We'd all like to invest like the legendary Warren Buffett, turning thousands into millions or more. Buffett analyzes companies by calculating return on invested capital (ROIC) to help determine whether a company has an economic moat -- the ability to earn returns on its money above that money's cost.
ROIC is perhaps the most important metric in value investing. By determining a company's ROIC, you can see how well it's using the cash you entrust to it and whether it's actually creating value for you. Simply, ROIC divides a company's operating profit by how much investment it took to get that profit. The formula:
ROIC = Net operating profit after taxes / Invested capital
You can get further detail on the nuances of the formula.
This one-size-fits-all calculation cuts out many of the legal accounting tricks, such as excessive debt, that managers use to boost earnings numbers, and it provides you with an apples-to-apples way to evaluate businesses, even across industries. The higher the ROIC, the more efficiently the company uses capital.
Ultimately, we're looking for companies that can invest their money at rates that are higher than the cost of capital, which for most businesses is between 8% and 12%. We prefer to see ROIC above 12% at a minimum, along with a history of increasing returns, or at least steady returns, which indicate some durability to the company's economic moat.
Let's look at Schlumberger (NYSE: SLB ) and three of its industry peers, to see how efficiently they use cash. Here are the ROIC figures for each company over a few periods.
1 Year ago
3 Years Ago
5 Years Ago
|Baker Hughes (NYSE: BHI )||7.5%||3%||20.3%||23%|
|Halliburton (NYSE: HAL )||17.2%||12.2%||27.1%||32.5%|
|Weatherford International (NYSE: WFT )||2.1%||2.4%*||10.8%||9.3%|
Source: S&P Capital IQ.
* Because WFT did not report an effective tax rate, we used its 27% rate from five years ago.
Schlumberger has the second-highest current returns of these companies, but its ROIC has consistently declined over the past three years and is now just over half of what it was five years ago. The other companies have seen similar declines over the same time period.
Businesses with consistently high ROIC show that they're efficiently using capital. They also have the ability to treat shareholders well, because they can then use their extra cash to pay out dividends to us, buy back shares, or further invest in their franchise. Warren Buffett has long loved healthy and growing dividends -- and you should, too.
So for more successful investments, dig a little deeper than the earnings headlines to find the company's ROIC. If you'd like, you can add these companies to your watchlist.