CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application 61/480,747, filed Apr. 29, 2011; and this application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/112,233, filed Apr. 30, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application 60/915,027, filed Apr. 30, 2007. Each of the applications identified above is incorporated herein by reference.
In certain circumstances, it may be desirable to harvest fat from one location of a patient's body and introduce the extracted fat into a second anatomic location of the patient. One common procedure for fat harvesting is the Coleman approach. In the Coleman approach, fat tissue is extracted from a source location (e.g., the buttocks) using a syringe. The tissue that is extracted is then centrifuged for a specified length of time at particular settings. After centrifuging, the high density portion is on the bottom and the low density portion is on top. The high density portion of the centrifuged matter is then selected (e.g. by skimming off the top one third or top one half and discarding the skimmed-off portion). The high density portion is then injected into the target site (e.g. a breast). The Coleman approach has a number of disadvantages, including the fact that it is difficult to obtain a large volume of tissue rapidly. Other possible sources of fat include fat that is obtained by a conventional liposuction technique e.g., Suction Assisted Lipoplasty (“SAL”) or Vaser-Ultrasonic Assisted Lipoplasty (“V-UAL”). But the fat that is obtained using these liposuction procedures is not ideal for reintroduction to the patient's body due to low-viability issues and other problems.
In other circumstances, it may be desirable to harvest adipose stem cells from a patient's body for subsequent use. This is sometimes referred to as stem cell isolation. One conventional approach for isolating stem cells is to start with a lipoaspirate from a conventional liposuction technique (e.g., SAL or V-UAL). The lipoaspirate is first gravity-separated into a supranatant (which contains mostly fat) and an infranatant (which contains mostly blood and fluids that were injected during the liposuction). The supranatant is then treated with the collagenase to separate the cells from each other. After the collagenase treatment, the supranatant is centrifuged, which separates the supranatant into three layers: a second generation supranatant on top, an infranatant beneath the supranatant, and a stromal vascular fraction (“SVF”) beneath the infranatant. The SVF contains adipose stem cells which can then be used for all permitted purposes. But this approach is problematic because it requires collagenase, which can be difficult to remove, and can be very dangerous.
With the methods and apparatuses described herein, portions of fatty tissue are drawn into orifices in a cannula, and a heated solution is impinged against those portions of tissue. The heated solution liquefies or gellifies parts of the fatty tissue, so they can be removed from the patient's body more easily. The fat that is so removed is better suited for reintroduction into a patient's body as compared to fat that is harvested using other approaches. The fat that is removes using the methods and apparatuses described herein can also be used as a raw material for stem cell isolation, without relying on the use of collagenase.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a tissue liquefaction system.
FIG. 2 is a detail of the distal end of the FIG. 1 embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a section view of alternative configuration for the distal end of the FIG. 1 embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a detail of another alternative configuration for the distal end of the FIG. 1 embodiment.
FIGS. 5 and 5A show another embodiment of a tissue liquefaction system, which includes a forward-facing external tumescent spray applicator.
FIG. 6 shows some variations of the distal end of the cannula.
FIG. 7 shows how the cannula can be configured with external fluid-supply paths, in less preferred embodiments.
FIG. 8 shows how the cannula can be configured with the fluid supply paths internal to the suction path.
FIG. 9 shows a cannula with a single fluid supply tube internal to the suction path
FIG. 10 shows a cannula configuration with two internal fluid supply tubes.
FIG. 11 shows a cannula having two fluid supply paths internal to the suction path.
FIG. 12 shows a cannula with six fluid supply paths internal to the suction path.
FIG. 13 shows an alternative cannula configuration with six internal fluid supply paths.
FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a suitable fluid heating and pressurization system.
FIG. 15 shows a high speed camera fluid supply image and pressure rise graph.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The embodiments described below generally involve the delivery of pressurized heated biocompatible fluid to heat targeted tissue and soften, gellify, or liquefy the target tissue for removal from a living body. The heated biocompatible fluid is preferably delivered as a series of pulses, but in alternative embodiments may be delivered as a continuous stream. After the tissue has been softened, gellified, or liquefied, it is sucked away out of the subject's body.
The interaction with the subject takes place at a cannula 30, examples of which are depicted in FIGS. 1-4. The distal end of cannula is preferably smooth and rounded for introduction into the subject's body, and the proximal end of the cannula is configured to mate with a handpiece 20. The cannula 30 has an interior cavity with one or more orifice ports 37 that open into the cavity. These orifices 37 are preferably located near the distal portion of the cannula 30. When a low pressure source is connected up to the cavity via a suitable fitting, suction is generated which draws target tissue into the orifice ports 37.
The cannula also includes one or more fluid supply tubes 35 that direct the heated fluid onto the target tissue that has been drawn into the cavity. These fluid supply tubes are preferably arranged internally to the outside wall of the cannula (as shown in FIG. 8), but in alternative embodiments may be external to the cannula for a portion of the length of the supply tube (as shown in FIG. 7). The heated fluid supply tubes 35 preferably terminate within the outside wall of the cannula, in the vicinity of the suction orifice ports 37. The fluid supply tubes 35 are arranged to spray the fluid across the orifice ports 37 so that the fluid strikes the target tissue that has been drawn into the cavity. Delivery of the tissue fluid stream is preferably contained within the outer wall of the cannula.
The fluid delivery portion may be implemented using a fluid supply reservoir 4, a heat source 8 that heats the fluid in the reservoir 4, and a temperature regulator 9 that controls the heat source 8 as required to maintain the desired temperature. The heated fluid from the fluid supply 4 is delivered under pressure by a suitable arrangement such as a pump system 19 with a pressure regulator 11. Optionally, a heated fluid metering device 12 may also be provided to measure the fluid that has been delivered.
Pump 19 pumps the heated fluid from the reservoir or fluid supply source 4 down the fluid supply tubes 35 that run from the proximal end of the cannula 30 down to the distal end of the cannula. Near the distal tip of the cannula, these fluid supply tubes preferably make a U-turn so as to face back towards the proximal end of the cannula 30. As a result, when the heated fluid exits the supply tube 35 at the supply tube's delivery orifice 43, the fluid is traveling in a substantially distal-to-proximal direction. Preferably, the pump delivers a pressurized, pulsating output of heated fluid down the supply tube 35 so that a series of boluses of fluid are ejected from the delivery orifice 43, as described in greater detail below.
The vacuum source and the fluid source interface with the cannula 30 via a handpiece 20. The heated solution supply is connected on the proximal side of hand piece 20 with a suitable fitting, and a vacuum supply is also connected to the proximal side of handpiece 20 with a suitable fitting. Cannula 30 is connected to the distal side of hand piece 20 with suitable fittings so that (a) the heated fluid from the fluid supply is routed to the supply tubes 35 in the cannula and (b) the vacuum is routed from the vacuum source 14 to the cavity in the cannula, to evacuate material from the cavity.
More specifically, the pressurized heated solution that is discharged from pump 19 is connected to the proximal end of the handle 20 via high pressure flexible tubing, and routed through the handpiece 20 to the cannula 30 with an interface made using an appropriate fitting. The vacuum source 14 is connected to an aspiration collection canister 15, which in turn is connected to the proximal end of the handle via flexible tubing 16 or other fluid coupling, and then routed through the handpiece 20 to the cannula 30 with an interface made using an appropriate fitting.
In the fat harvesting embodiments discussed below, the aspiration collection canister 15, and the flexible tubing 16 are preferably sterile, and optionally disposable. Optionally, a cooling system (not shown) may be added to cool the matter that is suctioned into the collection container in order to extend the life of the fat cells. The cooling may take place using any conventional approach while the aspirated material is in the tubing on its way into the collection canister 15, or alternatively in the collection canister itself. A wide variety of cooling systems may be used, including but not limited to compressor/evaporator based systems, Peltier based systems, and ice or cold water-jacket based systems. In situations where the cooling takes place in the tubing 16, the degree of cooling is preferably not so severe so as to cause the aspirate to coagulate in the tubing.
The pressurized fluid supply line connection between the handle and the cannula 30 may be implemented using a high pressure quick disconnect fitting located at the distal end of the handle, and configured so that once the cannula is inserted into the distal end of the handle it aligns and connects with both the fluid supply and the vacuum supply. The cannula 30 may be held in place on the handle 20 by an attachment cap.
As best seen in FIG. 3, after the cannula 30 is inserted into the body; vacuum source 14 creates a low pressure region within cannula 30 such that the target fatty tissue is drawn into the cannula 30 through suction orifice 37. The geometry of the end of the supply tube 35 is configured so the trajectory of the boluses leaving the delivery orifice will strike the fatty tissue that has been drawn into the cannula 30 through suction orifice 37. For that purpose, the end of the supply tube preferably points in direction that is substantially parallel to that of the inside wall of the cannula 30 where it is affixed. Preferably, it is oriented that the stream flows across the orifice in a distal to proximal direction. This placement of the tip 43 of the supply tube 35 advantageously maximizes the energy transfer (kinetic and thermal) to the fatty tissues, minimizes fluid loss, and helps prevent clogs by pushing the heated fluid and the liquefied/gellified/softened material in the same direction that it is being pulled by the vacuum source.
Once the targeted fatty tissue enters the suction orifice 37, it is repeatedly struck by the boluses of heated fluid that are exiting the supply tubes 35 via the delivery orifice 43. The target fatty tissue is heated by the impinging boluses of fluid and is softened, gellified, or liquefied. After that occurs, the loose material in the cavity (i.e., the heated fluid and the portions of tissue that were dislodged by the fluid) is drawn away from the surrounding tissue by the vacuum source 14, and is deposited into the canister 15 (shown in FIG. 1).
Advantageously, fat is more readily softened, gellified, or liquefied (as compared to other types of tissue), so the process targets subcutaneous fat more than other types of tissue. Note that the distal-to-proximal direction of the boluses is the same as the direction that the liquefied/gellified tissue travels when it is being suctioned out of the patient via the cannula 30. By having the fluid stream flow in the distal to proximal direction, additional energy (vacuum, fluid thermal and kinetic) is transferred in the same direction, which aids in moving the aspirated tissues through the cannula. This further contributes to reducing clogs, which can reduce the time it takes to perform a procedure.
Notably, in the embodiments described herein, the majority of the fluid stays within the interior of the cannula during operation (although a small amount of fluid may escape into the subject's body through the suction orifices 37). This is advantageous because minimizing fluid leakage from the cannula into the tissue maximizes the energy transfer (thermal and kinetic) from the fluid stream to the tissue drawn into the cannula for liquefaction.
The fluid supply portion of the system will now be described with additional detail. FIG. 3 depicts a cut-away view of an embodiment of the cannula 30 that has two supply tubes 35. Each of the supply tubes 35 is provided for delivering the heated fluid. Supply tube 35 extends from the proximal portion of cannula 30 to the distal tip 32 of cannula 30. Supply tube 35 extends along the interior of cannula 35 and may be a separate structure secured to the interior of cannula 35 or lumen integrated into the wall of cannula 30. Supply tube 35 is configured to deliver heated biocompatible solution for liquefying tissue. The heated solution is delivered through hand piece 20 and into supply tube 35.
The supply tube 35 extends longitudinally along axis 33 from the proximal end 31 to the distal tip 32. Supply tube 35 includes U-bend 41, effectively turning the run of the supply tube 35 along the inner wall of the distal tip 32. Adjacent the terminal end of u-bend 41 is supply tube terminal portion 42, which includes delivery orifice 43. Delivery orifice 43 is configured to direct heated solution exiting supply tube 35 across suction orifice port 37. In this manner, supply tube 35 is configured to direct the fluid onto a target tissue that has entered the cannula 30 through the suction orifice port 37.
Heated solution supply tube 35 may be constructed of surgical grade tubing. Alternatively, in embodiments wherein the heated solution supply tube is integral to the construction of cannula 30, the supply tube 35 may be made of the same material as cannula 30. The diameter of supply tube 35 may be dependent on the target tissue volume requirements for the heated solution and on the number of supply tubes required to deliver the heated solution across the one or more suction orifice ports 37. The cannula 30 tube diameters vary with the cannula outside diameters and those can range from 2-6 mm. The fluid supply tube 35 diameters are dependent on the inside diameters of the tubes. A preferred range of supply tube 35 diameters is from about 0.008″ to 0.032″. In one preferred embodiment, the supply tube 35 is a 0.02″ diameter for the length of the cannula 30, with an exit nozzle formed by reducing the diameter to 0.008″ over the last 0.1″. The shape and size of delivery orifice 43 may vary, including reduced diameter and flattened configurations, with the reduced diameter being preferred.
In alternative embodiments, the cannula 30 may have a different number of heated solution supply tubes 35, each corresponding to a respective suction orifice port. For example, a cannula 30 with three suction orifice ports 37 would preferably include three heated solution supply tubes 35. Additionally, heated solution supply tubes may be added to accommodate one or more suction orifice ports, e.g., when four suction orifice ports are provided, four heated solution supply tubes may be provided. In another embodiment, a supply tube 35 may branch into multiple tubes, each branch servicing a suction orifice port. In another embodiment, one or more supply tubes may deliver the heated fluid to a single orifice port. In yet another embodiment, supply tube 35 may be configured to receive one or more fluids in the proximal portion of cannula 30 and deliver the one or more fluids though a single delivery orifice 43. In another embodiment, the cannula may be attached to an endoscope or other imaging device. In yet another embodiment depicted in FIGS. 5 and 5A, cannula 30 may include a forward-facing external fluid delivery applicator 45 in addition to the distal-to-proximal fluid supply tube 35.
The heated fluid should be biocompatible, and may comprise a sterile physiological serum, saline solution, glucose solution, Ringer-lactate, hydroxyl-ethyl-starch, or a mixture of these solutions. The heated biocompatible solution may comprise a tumescent solution. The tumescent solution may comprise a mixture of one or more products producing different effects, such as a local anesthetic, a vasoconstrictor, and a disaggregating product. For example, the biocompatible solution may include xylocalne, marcaine, nesacaine, Novocain, diprivan, ketalar, or lidocaine as the anesthetic agent. Epinephrine, levorphonal, phenylephrine, athyl-adrianol, or ephedrine may be used as vasoconstrictors. The heated biocompatible fluid may also comprise saline or sterile water or may be comprised solely of saline or sterile water.
FIG. 14 depicts one example of a suitable way to heat the fluid and deliver it under pressure. The components in FIG. 14 operate using the following steps: Room temperature saline drains from the IV bag 51 into mixing storage reservoir 54. Once the fluid in the reservoir 54 reaches a fixed limit, the fixed speed peristaltic pump 55 of the heater system 8 moves fluid from the reservoir 54 to the heater bladder 56. The fluid is circulated through the bladder and is heated by the electric panels 57 of the heater system 8. The heated fluid is returned back to the reservoir 54 and mixes with the other fluid in the storage container. The fixed speed peristaltic pump 55 continues to circulate fluid to the heater unit and back into the reservoir 54. The continuous circulation of fluid provides a very stable and uniform heated fluid volume supply. Temperature control may be implemented using any conventional technique, which will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the relevant arts, such as a thermostat or a temperature-sensing integrated circuit. The temperature may be set to a desired level by any suitable user interface, such as a dial or a digital control, the design of which will also be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant arts.
The pump 58 may be a piston-type pump that draws heated fluid from the fluid reservoir 54 into the pump chamber when the pump plunger travels in a backstroke. The fluid inlet to the pump has an in-line one-way check valve that allows fluid to be suctioned into the pump chamber, but will not allow fluid to flow out. Once the pump plunger backstroke is completed, the forward travel of the plunger starts to pressurize the fluid in the pump chamber. The pressure increase causes the one-way check valve at the inlet of the pump 58 to shut preventing flow from going out the pump inlet. As the pump plunger continues its forward travel the fluid in the pump chamber increases in pressure. Once the pressure reaches the preset pressure on the pump discharge pressure regulator the discharge valve opens. This creates a bolus of pressurized heated fluid that travels from the pump 58 through cannula handle 20 and from there into the supply tube 35 in the cannula 30. After the pump plunger has completed its forward travel the fluid pressure decreases and the discharge valve shuts. These steps are then repeated to generate a series of boluses. Suitable repetition rates (i.e., pulse rates) are discussed below.
One example of a suitable approach for implementing the positive displacement pump is to use an off-set cam on the pump motor that causes the pump shaft to travel in a linear motion. The pump shaft is loaded with an internal spring that maintains constant tension against the off-set cam. When the pump shaft travels backwards towards the off-set cam it creates a vacuum in the pump chamber and suctions heated saline from the heated fluid reservoir. A one-way check valve is located at the inlet port to the pump chamber, which allows fluid to flow into the chamber on the backstroke and shuts once the fluid is pressurized on the forward stroke. Multiple inlet ports can allow for either heated or cooled solutions to be used. Once the heated fluid has filled the pump chamber at the end of the pump shaft backwards travel, the off-set portion of the cam will start to push the pump shaft forward. The heated fluid is pressurized to a preset pressure (e.g. 1100 psi) in the pump chamber, which causes the valve on the discharge port to open, discharging the pressurized contents of the pump chamber to fluid supply tubes 35. Once the pump plunger completes its full stroke based on the off-set of the cam, the pressure in the pump chamber decreases and the discharge valve closes. As the cam continues to turn the process is repeated. The pump shaft can be made with a cut relief, which will allow the user to vary the boluses size. The cut off on the shaft will allow for all the fluid in the pumping chamber to be ported through the discharge path to the supply tubes or a portion of the pressurized fluid to be ported back to the reservoir.
The heated biocompatible solution in a tissue liquefaction system is preferably delivered in a manner optimized for softening, gellifying, or liquefying the target tissue. Variable parameters include, without limitation, the temperature of the solution, the pressure of the solution, the pulse rate or frequency of the solution, and the duty cycle of the pulses or boluses within a stream. Additionally, the vacuum pressure applied to the cannula through vacuum source 14 may be optimized for the target tissue.
It has been found that for liposuction procedures targeting subcutaneous fatty deposits within the human body, the biocompatible heated solution should preferably be delivered to the target fatty tissue at a temperature between 75 and 250 degrees F., and more preferably between 110 and 140 degrees F. A particular preferred operating temperature for the heated solution is about 120 degrees F., since this temperature appears very effective and safe. Also, for liquefaction of fatty deposits the pressure of the heated solution is preferably between about 200 and about 2500 psi, more preferably between about 600 and about 1300 psi, and still more preferably between about 900 and about 1300 psi. A particular preferred operating pressure is about 1100 psi, which provides the desired kinetic energy while minimizing fluid flow. The pulse rate of the solution is preferably between 20 and 150 pulses per second, more preferably between 25 and 60 pulses per second. In some embodiments, a pulse rate of about 40 pulses per second was used. And the heated solution may have a duty cycle (i.e., the duration of the pulses divided by the period at which the pulses are delivered) of between 1-100%. In preferred embodiments, the duty cycle may range between 30 and 60%, and more particularly between 30 and 50%.
In preferred embodiments, the rise rate (i.e., the speed with which the fluid is brought to the desired pressure) is about 1 millisecond or faster. This may be accomplished by having a standard relief valve that opens once the pressure in the pump chamber reaches the set point (which, for example, may be set to 1100 psi). As shown in FIG. 15, the pressure increase is almost instantaneous, as evidenced by the spike representing the rise rate in the pressure rise graph (inset). FIG. 15 further illustrates how the fluid exits the fluid supply tubes during a very short time span.
Returning now to the suction subsystem, FIG. 3 depicts an expanded cut-away view of an embodiment that includes two suction orifices. As shown, the cannula 30 has two suction orifices 37 located near the distal region of the cannula 30 and proximal to distal tip 32. Suction orifice ports 37 may be positioned in various configurations about the perimeter of the distal region of cannula 30. In the illustrated embodiment, the suction orifice ports 37 are on opposite sides of tile cannula 30, but in alternative embodiments they may be positioned differently with respect to each other. Suction orifice ports 37 are configured to allow fatty tissue to enter the orifices in response to low pressure within the cannula shaft created by vacuum supply 14. The material that is located in the cavity (i.e., tissue that has been dislodged and the heated fluid that exited the supply tube 35) is then suctioned away in a proximal direction up through the cannula 30, the handpiece 20, the tubing 16, and into the canister 15 (all shown in FIG. 1). A conventional vacuum pump (e.g., the AP-III HK Aspiration Pump from HK surgical) may be used for the vacuum source.
In some preferred embodiments, the aspiration vacuum that sucks the liquefied/gellified tissue back up through the cannula ranges from 0.33−1 atmosphere (1 atmosphere=760 mm Hg). Varying this parameter is not expected to effect any significant changes in system performance. Optionally, the vacuum level may be adjustable by the operator during the procedure. Because reduced aspiration vacuum is expected to lower blood loss, operator may prefer to work at the lower end of the vacuum range.
When the embodiments described herein are used for fat harvesting, as discussed below, the aspiration vacuum preferably ranges from 300-700 mm Hg. Exceeding 700 min Hg is not recommended during fat harvesting because it can have an adverse impact on the viability of the fat cells that are harvested.
Returning to FIGS. 1-4, the cannula 30 and handpiece 20 will now be described in greater detail. Hand piece 20 has a proximal end 21 and a distal end 22, a fluid supply connection 23 and a vacuum supply connection 24 preferably located at the proximal end, and a fluid supply fitting and a vacuum supply fitting at the distal end (to interface with the cannula). The hand piece 20 routes the heated fluid from the fluid supply to the supply tubes 35 in the cannula and routes the vacuum from the vacuum source 14 to the cavity in the cannula, to evacuate material from the cavity.
In some embodiments, a cooling fluid supply 6 may be used to dampen the heat effect of the heated fluid stream in the surgical field. In these embodiments, the handpiece also routes the cooling fluid into the cannula 35 using appropriate fittings at each end of the handpiece. In these embodiments, a cooling fluid metering device 13 may optionally be included. The hand piece 20 may optionally include operational and ergonomic features such as a molded grip, vacuum supply on/off control, heat source on/off control, alternate cooling fluid on/off control, metering device on/off control, and fluid pressure control. Hand piece 20 may also optionally include operational indicators including cannula suction orifice location indicators, temperature and pressure indicators, as well as indicators for delivered fluid volume, aspirated fluid volume, and volume of tissue removed. Alternatively, one or more of the aforementioned controls may be placed on a separate control panel.
The distal end 22 of hand piece 20 is configured to mate with the cannula 30. Cannula 30 comprises a hollow tube of surgical grade material, such as stainless steel, that extends from a proximal end 31 and terminates in a rounded tip at a distal end 32. The proximal end 31 of the cannula 30 attaches to the distal end 22 of hand piece 20. Attachment may be by means of threaded screw fittings, snap fittings, quick-release fittings, frictional fittings, or any other attachment connection known in the art. It will be appreciated that the attachment connection should prevent dislocation of cannula 30 from hand piece 20 during use, and in particular should prevent unnecessary movement between cannula 30 and hand piece 20 as the surgeon moves the cannula hand piece assembly in a back and forth motion approximately parallel to the cannula longitudinal axis 33.
The cannula may include designs of various diameters, lengths, curvatures, and angulations to allow the surgeon anatomic accuracy based upon the part of the body being treated, the amount of fat extracted as well as the overall patient shape and morphology. This would include cannula diameters ranging from the sub millimeter range (0.25 mm) for delicate precise liposuction of small fatty deposits to cannulas with diameters up to 2 cm for large volume fat removal (i.e. abdomen, buttocks, hips, back, thighs etc.), and lengths from 2 cm for small areas (i.e. eyelids, cheeks, jowls, face etc.) up to 50 cm in length for larger areas and areas on the extremities (i.e. legs, arms, calves, back, abdomen, buttocks, thighs etc.). A myriad of designs include, without limitation, a C-shaped curves of the distal tip alone, S-shaped curves, step-off curves from the proximal or distal end as well as other linear and nonlinear designs. The cannula may be a solid cylindrical tube, articulated, or flexible.
Each of the suction orifice ports 37 includes a proximal end 38, a distal end 39, and a suction orifice port perimeter 40. Although the illustrated suction orifices are oval or round, in alternative embodiments they may be made in other shapes (e.g., egg shaped, diamond or polygonal shaped, or an amorphous shape). As depicted in FIG. 3, the suction orifice ports 37 may be arranged in a linear fashion on one or more sides of cannula 30. Alternatively, the suction orifice ports 37 may be provided in a multiple linear arrangement, as depicted in FIG. 4. Optionally, the dimensions or shape of each suction orifice port may change, for example, from the most distal suction orifice port to the most proximal, as illustrated in FIG. 4, where the diameter of each suction orifice port may decrease in succession from the distal port to the proximal port.
In some embodiments, the suction orifice perimeter edge 40 is configured to present a smooth, unsharpened edge to discourage shearing, tearing or cutting of the target fatty tissue. Because the target tissue is liquefied/gellified/softened; the cannula 30 does not need to shear tissue as much as found in traditional liposuction cannulas. In these embodiments, the perimeter edge 40 is duller and thicker than typically found in prior-art liposuction cannulas. In alternative embodiments, the cannula may use shearing suction orifices, or a combination of reduced-shearing and shearing suction orifice ports. The suction orifice port perimeter edge 40 of any individualized suction orifice port may also be configured to include a shearing surface or a combination of shearing and reduced-shearing surfaces, as appropriate for the particular application.
Using between one and six suction orifices 37 is preferable, and using two or three suction orifices is more preferable. The suction orifices may be made in different shapes, such as round or oblong. FIG. 6 shows some exemplary suction orifices of different size. Cross section F is shown with a standard shearing orifice port 37. Cross section G has a larger shearing orifice port 37, while cross section H has a perimeter with a smooth and unsharpened edge to discourage shearing. When oblong suction orifices are used, the long axis should preferably be oriented substantially parallel to the distal-to-proximal axis. The suction orifices should not be too large, because with smaller suction orifices less fat is suctioned into the cannula for a given bolus of energy. On the other hand they should not be too small, to permit the fatty tissue to enter. A suitable size range for circular suction orifices is between about 0.04″ and 0.2″. A suitable side for oblong suction orifices is between about 0.2″×0.05″ and about ½″×⅛″. The size of the suction orifices can further be varied for different applications depending on the surgeon\'s requirements. More extensive areas to be suctioned may require larger orifices which require more shearing surface.
As shown in FIGS. 7-13, the surface area of a unit length of the suction path can be calculated by multiplying the total perimeter of the suction path by a unit length. An exemplary perimeter of the suction path is n (4.115 mm), which when multiplied by 1 mm length, gives a unit length area of 12.9 mm2. FIG. 7 shows the diameter of the inside of the suction path (which would then be multiplied by π to give the perimeter length and then by a unit length of 1 mm to give the surface area of 12.93). For the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the resistance ratio of the suction path calculates to be 12.92 mm2/13.30 mm2=0.97. And the resistance ratio of the fluid path (both tubes included) calculates to be: 5.10 mm2/1.04 mm2=4.90. Comparing resistive ratios, with the first passage being defined as the suction path, in the FIG. 7 embodiment, we see that the comparative resistance ratio is 0.97/4.90=0.20.
For the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the calculated resistance ratio of the suction path is 1.68 and the calculated resistance ratio of the fluid path (both tubes included) is 4.92. Accordingly, the comparative resistance ratio is 0.38. Similarly, in FIG. 9, the suction resistance ratio is 1.11 and the fluid resistance ratio 4.61, so the comparative resistance ratio is 0.24. In FIG. 10, the suction resistance ratio is 1.20 and the fluid resistance ratio 5.98, so the comparative resistance ratio equals 0.20. In FIG. 11, the suction resistance ratio is 1.31 and the fluid resistance ratio is 4.65, so the comparative resistance ratio is 0.28. In FIG. 12, the suction resistance ratio is 2.25 and the fluid resistance ratio 7.88, so the comparative resistance ratio is 0.29. In FIG. 13, the suction resistance ratio is 1.23 and the fluid resistance ratio is 10.23, so the comparative resistance ratio is 0.12.
The embodiments described above may also be used to selectively harvest viable fat cells (adipocytes) which can be extracted and processed for re-injection into other areas of the body (e.g., areas of fat deficiency). This would include, without limitation, areas around the face, brow, eyelids, tear troughs, smile lines, nasolabial folds, labiomental folds, cheeks, jaw line, chin, breast, chest abdomen, buttocks, arms, biceps, triceps, forearms, hands, flanks, hips, thighs, knees, calves, shin, feet, and back. A similar method may be used to address post liposuction depressions and/or concavities from over aggressive liposuction. Other procedures utilizing a similar method include; without limitation, breast augmentation, breast lifts, breast reconstruction, general plastic surgery reconstruction, facial reconstruction, reconstruction of the trunk and/or extremities.
It turns out that harvesting fat cells using the embodiments described above result in significant improvements in the cell viability in many respects as compared to other approaches for harvesting fat cells from a subject. Moreover, (1) the speed of harvesting and the quantity of fat cells that can be harvested is significantly better than with other approaches for harvesting fat cells; (2) the cells are in a state of cell suspension in small clumps with very little or no blood, which is advantageous for implantation; (3) it is easy to separate out a portion of the lipoaspirate that is rich in stem cells by simply centrifuging it; (4) the viability of the extracted fat cells is significantly better than with other approaches; and (5) the fact that the cells are in a state of cell suspension in small clumps makes it easier to inject the cells under lower pressure (and pressure during injection is known to damage the fat cells so that they do not “take” when injected). These benefits are explained in the paragraphs that follow.
Adipose tissue cell viability of four different fat harvesting modalities was compared by analyzing fresh tissue samples taken from one live human subject using all four different modalities. The four fat harvesting modalities were: (1) using the embodiments and methods described above (referred to herein as “Andrew” Lipoplasty, based on the name of the inventor of this application); (2) using a Coleman syringe (“CS”); (3) using standard Suction Assisted Lipoplasty (“SAL”); and (4) using Vaser-Ultrasonic Assisted Lipoplasty (“V-UAL”). Four samples from the Andrew modality and one sample from each of the other modalities were analyzed, making a total of seven samples.
The testing was performed under expert guidance, directed by a world authority on adipose tissue cell biology. A total of four PhDs in cell biology were present. Tissue sample preparation of all four fat harvesting modalities was identical, using standard centrifugation and collagenase protocols. The steps that were implemented are described below.
The waste containers containing the fat aspirates were brought from the third floor operating suite to the first floor lab. By the time the waste containers arrived in the lab, the material in the containers was already settling into an obvious supranatant layer (an upper layer) consisting of mainly fat tissue, and an infranatant layer (a lower layer) consisting mainly of a fluidic mixture of blood and/or saline. The difference between the Andrew containers and all the other containers was obvious and marked: the Andrew supranatant was light yellow in color, was clearly a homogeneous liquid, was devoid of chunks of connective tissue (“CT”) and clumps of fat tissue, and was devoid of blood—there was no hint of redness whatsoever. The Andrew infranatant was a thin, light salmon/pink colored liquid. All other non-Andrew lipo waste containers looked similar: the supranatant was reddish-orange in color and clearly contained blood, the SAL and V-UAL supranatants were not homogeneous liquids and contained obvious chunks of CT tissue and clumps of fat, the Coleman supranatant appeared thick and clumpy and was not a homogeneous liquid (but definitive appearing chunks of connective tissue were not discernible), and all the non-Andrew infranatants appeared to be a dark red, thick, blood-like fluid. The seven aspirate samples arrived in the lab sequentially, at 15-20 minute intervals from one to the next. As the samples arrived they were allowed to settle for a few minutes.
The first analysis that was done was to determine whether the lipoasprirate was in a state of cell suspension. To accomplish this, samples of the Coleman and Andrew supranatants (#1) were taken using a pipette and exposed to trypan blue stain. The stained samples were then placed on a hemocytometer cell counting slide and viewed under the microscope. Microscopically, the Andrew supranatant was observed to be in a state of cell suspension, and was observed to be almost a single cell suspension. (It was believed by all cell biologists present that the #1 Andrew sample could be gotten to a single cell suspension by diluting it.) The Coleman sample was in clumps and was not in a cell suspension state. Three of the cell biologists present observed that it was inconceivable that the SAL and V-UAL aspirates would be in a state of cell suspension, based on their obvious chunky and clumpy appearance, so they did not look at the fat tissues from the SAL and V-UAL aspirates under the microscope. The significance of the fact that the #1 Andrew sample was in a cell suspension state is discussed below.
Cell viability was then measured for all seven samples. A sample from the each supranatant was taken using a pipette and placed in a test tube and labeled. Then a smaller sample was taken using a pipette from the test tube and placed in a 2 ml centrifuge tube. (Epindorf centrifuge.) The sample was spun at 800 rpm for 5 minutes. Then a collagenase digestion was performed on that post-spun sample in a 37 degree C. water bath, using 1 mg/ml of collagenase (Worthington type 1) for 45 minutes. Then, post digestion, the sample was spun again in the centrifuge. Then a sample was taken using a pipette from the supranatant in the centrifuge tube and exposed to two fluorescent dyes for approximately 10 minutes. Then a small sample from that post fluorescent dye stained sample was placed onto the Vision Cell Analyzer slide, the slide was placed into the automated cell counter (a Vision Cell Analyzer from Nexcelom, Inc. of Lawrence, Mass.) and it was read. The identical process and procedure was done to all seven aspirate samples.
The Vision Cell Analyzer distinguishes adipocytes from lipid droplets; the fluorescent dyes stain only cells and not lipid droplets. (When reading the slides manually through a microscope it is very difficult to distinguish a lipid droplet from an adipocyte.) The first dye stains all cells present, alive, and dead cells. The second dye stains only dead cells. The automated cell counter counts all cells present and can distinguish between live and dead cells. The software in the Vision Cell Analyzer does a subtraction and gives you the percentage of live cells present. Four separate fields are read and averaged. The results for the four different modalities are tabulated on Table 1 below. All the samples were prepared identically (i.e., all were post centrifugation and post collagenase digestion). Note that four different samples using the Andrew modality were tested (at various temperature and pressure settings and two different anatomical locations).
Looking at the images from the Vision Cell Analyzer on the laptop screen which showed the field of cells being read, one field at a time, one of the cell biologists present commented that in all fields “it is clear that the majority of cells being read are adipocytes; from what we know of adipose tissue cellular biology, the other cells present are progenitor cells, pre-adipocytes, endothelial cells and macrophages . . . ”.