US 7951080 B2
Devices and methods for maintaining a medical device on-body are provided. Embodiments include medical device securement systems having first and second on-body securement elements. Also provided are systems and kits for use maintaining a medical device on-body.
1. A method for maintaining a control unit of an analyte monitoring system on a body part of a subject using an on-body securement element comprising an adhesive surface and a non-adhesive surface that is opposite to the adhesive surface, the on-body securement element being protected by a first removable layer adjacent the adhesive surface and a second removable layer adjacent the non-adhesive surface, the method comprising:
removably attaching the analyte monitoring system control unit to a body part of a patient;
after attaching the control unit to the body part, positioning the on-body securement element about the control unit so that the adhesive surface contacts the control unit; and
removing the first and second removable layers from the on-body securement element.
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12. A method for maintaining a control unit of an analyte monitoring system on a body part of a subject, the method comprising:
attaching a first adhesive surface of a first securement element to a body part;
attaching a second adhesive surface of the first securement element to the control unit, wherein the second adhesive surface is opposite the first adhesive surface;
removing at least one removable liner from an adhesive surface of a second securement element, wherein the second securement element further comprises a hole therein; and
positioning the second securement element about the control unit so that the adhesive surface contacts the control unit, wherein the second securement element hole is positioned around the control unit.
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The present application is a continuation of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/344,434 filed Jan. 30, 2006 entitled “On-Body Medical Device Securement”, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
There are many instances in which it is necessary to maintain a medical device “on-body”, i.e., secured to a body part of a patient, e.g., the arm, abdomen, or elsewhere. One such instance is maintaining a component of an analyte monitoring system, e.g., a continuous analyte monitoring system, on the skin of a patient.
For example, monitoring of the level of glucose or other analytes, such as lactate or oxygen or the like, in certain individuals is vitally important to their health. The monitoring of glucose level is particularly important to individuals with diabetes, as they must determine when insulin is needed to reduce glucose levels in their bodies or when additional insulin is needed to raise the level of glucose in their bodies. In this regard, devices and systems have been developed for continuous or automatic monitoring of analytes, such as glucose, in the blood stream or in interstitial fluid. Many of these analyte measuring devices include a glucose sensor that is configured so that at least a portion of the sensor is positioned below the epidermis, e.g., in a blood vessel or in the subcutaneous tissue of a patient. The sensor communicates information about the glucose level to a component positioned above the skin, where in certain embodiments the component is intended to be maintained on the skin of the patient.
Despite techniques that have been developed to maintain analyte monitoring components and other medical devices on-body, the component may still become dislodged from its fixed position on the skin, e.g., during vigorous exercise, or the by weakening of the adhesive attaching the components on-body over time, and the like. This dislodgement may be a mere inconvenience, or may have severe consequences, e.g., if the dislodgement goes unnoticed for a substantial period of time during which glucose information is prevented from being obtained. Furthermore, the mere possibility of dislodgement is a constant worry to the user.
As interest in maintaining medical devices, e.g., continuous analyte monitoring devices, in a fixed position on a skin surface continues, there is interest in devices and methods for attaching such device to skin.
Generally, the present invention relates to methods and devices for maintaining a medical device on-body. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the continuous and/or automatic in vivo monitoring of the level of an analyte using an analyte sensor and more specifically, devices and methods for maintaining a component of a continuous or automatic analyte sensing system adjacent a body part of a patient, where the analyte sensors include those in which at least a portion of the sensor is positioned partially beneath the epidermal layer of skin. The subject invention is further described with respect to analyte monitoring devices (also referred to herein as a “sensors”, “analyte sensing devices”, and the like) and analyte monitoring systems for exemplary purposes only, where such description is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention. It is understood that the subject invention is applicable to any medical device in which at least a portion of the device is intended to be maintained in place on a patient.
Embodiments include devices and methods for maintaining medical devices, e.g., on-body analyte sensor control units, in place and include one or more on-body securement elements. In certain embodiments, first and second on-body securement elements are employed, where the two elements are used together to maintain a medical device such as an on-body sensor control unit in place on a patient. First and second on-body securement elements may be used in a layered construction such that at least a portion of a medical device of interest is sandwiched between the two securement elements to hold the medical device on a body part.
One or both elements may include adhesive for attachment to skin and/or to the other element and/or the medical device (e.g., an on-skin sensor control unit). In certain embodiments, an on-body securement element includes an adhesive area and a non adhesive area. The non adhesive area may be an opening in the securement element, a pocket or other surface or the like that does not have adhesive. The area that does not include adhesive may approximate the size and shape of at least a portion of the medical device to be maintained in place with the securement element so that the non adhesive area may encompass the medical device. In embodiments that include an opening, the opening is positionable around the medical device so as not to completely cover it.
Embodiments include on-body securement elements that are easy to use, e.g., that are easy to position on a body part even in instances in which the area of the body part on which it is desired to position the medical device is not within the direct line of site of the individual performing the positioning. In certain embodiments, a securement element may include one or more release liners adapted to facilitate ease of use, where in some embodiments a plurality of release liners are included and arranged for easy removal from, and positioning of, the securement element.
Also provided are systems and kits.
The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Before the present invention is described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described.
It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
“May” refers to optionally, and when two or more items (for example, elements or processes) are referenced by an alternative “or”, this indicates that either could be present separately or any combination of them could be present together except where the presence of one necessarily excludes the other or others.
Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order which is logically possible. Reference to a singular item, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same item present.
As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention.
The figures shown herein are not necessarily drawn to scale, with some components and features being exaggerated for clarity.
As summarized above, the present invention is related to devices and methods for maintaining a medical device in place on the body of a patient. The invention is primarily described herein with respect to maintaining an analyte sensing device and more particularly an on-body analyte control unit adapted for use with an analyte sensor in place on a patient for exemplary purposes only, where such description is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention. It is to be understood that the invention may be used with a variety of medical devices intended to be maintained in place on a patient. For example, the subject invention may be used to secure an infusion set, e.g., of an insulin pump or the like, in place on the body of a patient.
The present invention is applicable to any analyte monitoring system such as those using a sensor wherein at least a portion of the sensor is positionable beneath the skin of the user for the in vivo determination of a concentration of an analyte, such as glucose, lactate, and the like, in a body fluid. Additional analytes that may be determined include but are not limited to, for example, acetyl choline, amylase, bilirubin, cholesterol, chorionic gonadotropin, creatine kinase (e.g., CK-MB), creatine, DNA, fructosamine, glucose, glutamine, growth hormones, hormones, ketones, lactate, peroxide, prostate-specific antigen, prothrombin, RNA, thyroid stimulating hormone, and troponin. The concentration of drugs, such as, for example, antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin, vancomycin, and the like), digitoxin, digoxin, drugs of abuse, theophylline, and warfarin, may also be determined.
A sensor may be, for example, subcutaneously positionable in a patient for the continuous or periodic monitoring of an analyte in a patient's interstitial fluid. This may be used to infer the glucose level in the patient's bloodstream. The sensors also include in vivo analyte sensors insertable into a vein, artery, or other portion of the body containing fluid. These sensors may be configured for monitoring the level of the analyte over a time period which may range from minutes, hours, days, weeks, or longer. Of interest are analyte sensors, such as glucose sensors, that are capable of providing analyte data for about one hour or more, e.g., about a few hours or more, e.g., about a few days of more, e.g., about three or more days, e.g., about five days or more, e.g., about seven days or more, e.g., about several weeks or months.
Analyte monitoring systems generally include, at a minimum, an analyte sensor and a control unit, where in many embodiments the control unit is intended to be held in place on a body part of the patient. In certain embodiments, a system may only include a sensor and control unit. These analyte monitoring systems may be utilized under a variety of conditions. The particular configuration of a sensor and other units used in an analyte monitoring system may depend on the use for which the sensor and system are intended and the conditions under which the sensor and system will operate. As noted above, embodiments include a sensor configured for positioning into the body of a patient or user. The term “positioning” is meant broadly to include wholly implantable sensors and sensors in which only a portion of which is positioned under the skin and a portion of which resides above the skin, e.g., for contact to a transmitter, receiver, transceiver, processor, etc.
For example, positioning of a sensor may be made in the arterial or venous systems for direct testing of analyte levels in blood. Alternatively, a sensor may be positioned in the interstitial tissue for determining the analyte level in interstitial fluid. This level may be correlated and/or converted to analyte levels in blood or other fluids. Sensors may also be positioned in other regions of the body to determine analyte levels in other fluids. Examples of suitable sensors for use in the analyte monitoring systems of the invention are described herein and in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,134,461, 6,175,752, and elsewhere.
Sensor control unit 44 may evaluate the signals from sensor 42 and/or transmit the signals to one or more optional receiver/display units 46, 48 for evaluation. Sensor control unit 44 and/or receiver/display units 46, 48 may display or otherwise communicate the current level of the analyte. Furthermore, sensor control unit 44 and/or receiver/display units 46, 48 may indicate to the patient, via, for example, an audible, visual, or other sensory-stimulating alarm, when the level of the analyte is at or near a threshold level. In some embodiments, an electrical shock may be delivered to the patient as a warning through one of the electrodes or the optional temperature probe of the sensor. For example, if glucose is monitored then an alarm may be used to alert the patient to a hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic glucose level and/or to impending hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
Sensor 42 and the electronic components within on-skin sensor control unit 44 are coupled via conductive contacts 80. The one or more working electrodes 58, counter electrode 60 (or counter/reference electrode), optional reference electrode 62, and optional temperature probe 66 are attached to individual conductive contacts 80. In some embodiments, the conductive contacts are provided on the exterior of the housing (see for example
The on-skin sensor control unit may include at least a portion of the electronic components that operate the sensor and the analyte monitoring device system. One embodiment of the electronics in the on-skin control unit 44 is illustrated as a block diagram in
On-skin sensor control unit 44 may optionally contain a transmitter or transceiver 98 for transmitting the sensor signals or processed data from processing circuit 109 to a receiver (or transceiver)/display unit 46, 48; a data storage unit 102 for temporarily or permanently storing data from processing circuit 109; a temperature probe circuit 99 for receiving signals from and operating a temperature probe 66; a reference voltage generator 101 for providing a reference voltage for comparison with sensor-generated signals; and/or a watchdog circuit 103 that monitors the operation of the electronic components in the on-skin sensor control unit. Moreover, sensor control unit 44 may include a bias control generator 105 to correctly bias analog and digital semiconductor devices, an oscillator 107 to provide a clock signal, and a digital logic and timing component 109 to provide timing signals and logic operations for the digital components of the circuit.
The electronics in the on-skin sensor control unit 44 and the sensor 42 may be operated using a power supply 95. Sensor control unit 44 may also optionally include a temperature probe circuit 99. The output from sensor circuit 97 and optional temperature probe circuit is coupled into a measurement circuit 96 that obtains signals from sensor circuit 97 and optional temperature probe circuit 99 and, at least in some embodiments, provides output data in a form that, for example can be read by digital circuits.
In some embodiments, the data from processing circuit 109 is analyzed and directed to an alarm system 94 (see
In some embodiments, the data (e.g., a current signal, a converted voltage or frequency signal, or fully or partially analyzed data) from processing circuit 109 is transmitted to one or more receiver/display units 46, 48 using a transmitter 98 in on-skin sensor control unit 44. The transmitter has an antenna 93, such as a wire or similar conductor, formed in housing 45.
In addition to a transmitter 98, an optional receiver 99 may be included in the on-skin sensor control unit 44. In some cases, transmitter 98 is a transceiver, operating as both a transmitter and a receiver. Receiver 99 (and/or receiver display/units 46, 48) may be used to receive calibration data for the sensor 42. The calibration data may be used by processing circuit 109 to correct signals from sensor 42. This calibration data may be transmitted by receiver/display unit 46, 48 or from some other source such as a control unit in a doctor's office. The on-skin sensor control unit 44 may include an optional data storage unit 102 which may be used to hold data (e.g., measurements from the sensor or processed data).
In certain embodiments, on-skin sensor control unit 44 includes a sensor port through which a sensor enters the subcutaneous tissue of the patient. A sensor may be inserted into the subcutaneous tissue of the patient through the sensor port. The on-skin sensor control unit may then be placed on the skin of the patient with a sensor being threaded through the sensor port. If the housing of the sensor has, for example, a base and a cover, then the cover may be removed to allow the patient to guide the sensor into the proper position for contact with conductive contacts 80. Alternatively, if the conductive contacts are within the housing the patient may slide the sensor into the housing until contact is made between the contact pads of the sensor and the conductive contacts. The sensor control unit may have a structure which obstructs the sliding of the sensor further into the housing once the sensor is properly positioned with the contact pads in contact with the conductive contacts. In other embodiments, the conductive contacts are on the exterior of the housing. In these embodiments, the patient guides the contacts pads of the sensor into contact with the conductive contacts of the control unit. In some cases, a guiding structure may be provided on the housing which guides the sensor into the proper position. An example of such a structure includes a set of guiding rails extending from the housing and having the shape of the sensor.
One or more receiver/display units 46, 48 may be provided with the analyte monitoring device 40 for easy access to the data generated by the sensor 42 and may, in some embodiments, process the signals from the on-skin sensor control unit 44 to determine the concentration or level of analyte in the subcutaneous tissue. The receiver may be a transceiver. Receivers may be palm-sized and/or may be adapted to fit on a belt or within a bag or purse that the patient carries.
The receiver/display units 46, 48, as illustrated in block form at
The output from the analyzer 152 may be provided to a display 154. The receiver/display units 46, 48 may also include a number of optional items such as a data storage unit 158 to store data, a transmitter 160 which can be used to transmit data, and an input device 162, such as a keypad or keyboard.
In certain embodiments, the receiver/display unit 46, 48 is integrated with a calibration unit (not shown). For example, the receiver/display unit 46, 48 may, for example, include a conventional blood glucose monitor. Devices may be used including those that operate using, for example, electrochemical and calorimetric blood glucose assays, assays of interstitial or dermal fluid, and/or non-invasive optical assays. When a calibration of the implanted sensor is needed, the patient uses the integrated in vitro monitor to generate a reading. The reading may then, for example, automatically be sent by the transmitter 160 of the receiver/display unit 46, 48 to calibrate the sensor 42.
In certain embodiments, analyte data (processed or not) may be communicated, e.g., forwarded (such as by communication) to a remote location such as a doctor's office if desired, and received there for further use (such as further processing).
As described, on-skin sensor control unit 44 is intended to be worn “on-body” by the patient, e.g., attached directly or indirectly to the skin 75 of the patient, as illustrated for example in
Referring again to
In other embodiments, a mounting unit 77 is employed to attach the housing 45 of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 to the skin 75. Mounting unit 77 may be part of the on-skin sensor control unit 44 or may be separate. One example of a suitable mounting unit is a double-sided adhesive strip, one side of which is adhered to a surface of the skin of the patient and the other side is adhered to the on-skin sensor control unit 44. In this embodiment, the mounting unit 77 may have an optional opening 79 which is large enough to allow insertion of sensor 42 through opening 79 for electrical contact with the control unit. Alternatively, the sensor may be inserted through a thin adhesive and into the skin.
A variety of adhesives may be used to adhere the on-skin sensor control unit 44 to the skin 75 of the patient, either directly or using the mounting unit 77, including, for example, pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) or contact adhesives. An adhesive is usually chosen which is not irritating to all or a majority of patients for at least the period of time that a particular sensor 42 is implanted in the patient, e.g., may be hypoallergenic adhesive. Alternatively, a second adhesive or other skin-protecting compound may be included with the mounting unit so that a patient, whose skin is irritated by the adhesive on the mounting unit 77, may cover his skin with the second adhesive or other skin-protecting compound and then place the mounting unit 77 over the second adhesive or other skin-protecting compound. This should substantially prevent the irritation of the skin of the patient because the adhesive on the mounting unit 77 is no longer in contact with the skin, but is instead in contact with the second adhesive or other skin-protecting compound. Adhesives that may be used includes, but is not limited to acrylic adhesives, and the like, e.g., a polyurethane membrane coated with a layer of an acrylic adhesive such as TEGADERM from 3M Corporation.
Another embodiment of a mounting unit 77 that may be used in an on-skin sensor control unit 44 is illustrated in
The mounting unit 77 may include an adhesive on a bottom surface to adhere to the skin of the patient or mounting unit 77 is used in conjunction with, for example, double-sided adhesive tape or the like. The mounting unit 77 may include an opening 79 through which the sensor 42 is inserted, as shown for example in
In another embodiment, a coupled mounting unit 77 and housing 45 of an on-skin sensor control unit 44 is provided on an adhesive patch 204 with an optional cover 206 to protect and/or confine housing 45 of the on-skin sensor control unit 44, as illustrated in
In some embodiments, the adhesive on an on-skin sensor control unit 44 and/or on any of the embodiments of mounting unit 77 is water resistant or waterproof to permit activities such as showering and/or bathing while maintaining adherence of the on-skin sensor control unit to the skin of the patient and, at least in some embodiments, preventing water from penetrating into the sensor control unit. The use of a water resistant or waterproof adhesive combined with a water resistant or waterproof housing 45 protects the components in sensor control unit 44 and the contact between conductive contacts 80 and sensor 42 from damage or corrosion. An example of a non-irritating adhesive that repels water is TEGADERM.
As described above, in certain embodiments an on-body securement element may be adapted to be positionable about at least a portion of the control unit and may be used in addition to, or instead of, any securement element described herein. For example, a first on-body securement element may be used that is attachable to a body part, e.g., includes an adhesive for attachment to the skin. The adhesive may be directly on the control unit or may be a separate component, e.g., a mounting unit or an adhesive patch to which a mounting unit/control unit is attachable, etc. The on-body securement element, if it includes adhesive, may be adapted to adhesively attach to the skin and/or mount and/or control unit, and/or a first adhesive patch positioned adjacent the skin and upon which the mount and/or control unit resides, e.g., in certain embodiments with a control unit held therebetween.
A second securement element may be included and may be a securement patch or band and may or may not include adhesive.
A non adhesive-including area may be particularly relevant if an on-body securement element includes an adhesive-including area. An opening (or otherwise non-adhesive surface) provides an adhesive-free area which prevents accumulation of adhesive residue on the control unit surface, improving moisture transmission rates and eliminating entrapped pockets that may serve as potential sites for water accumulation. An opening or recess provides a further advantage of providing an easily identifiable reference point for registering the securement element with a control unit so that it may be correctly and easily positioned about the control unit even in instances in which the control unit is not within the direct line of site of the patient. This may be particularly important for patients with diminished hand-eye coordination and/or manual dexterity and/or visual capabilities.
In certain embodiments, an on-body securement element provides mild compression of a body part so that the element does not readily slip off of the patient. The on-body securement element may be further tightened using a fastening strap or other mechanism which cinches the element tighter onto the arm.
In embodiments in which the on-body securement element is a patch, e.g., an adhesive-including patch, as shown for example in
Other securement embodiments may be in the form of an arm band or strap that partially or completely encircle a body part such as an arm, leg, wrist, abdomen, etc., as shown for example in
In certain embodiments, an on-body securement element may be a tubular structure such as securement bands 400 and 410 having supports 412, as shown in
In addition to the support layer and adhesive layer (if present), additional layers may be included. For example, a removable layer may be positioned adjacent to one or more surfaces (e.g., adjacent an adhesive layer surface and/or casting layer surface) of a securement element for protection of the securement element from the environment. For example, a securement element having an adhesive surface may include a peelable release liner adjacent the adhesive surface to maintain the integrity of the adhesive until use and/or a casting layer. In certain embodiments, a securement element may be in the form of a sandwich configuration such as a laminate or the like. A securement element may include adhesive disposed on a backing, the adhesive/backing structure may be sandwiched between two removable layers: a removable release liner adjacent the adhesive and a removable casting layer adjacent the backing. The materials thereof may be any suitable materials, including materials described herein and others. Any suitable materials may be used, where in certain embodiments a release liner is a polyester such as PET or PP, and the like, or siliconized paper (e.g., siliconized Kraft paper), or the like, an adhesive is polyacrylate, silicone, PIB, natural or synthetic rubber or the like, a backing is a polyurethane film, or the like, in the form of films, foams, nonwovens, etc., and the casting layer is PE, or the like.
In certain embodiments, the removable layer(s) may have greater rigidity than the securement element with which it is employed. This relative rigidity may provide structural stability and facilitate peeling-away of the layer from the securement element by the patient. A removable layer such as a release liner may include tabs or the like graspable by a patient.
In certain embodiments, a plurality of release liners is used. A plurality of release liners may increase the ease of removal of the release liners from the securement element and the ease of use of the securement element by providing one-handed, self-application of a securement element.
An embodiment of a release liner system 600 having a plurality of release liners 604 a, 604 b, 604 c, 604 d is shown in
Release liner system 600 may be used with any securement element, herein shown in
In use, an on-body control unit may be first attached to a body part of a patient, e.g., using a first securement element in the form of an adhesive patch which, at one side, is attached to a body part and at a second side is attached to a mounting unit and control unit. To secure the control unit in place, a patient may hold second securement element 310 carrying release liner system 600 with one hand, e.g., with a right hand to apply to the left arm, and vice versa. A first release liner (e.g., release liner 604 a) may be peeled away from securement element 310, e.g., using a tab or the like, and securement element 310, with the other release liners still in contact therewith, may be positioned about the control unit so that the hole of the securement element/release liner system is positioned around the control unit. Once positioned over the control unit, remaining release liners 604 b, 604 c . . . may be easily removed from securement element 310. Removable layer 602, if present, may be removed at any convenient time, e.g., before or after removal of release liner 604.
First and/or second on-body securement elements may be made from any suitable material where in many embodiments the material is selected for prolonged contact with skin with minimal skin irritation, as noted above. The material may be conformable to a patient's body part. Materials include but are not limited to those described herein and polyurethane; polyolefin, such as polyethylene and polypropylene; polyvinylchloride; ethylene vinyl acetate; woven fabrics; nonwoven fabrics; and the like, and may be perforated or nonperforated. In certain embodiments, the material may be perspiration-absorbing material. For example, elements may include a backing with an adhesive layer thereon. The backing may be fabricated from one or more of these materials.
As described, the subject invention in accordance with various embodiments, may be used to secure any medical device to a body part and has been described primarily with reference to securing on-body analyte sensor control units to a body part. In such embodiments, any suitable analyte sensor may be employed, where exemplary analyte sensors are now described, where such description is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention as it will be apparent that the subject invention is applicable to any analyte sensor and sensor system.
The working electrode or electrodes 58 are formed using conductive materials 52. The counter electrode 60 and/or reference electrode 62, as well as other optional portions of the sensor 42, such as a temperature probe 66 (see for example
A sensing layer 64 (see for example
In addition to the electrodes 58, 60, 62 and the sensing layer 64, the sensor 42 may also include optional components such as one or more of the following: a temperature probe 66 (see for example
The substrate 50 may be formed using a variety of non-conducting materials, including, for example, polymeric or plastic materials and ceramic materials. Suitable materials for a particular sensor may be determined, at least in part, based on the desired use of the sensor and properties of the materials.
In addition to considerations regarding flexibility, it is often desirable that a sensor 42 should have a substrate 50 which is non-toxic. Substrate 50 may be one that is approved by one or more appropriate governmental agencies or private groups for in vivo use. Although substrate 50 in at least some embodiments has uniform dimensions along the entire length of the sensor, in other embodiments substrate 50 has a distal end 67 and a proximal end 65 with different widths 53, 55, respectively, as illustrated for example in
At least one conductive trace 52 may be formed on the substrate for use in constructing a working electrode 58. In addition, other conductive traces 52 may be formed on the substrate 50 for use as electrodes (e.g., additional working electrodes, as well as counter, counter/reference, and/or reference electrodes) and other components, such as a temperature probe. The conductive traces 52 may extend most of the distance along a length 57 of the sensor 50, as illustrated for example in
The conductive traces may be formed using a conductive material 56 such as carbon (e.g., graphite), a conductive polymer, a metal or alloy (e.g., gold or gold alloy), or a metallic compound (e.g., ruthenium dioxide or titanium dioxide), and the like. Conductive traces 52 (and channels 54, if used) may be formed with relatively narrow widths. In embodiments with two or more conductive traces 52 on the same side of the substrate 50, the conductive traces 52 are separated by distances sufficient to prevent conduction between the conductive traces 52. The working electrode 58 and the counter electrode 60 (if a separate reference electrode is used) may be made using a conductive material 56, such as carbon.
Reference electrode 62 and/or counter/reference electrode may be formed using conductive material 56 that is a suitable reference material, for example silver/silver chloride or a non-leachable redox couple bound to a conductive material, for example, a carbon-bound redox couple.
The electrical contact 49 may be made using the same material as the conductive material 56 of conductive traces 52 or alternatively, may be made from a carbon or other non-metallic material, such as a conducting polymer.
A number of exemplary electrode configurations are described herein, however, it will be understood that other configurations may also be used. In certain embodiments, e.g., illustrated in
Alternatively, one or more of the electrodes may be formed on an opposing side of the substrate 50. In another embodiment, two working electrodes 58 and one counter electrode 60 are formed on one side of the substrate 50 and one reference electrode 62 and a temperature probe 66 are formed on an opposing side of the substrate 50, as illustrated in
Some analytes, such as oxygen, may be directly electrooxidized or electroreduced on the working electrode 58. Other analytes, such as glucose and lactate, require the presence of at least one electron transfer agent and/or at least one catalyst to facilitate the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the analyte. Catalysts may also be used for those analyte, such as oxygen, that can be directly electrooxidized or electroreduced on the working electrode 58. For these analytes, each working electrode 58 has a sensing layer 64 formed proximate to or on a working surface of the working electrode 58. In many embodiments, the sensing layer 64 is formed near or on only a small portion of the working electrode 58, e.g., near a tip of sensor 42.
The sensing layer 64 includes one or more components designed to facilitate the electrolysis of the analyte. Sensing layer 64 may be formed as a solid composition of the desired components (e.g., an electron transfer agent and/or a catalyst). These components may be non-leachable from the sensor 42 and may be immobilized on the sensor 42. For example, the components may be immobilized on a working electrode 58. Alternatively, the components of the sensing layer 64 may be immobilized within or between one or more membranes or films disposed over the working electrode 58 or the components may be immobilized in a polymeric or sol-gel matrix. Examples of immobilized sensing layers are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,262,035; 5,264,104; 5,264,105; 5,320,725; 5,593,852; and 5,665,222; and PCT Patent Application No. US98/02403 entitled “Soybean Peroxidase Electrochemical Sensor”.
Sensors having multiple working electrodes 58 a may also be used, e.g., and the signals therefrom may be averaged or measurements generated at these working electrodes 58 a may be averaged. In addition, multiple readings at a single working electrode 58 a or at multiple working electrodes may be averaged.
In many embodiments, sensing layer 64 contains one or more electron transfer agents in contact with the conductive material 56 of working electrode 58, as shown for example in
To electrolyze the analyte, a potential (versus a reference potential) is applied across the working and counter electrodes 58, 60. When a potential is applied between the working electrode 58 and the counter electrode 60, an electrical current will flow. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many different reactions that will achieve the same result; namely the electrolysis of an analyte or a compound whose level depends on the level of the analyte.
A variety of optional items may be included in a sensor. One optional item is a temperature probe 66 (see for example
The sensors of the subject invention are biocompatible. Biocompatibility may be achieved in a number of different manners. For example, an optional biocompatible layer 73 may be formed over at least that portion of the sensor 42 which is inserted into the patient, as shown in
An interferant-eliminating layer (not shown) may be included in the sensor 42. The interferant-eliminating layer may include ionic components, such as Nafion® or the like, incorporated into a polymeric matrix to reduce the permeability of the interferant-eliminating layer to ionic interferants having the same charge as the ionic components.
A mass transport limiting layer 71 may be included with the sensor to act as a diffusion-limiting barrier to reduce the rate of mass transport of the analyte, for example, glucose or lactate, into the region around the working electrodes 58. Exemplary layers that may be used are described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,881,551, and elsewhere.
A sensor of the subject invention may be adapted to be a replaceable component in an in vivo analyte monitor, and particularly in an implantable analyte monitor. As described above, in many embodiments the sensor is capable of operation over a period of days or more, e.g., a period of operation may be at least about one day, e.g., at least about three days, e.g., at least about five days, e.g., at least about one week or more, e.g., one month or more. The sensor may then be removed and replaced with a new sensor.
The various embodiments of the present invention may also be employed to maintain a therapeutic agent delivery system on-body, e.g., an infusion device and/or infusion sets. Embodiments includes analyte monitoring systems used in sensor-based therapeutic agent (e.g., insulin) delivery systems, wherein the subject invention is included to secure one or more components thereof on a body part of a patient.
The system may provide a therapeutic agent to counteract the high or low level of an analyte in response to the signals from one or more sensors. Alternatively, the system may monitor the drug concentration to ensure that the drug remains within a desired therapeutic range. The system may include one or more (e.g., two or more) sensors, an on-skin sensor control unit and one or more on-body securement elements, a receiver/display unit, a data storage and controller module, and a drug administration system. In some cases, the receiver/display unit, data storage and controller module, and drug administration system may be integrated in a single unit. The sensor-based therapeutic agent delivery system may use data from the one or more sensors to provide necessary input for a control algorithm/mechanism in the data storage and controller module to adjust the administration of therapeutic agent. As an example, a glucose sensor may be used to control and adjust the administration of insulin.
Finally, kits for use in practicing the various embodiments of the subject invention are also provided. The subject kits may include one or more on-body securement elements as described herein. Embodiments may also include a sensor and/or a sensor control unit.
In addition to one or more of the above-described components, the subject kits may also include written instructions for using a sensor and/or on-body securement elements. The instructions may be printed on a substrate, such as paper or plastic, etc. As such, the instructions may be present in the kits as a package insert, in the labeling of the container of the kit or components thereof (i.e., associated with the packaging or sub-packaging) etc. In other embodiments, the instructions are present as an electronic storage data file present on a suitable computer readable storage medium, e.g., CD-ROM, diskette, etc. In yet other embodiments, the actual instructions are not present in the kit, but means for obtaining the instructions from a remote source, e.g., via the Internet, are provided. An example of this embodiment is a kit that includes a web address where the instructions can be viewed and/or from which the instructions can be downloaded. As with the instructions, this means for obtaining the instructions is recorded on a suitable substrate.
In many embodiments of the subject kits, the components of the kit are packaged in a kit containment element to make a single, easily handled unit, where the kit containment element, e.g., box or analogous structure, may or may not be an airtight container, e.g., to further preserve the one or more sensors and additional reagents (e.g., control solutions), if present, until use.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, mounting units with adhesive skin patches mated with control units and positioned on body surfaces (such as arm or abdomen) may be used in conjunction with second on-body securement elements retained substantially its original position on the body surface for approximately 110 hours without substantial dislodgment. In the aforementioned embodiment, second on-body securement elements in the form of overbandages may be used. The overbandages include a casting layer, backing film, adhesive and release liner system, for example, as shown in to
The overbandages may be designed to adhere only to the extended ring of the skin patch of the mounting unit and to provide increased adhesive area for skin adhesion. In this manner, the control units remained uncovered by the overbandages, reducing the likelihood of leaving adhesive residue on the control units. Moreover, this embodiment provides easier applications (with one hand and without line-of-sight) as compared to the other bandages. This may be achieved by the control units serving as lead-ins for positioning the overbandages, the tabs thereof exposing the “tack-in-place” spot of adhesive, and the easily removable release liner peel features.
In this manner, in one embodiment of the present invention, easy application and/or removal of overbandages for securing medical devices such as, for example, analyte sensor in combination with on-body securement elements is provided. Moreover, in accordance with the various embodiments of the present invention, there are provided devices and methods for maintaining a medical device on-body that provides, among others, ease of use, even in instances in which the medical device is to be maintained on a body part that is not within the direct line of site of the patient, and comfort. Furthermore, the subject invention in various embodiments provides a patient with a high degree of confidence that the medical device is securely maintained in position on a body part.
While the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto.