"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Zerbaxa (ceftolozane/tazobactam), a new antibacterial drug product, to treat adults with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) and complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI).
Serious and Otherwise Important Adverse Reactions
The following serious and otherwise important adverse drug reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of labeling:
- Tendon Effects [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
- Hypersensitivity Reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
- Other Serious and Sometimes Fatal Reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
- Central Nervous System Effects [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
- Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
- Peripheral Neuropathy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
- Photosensitivity/Phototoxicity [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
- Development of Drug Resistant Bacteria [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Crystalluria and cylindruria have been reported with quinolones, including ciprofloxacin. Therefore, adequate hydration of patients receiving Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) should be maintained to prevent the formation of highly concentrated urine [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Clinical Trial Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The data described below reflect exposure to Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) in 524 patients in one clinical trial. The population studied had a mean age of 39 years (approximately 93.4% of the population were < 65 years of age), 100% were female, 77% were Caucasian and 7.4% were Black. Patients received Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) 500 mg once daily for 3 days. Patients were followed for approximately 5 weeks after the end of study drug dosing.
Discontinuation of Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) occurred in 1.4% of patients. Each of the discontinuations were for a different adverse reactions. Refer to Table 1.
The most common adverse reactions ( ≥ 2%) were fungal infection, nasopharyngitis, headache, and micturition urgency.
Table 1: Adverse reactions (regardless of relationship to
study drug) occurring in ≥ 1% of Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) -treated patients (500 mg once
daily for 3 days) during the entire study period compared to ciprofloxacin-immediate
release tablets (250 mg twice daily for 3 days)
|Adverse Reaction||Proquin XR||Ciprofloxacin-immediate release tablets|
|Urinary tract infection||10.8||9.8|
|Upper respiratory tract infection||1.4||2.9|
The incidence of adverse events (regardless of relationship to study drug) reported for at least 1% of patients treated with Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) during study drug treatment and up to 3 days after study drug was headache (1.5%).
Less common reactions, occurring at any time during the study in less than 1% of Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) -treated patients were:
- Cardiac Disorders: ventricular bigeminy.
- Immune System Disorders: hypersensitivity.
- Gastrointestinal Disorders: abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, dyspepsia, aggravated irritable bowel syndrome, lower abdominal pain, vomiting.
- General Disorders: suprapubic pain, fatigue, pain, rigors, tenderness.
- Infections and Infestations: urinary tract infection, fungal vaginosis, bacterial vaginitis, vaginal candidiasis, vaginal infection, vaginitis.
- Investigations: blood bilirubin increased, alanine aminotransferase increased, abdominal aortic bruit, aspartate aminotransferase increased, body temperature increased.
- Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: joint swelling, muscle spasms, night cramps.
- Nervous System Disorders: headache, dizziness, disturbance in attention, paresthesia.
- Renal and Urinary Disorders: micturition urgency, dysuria, urinary frequency, abnormal urine odor, hematuria.
- Reproductive System and Breast Disorders: female genital pruritus.
- Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders: dyspnea.
- Skin/Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: rash, photosensitivity/ phototoxicity reaction, pruritus, urticaria.
Adverse Reactions Reported with Other Systemic Formulations of Ciprofloxacin
In addition, to the adverse reactions reported with Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) , the following adverse reactions have been reported during clinical trials and from worldwide post-marketing experience with other systemic formulations of ciprofloxacin (includes all dosages and indications).
Because these reactions have been reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or a causal relationship to drug exposure. Abnormal gait, achiness, acidosis, agitation, agranulocytosis, allergic reactions (ranging from urticaria to anaphylactic reactions) [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], amylase increase, anemia, angina pectoris, angioedema, anosmia, anxiety, arrhythmia, arthralgia, ataxia, atrial flutter, bleeding diathesis, blurred vision, bronchospasm, C. difficile associated diarrhea, candidiasis (cutaneous, oral), candiduria, cardiac murmur, cardiopulmonary arrest, cardiovascular collapse, cerebral thrombosis, chills, cholestatic jaundice, chromatopsia, confusion, convulsion [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], delirium, depression, diplopia, drowsiness, dysphagia, dyspnea, edema (conjunctivae, face, hands, laryngeal, lips, lower extremities, neck, pulmonary), epistaxis, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, exfoliative dermatitis, fever, fixed eruptions, flushing, gastrointestinal bleeding, gout (flare up), grand mal convulsion, gynecomastia, hallucinations, hearing loss, hematuria, hemolytic anemia, hemoptysis, hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatic failure (including fatal cases) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], hepatic necrosis, hepatitis, hiccup, hyperesthesia, hyperpigmentation, hypertension, hypertonia, hypoesthesia, hypotension, ileus, insomnia, interstitial nephritis, intestinal perforation, jaundice, joint stiffness, lethargy, lightheadedness, lipase increase, lymphadenopathy, malaise, manic reaction, marrow depression, migraine, moniliasis (oral, gastrointestinal, vaginal), mouth dryness, myalgia, myasthenia, myasthenia gravis (possible exacerbation), myocardial infarction, myoclonus, nephritis, nightmares, nystagmus, oral ulceration, pain (arm, back, breast, chest, epigastric, eye, extremities, foot, jaw, neck, oral mucosa), palpitation, pancreatitis, pancytopenia, paranoia, paresthesia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], peripheral neuropathy, perspiration (increased), petechia, phlebitis, phobia, photosensitivity/phototoxicity reaction[see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] pleural effusion, polyuria, postural hypotension, prothrombin time prolongation, pseudomembranous colitis (the onset of symptoms may occur during or after antimicrobial treatment) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], pulmonary embolism, purpura, renal calculi, renal failure, respiratory arrest, respiratory distress, restlessness, serum sickness-like reaction, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, sweating, syncope, tachycardia, taste loss, tendonitis, tendon rupture [see BOXED WARNING and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], tinnitus, torsade de pointes, toxic epidermal necrolysis, toxic psychosis, tremor, twitching, unresponsiveness, urethral bleeding, urinary retention, urination (frequent), vaginal pruritus, vasculitis, ventricular ectopy, vesicles, visual acuity (decreased), visual disturbances (flashing lights, change in color perception, overbrightness of lights), weakness.
The following adverse laboratory changes, in alphabetical order, regardless of incidence or relationship to drug, have been reported in patients given ciprofloxacin (includes all formulations, all dosages, all drug-therapy durations, and all indications):
Decreases in blood glucose, BUN, hematocrit, hemoglobin, leukocyte counts, platelet counts, prothrombin time, serum albumin, serum potassium, total serum protein, uric acid.
Increases in alkaline phosphatase, ALT (SGPT), AST (SGOT), atypical lymphocyte counts, blood glucose, blood monocytes, BUN, cholesterol, eosinophils counts, LDH, platelet counts, prothrombin time, sedimentation rate, serum amylase, serum bilirubin, serum calcium, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine phosphokinase, serum creatinine, serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), serum potassium, serum theophylline (in patients receiving theophylline concomitantly), serum triglycerides, uric acid.
Others: albuminuria, change in serum phenytoin, crystalluria, cylindruria, immature WBCs, leukocytosis, methemaglobinemia, pancytopenia.
Read the Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) Side Effects Center for a complete guide to possible side effects
As with some other quinolones, concurrent administration of ciprofloxacin with theophylline may lead to elevated serum concentrations of theophylline, which may result in an increased risk of a patient developing central nervous system (CNS) or other adverse reactions. If concomitant use cannot be avoided, serum concentrations of theophylline should be monitored and dosage adjustments made as appropriate [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Antacids and Other Products Containing Multivalent Cations
Concurrent administration of quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, with multivalent cation-containing products such as magnesium or aluminum antacids, sucralfate, VIDEX® chewable/buffered tablets or pediatric powder, or products containing calcium, iron, or zinc may substantially decrease the absorption of ciprofloxacin. Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) should be given either 2 hours after or at least 4 hours before these products. This time window is different than for other oral formulations of ciprofloxacin, which are usually administered 2 hours before or 6 hours after antacids [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin with milk products or calcium-fortified juices alone should be avoided since decreased absorption of Proquin XR is possible [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, have been reported to enhance the effects of the oral anticoagulant warfarin or its derivatives. Prothrombin time, International Normalized Ratio (INR), or other suitable anticoagulation tests should be monitored if Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) is administered concomitantly with warfarin or other oral anticoagulants. Patients should also be monitored for evidence of bleeding [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Some quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, have been associated with transient elevations in serum creatinine in patients receiving cyclosporine concomitantly. Cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations should be monitored when given concomitantly with Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) .
Renal tubular transport of methotrexate may be inhibited by concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin, potentially leading to increased plasma concentrations of methotrexate. This might increase the risk of methotrexate toxic reactions. Therefore, patients under methotrexate therapy should be carefully monitored when concomitant ciprofloxacin therapy is indicated.
Altered serum concentrations of phenytoin (increased and decreased) have been reported in patients receiving concomitant ciprofloxacin. Phenytoin serum concentrations should be monitored when given concomitantly with Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin hcl) .
The concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin with the sulfonylurea glyburide has, on rare occasions, resulted in severe hypoglycemia.
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), but not Aspirin
NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in nonclinical studies [see Nonclinical Toxicology.
Some quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, have been shown to interfere with the metabolism of caffeine. This may lead to reduced clearance of caffeine and prolongation of the serum half-life of caffeine.
Probenecid interferes with renal tubular secretion of ciprofloxacin and produces increased concentrations of ciprofloxacin in serum.
Last reviewed on RxList: 4/19/2011
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
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