Aetna considers an Food and Drug Administration-approved metal-on-metal, metal-on-plastic, ceramic-on-plastic, or ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty (THA) prosthesis medically necessary for adult members when the following criteria are met:
Member has advanced joint disease demonstrated by:
Pain and functional disability that interferes with ADLs from injury due to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, avascular necrosis, or post-traumatic arthritis of the hip joint; and
Limited range of motion, antalgic gait, and pain in hip joint with passive range of motion on physical examination: and
Radiographic evidence of severe osteoarthritis (as evidence by two or more of the following: subchondral cysts, subchondral sclerosis, periarticular osteophytes, joint subluxation, bone on bone articulation or joint space narrowing) of hip joint, or avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis) with stage III collapse of the femoral head, or rheumatoid arthritis (joint space narrowing); and
History of of unsuccessful conservative therapy (non-surgical medical management) that is clearly addressed in the medical record (see note). If conservative therapy is not appropriate, the medical record must clearly document why such approach is not reasonable; or
Fracture of the femoral neck by imaging with pain interfering with ADLs; or
Malunion of acetabular, femoral head or proximal femur fracture with pain interfering with ADLs; or
Nonunion by imaging or failure of previous hip fracture surgery with pain interfering with ADLs; or
Malignancy of the joint involving the bones or soft tissues of the pelvis or proximal femur by imaging.
Note: Members with osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or avascular necrosis should have at least 12 weeks of nonsurgical treatment documented in the medical record (at least 24 weeks for persons with a relative contraindication* -- see below), including all of the following, unless contraindicated:
anti-inflammatory medications or analgesics; and
flexibility and muscle strengthening exercises, and
activity modification; and
supervised physical therapy [Activities of daily living (ADLs) diminished despite completing a plan of care]; and
weight reduction as appropriate; and
assistive device use (required for persons with relative contraindications* to joint replacement, optional for others); and
therapeutic injections into the hip (required for persons with relative contraindications* to joint replacement, optional for others).
* Relative contraindicaitons to joint replacement include the following: morbid obesity (BMI greater than 40), age less than 50 years). Patients with relative contraindications should exhaust all nonsurgical treatment options.
Total joint replacement is considered not medically necessary in persons with any of the following absolute contraindications:
active infection of the joint or active systemic bacteremia that has not been totally eradicated; or
active skin infection (exception recurrent cutaneous staph infections) or open wound within the planned surgical site of the hip; or
rapidly progressive neurological disease except in the clinical situation of a concomitant displaced femoral neck fracture; or
allergy to components of the implant (e.g., cobalt, chromium or alumina).
For patients with significant conditions or co-morbidities, the risk/benefit of total hip arthroplasty should be appropriately addressed in the medical record.
Aetna considers total hip arthroplasty experimental and investigational for all other indications because of insufficient evidence of effectiveness.
Aetna considers a revision or replacement of a total hip arthroplasty or hip resurfacing arthroplasty medically necessary for the following indications when accompanied by pain and functional disability (interference with ADLs):
Aseptic loosening of one or more prosthetic components confirmed by imaging, or
Fracture or mechanical failure of one or more components of the prosthesis confirmed by imaging, or
Confirmed periprosthetic infection confirmed by gram stain and culture, or
Displaced periprosthetic fracture confirmed by imaging, or
Progressive or substantial periprosthetic bone loss confirmed by imaging, or
Bearing surface wear leading to symptomatic synovitis or local bone or soft tissue reaction*, or
Recurrent (2 or more) dislocations confirmed by imaging not responsive to a reasonable course of conservative management or irreducible dislocation confirmed by imaging; or
Clinically significant leg length discrepancy; or
Upon individual case review, persistent hip pain of unknown etiology not responsive to a period of non-surgical care for six (6) months.
And the member does not have any of the following contraindications to total hip revision or replacement:
loss of musculature (in particular hip abductor musculature), neuromuscular compromise or vascular deficiency in the affected limb, rendering the procedure unjustifiable; or
osteoporosis or other osseous abnormalities which would make the likelihood of a poor outcome more probable; or
poor skin coverage; or
severe instability due to anatomic causes that would make the likelihood of a poor surgical outcome more probable.
Aetna considers a revision or replacement of a total hip arthroplasty or hip resurfacing experimental and investigational when criteria are not met.
Aetna considers minimal incision or minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty a medically necessary acceptable alternative to conventional total hip arthroplasty.
* Aetna considers removal and revision surgery due to post total hip replacement (THR) metallosis alone, without evidence of loosening or malposition, experimental and investigational because there is insufficient clinical evidence in the published peer-reviewed medical literature.
Previously, most total hip prostheses utilize an acetabular cup either lined with polyethylene or composed entirely of polyethylene articulating against a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCr) or ceramic femoral head. Serious problems affecting the outcome of total joint replacement with these types of prostheses have been extensive and progressive peri-prosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening, which may result in revision, even though the components are still well fixed and functioning. Polyethylene particulate debris generated from metal-on-polyethylene bearing surfaces and the resulting biologic response to this debris are thought to be largely responsible.
In recent years, there has been renewed interest in metal-on-metal bearing surfaces for total joint arthroplasty. This is especially true in younger and more active patients who face the possibility of multiple revision procedures during their lifetime. In the long-term, the second-generation all-metal prostheses have demonstrated lower friction and wear rates than metal-on-polyethylene bearing surfaces. Recent studies reported that the second-generation metal-on-metal hip replacement prostheses exhibit a lower rate of acetabular revision and loosening than did those with previous metal-on-metal designs and that they had no more acetabular loosening or osteolysis than did those with metal-on-polyethylene articulations for follow-up periods of 5 to 10 years.
Another alternative to standard polyethylene is alumina-on-alumina ceramic. When comparing hard-on-hard bearings, the ceramic-on-ceramic coupling has several theoretical advantages over metal-on-metal. Because of the ceramic's extremely low coefficient of friction and its potential for superior wear resistance, these couples promise both wear rates that are appreciably less than polyethylene-on-metal and metal-on-metal couples.
Available literature indicates that alumina-on-alumina ceramic couplings are a viable alternative to metal-on-polyethylene designs. The combination of new high quality ceramic acetabular and femoral bearing heads with hip systems that have achieved long-term stable fixation can result in a substantial increase in the longevity of fixation for implants especially in the younger and more active patients.
Available studies of metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-ceramic total hip implants primarily involve cohorts of younger, more active patients. The chief advantage of these hip implants over standard metal-on-polyethylene hip implants is their greater longevity. There is no adequate evidence that metal-on-metal or ceramic-on-ceramic total hip implants offer clinically significant benefits over standard metal-on-polyethylene hip implants for older patients.
Bhandari et al (2005) reported a meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled studies suggested that bisphosphonates have a beneficial effect with regard to maintaining more peri-prosthetic bone mineral density than that in controls. However, the limitations of the available studies and the lack of analyses of clinically relevant outcomes (e.g., functional outcomes, revision rates, and quality of life) necessitate the planning and conduct of a sufficiently sized, methodologically sound trial with clinically relevant end points. Until this has been done, the current evidence regarding the beneficial effects of bisphosphonates on peri-prosthetic bone following total joint (e.g., knee and hip) arthroplasty should be interpreted with caution.
A technology assessment of hip implants by the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (Augustovsky et al, 2006) found that the clinical trials comparing ceramic against conventional prostheses found no significant differences in the revision rate among the different types of prostheses. In case series of patients with the ceramic prosthesis, reported revision rates at 10 years were less than 10 %, which is considered within acceptable limits and comparable to those reported for conventional prostheses. Similar results have been reported for metal-on-metal hip prostheses, where randomized controlled trials with follow-up up to 5 years found no differences between metal-on-metal and conventional prostheses in effectiveness and complication rates (Augustovsky et al, 2006). The assessment noted that, although there are some reports of an increase in cancer in persons with metal-on-metal hip prostheses, there are other reports evaluating metal-on-metal prostheses with follow-up up to 28 years that have found no increase in the incidence of any cancer. The assessment stated that no study comparing ceramic prosthesis with metal-on metal prosthesis was found. The assessment concluded that, although interim results with both the ceramic and metal-on-metal prostheses are promising, available studies have found no significant differences in revision rates during follow-up periods of 10 to 15 years. The assessment stated that, because the advantages of these materials may be observed at longer terms, their potential benefits would be greatest for younger patients (under 50 years of age) (Augustovsky et al, 2006).
In a meta-analysis, Smith and colleagues (2010) compared the clinical and radiological outcomes and complication rates of hip resurfacing (HRS) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). A systematic review was undertaken of all published (Medline, CINAHL, AMED, EMBASE) and unpublished or gray literature research databases up to January 2010. Clinical and radiological outcomes as well as complications of HRS were compared to those of THA using risk ratio, mean difference, and standardized mean difference statistics. Studies were critically appraised using the CASP appraisal tool. A total of 46 studies were identified from 1,124 citations. These included 3,799 HRSs and 3,282 THAs. On meta-analysis, functional outcomes for subjects following HRS were better than or the same as for subjects with a THA, but there were statistically significantly greater incidences of heterotopic ossification, aseptic loosening, and revision surgery with HRS compared to THA. The evidence base showed a number of methodological inadequacies such as the limited use of power calculations and poor or absent blinding of both patients and assessors, possibly giving rise to assessor bias. The authors concluded that on the basis of the current evidence base, HRS may have better functional outcomes than THA, but the increased risks of heterotopic ossification, aseptic loosening, and revision surgery following HRS indicate that THA is superior in terms of implant survival.
Garbuz and associates (2010) conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial to compare clinical outcomes of resurfacing versus large-head metal-on-metal THA. These researchers randomized 107 patients deemed eligible for resurfacing arthroplasty to have either resurfacing or standard THA. Patients were assessed for quality-of-life outcomes using the PAT-5D index, WOMAC, SF-36, and UCLA activity score. The minimum follow-up was 0.8 years (mean of 1.1 years; range of 0.8 to 2.2 years). Of the 73 patients followed at least 1 year, both groups reported improvement in quality of life on all outcome measures. There was no difference in quality of life between the 2 arms in the study. Serum levels of cobalt and chromium were measured in a subset of 30 patients. In both groups cobalt and chromium was elevated compared to baseline. Patients receiving a large-head metal-on-metal total hip had elevated ion levels compared to the resurfacing arm of the study. At 1 year, the median serum cobalt increased 46-fold from baseline in patients in the large-head total hip group, while the median serum chromium increased 10-fold. At 1 year, serum cobalt was 10-fold higher and serum chromium 2.6-fold higher than in the resurfacing arm. Due to these excessively high metal ion levels, the authors recommended against further use of this particular large-head THA.
Kim and colleagues (2013) stated that the timing of total hip replacement (THR) in patients with active tuberculosis (TB) of the hip is controversial, because of the potential risk of re-activation of infection. There is little information about the outcome of THR in these patients. These investigators performed a systematic review of published studies that evaluated the outcome of THR in patients with active TB of the hip. A review of multiple databases referenced articles published between 1950 and 2012 was carried out. A total of 6 articles were identified, comprising 65 patients. Tuberculosis was confirmed histologically in all patients. The mean follow-up was 53.2 months (range of 24 to 108). Anti-TB treatment continued post-operatively for between 6 and 15 months, after debridement and THR. One non-compliant patient had re-activation of infection. At the final follow-up the mean Harris hip score was 91.7 (range of 56 to 98). The authors concluded that THR in patients with active TB of the hip is a safe procedure, providing symptomatic relief and functional improvement if undertaken in association with extensive debridement and appropriate anti-TB treatment.
In a multi-center randomized, controlled trial with a non-inferiority design based on a minimal clinically important difference of 2.0 %, Anderson et al (2013) compared extended prophylaxis with aspirin and dalteparin for prevention of symptomatic venous thrombo-embolism (VTE) after THA. Randomization was electronically generated; patients were assigned to a treatment group through a Web-based program. Patients, physicians, study coordinators, health care team members, outcome adjudicators, and data analysts were blinded to interventions. The setting of this study was 12 tertiary care orthopedic referral centers in Canada; and a total of 778 patients who had elective unilateral THA between 2007 and 2010 were enrolled. After an initial 10 days of dalteparin prophylaxis after elective THA, patients were randomly assigned to 28 days of dalteparin (n = 400) or aspirin (n = 386). Main outcome measures were symptomatic VTE confirmed by objective testing (primary efficacy outcome) and bleeding. Five of 398 patients (1.3 %) randomly assigned to dalteparin and 1 of 380 (0.3 %) randomly assigned to aspirin had VTE (absolute difference, 1.0 percentage point [95 % confidence interval [CI]: -0.5 to 2.5 percentage points]). Aspirin was non-inferior (p < 0.001) but not superior (p = 0.22) to dalteparin. Clinically significant bleeding occurred in 5 patients (1.3 %) receiving dalteparin and 2 (0.5 %) receiving aspirin. The absolute between-group difference in a composite of all VTE and clinically significant bleeding events was 1.7 percentage points (CI: -0.3 to 3.8 percentage points; p = 0.091) in favor of aspirin. The authors concluded that extended prophylaxis for 28 days with aspirin was non-inferior to and as safe as dalteparin for the prevention of VTE after THA in patients who initially received dalteparin for 10 days. Given its low cost and greater convenience, aspirin may be considered a reasonable alternative for extended thrombo-prophylaxis following THA.
CPT Codes / HCPCS Codes / ICD-9 Codes
Total hip replacement (THA):
CPT codes covered if selection criteria are met:
HCPCS codes covered if selection criteria are met:
Joint device (implantable)
ICD-9 codes covered if selection criteria are met:
Malignant neoplasm of long bones of lower limb
Secondary malignant neoplasm of bone and bone marrow
Osteoarthrosis, localized, primary, pelvic region and thigh
Osteoarthrosis, localized, secondary, pelvic region and thigh
Osteoarthrosis, localized, not specified whether primary or secondary, pelvic region and thigh
Osteoarthrosis, unspecified whether generalized or localized, involving pelvic region and thigh
Traumatic arthropathy pelvic region and thigh
Pathologic fracture of neck of femur (hip)
733.81 - 733.82
Malunion and nonunion of fracture
Aseptic necrosis of bone, site unspecified
Aseptic necrosis of bone, head and neck of femur
Fracture of acetabulum, closed
Fracture of acetabulum, open
820.00 - 820.9
Fracture of neck of femur
Late effects of fracture of neck of femur
996.40 - 996.48
Mechanical complication of internal orthopedic device, implant, and graft
Joint replaced by other means, hip
ICD-9 codes not covered if selection criteria are met:
001.0 - 139.8
Infectious and Parasitic Diseases [active infection of the joint, active systemic bacteremia or active skin infection]
Pyogenic arthritis involving pelvic region and thigh
Arthropathy involving pelvic region and thigh associated with other bacterial diseases
Arthropathy involving pelvic region and thigh associated with other viral diseases
Arthropathy involving pelvic region and thigh associated with other infectious and parasitic diseases
Unspecified infective arthritis involving pelvic region and thigh
890.0 - 890.2
Open wound of hip and thigh
Toxic effect of Chromium [not covered for metallosis alone without evidence of loosening or malposition]
Toxic effect of other specified metals [not covered for metallosis alone without evidence of loosening or malposition]
Allergy, unspecified, NEC
Other ICD-9 codes related to the CPB:
V13.51 - V13.52
Personal history of pathologic and stress fracture
Personal history of traumatic fracture, presenting hazards to health
Revision, replacement of total hip arthroplasty, or revision hip resurfacing arthroplasty:
No specific code
CPT codes covered if selection criteria are met:
27134 - 27138
HCPCS codes covered if selection criteria are met:
Joint device (implantable)
Metal-on-metal total hip resurfacing, including acetabular and femoral components
ICD-9 codes covered if selection criteria are met:
996.42 - 996.47
Mechanical complication of internal orthopedic device
Infection and inflammatory reaction due to internal joint prosthesis
Other ICD-9 codes related to the CPB:
Hip joint replacement status
The above policy is based on the following references:
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Faulkner A, Kennedy LG, Baxter K, et al. Effectiveness of hip prostheses in primary total hip replacement: A critical review of evidence and an economic model. Health Technol Assess. 1998;2(6):1-133.
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Matta JM, Ferguson TA. Total hip replacement after acetabular fracture. Orthopedics. 2005;28(9):959-960.
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Carroll EA, Huber FG, Goldman AT, et al. Treatment of acetabular fractures in an older population. J Orthop Trauma. 2010;24(10):637-644.
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Copyright Aetna Inc. All rights reserved. Clinical Policy Bulletins are developed by Aetna to assist in administering plan benefits and constitute neither offers of coverage nor medical advice. This Clinical Policy Bulletin contains only a partial, general description of plan or program benefits and does not constitute a contract. Aetna does not provide health care services and, therefore, cannot guarantee any results or outcomes. Participating providers are independent contractors in private practice and are neither employees nor agents of Aetna or its affiliates. Treating providers are solely responsible for medical advice and treatment of members. This Clinical Policy Bulletin may be updated and therefore is subject to change.