Association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and dementia syndromes
- Ruoling Chen1,6,
- Kenneth Wilson2,
- Yang Chen3,
- Dongmei Zhang1,4,
- Xia Qin1,
- Meizi He5,
- Zhi Hu1,
- Ying Ma1,
- John R Copeland2
- 1School of Health Administration, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- 2Division of Psychiatry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- 3Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 4School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
- 5Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- 6Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, UK
- Correspondence to Dr Ruoling Chen, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, 7th Floor, Capital House, 42 Weston Street, London SE1 3QD, UK;
- Received 16 March 2012
- Revised 20 August 2012
- Accepted 17 September 2012
- Published Online First 26 October 2012
Objectives Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has a range of adverse health effects, but its association with dementia remains unclear and with dementia syndromes unknown. We examined the dose–response relationship between ETS exposure and dementia syndromes.
Methods Using a standard method of GMS, we interviewed 5921 people aged ≥60 years in five provinces in China in 2007–2009 and characterised their ETS exposure. Five levels of dementia syndrome were diagnosed using the Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy instrument. The relative risk (RR) of moderate (levels 1–2) and severe (levels 3–5) dementia syndromes among participants exposed to ETS was calculated in multivariate adjusted regression models.
Results 626 participants (10.6%) had severe dementia syndromes and 869 (14.7%) moderate syndromes. Participants exposed to ETS had a significantly increased risk of severe syndromes (adjusted RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.59). This was dose-dependently related to exposure level and duration. The cumulative exposure dose data showed an adjusted RR of 0.99 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.28) for >0–24 level years of exposure, 1.15 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.42) for 25–49 level years, 1.18 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.59) for 59–74 level years, 1.39 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.84) for 75–99 level years and 1.95 (95% CI 1.34 to 2.83) for ≥100 level years. Significant associations with severe syndromes were found in never smokers and in former/current smokers. There were no positive associations between ETS and moderate dementia syndromes.
Conclusions ETS should be considered an important risk factor for severe dementia syndromes. Avoidance of ETS may reduce the rates of severe dementia syndromes worldwide.
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