A Determination of the Kinematic Quantities of a Rotating Object by Digital Image Correlation Method
1Department of Applied Mechanics and Mechatronics, Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,Košice,Slovakia
In this contribution an experimental determination of kinematic quantities of an automobile cooling fan by its rotational movement is described. The displacements of the fan surface were captured by two - cameras high-speed correlation system. The obtained data exported from some chosen points were for the purposes of post-processing imported into Matlab. For a verification of the reached results the second independent experimental method was used – the determination of the cooling fan rotational frequency was performed by a digital-optic tachometer.
At a glance: Figures
Keywords: high-speed digital image correlation, motion analysis, kinematic quantities
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2013 1 (7),
Received October 08, 2013; Revised October 14, 2013; Accepted November 21, 2013Copyright © 2014 Science and Education Publishing. All Rights Reserved.
Cite this article:
- Hagara, Martin, Róbert Huňady, and Pavol Lengvarský. "A Determination of the Kinematic Quantities of a Rotating Object by Digital Image Correlation Method." American Journal of Mechanical Engineering 1.7 (2013): 289-292.
- Hagara, M. , Huňady, R. , & Lengvarský, P. (2013). A Determination of the Kinematic Quantities of a Rotating Object by Digital Image Correlation Method. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 1(7), 289-292.
- Hagara, Martin, Róbert Huňady, and Pavol Lengvarský. "A Determination of the Kinematic Quantities of a Rotating Object by Digital Image Correlation Method." American Journal of Mechanical Engineering 1, no. 7 (2013): 289-292.
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Three-dimensional digital image correlation method belongs to the group of noncontact optic methods, which nowadays fully engages into the conception of measurement principles with high sensitivity and accuracy [1, 2]. It is based on the comparison of digital images obtained from at least two CCD cameras during the investigated object movement or loading Figure 1.
There are two forms of digital image correlation systems – a low-speed system and a high-speed one. It is possible to use the first mentioned only by low sampling frequencies (maximally several fps). Such a system mostly contains the objectives with higher resolution and thus it is suitable for the deformation analyses .
A high-speed correlation system with smaller objectives resolution can be usedfor the analyses, by which high sampling frequency is necessary. A common sampling frequency of the high-speed systems isseveral thousand fps and therefore they primary serve as a tool for motion analyses, vibration analysis , modal analyses , drop tests , crash tests or fracture mechanics.
Displacements in two perpendicular directions and are investigated by the using of pseudo-affine transformations (1), (2) of the nodal points of user defined virtual grid :
Where xt, yt are the transformation coordinates and a0 ,a1 ,a2,...,a7 are the transformation parameters.
The strain fields are subsequently determined by the analysis of local facets curvatures Figure 2.
2. Motion Analysis of A Rotating Object
The purpose of the analysis was to capture, evaluate and utilize the displacements of a rotationally moving object. The measurement object was a cooling fan of the automobile Skoda Felicia Figure 3.
The fan was fixed to a wooden support stand and actuated by a power supply.
The measurement performed by the high-speed digital image correlation system Q-450 Dantec Dynamics was intent on the fan start,movement by certain immediate angular velocities and free after-running as well, which happened after the power supply switch-off.2.1 Image Correlation System Configuration and Settings
For the acquisition of the moving object displacements it was needful to perform a dynamic measurement with sufficient sampling frequency. By the use of spray colors a stochastic black and white pattern required for the right correlation of the images was created on the fan rotating parts. Configuration of the high-speed correlation system used for the measurement is depicted in Figure 4.
The experiment was captured by the high-speed CCD cameras SpeedSense 9070 with the image resolution of 1280x800 px. In consideration of the limited inner memory of the cameras and the aim of the experiment to capture the whole process from fan start to its stop it was necessary to find a convenient sampling frequency and acquisition time.
The sampling frequency was set to 2500 fps. The acquisition time was adjusted after the observation of the fan start and after-running duration to 8 s. Our idea was to capture ca. the first five seconds after the power supply switch-on, whereby the remaining time of 3 s should serve as a sufficient reserve for the acquisition of fan after-running.
The apertures of the objectives were adjusted to f-number of 22, by which the maximal depth of focus was attained. The exposure time of both cameras was set to the highest allowable value of 399 μs. Cameras fields of view are visible in Figure 5.
The system captured 20000 images from both cameras.
For the reasons of using only two - cameras correlation system, by which the fan side parts could not be captured and only one powerful source of white light, which caused some unwanted reflections or shades on the fan surface, five segregate regions depicted in Figure 6 were selected and evaluated.
3. The Results of the Analysis
The first step for the next data post-processing was the acquirement of the displacements fields evaluated by the operating correlation systems Dantec Dynamics software Istra 4D. In this software the own coordinates system with the origin determined in a green point (see Figure 7) was defined. Direction X is represented by a virtual flowline of the origin with the point depicted by a light-blue color. It caused, that two of the fan blades were turned into a vertical position.
As the software Istra 4D does not allow to select points with exactly defined position, three virtual gauges (in a form of points) were chosen approximately on the line depicted in Figure 8 by a yellow color. Their displacements in time were imported into Matlab for the next processing.
The trajectories of selected points are depicted in the following Figure 11.
Subsequently a script created in Matlab serving for visualization of the particular points mean velocities in timewas used. The simple script algorithm consists of the following parts:
1. creation of the matrix of rotation angle
2. creation of the elements of rotation radius matrix
3. definition of the elements of rotation angle variation matrix
4. creation of the elements of angular velocity variation matrix where fs is a sampling frequency;
5. creation of the mean velocity matrix elements defined as
The noise occurring in the mean value of the third point velocity is caused by a correlation error growing with the increasing velocity of particular points.
Pursuant to Euler’s theorem the mean values of angular velocities of threeexamined point were determined. Subsequently by the use of
the mean values of rotational frequency in fixed time intervals ΔT=1/fs were computed. A graphical visualization of the time dependence of the mean values of rotational frequency can be seen in Figure 14.
It was necessary to verify such obtained results by the use of an independent method. The primary aims of verification were formulated as find the proofs, that:
the fan velocity is still growing during the examined time interval from 0 s to 4.77 s,
in time point of ca. 1.2 sthe acceleration of the fan is changed,
rotational frequency reaches in every time pointa value, that is corresponding to the real value.
The verification of the obtained results was performed by digital-optic tachometer Almemo. The apparatus consisted of a measuring LEDsonde Almemo FU A919-2 and a measuring device Almemo 2390-8 Figure 15.
The principle of this device is based on the tracking of visible ray of red light (660nm) emitted and reflected back to the LED sonde from the object surface where a reflex element is bonded. The behavior of rotational frequency in time captured by this optic method can be seen in Figure 16.
The time dependences of velocities and rotational frequencies suggest that the fan has rotated with an accelerated movement in the whole captured process. The decrease of the acceleration after 1.2 s could be caused by the increase of a resistance force. The state of a dynamic equilibrium was achieved after 12 s from the fan start by the measurement with Almemo.
The digital image correlation is a practical modern optical method serving for the examination of rotating objects kinematics quantities. A big advantage is that it provides the data about these quantities in each investigated object surface point.
The user should be very careful by the options of sampling frequency and acquisition time because of a limitation, that the higher velocities, the higher correlation errors.
The work has been accomplished under the projects VEGA 1/0937/12 and KEGA 021TUKE-4/2013.
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