|Novel||Richard Chase, The American
Novel and Its Tradition (1957; Johns Hopkins, 1980)
[. . . ] [T]he word must signify, besides the more obvious qualities of the picturesque and the heroic, an assumed freedom from the ordinary novelistic requirements of verisimilitude, development, and continuity; a tendency towards melodrama and idyl; a more or less formal abstractness and, on the other hand, a tendency to plunge into the underside of consciousness; a willingness to abandon moral questions or to ignore the spectacle of man in society, or to consider these things only indirectly or abstractly (ix).
Doubtless the main difference between the novel and the romance is in the way in which they view reality. The novel renders reality closely and in comprehensive detail. It takes a group of people and set them going about the business of life. We come to see these people in their real complexity of temperament and motive. They are in explicable relation to nature, to each other, to their social class, to their own past. Character is more important than action and plot, and probably the tragic or comic actions of the narrative will have the primary purpose of enhancing our knowledge of and feeling for an important character, a group of characters, or a way of life. The events that occur will usually be plausible, given the circumstances, and if the novelist includes a violent or sensational occurrence in his plot, he will introduce it only into such scenes as have been (in the words of Percy Lubbock) "already prepared to vouch for it." Historically, as it has often been said, the novel has served the interests and aspirations of an insurgent middle class (12).
|Romance||Richard Chase, The American
Novel and Its Tradition
contrast the romance, following distantly the medieval example, feels
free to render reality in less volume and detail. It tends to prefer action
to character, and action will be freer in a romance than in a novel, encountering,
as it were, less resistance from reality. (This is not always true, as
we see in what might be called the static romances of Hawthorne, in which
the author uses the allegorical and moral, rather than the dramatic, possibilities
of the form.) The romance can flourish without providing much intricacy
of relation. The characters, probably rather two-dimensional types, will
not be complexly related to each other or to society or to the past. Human
beings will on the whole be shown in an ideal relation--that is, they
will share emotions only after these have become abstract or symbolic.
To be sure, characters may become profoundly involved in some way, as
in Hawthorne or Melville, but it will be a deep and narrow, an obsessive,
involvement. In American romances it will not matter much what class people
come from, and where the novelist would arouse our interest in a character
by exploring his origin, the romancer will probably do so by enveloping
it in mystery. Character itself becomes, then, somewhat abstract and ideal,
so much so in some romances that it seems to be merely a function of plot.
The plot we may expect to be highly colored. Astonishing events may occur,
and these are likely to have a symbolic or ideological, rather than a
realistic, plausibility. Being less committed to the immediate rendition
of reality than the novel, the romance will more freely veer toward mythic,
allegorical, and symbolistic forms. --Richard Chase, The American Novel
and Its Tradition (13)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Custom-House" (preface to The Scarlet Letter)
The same torpor, as regarded the capacity for intellectual effort, accompanied
me home, and weighed upon me, in the chamber which I most absurdly termed
my study. Nor did it quit me when, late at night, I sat in the deserted
parlour, lighted only by the glimmering coal-fire and the moon, striving
to picture forth imaginary scenes, which, the next day, might flow out
on the brightening page in many-hued description.
The somewhat dim coal-fire has an essential influence in producing the
effect which I would describe. It throws its unobtrusive tinge throughout
the room, with a faint ruddiness upon the walls and ceiling, and a reflected
gleam from the polish of the furniture. This warmer light mingles itself
with the cold spirituality of the moonbeams, and communicates, as it were,
a heart and sensibilities of human tenderness to the forms which fancy
summons up. It converts them from snow-images into men and women. Glancing
at the looking-glass, we behold—deep within its haunted verge—the
smouldering glow of the half-extinguished anthracite, the white moonbeams
on the floor, and a repetition of all the gleam and shadow of the picture,
with one remove farther from the actual, and nearer to the imaginative.
Then, at such an hour, and with this scene before him, if a man, sitting
all alone, cannot dream strange things, and make them look like truth,
he need never try to write romances.
William Gilmore Simms
See also G. R. Thompson and Eric Carl Link's Neutral Ground: New Traditionalism and the American Romance Controversy (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State UP, 1999) and Winfried Fluck's"'The American Romance' and the Changing Functions of the Imaginary" (New Literary History 27.3 : 415-57).
To create terror
To open fiction to the realm of the irrational—perverse impulses, nightmarish terrors, obsessions—lying beneath the surface of the civilized mind
To demonstrate the presence of the uncanny existing in the world that we know rationally through experience.
May include an innocent heroine persecuted by a lustful villain
Appearance of ghosts
Characters who disappear mysteriously
Focus on death and the events surrounding death; the living may seem half-dead and the dead half-alive.
Characters act from negative emotions: fear, revenge, despair, hatred, anger.
Definition adapted from M. H. Abrams's A Glossary of Literary Terms: "The Gothic novel, or in an alternate term, "Gothic romance" . . . flourished through the early nineteenth century. Authors of such novels set their stories in the medieval period, often in a gloomy castle replete with dungeons, subterranean passages, and sliding panels, and made plentiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other sensational and supernatural occurrences; their principal aim was to evoke chilling terror by exploiting mystery, cruelty, and a variety of horrors. The term "gothic" has also been extended to denote a type of fiction which lacks the medieval setting but develops a brooding atmosphere of gloom or terror, represents events which are uncanny, or macabre, or melodramatically violent, and often deals with aberrant psychological states (Eighth Edition, pp. 117-118)
Selections from Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, The Coherence of Gothic Conventions (New York: Metheuen, 1986).
When "an individual fictional self is the subject of one of these conventions, that self is spatialized in the following way. It is the position of the self to be massively blocked off from something to which it ought normally to have access. This something can be its own past, the details of its family history; it can be the free air, when the self has been literally buried alive; it can be a lover; it can be just all the circumambient life, when the self is pinned in a death-like sleep. Typically, however, there is both something going on inside the isolation (the present, the continuous consciousness, the dream, the sensation itself) and something intensely relevant going on impossibly out of reach. While the three main elements (what's inside, what's outside, and what separates them) take  on the most varied guises, the terms of the relationship are immutable.The self and whatever it is that is outside have a proper, natural, necessary connection to each other, but one that the self is suddenly incapable of making.The inside life and the outside life have to continue separately, becoming counterparts rather than partners, the relationship between them one of parallels and correspondences rather than communication. This, though it may happen in an instant, is a fundamental reorganization, creating a doubleness where singleness should be. And the lengths there are to go to reintegrate the sundered elements-finally, the impossibility of restoring them to their original oneness-are the most characteristic energies of the Gothic novel. The worst violence, the most potent magic, and the most paralyzing instances of the uncanny in these novels do not occur in, for example, the catacombs of the Inquisition or the stultification of nightmares. Instead, they are evoked in the very breach of the imprisoning wall. The fires, earthquakes, and insurrections that restore the prisoners of tyranny to their "natural" freedom are tremendously more violent than what has gone on either inside or outside the prisons. Similarly, no nightmare is ever as terrifying as is waking up from some innocuous dream to find it true. The barrier between the self and what should belong to it can be caused by anything and nothing; but only violence or magic, and both of a singularly threatening kind, can ever succeed in joining them again" (12-13).
"Of all the Gothic conventions dealing with the sudden, mysterious, seemingly arbitrary, but massive inaccessibility of those things that should normally be most accessible, the difficulty the story has in getting itself told is of the most obvious structural significance. This difficulty occurs at every  level of the novels. A fully legible manuscript or an uninterrupted narrative is rare; rarer still is the novel whose story is comprised by a single narrator, without the extensive irruption into the middle of the book of a new history with a new historian. . ." (13-14).
"If the story-within-etc. represents the broadest structural application of the otherwise verbal or thematic convention of the unspeakable, it has a similar relation to the convention of live burial . . . . The live burial that is a favorite conventual punishment in Gothic novels derives much of its horror not from the buried person's loss of outside activities (that would be the horror or dead burial) , but from the continuation of a parallel activity that is suddenly redundant" (20).
© 1997-2015. Donna M. Campbell. Characteristics of the Gothic are adapted from "Experimental Stories: 'Samuel,'" forthcoming in Approaches to Teaching Jack London in the MLA's Approaches to Teaching Series.
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