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|United States Patent Application
Soliman, Samir S.
May 6, 2004
Resource allocation in a wireless communication system
Method and apparatus for scheduling transmissions in a wireless
communication system using historical information and usage patterns of
remote users in the system. Usage patterns for users within a system are
stored and analyzed to optimize transmissions and resources in the
system. In one embodiment, the user patterns are used to predict travel
routes and transmissions scheduled accordingly. In another embodiment,
the system is an ad-hoc system or a hybrid system, wherein the usage
patterns are used to determine the source-to-destination paths.
Soliman, Samir S.; (San Diego, CA)
5775 Morehouse Drive
October 31, 2002|
|Current U.S. Class:
|Class at Publication:
What is claimed is:
1. A remote station apparatus comprising: database storing usage features
for the apparatus; channel quality unit coupled to the database; and
statistical processing unit coupled to the database, adapted to analyze
the usage features and determine usage patterns.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the usage features include location
of the apparatus as a function of time.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the usage features include type of
service requested as a function of time.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the usage features include channel
quality as a function of time.
5. A method in a wireless communication system, comprising: processing a
data service at a remote station over a first time period; determining a
channel quality for the data service over the first time period; storing
usage features for the data service over the first time period;
statistically processing the usage features to determine usage patterns.
6. The method as in claim 5, further comprising: scheduling a second data
service based on the usage patterns.
7. The method as in claim 5, further comprising: transmitting the usage
patterns to a central controller in the wireless communication system.
8. A remote station apparatus comprising: a control processor for:
determining at least one usage feature of the apparatus; storing the at
least one usage feature in a database; and using the database to control
9. A method for scheduling transmissions in a wireless communication
system, comprising: receiving a call initiate request from a remote
station; storing usage features for the remote station; scheduling a
transmission based on the usage features; and processing the request.
10. A method for scheduling transmissions in a wireless communication
system, comprising: storing usage features for remote stations in the
system; analyzing the usage features to determine usage patterns; and
scheduling transmissions according to the usage patterns.
11. The method as in claim 10, wherein the wireless communication system
is an ad-hoc system, the method further comprising: determining a
source-to-destination path for the ad-hoc network.
12. The method as in claim 10, further comprising: receiving a request for
a data transmission from a remote station; determining a final
destination for the remote station; and scheduling the data transmission
for completion by the final destination.
13. The method as in claim 12, wherein the final destination is identified
by a maximum allowable delay.
14. The method as in claim 10, wherein scheduling transmissions comprises:
determining available resources in the system; analyzing the usage
patterns; and determining a data rates for a plurality of remote
15. The method as in claim 10, wherein: storing usage features, comprises
updating usage features dynamically as such usage features change.
16. The method as in claim 10, wherein: analyzing the usage features to
determine usage patterns, comprises: receiving current usage information
from at least one user; and analyzing the current usage information.
17. The method as in claim 16, wherein: scheduling transmissions according
to the usage patterns, comprises: scheduling transmissions based on at
least one of the stored usage features and the current usage information.
18. An apparatus, comprising: means for processing a data service at a
remote station in a wireless communication system over a first time
period; means for determining a channel quality for the data service over
the first time period; means for storing usage features for the data
service over the first time period; and means for statistically
processing the usage features to determine usage patterns.
19. A remote station apparatus, comprising: memory configured to store a
database of usage features for the apparatus; and a processing unit
configured to: determine a channel quality unit; and statistically
analyze the usage features and determine usage patterns.
20. An apparatus for scheduling transmissions in a wireless communication
system, comprising: means for receiving a call initiate request from a
remote station; means for storing usage features for the remote station;
means for scheduling a transmission based on the usage features; and
means for processing the request.
21. An apparatus for scheduling transmissions in a wireless communication
system, comprising: means for storing usage features for remote stations
in the system; means for analyzing the usage features to determine usage
patterns; and means for scheduling transmissions according to the usage
22. The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the usage features are stored
according to geographical bins.
23. The apparatus as in claim 22, further comprising: means for predicting
channel condition for at least one geographical bin, wherein the means
for scheduling transmissions comprises means for scheduling transmissions
according to usage patterns and channel condition prediction.
24. The apparatus as in claim 23, wherein the means for analyzing
comprises means for predicting channel condition is based on data
provided by wireless devices passing through the at least one
 1. Field
 The present invention relates to resource allocation in a wireless
communication system, and more specifically to scheduling of
transmissions to multiple users as a function of user historical
 2. Background
 Emerging high-speed data networks attempt to balance efficient
resource allocation with the provision of fair service to a variety of
users. Many variables complicate this balancing effort. For example, in
many communication systems, users are provided a variety of service
options. Those users that subscribe to higher premiums for faster
connections expect to have priority over users that subscribe to lower
premiums. Similarly, data rate requirements of the various services
provided require the system to adapt to the actual usage as well as
potential usage of the system at any given time. Further, packet
transmissions are constrained to specified packet delay requirements in
particular to real-time data users, such as in a broadcast transmission.
Still further, optimization of the quality of service to each user is
fundamental to maintaining users in a communication system. Quality of
Service, or QoS, of a wireless channel is typically different for
different users, and randomly changes with time.
 As the use of portable computers, smart wireless phones, and
personal digital assistants increase, the multimedia services demand will
likely overwhelm the resources of current wireless networks. It is
important to exploit all available information when considering ways to
deliver the quality of service that end users expect. If the system knows
that for the next few seconds the channel conditions is not favorable to
send a specific data rate or there will be too many handoffs that
consumes additional resources and hence does not transmit to the wireless
device until conditions have improved. Here lies the tradeoff in which
the scheduler must decide whether it is efficient to transmit to a
particular wireless device even when that decision may decrease the
instantaneous channel throughput. Efficient data scheduling techniques
are designed to meet the various needs of resource allocation and
fairness and minimize interference to other users. There are a variety of
scheduling techniques and algorithms available to meet such needs. Most
of these algorithms consider the currently pending data rate requests and
the current channel conditions of the system. Developing a scheduling
technique that responds to the condition of the current system incurs a
delay, as the system controller must receive such information prior to
making scheduling decisions. As the number of users desiring data
services increases, such delays may negatively impact the quality of
service of said system. In addition, knowing the usage patterns of
wireless users one can design more efficient assignment strategies. For
example, knowing the average hold time of data call for a user at
specific times of the day can be used to influence the assignment
strategy of the data bursts.
 There is, therefore, a need in the art to allocate resources in a
communication system and avoid part or all of the delay incurred by
responding to the current state of a communication system and meantime
minimize interference to other users. Still further, there is a need to
use historical information to predict trends of usage and act a priori to
the system state. Additionally, there is a need to predict a future
condition of the system including the state of the communication
channel(s), and available resources for application in scheduling
algorithms. Furthermore, there is a need to utilize knowledge about usage
patterns to develop efficient assignment strategies.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
 FIG. 1 is an illustration of a communication network supporting
high data rate communications.
 FIG. 2 is an illustration of a communication system topography,
wherein multiple user usage history is superimposed over the topography.
 FIG. 3 is table illustrating subscriber usage in a communication
system as in FIG. 2.
 FIG. 4 is a method for scheduling data transmissions in a
 FIG. 5 is a method for maintaining a database of user profile
information in a communication system.
 FIG. 6 is a communication control unit.
 FIG. 7 is a wireless device.
 FIG. 8 is an illustration of a communication system topography
divided into bins.
 FIG. 9 is an ad hoc network.
 FIG. 10 is an illustration of a communication system topography
including an ad hoc network, with the network divided into bins.
 FIG. 11 illustrates data processing paths in a communication
 Cellular radio provides mobile telephone service by employing a
network of cell sites distributed over a wide area. A cell site contains
a radio transceiver and a base station controller which manages, sends,
and receives traffic from the mobiles in its geographical area to a
cellular telephone switch. It also employs a tower and its antennas, and
provides a link to the distant cellular switch called a Mobile
Telecommunications Switching Office (MTSO). This MTSO places calls from
land based telephones to wireless customers, switches calls between cells
as mobiles travel across cell boundaries, and authenticates wireless
customers before they make calls.
 The processing routes for data with a communication system 800 are
illustrated in FIG. 11. A subscriber unit 820 is in wireless
communication with Radio Access Network (RAN) 806. The RAN 806 may
process information packet switch core network 804 or the circuit switch
core network 808. The packet switch core network 804 supports packetized
data communications, such as communications with the Internet 802. The
circuit switch core network 808 supports voice and data communications
via a public switching telephone network 810.
 Complex signaling routines handle call placements, call requests,
handovers, or call transfers from one cell to another, and roaming,
moving from one carrier's area to another. Different cellular radio
systems use Frequency Division Multiple Access (referred to a FDMA and is
typically analog), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and spread
spectrum such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques.
 Throughout the following discussion a CDMA communication system is
considered; however, the invention is applicable to any multiple access
technology that provides wireless service that is delay insensitive. A
CDMA system may be designed to support one or more standards, such as:
(1) the "TIA/EIA/IS-95-B Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility
Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System" referred
to herein as the IS-95 standard; (2) the standard offered by the
consortium named "3.sup.rd Generation Partnership Project" referred to
herein as 3GPP, and embodied in a set of documents including Document
Nos. 3G TS 25.211, 3G TS 25.212, 3G TS 25.213, 3G TS 25.214, and 3G TS
25.302 referred to herein as the W-CDMA standard; and (3) the standard
offered by a consortium named "3.sup.rd Generation Partnership Project 2"
referred to herein as 3GPP2 and Document No. TR-45.5 referred to herein
as the cdma2000 standard (formerly called IS-2000 MC). These are provided
as examples of spread spectrum systems.
 Systems, such as those given hereinabove, as well as other systems,
may also provide High Data Rate (HDR) service. An example is a system
that supports the standard "TIA/EIA/IS-856 cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data
Air Interface Specification" referred to herein as the HDR standard and
"TIA/EIA/IS-856-1 cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface
Specification Addendum" referred to herein as the HDR addendum. An HDR
subscriber station, referred to herein as an Access Terminal (AT), may be
mobile or stationary, and may communicate with one or more HDR base
stations, referred to herein as Modem Pool Transceivers (MPTs).
 FIG. 1 illustrates an architectural reference model 10 of a
communication system supporting HDR. An AT 12 communicates with an AN 14
via an air interface. The AT 12 is a device providing data connectivity
to a user. The AT 12 may be connected to a computing device such as
laptop personal computer or it may be a self-contained device such as a
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). An AT 12 is similar to a Mobile Station
(MS). An AN 14 is the network equipment providing data connectivity
between a packet-switched data network (typically the Internet) and the
ATs, such as AT 12. An AN 14 is similar to a Base Station (BS).
 An access terminal transmits and receives data packets through one
or more modem pool transceivers to an HDR base station controller,
referred to herein as a Modem Pool Controller (MPC). Modem pool
transceivers and modem pool controllers are parts of a network called an
access network. An access network transports data packets between
multiple access terminals.
 The access network may be further connected to additional networks
outside the access network, such as a corporate intranet or the Internet,
and may transport data packets between each access terminal and such
outside networks. An access terminal that has established an active
traffic channel connection with one or more modem pool transceivers is
called an active access terminal, and is said to be in a traffic state.
An access terminal that is in the process of establishing an active
traffic channel connection with one or more modem pool transceivers is
said to be in a connection setup state. An access terminal may be any
data device that communicates through a wireless channel or through a
wired channel, for example using fiber optic or coaxial cables. An access
terminal may further be any of a number of types of devices including but
not limited to PC card, compact flash, external or internal modem, or
wireless or wireline phone. The communication link through which the
access terminal sends signals to the modem pool transceiver is called a
reverse link. The communication link through which a modem pool
transceiver sends signals to an access terminal is called a forward link.
The term data may generally refer to packet data.
 The systems described hereinabove are given as examples and the
present invention is also applicable to any communication system that
allocates resources to multiple users. The embodiments presented herein
are applicable to any of multiple communication systems that schedule
transmissions to multiple users.
 Many system models and algorithms seek to solve resource allocation
and resource management problems in communication systems. For example,
one algorithm, referred to as the Proportional Fair algorithm, uses the
requested data rates specified in a Data Rate Control (DRC) message to
maximize the sum data rate of the transmissions to all users while
ensuring that the ratio of the transmission rates to any two users
satisfies a predetermined Grade of Service (GoS). Other methods and
algorithms are described in "Method and Apparatus for Scheduling
Transmissions in a Communication System" having U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 09/974,933, by Rajesh Pankaj, filed on Apr. 12, 2001, and
assigned to the assignee hereof, which is hereby expressly incorporated
by reference. Many of these algorithms require state of the system
information, such as requested data rate, and/or channel condition
information, such as Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I). The embodiments
presented herein seek to avoid the need for such information in
projecting a scheduling plan.
 To avoid the problems of traditional scheduling systems, and
provide a more efficient and accurate method for allocating resources, a
system and method for location-based assignment strategy and scheduling
algorithms to be used for data applications is presented. The system
employs a database that is indexed by location of the wireless device.
Such a database may be used for scheduling transmissions, determining and
controlling handoff, control decisions for power control, channel
assignment strategies, as well as for many other purposes. The database
is always kept up to date by continuously collecting measurements from
all active terminals. The application of historical user information may
serve as an enhancement to existing methods for these applications, such
as scheduling. The added information may serve to fine-tune the control
procedures and decisions, as well as to optimize algorithms and
 Many data applications rely on the ability of the network to
provide Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees. These guarantees are usually
in the form of bounds on end-to-end delay, bandwidth, variation in delay
(delay jitter), packet loss rate, connection loss or a combination of
these parameters. Providing QoS guarantees in a packet network requires a
sound channel assignment strategy and the use of traffic scheduling
algorithm in the routers (base station controllers or switches). The
function of the channel assignment block is to execute the channel
assignment strategy. Different strategies may be used such as infinite
duration, pseudo-infinite duration and fixed duration assignments. The
function of the scheduling algorithm is to select, for each outgoing
channel of the router, the packet to be transmitted in the next cycle
from the available packets belonging to the flows sharing the channel.
 A database containing the features of the received signal can be
used to determine the location of wireless devices. These databases are
then indexed according to some features of the signals, such as signal
strength received by the wireless device or the base station, number of
pilots seen by the wireless device, strength of each pilot, multipath
 The inverse process is useful too, wherein a similar database is
indexed by the location of the wireless device and may be used to learn
about the features of the received signal. Furthermore, these databases
may be used to predict the future of the received signal features (e.g.,
predict the behavior of the channel). Both short and long-term prediction
is possible if the trajectory of the movement of the device is known.
 In one embodiment, the channel assignment strategy and optimum
scheduling algorithms for data applications in third generation wireless
systems (3G) are optimized by use of such a database. As an example, FIG.
2 illustrates topography of a wireless communication system, such as a
system supporting data transmissions. The system 100 includes multiple
base stations or ANs, of which two are illustrated, BS 102, 120. Each of
BS 102, 120 has an associated range of service labeled cell 1, cell 2,
respectively. The trajectory of daily usage for three users is
superimposed over the layout. A first user, USER 1, moves from point A
104 to point B 106 at a specified time each workday. While there is some
range of times each day, as well as some variation on the path taken, on
average USER 1 moves from point A 104 to point B 106 at approximately the
same time each day. Note that USER 1 may have other patterns of use which
are not illustrated in FIG. 2. The illustrated trajectory for USER 1
remains fully within cell 1. A second user, USER 2, moves from point C
108 to point F 114 each workday. In this case, point C 108 is within cell
1, and point F 114 is within cell 2. A third user, USER 3 moves from
point D 110 to point E 112. Again, the trajectory for USER 3 starts in
cell 1 and travels to cell 2.
 The user trajectories and data compiled are developed by monitoring
each user's access to the communication system. The trajectories are
determined specifically based on known geographical information, such as
maps which may be stored in a Geographical Information System (GIS). The
process first determines the location of a user at the start of a
communication. This may be done by the user of Global Positioning
System(s) (GPS) which identify each user's location by longitude,
latitude, and height. This assumes the user is traveling in an automobile
or other vehicle. GPS is a satellite navigation system. GPS provides
specially coded satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS
receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time.
The location of the user is then monitored throughout the communication
and matched to roads and streets known in the area. In this way, a
projected trajectory is compiled. Using the GPS and GIS information, it
is possible to predict the movement of a given user during a
communication. Adding to this information, traffic patterns, delays,
accidents, outages, etc., a better estimation of the trajectory and
travel time is made.
 Knowledge of the current and previous positions of the wireless
device may be used to predict the trajectory of the motion of the device.
The trajectory is identified according to known geographical features,
such as mountains, buildings, and other considerations that affect the
channel quality. The trajectory may be used along with other information
stored in the database to predict the received signal features at the
wireless device. In a CDMA network, for example, database information may
include but not be limited to, pilot signal strength, rate of change of
pilot strengths, number of pilots, soft and hard handoff regions, etc.
The predicted signal features may then be used intelligently for both
channel assignment strategy and scheduling algorithms for data
 For example, if it is projected that the wireless device will
travel through an area that is know to have many successful handoffs in a
very short period of time, the scheduler could delay assigning time slots
until the wireless device passes through the area or assign data at a
lower rate with shorter bursts. On the other hand if it is projected that
the wireless device will travel through an area with stale channel
conditions, the scheduler may assign maximum data rates with longer
 Similarly, if the wireless device is about to move into an area
where it is known from the signal features database that the received
signal strength gets weak for a short period of time (short term coverage
hole), the system may not assign a channel for this period of time. Or it
may assign a channel at a lower rate until the wireless device passes
this specific area. Both the scheduler and channel assignment algorithms
may take advantage of the a priori knowledge of the channel conditions.
Issues such as the size of the area with weak signal strength and the
depth of fades should be taken into consideration for assigning the
channel and scheduling the time slot to deliver the data to the wireless
device. Note that there may be more than one database; one for different
seasons of the year, one for different times of the day (rush-hour vs.
normal hours), one for different system loading conditions, etc.
 The database categories of one embodiment are illustrated in FIG.
3, having a variety of fields. Information is stored for each user, and a
separate entry is made for multiple accesses to the communication system.
Alternate embodiments may employ a variety of methods for storing
information as well as selecting different field categories. The start
location and end location of the trajectory are identified. Note that
these may include subfields to monitor the travel of each user, or may
include subfields that mark the start and end of each communication
access. Similarly, an individual access may be broken into portions, such
as for a long transmission along a trajectory experiencing changing
channel conditions. As illustrated, USER 1 accesses the communication
system two times on the commute from home, point A 104, to work, point B
108. The users may access a variety of services. Fields are provided to
indicate the system loading during each access. The call history
indicates the time of each access and may be stored using a military
clock over a day, week, month, etc. Additionally, the data rate, channel
quality, and service type information is stored for each access. The
channel quality is available as feedback from the user. Furthermore, the
usage pattern of the subscriber can be utilized to manage system
resources on a sector basis. For example, to reserve more resources for
voice usage in areas and time of day where voice is the most requested
service and to reserve more resources for data usage in areas and at
times when data is at higher demand. Alternate embodiments may store the
information in a variety of ways. In the present embodiment, the
information may be accessed by any of the fields. For example, the system
may use the call history information to match to a current time of day
and make control decisions accordingly.
 FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram of a method of using and updating
the database. The process starts on initiation of a communication by a
user at step 202. At step 204 the base station or AN records the location
of the user, as well as the time and service desired. At decision diamond
206, the decision is made to serve the user. Such decision may be
implemented by any of a variety of scheduling algorithms. If the user is
served, the process continues to step 208 to process the communication.
Else, processing continues to step 210 to determine patterns of user
usage for the various users of the system. As illustrated a total of N
users is considered. The data rate to each user is then adjusted
according to the determined patterns at step 212. When the pattern of
usage changes, the base station may determine to update the database.
Note that the process 200 of FIG. 4 may be performed by the base station
or a Base Station Controller (BSC) or at a higher level of control.
 In one embodiment, the base station creates a
transmission-scheduling plan and then adjusts according to actual usage
as well as in response to updates in the database. FIG. 5 illustrates a
process 300 performed by the BS, or at a higher level of control, wherein
the BS creates a plan at step 302 and evaluates operation of the system
at step 304. The BS updates the plan, or makes a temporary change to the
database that considers the current operating conditions at step 306. The
BS then determines the users to serve at step 308. In response to step
306, the BS determines if a change is to be made to the stored database
at decision diamond 310. In other words, the BS determines if the current
operating conditions include an anomaly or are a trend that is to be
reflected in the stored features. Subject to the decision either no
change is made to the database at step 312 or the database is updated at
 In an alternate embodiment, the historical information of user
usage is available for prediction of future usage, such as driving routes
and patterns. Such predictions aid in scheduling users in a system. By
coupling such information to a Geographical Information System (GIS) type
database for traffic, traffic conditions may be.
 A controller, such as a base station, according to one embodiment
is illustrated in FIG. 6. The unit 400 includes receive circuitry 402,
processor 404, transmit circuitry 408, processor 210, scheduler 412, and
rate determination unit 414 in communication with the database 408 via a
communication bus 416. The rate determination unit 414 and the scheduler
412 use information stored in the database to make decisions for the
allocation of system resources. The database may include multiple
databases as described hereinabove. Similarly, alternate embodiments may
implement a variety of memory structures for recovering the feature
information, which is used as a priori input.
 In one embodiment, the feature information is also stored at the
wireless device. A device 500 is illustrated in FIG. 7 containing receive
circuitry 502, processor 504, transmit circuitry 506, and channel quality
unit 510 in communication with a database 508 via a communication bus
514. The channel quality unit 510 provides information to the database
508, which is stored for each user access. Additionally, the device 500
may monitor the channel quality and determine, based on information
stored in the database, to prompt the user to initiate an access. For
example, consider the case where USER 1 accesses stock quotes via the
Internet each morning on route to work at time t1. The channel quality is
at a first level during such access. The channel quality unit 510 may
access this information stored in database 508 and monitor the channel
quality condition. The channel quality unit 510 may then determine that
the channel quality improves at time t2. The channel quality unit 510
sends a message to the processor to prompt the user to change access time
for this transmission. A feature evaluation unit 512 may be implemented
to evaluate the information stored in the database to determine trends.
The feature evaluation unit 512 is intended to isolate anomalies and
identify changes is patterns of usage. When information is stored in the
database, the feature evaluation unit 512 of one embodiment performs
statistical analysis to store averages and deviation information of the
features. The function of the database is to store the usage information
and provide a tool to the device 500 (or in the BS 400) for controlling
accesses to the communication system.
 As illustrated in FIG. 8, a given coverage area may be divided into
bins. Note that the bins are indicated as a grid overlaying a
geographical map, however, the bins may be any shape and may be of
different sizes. Each bin is then characterized by a set of parameters,
including topography, historical channel condition, percentage of time
accesses are made from the bin to the network, etc. Each bin is given a
bin identifier, as mobile users travel within a system, the bin
identifier is used to identify entry into a given bin by a mobile user.
The set of parameters associated with the bin are then indexed by the bin
identifier and used for scheduling purposes. The size of the bins may be
designed to provide coarse or fine adjustment depending on the
geographical area and usage patterns. When predicting a given mobile
user's travel route based on historical information, information
regarding those bins included on the predicted route is accessed in
scheduling transmissions to that user. For example, if a user's travel
route is through five known bins, the system may retrieve the set of
parameters describing each of the five bins by the bin identifiers, and
determine which bin(s) will allow the greatest data rate to that user.
Transmission to the user is then scheduled to occur during a time range
when the user is predicted to enter those bins.
 The set of parameters describing the bin could include current
information as well as historical information. Parameters may include C/I
of the FL and RL, average maximum data rate achievable, average number of
users, average loading, availability of other systems, such as an ad-hoc
system, etc. The parameters may be calculated as a function of time,
wherein the parameters change throughout the day.
 In real time, as the system is notified of the current bin location
of the user, the system is able to predict future bin(s) and schedule
data transmissions accordingly. For example, the system may predict that
the user will pass through seven bins on a given time course. At the time
of entry into the first and second bins, each supports a first high data
rate. In contrast, the third, fourth and fifth have a poor channel
condition (due to a building or other structure for example), and can
only support a low data rate if any. Continuing on the predicted travel
route, the sixth and seventh bins support a second high data rate,
different from the first. The system may divide the transmission into two
parts. The first part of the transmission is sent while the user is in
bins one and two. No transmission is sent while the user is in bins four
and five. The transmission is held and not sent until the user is in bins
six and seven. The system resources during these intervals could then be
used for other users who are enjoying better channel conditions. The
channel conditions of the future bins may come form the stored data or
from users who are already moving through these bins. In this way, the
system dynamically adjusts to a current condition.
 Note that according to the exemplary embodiment, the system
prepares multiple scenarios for scheduling data transmissions. The first
schedule is based on predicted travel routes. Such predictions involve
specific travel routes, through specific geographical bins, at specific
times. The specific times may be a range of values. The system, however,
considers that a user may not always follow the historical travel routes
exactly and may vary from time to time. Therefore, the system also
determines alternate available routes that the user may take. The system
is currently comparing the real time usage patterns of the user to the
predictions and updating not only the database storing such information,
but also updating the schedules prepared for transmitting data. In a
system, such as a High Data Rate (HDR) system, wherein typically only one
user receives data at a time, such updating is very beneficial. The
system dynamically adjusts to changes in scheduling while allowing smart
scheduling based on historical usage patterns.
 There are many data services that are not delay sensitive, wherein
the service can tolerate long delays and/or the long delays are
acceptable to the user. In this case, the system will schedule the
transmission so as to optimize system resources and minimize
interference. The system will schedule the transmission using the travel
route predictions. In this way, the system is able to schedule a portion
or all of the data for transmission so as optimize resource management
processing. The user may specify a delivery time end point or a maximum
delay, or the system may determine such criteria. The user may identify a
final destination, whereby the system is able to predict an arrival time
and schedule the transmission prior to the arrival time. Within the time
period before the arrival time, the system may transmit the information
at any time and in any manner supported by the user. For example, the
transmission may be in parts, wherein the user is to store each part in
memory until receiving all parts of the message or transmission.
 The user historical information may also be used to predict routes
for users within the system. As discussed hereinabove, a system may
prepare contingency schedules, so as to dynamically adjust to the current
location of a user when such location is different from a predicted one.
When a user strays from a predicted travel route, the system may prepare
a new prediction from that point, or may wait to see if the current path
is minor modification of the predicted one. In the first case, a new set
of schedules is prepared adjusting for the new predicted routes. In the
latter case, the time of the scheduling may change to accommodate the new
modification, however, much of the predicted travel route used in the
schedule is maintained. For example, a user may stop for refueling or to
purchase supplies, etc., while traveling a predicted route. The minor
stop will change the timing of the predicted travel, but not the rest of
the travel route.
 A database, or multiple databases, stored in the base station or
the mobile station, such as databases 408, 508, may also store specific
information about the various travel routes within a geographical area.
The information may be supplied by a Geographical Information System
(GIS). The information for a given route or geographical area may then be
mapped to user profiles. Information relating to the routes identified
may then be used in scheduling transmissions to a given user. The
information relating to the routes may include information about route
conditions, including traffic conditions. Traffic conditions may consider
congestion, probability of congestion-inducing event, such as accidents.
Such information may also consider the probability that the condition of
the route will change as a function of time of day, such as rush hour, or
due to weather conditions. Note that according to one embodiment,
scheduling of transmissions considers the weather conditions that may
incur delays in a user's travel time. Such time changes impact the travel
pattern of a user.
 A variety of information may be used for scheduling transmissions.
Such information includes that information determined at system design.
Additionally, a system may dynamically determine the type of information
that is desirable, based on performance of the system. For example, it
may be determined, based on performance of the system, that additional
information may be beneficial in predicting the channel state of a given
route in the geographical area or the channel state associated with a
given user's travel route.
 The information relating to the routes is then used to predict
channel conditions over time. Considering a given user having a travel
route for a given time period, the system will predict the channel state
along the route for the time period under consideration. The prediction
of the channel condition at a specific geographical bin may be
accomplished based on stored data or based on data provided by other
wireless devices currently passing through these bins. Network planning
tools and optimization tools may be used within a base station or remote
station to access the route information, as well as other information,
and determine a data transmission schedule. Such tools may be used to
determine a long-term channel prediction. Interpolation may be used to
predict channel states when only minimal information is available.
Network planning tools may be implemented with measurement tools in
storing and accessing information in the various databases.
Ad-Hoc and Hybrid Networks
 A wireless "ad hoc" network is a collection of autonomous nodes or
terminals that communicate with each other by forming a multi-hop radio
network and by maintaining connectivity in a decentralized manner. Since
the nodes communicate over wireless links, they have to contend with the
effects of radio communication, such as noise, fading, and interference.
In addition, the links typically have less bandwidth than in a wired
network. Each node in a wireless ad hoc network functions as both a host
and a router, and the control of the network is distributed among the
nodes. The network topology is in general dynamic, because the
connectivity among the nodes may vary with time due to node departures,
new node arrivals, and the possibility of having mobile nodes. Hence,
there is a need for efficient routing protocols to allow the nodes to
communicate over multi-hop paths consisting of possibly several links in
a way that does not use any more of the network "resources" than
 The concepts of predicted travel routes are also applicable to an
ad-hoc network. As the nodes are mobile, it is desirable to predict where
each node will be at a given time with an accepted certainty or
probability. As a database is built including information for usage
patterns and location of each of the nodes, such information is available
for scheduling not only transmissions within an ad-hoc network, but also
the structure of the ad-hoc network. An ad-hoc network is illustrated in
FIG. 9, wherein the network 600 is defined by multiple hops or
connections from a source node through intermediate nodes to a
 Further, as illustrated in FIG. 10, a cellular system 700 (and/or
PCS system) may interface with an ad-hoc network 600. As a user (not
shown) moves throughout a geographical area, the user may enter into a
coverage area that overlaps with the ad-hoc network 600. Transmissions to
the user may be scheduled according to the location of the user and/or a
prediction of the future location of the user based on historical travel
routes. For example, the system may postpone a download to the user until
the user enters the ad-hoc network 600.
 The geographical area covering the cellular system 700 and ad-hoc
network 600 may be divided into bins as described hereinabove. The ad-hoc
network 600 may change with time as mobile nodes change location; the bin
designations are updated over time to reflect the current position of the
ad-hoc network 600.
 The ad-hoc network 600 may save location information for each of
the individual nodes making up the ad-hoc network 600. Such historical
information may be retrieved for use in determining the
source-to-destination path of the ad-hoc network 600 at a given time. The
ad-hoc network 600 may select a node based on that node's longevity
proximate to other nodes. For example, if a first node is to be an
intermediary node, but the first node is typically transient, the network
may select a second node that is more stationary with respect to the
other nodes in the ad-hoc network 600. Similarly, the entire structure of
the ad-hoc network 600 making the source-to-destination path may be
determined based on historical information of the location and
accessibility of individual nodes.
 In one embodiment, when a system, such as a cellular, PCS, ad-hoc,
hybrid, etc. determines that the user would like to download a file
before arrival at a given destination, the system may schedule the
download for an optimum time. For example, for a user traveling to a
client, the system may schedule the download for arrival at the client.
The user may specify by when or by where to receive the download. In
these situations, the download may be scheduled for a time when the
system anticipates the user will have access to a Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN), such as a "Wi-Fi" network. A Wi-Fi network may be one as
designated by the standard entitled "IEEE 802.11 Working Group for
Wireless Local Area Networks."
Downloads and Uploads
 Downloads may be optimized by the use of historical usage
information on a per user basis, wherein downloads may be performed at an
optimum time for the system and stored in memory for later access by the
user. For example, newly received email messages may be downloaded when
the conditions of system loading and mobile user position and channel
condition are optimum. The email messages may then be stored in memory at
the mobile station and later retrieved by the user. Other data
transmissions that are not delay sensitive may be handled similarly. The
optimization technique is also applicable to uploading information from
the mobile station to the network.
 In one embodiment, the user specifies a maximum allowable delay.
The user may specify such delay as a final destination. In this case, the
system calculates the expected arrival time at the final destination,
given the historical information of the user, and then sets the maximum
allowable delay accordingly. For example, if a user travels within a
specified area each day within a specified time period, but arrives at a
known location at a specific time each day, the user may desire to
receive all current email messages before reaching the known location,
which may be a home office, etc. The system then retrieves the user
information and determines at what time the user typically reaches that
destination. The delay time is set accordingly. The system may then
process emails by transmission to the user within the allowable delay
 In an alternate embodiment, downloads are scheduled so as to
minimize the cost to the user. As the user enters an area of good channel
quality, the system anticipates such condition and schedules downloads to
transmit while the channel quality is good, and therefore, the data rate
is maximized for the user. Transmission at a higher data rate reduces the
airtime of the communication and thus may reduce the cost to the user.
 Still another embodiment schedules downloads to optimize the system
resources. When the demands on the system are low, downloads are
scheduled so as to utilize the system resources efficiently.
 Those of skill in the art would understand that information and
signals may be represented using any of a variety of different
technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands,
information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced
throughout the above description may be represented by voltages,
currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical
fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
 Those of skill would further appreciate that the various
illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps
described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be
implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of
both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and
software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and
steps have been described above generally in terms of their
functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or
software depends upon the particular application and design constraints
imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the
described functionality in varying ways for each particular application,
but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a
departure from the scope of the present invention.
 The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits
described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be
implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital
signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit
(ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable
logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware
components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions
described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor,
but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor,
controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be
implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of
a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more
microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such
 The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the
embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a
software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two.
A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory,
EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a
CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An
exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor
can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium.
In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor.
The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may
reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the
storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
 The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided
to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present
invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily
apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined
herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the
spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not
intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be
accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel
features disclosed herein.
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