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This application relates to switching Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags.
RFID tags are used in a multitude of situations and may need to operate in two or more distinct conditions or states. A basic example of when an RFID tag is configured to alternate between two different states is when an RFID tag can be activated and deactivated. RFID tags may be deactivated by disrupting the radio frequency (RF) field of the tag. The utility of RFID tags, however, depends on their size, simplicity, and efficiency, and methods for deactivating RFID tags should take into account these factors. Further, as RFID tags transition between states, the present state of the RFID tag may be difficult to ascertain. It may be especially challenging to conveniently and accurately determine the current state of RFID tags that are configured to operate in more than two different states.
The present disclosure is directed switching RFID tags. In some implementations, the RFID system includes an RFID tag and a panel. The panel includes one or more contacts configured to move between a first position and a second position. The second position forms an electrical connection between the RFID tag and the one or more contacts to update a state of the RFID tag.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example system for identifying a state of an RFID tag;
FIGS. 2A-B illustrate an example RFID tag configured to deactivate the RF carrier of the RFID tag;
FIGS. 3A-B illustrate an example RFID tag configured to disable the antenna of the RFID tag;
FIGS. 4A-B illustrate a conceptual apparatus and method of FIGS. 3A-B for deactivating an RFID tag;
FIGS. 5A-B illustrate an example implementation of the apparatus of FIGS. 3A-B configured for deactivation and visual identification of the state of an RFID tag;
FIGS. 6A-B illustrate an example implementation of the apparatus of FIGS. 3A-B configured for deactivation and visual identification of the state of an RFID tag;
FIGS. 7A-C illustrate an example multi-level switched state RFID tag configured for switching between multiple, visually identifiable states;
FIGS. 8A-C illustrate enlarged views of a multi-level switched state RFID tag, such as the RFID tag of FIGS. 7A-C; and
FIG. 9 is a low-level view of an internal circuit of an RFID tag, such as the RFID tag of FIGS. 7A-C.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example system 100 for updating states of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. A state may include one of a plurality of different modes of operation of an RFID tag such as active states, deactivated, an idle state, and/or any other operational state of the RFID tag. For example, an RFID tag may be configured to switch between a first state and a second state such as activated and deactivated. In some implementations, the tag state can be updated through suppression of the Radio Frequency (RF) field and/or through changing the state of the tag by redirecting a portion of the RF energy. For example, the electrical change may be accomplished by blocking the RF carrier, shorting the RF voltage on the tag, and/or rectifying the RF energy to generate a logic state. In addition, the RFID tag may include one or more visual indicators that identify a state of the RFID tag. In these instances, the RFID tag may present, in a first configuration, a first color (e.g., green) indicating an activated state and, in a second configuration, a second color (e.g., red) indicating deactivated. For example, the system 100 may include RFID tags with one or more moveable elements configured to update a tag state and visually indicate the associated tag state in response to at least the moveable elements being switched between two positions. In some implementations, the system 100 can include or execute one or more of the following: updating a tag state in response to at least one or more moveable elements switched between one or more positions; visually presenting one or more indications identifying a state of an RFID tag; deactivating an RFID tag by blocking the RF carrier; electrically shorting the RF voltage of an RFID tag; rectifying the RF energy to generate a logic state; and/or other processes. For example, the RF voltage on the tag may be shorted by placing a metal shorting bar or element across the RFID antenna using metal foil on a slide or hinged cover. Alternatively, or in combination, a moveable element may update a logic state of the tag in response to at least the tag positioned in one of a plurality of selectable position. For example, the RFID tag may be switched between three or more states in response to the moveable element being positioned between different locations with each associated with a different state. In some implementations, the system 100 may provide or otherwise include visual indications of the state of an RFID tag, the capability to deactivate an RFID tag with minimal effect on the tag's performance, state updates independent of mechanical contacts (e.g., capacitive coupling), and/or other advantages. For instance, RFID tags capable of switching between multiple, visually identifiable states may be beneficial in transportation systems. For example, the RFID tags may be used in vehicles for electronic toll collection, vehicle identification or routing, traffic monitoring, and/or other uses. The state of the RFID tag may be visually recognized by both passengers within a vehicle and onlookers outside the vehicle.
At a high level, the system 100 can, in some implementations, include one or more RFID tags 120a-c and readers 140a-b. If multiple RFID tags 120 are used, the RFID tags 120 may be used in isolation or grouped together with other RFID tags 120a-c. Each RFID tag 120 may wirelessly communicate one or more RFID readers 140 through an antenna 126. In certain implementations, each RFID tag 120 can include one or more moveable elements, such as a panel 122, that includes one or more conductive pads 124. The panel 122 may be manufactured separately from and later attached or otherwise affixed to the RFID tag 120. The conductive pads 124 may be mounted or otherwise arranged on the panel 122 to align with one or more elements of the RFID tag 120 in one of a plurality of selectable positions associated with the panel 122. In response to a selectable position of the panel 122, the conductive pads 124 for each RFID tag 120 may form a direct or indirect electrical connection to the RFID tag 120 that updates the tag state, such as deactivation or an update to the logic state. The elements of the panel 122 and/or the RFID tag 120 may visually identify a tag state based on, for example, the position of the panel and/or markings of the panel 122 and/or the RFID tag 120. In some examples, a panel 122 in a first position that does not form a connection with the conductive pad 124 with the RFID tag 120 may visually indicate an activated state, whereas a panel 122 in a second position that forms an electrical connection between the conductive pad 124 the RFID tag 120 may visually indicate a deactivated state. Panel 122 may move between the first and second position by way of a variety of methods such as, for example, rotating about a hinge, sliding between positions, folding the panel 122, and/or other methods.
The RFID tags 120 can include any software, hardware, and/or firmware configured to respond to communication from the RFID reader 140. These tags 120 may operate without the use of an internal power supply. Rather, the tags 120 may transmit a reply to a received signal using power stored from the previously received RF signals, independent of an internal power source. This mode of operation is typically referred to as backscattering. In some implementations, the tags 120 alternate between absorbing power from signals transmitted by the RFID reader 140 and transmitting responses to the signals using at least a portion of the absorbed power. In passive tag operation, the tags 120 typically have a maximum allowable time to maintain at least a minimum DC voltage level. In some implementations, this time duration is determined by the amount of power available from an antenna of a tag 120 minus the power consumed by the tag 120 and the size of the on-chip capacitance. The effective capacitance can, in some implementations, be configured to store sufficient power to support the internal DC voltage when there is no received RF power available via the antenna. The tag 120 may consume the stored power when information is either transmitted to the tag 120 or the tag 120 responds to the RFID reader 140 (e.g., modulated signal on the antenna input). In transmitting responses back to the RFID reader 140, the tags 120 may include one or more of the following: an identification string, locally stored data, tag state, internal temperature, and/or others. For example, the tag 120 may transmit information including or otherwise identifying vehicle information such as type, weight, vehicle height, tag height, account number, owner information (e.g., name, license number), and/or other information. In some implementations, the signals can be based, at least in part, on sinusoids having frequencies in the range of 902-928 MHz or 2400-2483.5 MHz. In some implementations, an RFID tag 120 in the inhibited zone may be of a type manufactured to support the ISO 18000-6C standard. An RFID tag manufactured to ISO 18000-6C standard may support dual states: an A state, in which the RFID tag is responsive to RF interrogation, and a B state, in which the RFID tag is temporarily unresponsive to RF interrogation. Under the ISO 18000-6C standard, an RFID tag may typically remain in an unresponsive B state for between 0.8 seconds and 2.0 seconds even without any further power being supplied to the RFID tag 120.
In the illustrated implementations, the RFID tag 120 includes a panel 122, electrical contacts 124, and the antenna 126. The panel 122 may include one or more moveable elements that switch between a plurality of selectable positions. In some implementations, the panel 122 may slide between different positions associated with different tag states. In some implementations, the panel 122 may fold between two positions associated with different states. In some implementations, the panel 122 may present one or more visual indicators identifying a current state of the RFID tag. In a first configuration, the panel 122 may present a green color indicating an active state to observers, and in a second configuration, the panel 122 may present a red color indicating a deactivated state to observers. In response to switching between different configurations, the electrical contacts 124 may dynamically update a state of the RFID tag 120. The electrical contacts 124 may form a shield that substantially prevents the RFID tag 120 from receiving RF signals and/or may form direct or indirect electrical connections with the RFID tag 120 to update the state. In some implementations, the electrical contacts 124 may shield, using conductive elements, the RFID tag 120 to substantially prevent reception of RF signals. For example, the electrical contacts 124 may include a metal foil that overlays at least a portion of the RFID 120 in a first position such that the metal foil substantially shields the antenna 126. In some implementations, the electrical contacts 124 may deactivate the tag 120 by shorting the antenna. For example, the electrical contacts 124 may include a conductive bar that directly or indirectly contacts the antenna 126 to form a short.
The RFID reader 140 can include any software, hardware, and/or firmware configured to transmit and receive RF signals. In general, the RFID reader 140 may transmit a request for information within a certain geographic area, or interrogation zone, associated with the reader 140. The reader 140 may transmit the query in response to a request, automatically, in response to a threshold being satisfied (e.g., expiration of time), as well as other events. The interrogation zone may be based on one or more parameters such as transmission power, associated protocol, nearby impediments (e.g., objects, walls, buildings), as well as others. In general, the RFID reader 140 may include a controller, a transceiver coupled to the controller (not illustrated), and at least one RF antenna 142 coupled to the transceiver. In the illustrated example, the RF antenna 142 transmits commands generated by the controller through the transceiver and receives responses from RFID tags 120 and/or antennas 126 in the associated interrogation zone. In certain cases such as tag-talks-first (TTF) systems, the reader 140 may not transmit commands but only RF energy. In some implementations, the controller can determine statistical data based, at least in part, on tag responses. The readers 140 often include a power supply or may obtain power from a coupled source for powering included elements and transmitting signals. In some implementations, the reader 140 operates in one or more of frequency bands allotted for RF communication. For example, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has assigned 902-928 MHz and 2400-2483.5 MHz as frequency bands for certain RFID applications. In some implementations, the reader 140 may dynamically switch between different frequency bands. For example, the reader 140 may switch between European bands 860 to 870 MHz and Japanese frequency bands 952 MHz to 956 MHz. Some implementations of system 100 may further include an RFID reader 140 to control timing, coordination, synchronization, and/or signal strength of transmissions by inhibitor antenna and RFID antenna.
In general, RFID tags 120 may switch between activated and deactivated states. In some implementations, deactivation of an RFID tag 120 ordinarily involves suppressing the RF field of the RFID tag. The suppression of the RF field can be accomplished by physically blocking the RF carrier or electrically deactivating the RFID tag's antenna. FIGS. 2A-B illustrate an example RFID tag that is deactivated by physically blocking the RF signal carrier 126. This may be accomplished by placing a metal plate 210 in close proximity to the RFID tag 120 as shown in FIG. 2B. The metal plate 210 may be metal foil, which can be placed in front of or behind the RFID tag 120. RFID tag 120 may be operational when the metal plate 210 is removed from the vicinity of the tag 120 as in FIG. 2A but may be deactivated when the metal plate is placed in close proximity with the RFID tag 120 as in FIG. 2B. The metal plate may substantially block the RF signals between the tag 120 and the reader 140.
FIGS. 3A-B illustrate another example RFID tag 120 that deactivaties by shorting the antenna 126. The RFID tag 120 may be disabled by electrically short-circuiting, or shorting, the leads 302a and 302b of the antenna 126. In the illustrated implementation, the RFID tag 120 is shorted by selectively positioning a metal bar 310 across the antenna 126 as shown in FIG. 3A. Thus, when the metal shorting bar 310 forms a short circuit across the leads 302a and 302b, the antenna 126 is deactivated. When the shorting bar 310 is removed, as depicted in FIG. 3B, the RFID tag 120 and antenna 126 are operational. In some implementations, the metal bar 310 may form indirect electrical contacts through capacitive coupling between the antenna leads 302a and 302b and the shorting bar 310. Close proximity between the leads 302 and the bar 310 may yield similar results to ohmic contacts. In these instances, the RFID tag 120 may deactivate the metal shorting bar 310, which is less metal than the metal plate 21 0. In addition, the metal shorting bar 310 may interfere less with the tag 120 during an activate state as compared with the plate 210.
FIGS. 4A-B illustrate yet another example RFID tag 120 that deactivates by shorting the leads 302a and 302b. In the illustrated implementation, the RFID tag 120 includes a switch 410 with one electrical contact connected to the lead 302a and a second contact connected to the lead 302b. Referring to FIG. 4A, when the switch 410 is closed, the switch 410 connects the leads 302 of the antenna 126 to form a short. The closed switch 410 shorts the leads 302 to disable the RF functionality of the antenna 126. Referring to FIG. 4B, when the switch 410 is open, the leads 302 are not shorted and form an open circuit. In this instance, the leads 302 of the antenna 126 are activated and the RFID tag 120 is operational.
FIGS. 5A-B illustrate another example RFID tag 120 that deactivates using a sliding plate 510. Referring to FIG. 5A, the RFID tag 120 may include a case 520 including the RFID tag 120 affixed to a surface of the case 520. The pull-out slide 510 slides two different positions as illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B. The pull-out slide 510 includes a metal strip 530 attached to the surface of the pull-out slide 510, and the metal strip 530 operates as a shorting bar capable of deactivating the RFID tag 120. For example, the metal strip 530 may form electrical connections with the antenna 126 in the configuration illustrated in FIG. 2B. In general, the metal strip 530 may slide between a first position and a second position in response to a user positioning the slide 510 between two positions. In the active state, the slide 510 is inserted into or substantially enclosed by the cover 520 with the metal strip 530 not forming a shorting contact. Accordingly, this example tag 120 may allow easy activation and deactivation of the RFID tag 120 by pulling and inserting a pull-out slide 510 out of and into the case 520. Further, in some implementations, the slide can visually indicate the tag state, i.e., activated or deactivated. For example, the pull-out slide 510 may be marked a particular color, and an extended slide 510 can provide visual confirmation that the RFID tag 120 has been disabled. Similarly, the absence of the color may indicate that the slide 510 has been inserted into the case 520 and that the RFID tag 120 is activated.
FIGS. 6A-B illustrate another example implementation of an RFID tag that is deactivated by shorting the leads 302 of the RFID antenna 126. In the illustrated example, an RFID tag 120 includes a case 620, and the RFID tag 120 is affixed to the surface of the case 620. A cover 610 is attached to the case 620 along a hinge or fold such that the cover 610 rotates about the hinge or fold between an open position and a closed position. In certain implementations, the cover 610 may be structurally similar to the slide 510 described in FIGS. 5A-B, with the difference that the cover 610 moves between two positions via a hinge or fold as opposed to a sliding mechanism. As seen in FIG. 6A, when the cover 610 is in an open position, the RFID tag 120 is in an active state. When the cover 610 is in a closed position as shown in FIG. 6B, the RFID tag 120 is deactivated. Attached to the surface of the cover 610 is a metal strip 630 that operates as a shorting bar to deactivate the tag 120 in the second configuration illustrated in FIG. 6B. The metal strip 630 comes in contact and/or overlaps the leads 302a and 302b to form electrical contacts. In these instances, the metal strip 630 forms a short circuit between the leads 302 of the RFID antenna 126, and the RFID tag 120 is deactivated. When the cover 610 is open as depicted in FIG. 6A, the metal strip 630 no longer shorts the antenna 126 and results in activation of the tag 120. In other words, the RFID tag 120 is activated when the cover 610 is in an open position and deactivated when the cover 610 is in a closed position. In addition, the cover 610 may visually identify whether the tag 120 is activated or deactivated. For example, the inner surface of the cover 610 may be marked one color and the outer surface of the cover 610 may be marked a different color. Thus, when the cover 610 is in a closed position, only one color is visually apparent, indicating that the RFID tag 120 is deactivated. Likewise, when the cover 610 is opened, a separate color is visible, indicating that the RFID tag 120 is activated.
Some applications may include more functionality than merely the ability to read or deactivate an RFID tag. For example, some applications may update the tag's response as compared with deactivation. Accordingly, in certain implementations, an RFID tag, such as multi-level switched state RFID tags, can switch to different states in addition to an activated and deactivated state and can be switched between the plurality of states in response to a moveable element. In these instances, the RFID tag may be set to a logical state by altering the RF energy instead of shorting the RF energy, as may be implemented when deactivating the RFID tag.
FIGS. 7A-C illustrate an example RFID tag 120 that may be selectively switched between three states including activation and deactivation. In the illustrated implementation, the tag 120 includes slide 720 configured to switch between the different states. The RFID tag 120 includes a case 710 and the slide 720 that is moveable relative to the case 710. In some implementations, the RFID chip and antenna may be embedded in, affixed to, or otherwise included with the case 710. The slide 720 is operable to move relative to the case 710 to a plurality of different positions, where each position may be associated with a different tag state. For example, each of the plurality of positions may be configured to update the RF energy to a different state of the RFID tag 120. As shown in FIG. 7A, the slide 720 can be positioned at a center point such that substantially equal portions of the slide 720 extend from opposite sides of the case 710. In response to at least selectively positioning the slide 720 at this location, the RFID tag 120 may be updated to a first state based on the RF energy associated with the RFID tag 120 in the first position. When the slide 720 is positioned to the left, as seen in FIG. 7B, the cover 710 overlaps a right portion of the slide 720 and may update the RFID tag 120 to a second state. When the slide 720 is positioned to the right, as seen in FIG. 7C, the cover 710 overlaps a left portion of the slide 720 and may update the RFID tag 120 to a third state. In the illustrated example, the slide 720 may also include colored markings to visually indicate the state of the tag 120 as the slide 720 is switched between the plurality of different positions. For example, in FIG. 7A the exposed portion 750a of the slide 720 may be green indicating an activated state, in FIG. 7B the exposed portion 750b of the slide 720 may be yellow indicating a different operational state, and in FIG. 7C the newly exposed portion 750c of the slide 720 may be red indicating a deactivated state. In these instances, the different exposed colors on the slide 720 may enable visual recognition of the state of the tag 120. Furthermore, using the colored slide implementation of the multi-level switched state tag, the state of the tag may be visually identified from either side of the tag, which may be beneficial in certain implementations, such as when the RFID tag is fixed on the windshield of a vehicle.
FIGS. 8A-C illustrate example circuitry for switching the tag 120 of FIG. 7 between the different states. The case 710 includes an RFID chip 712, RFID antenna 714, conductive pads 716 and/or other elements. The conductive pads 716 on the case 710 may be connected to isolated nodes within the internal circuit. In the illustrated example, the slide 720 also includes conductive pads 726 fixed to the surface of the slide. The conductive pads 726 on the slide are positioned so that as the slide 720 moves into specified positions, the conductive pads 726 on the slide 720 electrically contact associated conductive pads 716 on the RFID case 710. Once the conductive pads 716 and 726 are in contact, the conductive pads 726 on the slide 720 form a direct or indirect electrical connection.
FIG. 8B illustrates an enlarged view of the circuitry associated with the RFID case 710 and slide 720. The individual conductive pads 716a-c of the RFID case 710 are isolated from each other while the slide 720 is in a center position corresponding with the first state of the RFID tag 120 as described with respect to FIG. 7A. In this position, the conductive pads 726a-b on the slide 720 are isolated from the conductive pads 716a-c on the RFID case 710. FIG. 8C illustrates the case 710 and slide 720 at different relative positions associated with the second state. In this instance, the conductive pad 726b overlaps conductive pads 716b and 716c to form an electrical connection between these pads 716. In addition, the slide 720 may be shifted to the right into a position corresponding with a third state of the RFID tag (see FIG. 7C). In this instance, the conductive pad 726a overlaps conductive pads 716a and 716c.
FIG. 9 illustrates an example circuit 900 used in connection with the pads 716 and 726. Conductive pads 716b and 716c are illustrated as nodes in the circuit 900. In the illustrated example, when the slide 720 is positioned in the second state (e.g., FIGS. 7B and 8C), the conductive pad 726b is substantially aligned with pads 716a and 716c. In this case, the RF signal is conducted through a Schottky diode 910, which may cause node 920 (the common node of resistor 930, capacitor 940, and gate of transistor 960) to increase in voltage. As a result, transistor 950 is activated, and the drain of transistor 970 can be used to pull down a resistor or the input of a circuit mounted on an associated printed circuit board. In some implementations, based on the design of circuit 900 and values of the components comprising circuit 900, the voltage on node 920 may rise in a relatively short period of time when compared to the time that the voltage would be maintained when the RF power is removed. A circuit identical or similar to circuit 900 in FIG. 9 may be used to transition the RFID tag 120 into a third state when the slide 720 is shifted to the right as illustrated in FIG. 7C and conductive pads 716a and 716c are electrically connected.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.