Inside Dental Technology
February 2014, Volume 5, Issue 2
Published by AEGIS Communications
Using Pressed Lithium Disilicate to Replace Cast Gold Restorations
High-strength esthetic materials ensure optimal fit, function, and patient satisfaction
Until the late 1990s, when patients presented at the dental practice with damaged or diseased teeth, it was considered the standard of care to place cast gold restorations in regions of the mouth where restorative work needed to have good fit, durability, clinical longevity, and a low incidence of allergy.1-3 Today’s patients, however, being more educated about the available options, want metal-free solutions to fulfill their restorative requirements. In addition to simply wanting functional, painless restorative process, patients want the most esthetically pleasing solutions possible.
Advancements have been made in ceramic material science, yielding a compound that is comparable to cast gold in fit, durability, and clinical longevity, but that also exhibits optical properties similar to those of natural teeth. These advancements include the development of lithium disilicate (IPS e.max® Press, Ivoclar Vivadent, www.ivoclarvivident.us) glass ceramic. IPS e.max Press consists of approximately 70% needle-like lithium disilicate crystals in a glassy matrix. This material demonstrates a flexural strength of 400 MPa for exceptional wear resistance, a low refractive index for optimal translucency that mimics natural teeth,4 and can be adhesively bonded or traditionally cemented.5,6 These characteristics allow clinicians to confidently place lithium disilicate IPS e.max Press restorations anywhere in the oral cavity, as demonstrated the following case presentation.
A 48-year-old male patient presented with failing cast gold restorations that were placed 20 years earlier. At that time, gold restorations were the best option in terms of fit and durability. However, over time they became worn.
The patient exhibited a fracture on tooth No. 5, tooth No. 3 was broken, and he had an overall loss of vertical dimension due to bruxism (Figure 1 through Figure 3). A treatment plan was discussed with the patient that involved replacing the cast gold restorations with IPS e.max Press lithium disilicate crowns due to their strength, durability, and esthetics.
A diagnostic wax-up of the patient’s proposed restorations was made (Figure 4). The patient’s teeth were prepared (Figure 5), and a clear, vacuum shelf was molded on the diagnostic wax-up for creating the temporary crowns for the patient. The vacuum shelf was placed in the patient’s mouth to verify fit (Figure 6), after which the provisional restorations were made. The patient wore the temporaries while the permanent crowns were being fabricated (Figure 7 and Figure 8).
The diagnostic wax-up models that were used to produce the temporary restorations were also used to create the matrices for the definitive crowns. The wax was sprued, invested, and burned out. It was then pressed with the appropriate IPS e.max ingots into full-contour form.
The full-contour anterior veneers were then cut back slightly on the incisal portion to allow room for artistic modification (Figure 8 and Figure 9). Stains and glaze paste were then applied to the crowns to create natural-looking surface and internal effects. Shade 1, Essence 1 (white), Essence 4 (copper), Essence 16 (profundo), and Essence 2 (vanilla), were applied to the cervical and middle thirds. The restorations were then fired at 810˚C. During this step, the internal stain technique was applied up to the incisal third, after which the cervical and middle third were finished externally (Figure 10).
Next, a series of IPS e.max® Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) powders were added to complete the incisal characterizations. No transparent incisal ceramic was used. To better control the value of the restorations, Enamel Opal shades EO1 and EO4 were blended and applied, in addition to Transpa Blue, Inter Incisal White-blue, Incisal Edge, and Dentine A1. The crowns were fired at 750˚C with 1-minute hold, at a heat rate of 50˚C per minute.
A final glaze was applied and the restorations were fired a final time at 770˚C with a 5-second hold, at a heat rate of 99˚C per minute. This formed a bond between the crowns and the veneering ceramic, imparting strength to the final restoration. Once stained and glazed, the finished anterior and posterior crowns were placed on the solid model (Figure 11).
The temporary restorations were removed and the preparations were cleaned. The final restorations were tried in, then cleaned with Ivoclean (Ivoclar Vivadent) The crowns were loaded with Variolink® luting composite (Ivoclar Vivadent), seated onto the preparations, and light cured according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All excess cement was removed (Figure 12 through Figure 14v). IPS e.max Press lithium disilicate veneers (Ivoclar Vivadent) were placed on teeth No. 22 through No. 27, and a NobelActive™ implant (Nobel Biocare, www.nobelbiocare.com) was inserted for tooth No. 3.
Twenty days after cementation, the patient was examined at a recall appointment. He had no discomfort or sensitivity, and the restorations displayed remarkably life-like esthetics, fit, and function (Figure 15 through Figure 18).
By using a high-strength yet highly esthetic material such as IPS e.max Press lithium disilicate, the ceramist for this case was able to realize the esthetic goals of the patient while providing restorations that, unlike the previously placed cast gold, will maintain their shape and functionality long term.6
1. Christensen GJ. The coming demise of the cast gold restoration? J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127(8):1233-1236.
2. Donovan T, Simonsen RJ, Guertin G, Tucker RV. Retrospective clinical evaluation of 1,314 cast gold restorations in service from 1 to 52 years. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2004;16(3):194-204.
3. Ahlgren C, Ahnlide I, Björkner B, et al. Contact allergy to gold is correlated to dental gold. Acta Derm Venereol. 2002;82(1):41-44.
4. Michael A, Lewis H. Repairing worn dentition with lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic. Inside Dentistry. 2011;7(3):32-36.
5. McLaren EA, Phong TC. Ceramics in dentistry–part I: classes of materials. Inside Dentistry. 2009;5(9):94-103.
6. Tysowsky GW. The science behind lithium disilicate: a metal-free alternative. Dent Today. 2009;28(3):112-113.
About the author
Rafael Santrich, CDT
President and Owner
VM Lab Technologies