Illuminated Leadership, Wise Governance, And How The Jesuits Invented Modern Management
hink of an organization that, in just a few decades, grew from seven to about 13,000 members, across four continents with 495 branches to serve and manage an indefinitely growing number of clients. These are remarkable achievements by any standard and thus you may associate this enterprise with global and dynamic firms such as Microsoft, Google, or Facebook. It could even be the nth market bubble!
Imagine mastering this expansion without phone, email, electricity, or the plethora of instruments that nowadays are essential not only to manage relationships between headquarters and subsidiaries but also in our personal lives. Now keep this organization going almost uninterrupted for more than 450 years. Remarkable doesn’t even begin to describe it. It would have something of a magical, if not divine quality.
The organization I’ve asked you to imagine is the Jesuit Order, a Catholic Order founded in Italy in 1540 and still ‘in operation’. How did they accomplish this tremendous expansion and endurance?
Let’s begin with the problems that the Jesuits had to face with their missions in the most disparate areas of the world – much like the film The Mission starring Robert De Niro and Jeremy Irons. Think of being sent to the Latin America without a map covering the full territory, and having to draw it while under attack from unknown species of animals, having to find a way to communicate with the natives (assuming they too have not already tried to kill you.) Ah, yes, and of course there are no airplanes to deliver you and your stuff there. You had to cross the Ocean first, relying only on compasses and the stars. The Jesuits had to face a high degree of complexity that is, they had to cope with the incompleteness of information and this generated risk and uncertainty. Yet, this complexity was also institutional, as in their missions, the Jesuits had to deal with a multiplicity of stakeholders (the Roman Church in Rome, local powers, internal fights and so forth). This was a kind of complexity that they could not think to tame even for a single minute. Unlike contemporary hedging strategies that give traders the illusion of having eliminated risk, the Jesuits choose a wiser strategy: they simply accepted that risky, uncertainty and in a single word, complexity, was a unavaiodable feature of their lives. Yes! The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were interesting times! As much as the times we are living today, the Jesuits did not know what would happen to them the day after as much as today we do not know whether the Euro will still be up and running in a month’s time!
Thus there is certainly value in understanding the Jesuit histories and, above all, I hope this brief recount has convinced you that there is a lot to be learnt from history. Not because things may have happened already in the past, but because by looking at the past we can gain some insights into how to deal with our daily problems today.
In keeping with the parallelism between what the Jesuits faced in their missions and what we face today with the financial crisis, there is, in fact, a key difference from which we could learn: the Jesuits did not assume that they could dominate this complexity, uncertainty, and risk and were thus prepared to embrace it on a daily basis, while most of contemporary finance practices utilize very complex financial algorithms to give you the illusion that complexity, uncertainty, and risk can be dominated. And, once you are relaxed on your armchair thinking that everything is under control, fate strikes and not only do you not know what to do, but you are neither equipped to deal with this unknown nor the material impossibility of forecasting the future. In the end, we are not God; we do not have crystal balls to help us see the way oracles were consulted in the antiquity.
These days, so powerful is the belief in the rationality of economic agents that it is like a religion itself. We confront the problem of reinventing how we run our organizations, our financial markets, and our societies through a belief in the power of ‘the market’, ‘maximization of shareholders’ value’, and the financial and accounting models – to such an extent that a ‘true and fair’ view of financial realities has been swiped forever.
So what did the Jesuits do to embrace (rather than eliminate) complexity, uncertainty and risk?
The Jesuits planted humanist rhetorical practices into accounting and management, such as those developed to inform religious liturgy, regulate the theological debate, and construct individual and collective memory. Consider the etymology of two key business terms: ‘hierarchy’, which has a religious origin (from hieros, sacred or priest, and archè, rule); and ‘inventory’, which originally had nothing to do with goods in the warehouse but was instead the first canon of rhetoric, the inventio, which helped orators and priest to organize and remember speeches and sermons. The list of such terms is endless and has led me to some doubt on the economic nature of modern concepts like “rationality” (ah! By the way, rationality comes from ratio, that in Latin meant ‘account’ and not ‘reason’: ‘The book of reason’, in early modern Italian ‘Il libro della ragione’, was the ledger, not a treaty of analytical logic and mathematical formulae.)
But how this translation of humanist rhetoric helped the Jesuit in addressing issues of complexity, uncertainty and risk? And how did it lead to develop wise governance and illuminated leadership?
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