Henri-Philibert-Gaspard Darcy, (born June 10, 1803, Dijon, France—died Jan. 3, 1858, Paris), French hydraulic engineer who first derived the equation (now known as Darcy’s law) that governs the laminar (nonturbulent) flow of fluids in homogeneous, porous media and who thereby established the theoretical foundation of groundwater hydrology.
After studying in Paris, Darcy returned to his native city of Dijon, where he was entrusted with the design and construction of the municipal water supply system. During the course of this work, he conducted experiments on pipe flow and demonstrated that resistance to flow depended on the surface roughness of the pipe material, which previously had not been considered a factor. Planning to use the technique of water purification by filtration through sand, he also studied cases in which the pipe was filled with sand. From the data gathered, he derived the law that bears his name. The darcy is the standard unit of permeability.