Dysthymia, also called dysthymic disorder, affects 2 percent of the American population in a given year, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Like most types of depression, it strikes more women than men. And while dysthymia is usually less severe than major depression, the symptoms — low self-esteem, sadness, fatigue, and more — are very real.
It is not clear exactly what causes dysthymia, but scientists believe that an imbalance of the brain chemical called serotonin may be involved. Personality factors, medical illnesses, and stressful life situations may also contribute to the development of this condition, which can begin in childhood or adulthood. You have to have symptoms for two years or longer to be diagnosed with dysthymic disorder.
A Look at Dysthymia Symptoms
Depression symptoms associated with dysthymia are similar, but usually less intense, than symptoms of major depression. However, these symptoms, in which people fight feelings of low self-esteem, despair, and hopelessness, can still interfere with daily life, causing problems at home, school, or work. Its mildness makes it difficult for people to pinpoint when their dysthymia began.
Everyone's symptoms are different, and can include:
- Feelings of sadness
- Feelings of hopelessness
- Trouble concentrating
- Changes in sleep habits — oversleeping or not sleeping enough
- Changes in appetite — overeating or poor appetite
Many people with dysthymia also experience episodes of major depression. They also may have periods of up to two months when their mood is normal, so family members and friends may not realize that their loved one is depressed. Although this type of depression is relatively mild, it can make it hard for a person to function at home, school, or work.
Dysthymia Diagnosis and Treatment
If you have been dealing with mild to moderate depression symptoms for two years or more, and your symptoms are interfering with your life, you may have dysthymia. Talk with your doctor, who can evaluate your symptoms and medical history. A diagnosis of dysthymia involves a careful assessment of your depression symptoms. Your doctor will ask you questions about your mood and feelings, sleep habits, energy level, and ability to concentrate and remember things. He or she may also perform tests to determine if there is a medical reason, such as a thyroid problem or a medication you are taking, for your symptoms.
Depending on your symptoms and the severity of your dysthymia, treatment may include antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, or lifestyle modifications. Your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional who is experienced in treating dysthymia and other forms of depression. In addition to following your doctor's advice on how to treat your condition, participating in activities you enjoy, eating a healthful diet, avoiding drugs and alcohol, and exercising regularly may help lift your spirits.
Antidepressant drugs are not as effective for dysthymia as they are for depression. It also may take longer for you to feel better after you start taking medication. Some studies suggest that combining medication with talk therapy may lead to the greatest improvement.