaut's clock would be less than the recorded time of the first
astronaut's clock. The time contraction formula is not linear. The
time registered on a clock is dependent on the combination of speed
and distance covered in absolute terms. Thus, the party
that changes inertial frames will be the party whose clock registers
the least time.)
Refer to the diagram below. There is a link to an animation of
this diagram, with included photon clocks, at the bottom of this page.
You might find the following surprising: Most relativists state in no uncertain terms
that during no interval of the preceding scenarios does anyones clock
run any slower than anyone elses. Often, they attribute the disparity
in the clock readings to a "sudden tilt of a line of simultaneity".
When an actual change of clock speed is denied, a "jump in time"
is automatically incorporated. But that "jump in time" simply stems
from Einstein's clock synchronization, a clock synchronization which
is not required to deduce the mutual and symmetrical effects of
relativity. Einstein's clock synchronization is defined such that
light serves as the messenger of moments. By that I mean that
Einstein tells us to call simultaneous whatever appears
simultaneous, with observers in different inertial frames thus
free to form opposing conclusions about what is simultaneous.
They form these opposing conclusions due to the fact that light,
the messenger of moments, has a finite speed, causing a delay
in ones perception of any distant event, regardless of the
distance involved. That leads directly to the conclusion of a
"jump in time" for a party which changes frames, whereby they
use a very awkward lattice of clocks synchronized according
to Einstein's formula (tB - tA = t'A - tB), with the "jump in
time" built in for any situation involving a change of inertial
The actual distances relative to the universe and actual speeds relative to light speed will vary
depending on which party changes frames, but the parties involved
cannot possibly detect that. That is in keeping with the postulates
and deductions of special relativity.
The time contraction formula [t' = t * sqr rt of (1 - v^2)] is not linear.
That is why the party who changes frames to bring the two parties back
together will register the least amount of time on his clock with the
symmetry of the situation preserved.
Time-keeping, distance and speed are interminably bound in one
equation. Therefore, actual differences in clock rates implies
actual length contraction dependent on actual speed relative to
light speed. Actual length contraction works in combination with
actual time-keeping contraction to preserve the symmetry of measures
across inertial frames.
This can all be charted out against an absolute frame of
reference, which is simply the sum total of the cosmos, or
equivalently, the view from a higher dimension, where light
rays and all other phenomena are charted out in absolute terms.
From that vantage point, clock speeds and lengths of rigid
bodies are seen in absolute terms and the time differential
is easily explained by virtue of actual differences in clock
In this treatment of special relativity, incorporating the universal
(absolute) frame of reference, clock functioning is seen to be dependent
on the speed of light. Similarly, the postulated need for stability at
the base of our structures (which parallels the Principle of Relativity)
in combination with the constant speed of light and the notion that
no transmission of information can exceed the speed of light, dictates length contraction
for objects in motion relative to the universal frame of reference
(absolute frame of reference).
(In fact, all processes -- chemical, biological, measuring apparatus
functioning, human perception involving the eye and brain, the
communication of force -- everything, is constrained by the speed of
light. There is clock functioning at every level, dependent on light
speed and the inherent delay at even the atomic level.)
The speed of light is constant and is the maximum speed for any
phenomena, including the transmission of positioning information.
Basis: Experiments towards the end of the nineteenth
century pointed towards a transformational relationship
between matter and energy (radioactivity experiments).
Einstein's interpretation of Max Planck's solutions
for discreet energy levels introduced the notion of
light existing as a massless photon. Being massless,
the photon would necessarily possess constant and
Stability (synchronization) is required at the base of our
structures (specifically atomic functioning).
Basis: This simply parallels the Galilean Principle of Relativity.
All of Einstein's results stem from these two postulates. These two
postulates may look similar to Einstein's postulates, but are not his
A Twins Paradox animation. Light rays and traveling
twins are diagrammed in absolute terms against the
(experimentally undetectable) rest state of the universe.
Twinparadox.pdf includes a table of an analysis of the
incrementally building time differential of the Twins Paradox.
Relativitytrail_abstract.pdf discusses the absolute
version of Einstein's postulates.
Twins Paradox Resolution discusses the basics of motion
in absolute terms.
Twins Paradox Explained
Relativity Trail, with 210 pages, 65 diagrams and 75 illustrations,
will provide you with complete detailed arithmetical derivations of all the
kinematical effects of special relativity. Everything is charted out in
absolute terms against the rest state of the universe for perfect clarity
as well as soundness of theoretical basis. It is the totality of the
universe that imparts the inertial properties of clock rates and lengths
which generate the effects of relativity. This is explained in detail in
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