At the beginning of the 20th century, enlightened urban planners created garden cities and suburbs to improve working people's health
Urban planning and public health
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||Urban planners must make
public health main priority
By Alan Kent*
25 July 2012: As our society changes and develops, so too does our urban environment and the process of urban planning is, at present, in a state of flux. Central to the objectives of future planning needs to be an emphasis on public health. Urban planning and public health have long been intertwined, so intrinsically is human environment linked to well being.
On a very basic level, the design and development of habitation is based on fundamental human needs: shelter, protection from nature and proximity to food. Historically, planning of urban areas has taken into account the hierarchy of society, the need to manoeuvre goods and access to materials and resources. Communities have traditionally included and often been based around centralised meeting places such as squares, market places and religious buildings.
During the 1800s, there began to be more emphasis on the health of citizens as importance started to be placed on sanitation. Sewer and waste systems became more efficient for the avoidance of germs and disease and this radical redesigning of cities dramatically improved life expectancy and standards of living. More recently, the public health sector has recognised that a healthy person is not simply someone who is immunised and avoids disease, but also someone who does not suffer from abuse or neglect. As a result, emotional and psychological health has been given more emphasis. Complete health is deemed a human right that everyone should have access to and must be taken into to account as a whole when teaming public health with urban planning.
During the Industrial Revolution, workers flooded away from farms and into the cities for work, there was overcrowding and lack of adequate light and ventilation, which lead to typhus and cholera. Similarly, today’s population is growing and around 80 per cent of the world’s population live in urban areas, creating a massive strain on resources. Increasing human reliance on the use of cars and the internet means that many geographical barriers of the past do not exist anymore; advancements in infrastructure and communication have lead to massive migration and diverse cities full of different cultural communities.
This causes two considerations for urban planning and public health: firstly, communities segregate themselves according to ethnicity or religious belief and begin to dictate their own set up and secondly, there is an increasing gap between rich and poor, with poor communities not getting access to adequate living standards. People’s socioeconomic status affects where and how they live which directly affects their health and standard of living. Planners must consider the demands and needs of the people they are building for and complete health must be centre to the process for all communities. What is more, bad living conditions link to anti social behaviour and crime. Lessons must be learnt from previous attempts at urban re-designation. In the past, ‘slum clearing’ measures, aimed at better use of urban space, included moving communities into high tower blocks. This was broadly a failure in health terms, leading to loneliness, isolation and higher crime rates.
Safety and diversity in living environments is crucial for people’s enjoyment of them, their benefits to be appreciated and consequently, for public health. Public spaces and centralised meeting places must be clean, accessible, visible, well lit and appealing to a mix of demographics so that citizens feel inclined to use them. Good quality public spaces promote communication and exercise and help to prevent violence, isolation breakdown or segregation of communities and the damage to public health.
It is crucial that urban planners recognise the importance of well maintained facilities: libraries, green spaces, health services, schools, as well as adequate housing that is not repetitive in design and rather can be characterised by the community giving a feeling of ownership, responsibility and pride. Potentially damaging factors must also be considered and regulated, such as the availability of alcohol, drugs and firearms. Investment into neighbourhoods and communication with communities to ascertain their needs, whether in cities or suburbs, greatly heightens living standards, mental and social health.
Additionally, managing CO2 emissions is integral to urban planning and health. Exploring cleaner public transport options and more pedestrian and bicycle friendly routes are a step in the right direction. With more and more of the population spending a high percentage of their day indoors - in work spaces and schools - the design of the insides of buildings must be considered in terms of their effect on public health.
In order to create living environments that are conducive to sustainable and complete health, urban planning must be based on the environmental requirements dictated by technological advancements and take place with the needs of each community in mind.
Alan Kent is passionate about urban planning and works for UK concrete street furniture supplier, Bomax, who recently worked with LOCOG on the London Olympic Park.
While the tower blocks of the 1960s offered residents all 'mod cons', they have now become a symbol of failed urban planning
On other pages
Provision of health infrastructure vital to economic development of growth cities
Karachi grows at a rate of a thousand new residents every day. How do governments ensure that health infrastructure can keep up? This was one of the questions I was invited to answer at the Emerging Markets Symposium organised by Oxford University - an international gathering of former mayors, government ministers, urbanisation and health policy experts and economists - to discuss the best approach to the combined challenge of urbanisation and health in emerging market countries.
We know the balance of the global economy is tilting to new markets across the planet. Commentators are urging us to look beyond the socalled BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and to vibrant economies across Latin America, Europe and Asia - not in the least, Pakistan.
But we must look further than national economies and focus on the specific challenges posed by cities as drivers of growth. Cities will be the source of path-breaking economic and social innovation in the future global economy. Karachi is a prime example of this.
The overall concern we identified has to do with governments' ability to respond to the evolution of health problems in their population. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Pakistan has four times the average rate of infectious diseases, with a particular prevalence of waterborne disease but is simultaneously facing a rapid rise in non-communicable diseases, associated with the lifestyles developing in its cities.
Cities in emerging market countries are also the main source and catalysts of GDP. And with health transformations, described above, taking place at record speeds, governments must ensure they have the means to keep up. More