US 7527648 B2
A method of reconstructing a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament in a human knee. Femoral and tibial tunnels are drilled into the femur and tibia. A transverse tunnel is drilled into the femur to intersect the femoral tunnel. A replacement graft is formed into a loop and moved into the femoral and tibial tunnels using a surgical needle and suture. A flexible filamentary member is simultaneously moved along with the loop into the femoral and transverse tunnels. A pin passing member maintains one end of the filamentary wire in the transverse tunnel as the graft is being moved into place in the femoral and tibial tunnels. The filamentary member is used as a guide wire in the transverse tunnel to insert a cannulated cross-pin to secure a top of the looped graft in the femoral tunnel.
1. A method of repairing a knee, comprising:
drilling a longitudinal tibial tunnel through a top section of a tibia;
drilling a longitudinal femoral tunnel through a bottom section of an adjacent femur such that the tibial tunnel and the femoral tunnel are substantially in alignment;
drilling a substantially transverse tunnel through the femur, such that the transverse tunnel intersects the femoral tunnel, and is in communication therewith, the transverse tunnel having first and second open ends;
threading a filamentary member which comprises and endless loop through the tibial and femoral tunnels to the transverse tunnel extending a portion of the loop out of the transverse tunnel with a passing pin member, cutting the loop to form a first end and a second end and engaging the second end of the filamentary member with the passing pin member, such that a first end of the filamentary member extends out from one open end of the transverse tunnel and the second end of the filamentary member is maintained in a section of the transverse tunnel by the passing pin member, and a bottom loop of the filamentary member extends out through a bottom opening of the tibial tunnel;
folding an anterior cruciate ligament replacement graft having opposed ends to form a graft loop having a top, a bottom, and an opening;
engaging the graft with a suture which is attached to a surgical needle such that the suture passes through the graft loop opening;
engaging the graft with the filamentary member such that it passes through the graft loop opening;
pulling the graft loop up and into the femoral and tibial tunnels by pulling on the needle and suture, whereby the filamentary member is simultaneously moved into the femoral tunnel, such that the top of the graft is in the femoral tunnel, and the graft loop opening is in alignment with the transverse tunnel;
moving the passing pin member and the second end of the filamentary member out of the second open end of the transverse tunnel and manipulating the filamentary member such that it is tensioned to form a substantially straight configuration that is substantially in alignment with the transverse tunnel to serve as a guide wire; and
securing the upper end of the graft loop in the femoral tunnel by passing a cannulated bone pin over the filamentary member and through the graft loop opening, and mounting the bone pin in the transverse tunnel.
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The field of art to which this invention relates is arthroscopic surgical procedures, in particular, arthroscopic surgical procedures for replacing an anterior cruciate ligament in the knee.
Arthroscopic surgical repairs of a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament in the knee are known in this art. A rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (“ACL”) is often seen in sports related injuries. In a typical arthroscopic ACL reconstruction procedure, the surgeon prepares the patient for surgery by insufflating the patient's knee with sterile saline solution. Several cannulas are inserted into the knee and used as entry portals into the interior of the knee. A conventional arthroscope is inserted through one of the cannulas so that the knee may be remotely viewed by the surgeon. The surgeon then drills a tibial tunnel and a femoral tunnel in accordance with conventional surgical techniques using conventional surgical drills and drill guides. A replacement anterior cruciate ligament graft is then prepared and mounted in the tibial and femoral tunnels, and secured using conventional techniques and known devices in order to complete the knee reconstruction.
Several types of anterior cruciate ligament grafts are available for use by the surgeon in ACL reconstruction. The grafts may be autografts that are harvested from the patient, for example patellar bone-tendon-bone grafts, or hamstring grafts. Or the grafts can be xenografts, allografts, or synthetic polymer grafts.
There are various known methods of securing the femoral end of an ACL graft in the femoral tunnel. The methods include cross-pinning, and the use of femoral tunnel interference screws. Of particular interest is a procedure wherein a cross-pin is used to secure the graft in the femoral tunnel. When such a device is used, a transverse tunnel is drilled into the bottom of the femur such that it intersects the femoral tunnel. When using a cross-pinning technique, the surgeon prepares the graft by forming or folding it into a loop. Typically this is preceded by whip stitching the ends of the graft in a conventional manner. After the top end of the graft loop is emplaced in the femoral tunnel, the cross-pin is then inserted into the transverse tunnel and through the opening in the loop of the graft, thereby securing the graft in place in the femoral tunnel.
Although the existing methods of performing ACL reconstruction using cross-pins are satisfactory for their intended purpose, and provide the patient with the desired therapeutic result, there is a constant need in this art for improved methods of performing ACL graft reconstruction using cross-pins. In particular, one critical aspect of a cross-pinning method is the ability to place a graft in a femoral tunnel so that when the cross-pin is inserted through the transverse tunnel, it is precisely placed in the opening of the graft loop and below the top of the graft loop. It can be appreciated by those skilled in this art that placement of the cross-pin above the top of the graft loop will result in the graft not being adequately secured in the femoral tunnel, with the likelihood of a catastrophic failure. Precise placement of a cross-pin into the opening of a graft loop is presently accomplished in this art by using guide wires and cannulated cross-pins that are inserted over the guide wires. In one known method, a guide wire consisting of a flexible filamentary member is actually looped through the transverse tunnel and down through the femoral and tibial tunnels, such that an end extends out through both sides of the transverse tunnel, and a bottom loop extends out through the bottom of the tibial tunnel. A graft is folded to form a graft loop and placed about the bottom loop of the guide wire such that the guide wire runs through the graft loop opening. The ends of the guide wire extending out through the openings of the transverse tunnel are tensioned to pull the guide wire and graft up through the tibial and femoral tunnels into a desired position for fixation, and a cannulated cross-pin is then threaded over the guide wire and mounted in the transverse tunnel to secure the upper part of the graft loop in the femoral tunnel. Although this method succeeds in emplacing a graft in the femoral tunnel and securing it with a cross-pin, there are disadvantages associated with its use. For example, it requires that the graft be pulled longitudinally through the tibial and femoral tunnels by pulling transversely on the flexible filamentary member ends that exit the sides of the transverse tunnel. This may result in damage to the bone surrounding the interiors of the femoral and transverse tunnels. In addition, it can be a lengthy and time-consuming process since it is inefficient to move the graft longitudinally through the tunnel by pulling transversely on the flexible filamentary member.
Accordingly, there is a need in this art for improved methods of ACL knee reconstruction using cross-pins.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel method of performing an ACL reconstruction using a cannulated cross-pin, wherein a filamentary member is provided as a guide for the cross-pin, and an ACL graft is pulled into the tibial and femoral tunnels using a surgical needle and attached surgical suture.
Therefore, a method for repairing a knee arthroscopically using an anterior cruciate ligament replacement graft is disclosed. The method consists of providing an anterior cruciate ligament replacement graft that is formed into a loop having a top and a bottom. The loop has an opening. A longitudinal tunnel is drilled through a top section of a tibia adjacent to the knee; the tibial tunnel has a bottom opening and a top opening. A longitudinal tunnel is drilled through the bottom section of an adjacent femur such that the tibial tunnel and the femoral tunnel are substantially in alignment. The femoral tunnel has opposed first and second openings. A substantially transverse tunnel is drilled through the femoral tunnel such that the transverse tunnel intersects the femoral tunnel and is in communication therewith. A filamentary member is provided and a passing pin is provided. The filamentary member is threaded through knee such that a first end of the filamentary member extends out from the first opening of the transverse tunnel and a second end extends into a second side of the transverse tunnel. The second end of the filamentary member is maintained in the second side of the tunnel by a passing pin member. A bottom loop of the filamentary member extends out through the bottom opening of the tibial tunnel. A surgical needle and suture are provided. The suture is mounted to the surgical needle such that a suture loop is formed. The graft is engaged with the suture loop such that the suture passes through the graft loop opening. And, the graft is also engaged with the filamentary member such that the filamentary member passes through the graft loop opening. The graft loop is pulled into the tibial and femoral I tunnels by pulling on the needle and suture, thereby simultaneously pulling the filamentary member up into the femoral tunnel and transverse tunnel. The filamentary member is tensioned after the top of the graft is emplaced in the femoral and tibial tunnels, and the filamentary member is aligned with the transverse tunnel to form a substantially straight configuration that is substantially in alignment with the transverse tunnel. The passing pin is withdrawn from the second side of the transverse tunnel, thereby removing the second end of the filamentary member from the transverse tunnel and out through the second opening. A cannulated bone pin is provided. The upper end of the graft loop is secured in the femoral tunnel by passing the cannulated bone pin over the filamentary member and mounting the bone pin in the transverse tunnel. The lower end of the graft loop may be secured in the tibial tunnel by inserting a securement member or device into the tibial tunnel, e.g. an interference screw, thereby completing the reconstruction.
These and other aspects, advantages of the present invention, will become more apparent from the following drawings and accompanying description.
The terms “anterior cruciate ligament” and the acronym “ACL” are used interchangeably herein. The terms “bone pin” and cross-pin” are used interchangeably herein.
Referring now to
As seen in
Next, a transverse femoral drill guide 120 is mounted to the tibia 10 and the femur 60. The drill guide 120 is seen to have “L” shaped frame 122 having bottom leg 126 and perpendicular top leg 128. The drill guide 120 is seen to have longitudinal drill guide 130 mounted to the bottom leg 126 and horizontal drill guide 140 mounted to the top leg 128. The longitudinal drill guide 130 is positioned within the tibial and femoral tunnels 40 and 90, respectively. A partial incision 141 is made in the skin and the tissue thereunder is bluntly bisected to the lateral femoral cortex 68. The drill guide 140 is advanced to contact the lateral femoral condyral 69. Next, a drill 145 is inserted into the transverse drill guide 140 and the transverse tunnel 150 is drilled transversely through the femoral end 61. The distal end section 132 of the longitudinal drill guide 130 contains an opening 134 to receive the drill 145 to provide for appropriate alignment. The tunnel 150 is seen to have passage 155, and opposed end openings 151 and 152. The knee 5 is now ready to have the replacement ACL graft implanted.
The types of ACL graft implants that can be used in the method of the present invention include autografts, allografts, xenografts and synthetic grafts. Autografts consists of the patient's own ligamentous tissue harvested either from the patellar tendon or from the tendons of the hamstring. Allografts include ligamentous tissue harvested from cadavers and appropriately treated and disinfected, and preferably sterilized. Xenografts include harvested connective tissue from animal sources such as, for example, porcine tissue. Typically, the xenografts must be appropriately treated to eliminate or minimize an immune response. Synthetic grafts include grafts made from synthetic polymers such as polyurethane, polyethylene, polyester and other conventional biocompatible bioabsorbable or nonabsorbable polymers and composites. The grafts 200 are typically prepared in a conventional manner, optionally whip stitching the ends 212 of the graft with surgical sutures 220, and folding the graft over by bringing the ends 212 together to form a loop of graft material having a bottom 215, a loop top 222 and a loop opening 225 as seen in
The filamentary members 180 that may be used in the practice of the present invention include any type of flexible, strong biocompatible material. The filaments may be a single unitary fiber or may be of multi-filament construction, for example, braided or woven. The filaments may be made from nylon, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, braided, woven and twisted metal and/or malleable alloys and combinations thereof. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the filamentary member 180 is made from nylon. The filamentary member 180 may be precut with two opposed ends, or may be in the form of an endless loop. It is particularly preferred in the practice of the present invention to utilize the filamentary member in the form of an endless loop that is later cut to provide a filamentary member with two ends.
When using a filamentary member 180 in the form of an endless loop (see
Referring now to
The surgeon then affixes the bottom end 215 of the graft 200 in the tibial tunnel 40 using a conventional securing device such as an interference screw 340, or other conventional devices such as tibial fasteners, screws and washers, etc. The ACL replacement is now complete, and the surgeon can remove the cannulas and close the incisions about the knee using conventional incision approximating techniques including sutures, tape, glue, staples, etc.
The cross-pins useful in the present invention can be made from a variety of conventional biocompatible materials useful in implants. The materials may be absorbable or non-absorbable. Examples of conventional non-absorbable materials include surgical stainless steel, nickel titanium alloys, ceramics, Delrin, polyethylene, and other non-absorbable polymers including, but not limited to, polypropylene, and Acetal. Examples of bioabsorbable materials include PLA, PGA, polydioxanone, polycaprolactone, copolymers thereof, and the like. The term “natural polymer” refers to polymers that are naturally occurring, as opposed to synthetic polymers. In embodiments where the device includes at least one synthetic polymer, suitable biocompatible synthetic polymers can include polymers selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, poly(amino acids), copoly(etheresters), polyalkylenes oxalaes, polyamides, tyrosine derived polycarbonates, poly(iminocarbonates), polyorthoesters, polyoxaesters, polyamidoesters, polyoxaesters containing amine groups, poly(anhydrides), polyphosphazenes, polyurethanes, poly(ether urethanes), poly(ester urethane) and blends thereof. Suitable synthetic polymers for use in the present invention can also include biosynthetic polymers based on sequences found in collagen, elastin, thrombin, fibronectin, starches, poly(amino acid), poly(propylene fumarate), geletin, alginate, pectin, fibrin, oxidized cellulose, chitin, chitosan, tropoelastin, hyaluronic acid, ribonucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acids, polypeptides, proteins, polysaccharides, polynucleotides and combination thereof. The devices of the present invention may also be manufactured from conventional biocompatible natural polymers. If desired, the bioabsorbable materials may contain osteoinductive or osteoconductive materials, polymers and blends of polymers including but not limited to calcium hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and the like. The cross-pins may also be made from natural bone, for example allografts or autografts.
The cross-pins of the present invention may be made using a variety of conventional manufacturing processes including machining, molding, etc., and combinations thereof.
The novel anterial cruciate ligament replacement procedure of the present invention has improvements over procedures known in the art. In particular, the combination of the needle and suture to pull the graft into the femoral tunnel along with the suture loop filamentary member to provide for a transverse guide wire provides efficiency in the placement of the top of the graft in the femoral tunnel while minimizing or eliminating damage to the bone in the transverse tunnel that could be caused by pulling up the graft using the filamentary member. To help maintain and control the filamentary wire in the transverse tunnel as the graft and guide wire are pulled into place, a section of the distal end of the passing pin member and one end of the filamentary member are maintained in one side of the transverse tunnel. When the graft is moved up into the femoral tunnel in the proper location, the filamentary wire is in place in the transverse tunnel to serve as a guide wire for emplacing the cross-pin in the transverse tunnel and through the opening in the graft loop.
Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to detailed embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail thereof my be made without departing form the spirit and scope of the claimed invention.