|Publication number||US7916980 B2|
|Application number||US 11/331,705|
|Publication date||Mar 29, 2011|
|Filing date||Jan 13, 2006|
|Priority date||Jan 13, 2006|
|Also published as||US20070189654, US20110177745, WO2007087047A2, WO2007087047A3|
|Publication number||11331705, 331705, US 7916980 B2, US 7916980B2, US-B2-7916980, US7916980 B2, US7916980B2|
|Inventors||Jon Bradley Lasiter|
|Original Assignee||Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (106), Non-Patent Citations (63), Classifications (4), Legal Events (4) |
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Interconnect structure for MEMS device
US 7916980 B2
An interferometric modulator array is formed with connectors and/or an encapsulation layer with electrical connections. The encapsulation layer hermetically seals the array. Circuitry may also be formed over the array.
1. An interferometric display device, comprising:
a transmissive substrate;
a plurality of individually addressable interferometric light modulators on the substrate, each modulator comprising
a first electrode;
a second electrode;
a conductive connector connected to the first electrode and configured to connect to an external device to control said modulator through said connector;
at least one of a diode, a transistor, and a zener diode, wherein each of the at least one diode, a transistor, and a zener diode is connected to the first electrode and the connector and disposed therebetween; and
a cavity between the first and second electrode, wherein the cavity is configured to interferometrically modulate incident light transmitted through the substrate, and wherein the cavity has a variable height dependent on a voltage potential applied between the first and second electrodes.
2. The interferometric display device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of modulators comprise at least 90 percent of the interferometric modulators in an array of interferometric modulators.
3. The interferometric display device of claim 1, wherein the connectors of the modulators collectively comprise a plurality of connector bumps.
4. The interferometric display device of claim 3, wherein the connector bumps are arranged with a pitch between about 40 microns and about 60 microns.
5. The interferometric display device of claim 1, wherein each modulator further comprises at least one of a capacitor and an inductor.
6. The interferometric display device of claim 1, wherein each modulator comprises at least one support configured to define a spacing between the modulator and the connector.
7. The device of claim 1
, wherein each modulator further comprises:
a partially light-reflecting electrode;
a movable electrode defining the cavity of the modulator with the first electrode; and
at least one first support between the partially light-reflecting electrode and the movable electrode.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein each modulator is characterized by at least two states and wherein the connector is configured to conduct a signal to control the state of the modulator associated with the connector.
9. The device of claim 1
, further comprising:
a display comprising the interferometric display device;
a processor that is configured to communicate with said display, said processor being configured to process image data; and
a memory device that is configured to communicate with said processor.
10. The device of claim 1, further comprising a driver circuit configured to send at least one signal to the display.
11. The device of claim 10, further comprising a controller configured to send at least a portion of the image data to the driver circuit.
12. The device of claim 1, further comprising an image source module configured to send said image data to said processor.
13. The device of claim 1, further comprising an input device configured to receive input data and to communicate said input data to said processor.
14. The device of claim 12, wherein the image source module comprises at least one of a receiver, transceiver, and transmitter.
15. A device comprising:
a plurality of individually addressable means for interferometrically modulating incident light on the substrate, each modulating means comprising
a first electrode; and
a second electrode;
conductive connecting means for connecting a single one of the modulating means to an external device so that each single one of the plurality of modulating means is individually controllable by the external device through said connector;
at least one of a diode, a transistor, and a zener diode, wherein each of the at least one diode, a transistor, and a zener diode connected to the first electrode and the connecting means and disposed therebetween; and
a cavity between the first and second electrode, wherein the cavity is configured to interferometricall modulate incident light transmitted through the substrate, and wherein the cavity has a variable height dependent on a voltage potential applied between the first and second electrodes.
16. The device of claim 15, wherein the connecting means comprises one of a capacitor and an inductor.
17. The device of claim 15, wherein the means for actively controlling comprises a means for applying a voltage to an electrode of the modulating means.
18. The interferometric display device of claim 1, wherein the interferometric modulator comprises an electrode is moveable with respect to the substrate and the connector is electrically connected to the first electrode.
19. The interferometric display device of claim 15, wherein the modulating means comprises an electrode is moveable with respect to the supporting means and the connecting means is electrically connected to the first electrode.
20. The interferometric display device of claim 1, wherein each connecter is located farther from the substrate than the modulator.
21. The interferometric display device of claim 15, wherein each connecting means is located farther from the supporting means than the first electrode.
1. Field of the Invention
The field of the invention relates to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). More specifically, the invention relates to a MEMS device having interconnect structure.
2. Description of the Related Technology
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. As used herein, the term interferometric modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles of optical interference. In certain embodiments, an interferometric modulator may have a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. In this type of device, one plate may be a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the other plate may be a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap. The position of one plate in relation to another can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.
SUMMARY OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS
The system, method, and devices of the invention each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention, its more prominent features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description of Certain Embodiments” one will understand how the features of this invention provide advantages over other display devices.
One embodiment is an electronic device, including a substrate, an array of interferometric light modulators formed on the substrate, and a plurality of interconnects formed adjacent a plurality of the interferometric modulators, where each interconnect is configured to connect a single light modulator to a circuit.
Another embodiment is a method of manufacturing an electronic device, the method including providing a substrate including an array of interferometric light modulators formed on the substrate, and forming a plurality of interconnects adjacent a plurality of the interferometric modulators, where each interconnect is configured to connect a single light modulator to a circuit.
Another embodiment is an electronic device, including a substrate, and an interferometric modulator disposed on the substrate. The interferometric modulator includes a cavity defined by an upper layer and a lower layer, and an encapsulation layer formed adjacent to the interferometric modulator. The encapsulation layer has an electrical connection that connects the interferometric modulator to an electronic circuit, and the encapsulation layer hermetically seals the cavity from the ambient environment.
Another embodiment is a method of manufacturing a light modulator device. This method includes forming an interferometric modulator having first and second layers defining a cavity and configured to interferometrically modulate light, forming an encapsulation layer adjacent to the cavity, the layer including one or more orifices, inducing a vacuum or inert atmosphere in the cavity, and sealing the one or more holes where the sealing maintains the vacuum or inert atmosphere in the cavity.
Another embodiment is an electronic device, including means for transmitting light, an array of means for modulating light formed on the transmitting means, and a plurality of means for interconnecting formed adjacent a plurality of the light modulating means, where each of the interconnecting means is configured to connect a single light modulating means to a circuit.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting a portion of one embodiment of an interferometric modulator display in which a movable reflective layer of a first interferometric modulator is in a relaxed position and a movable reflective layer of a second interferometric modulator is in an actuated position.
FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device incorporating a 3×3 interferometric modulator display.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of movable mirror position versus applied voltage for one exemplary embodiment of an interferometric modulator of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is an illustration of a set of row and column voltages that may be used to drive an interferometric modulator display.
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate one exemplary timing diagram for row and column signals that may be used to write a frame of display data to the 3×3 interferometric modulator display of FIG. 2.
FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a visual display device comprising a plurality of interferometric modulators.
FIG. 7A is a cross section of the device of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7B is a cross section of an alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
FIG. 7C is a cross section of another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
FIG. 7D is a cross section of yet another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
FIG. 7E is a cross section of an additional alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
FIG. 8 is a cross section of an embodiment of an interferometric modulator with additional features.
FIG. 9 is another cross section of an embodiment of an interferometric modulator with additional features.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are cross-sectional and top views, respectively, of another embodiment of an interferometric modulator with additional features.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS
The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the following description, the embodiments may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.
Some embodiments include an interferometric modulator with one or more additional features. One additional feature is an encapsulation layer which hermetically seals the interferometric modulator, and which may have one or more electrical connections to the interferometric modulator. Another additional feature is a connection bump formed near the interferometric modulator and configured to make an electrical connection to an electronic circuit. In some embodiments electrical circuitry may be included between the interferometric modulators and the bumps, and the electrical circuitry may connect to either or both of the interferometric modulators and the bumps.
One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in FIG. 1. In these devices, the pixels are in either a bright or dark state. In the bright (“on” or “open”) state, the display element reflects a large portion of incident visible light to a user. When in the dark (“off” or “closed”) state, the display element reflects little incident visible light to the user. Depending on the embodiment, the light reflectance properties of the “on” and “off” states may be reversed. MEMS pixels can be configured to reflect predominantly at selected colors, allowing for a color display in addition to black and white.
FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting two adjacent pixels in a series of pixels of a visual display, wherein each pixel comprises a MEMS interferometric modulator. In some embodiments, an interferometric modulator display comprises a row/column array of these interferometric modulators. Each interferometric modulator includes a pair of reflective layers positioned at a variable and controllable distance from each other to form a resonant optical cavity with at least one variable dimension. In one embodiment, one of the reflective layers may be moved between two positions. In the first position, referred to herein as the relaxed position, the movable reflective layer is positioned at a relatively large distance from a fixed partially reflective layer. In the second position, referred to herein as the actuated position, the movable reflective layer is positioned more closely adjacent to the partially reflective layer. Incident light that reflects from the two layers interferes constructively or destructively depending on the position of the movable reflective layer, producing either an overall reflective or non-reflective state for each pixel.
The depicted portion of the pixel array in FIG. 1 includes two adjacent interferometric modulators 12 a and 12 b. In the interferometric modulator 12 a on the left, a movable reflective layer 14 a is illustrated in a relaxed position at a predetermined distance from an optical stack 16 a, which includes a partially reflective layer. In the interferometric modulator 12 b on the right, the movable reflective layer 14 b is illustrated in an actuated position adjacent to the optical stack 16 b.
The optical stacks 16 a and 16 b (collectively referred to as optical stack 16), as referenced herein, typically comprise of several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as chromium, and a transparent dielectric. The optical stack 16 is thus electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto a transparent substrate 20. The partially reflective layer can be formed from a variety of materials that are partially reflective such as various metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. Some examples of suitable materials include oxides, nitrides, and fluorides. Other examples include germanium (Ge), nickel silicide (NiSi), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), and platinum (Pt). The partially reflective layer can be formed of one or more layers of materials, and each of the layers can be formed of a single material or a combination of materials.
In some embodiments, the layers of the optical stack are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b may be formed as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers (orthogonal to the row electrodes of 16 a, 16 b) deposited on top of posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between the posts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b are separated from the optical stacks 16 a, 16 b by a defined gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the reflective layers 14, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device.
With no applied voltage, the cavity 19 remains between the movable reflective layer 14 a and optical stack 16 a, with the movable reflective layer 14 a in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by the pixel 12 a in FIG. 1. However, when a potential difference is applied to a selected row and column, the capacitor formed at the intersection of the row and column electrodes at the corresponding pixel becomes charged, and electrostatic forces pull the electrodes together. If the voltage is high enough, the movable reflective layer 14 is deformed and is forced against the optical stack 16. A dielectric layer (not illustrated in this Figure) within the optical stack 16 may prevent shorting and control the separation distance between layers 14 and 16, as illustrated by pixel 12 b on the right in FIG. 1. The behavior is the same regardless of the polarity of the applied potential difference. In this way, row/column actuation that can control the reflective vs. non-reflective pixel states is analogous in many ways to that used in conventional LCD and other display technologies.
FIGS. 2 through 5 illustrate one exemplary process and system for using an array of interferometric modulators in a display application.
FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device that may incorporate aspects of the invention. In the exemplary embodiment, the electronic device includes a processor 21 which may be any general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor such as an ARM, Pentium®, Pentium II®, Pentium III®, Pentium IV®, Pentium® Pro, an 8051, a MIPS®, a Power PC®, an ALPHA®, or any special purpose microprocessor such as a digital signal processor, microcontroller, or a programmable gate array. As is conventional in the art, the processor 21 may be configured to execute one or more software modules. In addition to executing an operating system, the processor may be configured to execute one or more software applications, including a web browser, a telephone application, an email program, or any other software application.
In one embodiment, the processor 21 is also configured to communicate with an array driver 22. In one embodiment, the array driver 22 includes a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a display array or panel 30. The cross section of the array illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown by the lines 1-1 in FIG. 2. For MEMS interferometric modulators, the row/column actuation protocol may take advantage of a hysteresis property of these devices illustrated in FIG. 3. It may require, for example, a 10 volt potential difference to cause a movable layer to deform from the relaxed state to the actuated state. However, when the voltage is reduced from that value, the movable layer maintains its state as the voltage drops back below 10 volts. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3, the movable layer does not relax completely until the voltage drops below 2 volts. There is thus a range of voltage, about 3 to 7 V in the example illustrated in FIG. 3, where there exists a window of applied voltage within which the device is stable in either the relaxed or actuated state. This is referred to herein as the “hysteresis window” or “stability window.” For a display array having the hysteresis characteristics of FIG. 3, the row/column actuation protocol can be designed such that during row strobing, pixels in the strobed row that are to be actuated are exposed to a voltage difference of about 10 volts, and pixels that are to be relaxed are exposed to a voltage difference of close to zero volts. After the strobe, the pixels are exposed to a steady state voltage difference of about 5 volts such that they remain in whatever state the row strobe put them in. After being written, each pixel sees a potential difference within the “stability window” of 3-7 volts in this example. This feature makes the pixel design illustrated in FIG. 1 stable under the same applied voltage conditions in either an actuated or relaxed pre-existing state. Since each pixel of the interferometric modulator, whether in the actuated or relaxed state, is essentially a capacitor formed by the fixed and moving reflective layers, this stable state can be held at a voltage within the hysteresis window with almost no power dissipation. Essentially no current flows into the pixel if the applied potential is fixed.
In typical applications, a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. The row 1 pixels are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate one possible actuation protocol for creating a display frame on the 3×3 array of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 illustrates a possible set of column and row voltage levels that may be used for pixels exhibiting the hysteresis curves of FIG. 3. In the FIG. 4 embodiment, actuating a pixel involves setting the appropriate column to −Vbias, and the appropriate row to +ΔV, which may correspond to −5 volts and +5 volts respectively Relaxing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to +Vbias, and the appropriate row to the same +ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel. In those rows where the row voltage is held at zero volts, the pixels are stable in whatever state they were originally in, regardless of whether the column is at +Vbias, or −Vbias. As is also illustrated in FIG. 4, it will be appreciated that voltages of opposite polarity than those described above can be used, e.g., actuating a pixel can involve setting the appropriate column to +Vbias, and the appropriate row to −ΔV. In this embodiment, releasing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to −Vbias, and the appropriate row to the same −ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel.
FIG. 5B is a timing diagram showing a series of row and column signals applied to the 3×3 array of FIG. 2 which will result in the display arrangement illustrated in FIG. 5A, where actuated pixels are non-reflective. Prior to writing the frame illustrated in FIG. 5A, the pixels can be in any state, and in this example, all the rows are at 0 volts, and all the columns are at +5 volts. With these applied voltages, all pixels are stable in their existing actuated or relaxed states.
In the FIG. 5A frame, pixels (1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2) and (3,3) are actuated. To accomplish this, during a “line time” for row 1, columns 1 and 2 are set to −5 volts, and column 3 is set to +5 volts. This does not change the state of any pixels, because all the pixels remain in the 3-7 volt stability window. Row 1 is then strobed with a pulse that goes from 0, up to 5 volts, and back to zero. This actuates the (1,1) and (1,2) pixels and relaxes the (1,3) pixel. No other pixels in the array are affected. To set row 2 as desired, column 2 is set to −5 volts, and columns 1 and 3 are set to +5 volts. The same strobe applied to row 2 will then actuate pixel (2,2) and relax pixels (2,1) and (2,3). Again, no other pixels of the array are affected. Row 3 is similarly set by setting columns 2 and 3 to −5 volts, and column 1 to +5 volts. The row 3 strobe sets the row 3 pixels as shown in FIG. 5A. After writing the frame, the row potentials are zero, and the column potentials can remain at either +5 or −5 volts, and the display is then stable in the arrangement of FIG. 5A. It will be appreciated that the same procedure can be employed for arrays of dozens or hundreds of rows and columns. It will also be appreciated that the timing, sequence, and levels of voltages used to perform row and column actuation can be varied widely within the general principles outlined above, and the above example is exemplary only, and any actuation voltage method can be used with the systems and methods described herein.
FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a display device 40. The display device 40 can be, for example, a cellular or mobile telephone. However, the same components of display device 40 or slight variations thereof are also illustrative of various types of display devices such as televisions and portable media players.
The display device 40 includes a housing 41, a display 30, an antenna 43, a speaker 44, an input device 48, and a microphone 46. The housing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of manufacturing processes as are well known to those of skill in the art, including injection molding, and vacuum forming. In addition, the housing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials, including but not limited to plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and ceramic, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment the housing 41 includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged with other removable portions of different color, or containing different logos, pictures, or symbols.
The display 30 of exemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described herein. In other embodiments, the display 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device, as is well known to those of skill in the art. However, for purposes of describing the present embodiment, the display 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein.
The components of one embodiment of exemplary display device 40 are schematically illustrated in FIG. 6B. The illustrated exemplary display device 40 includes a housing 41 and can include additional components at least partially enclosed therein. For example, in one embodiment, the exemplary display device 40 includes a network interface 27 that includes an antenna 43 which is coupled to a transceiver 47. The transceiver 47 is connected to a processor 21, which is connected to conditioning hardware 52. The conditioning hardware 52 may be configured to condition a signal (e.g. filter a signal). The conditioning hardware 52 is connected to a speaker 45 and a microphone 46. The processor 21 is also connected to an input device 48 and a driver controller 29. The driver controller 29 is coupled to a frame buffer 28, and to an array driver 22, which in turn is coupled to a display array 30. A power supply 50 provides power to all components as required by the particular exemplary display device 40 design.
The network interface 27 includes the antenna 43 and the transceiver 47 so that the exemplary display device 40 can communicate with one ore more devices over a network. In one embodiment the network interface 27 may also have some processing capabilities to relieve requirements of the processor 21. The antenna 43 is any antenna known to those of skill in the art for transmitting and receiving signals. In one embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g). In another embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network. The transceiver 47 pre-processes the signals received from the antenna 43 so that they may be received by and further manipulated by the processor 21. The transceiver 47 also processes signals received from the processor 21 so that they may be transmitted from the exemplary display device 40 via the antenna 43.
In an alternative embodiment, the transceiver 47 can be replaced by a receiver. In yet another alternative embodiment, network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can store or generate image data to be sent to the processor 21. For example, the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that generates image data.
Processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of the exemplary display device 40. The processor 21 receives data, such as compressed image data from the network interface 27 or an image source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format that is readily processed into raw image data. The processor 21 then sends the processed data to the driver controller 29 or to frame buffer 28 for storage. Raw data typically refers to the information that identifies the image characteristics at each location within an image. For example, such image characteristics can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level.
In one embodiment, the processor 21 includes a microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of the exemplary display device 40. Conditioning hardware 52 generally includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to the speaker 45, and for receiving signals from the microphone 46. Conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within the exemplary display device 40, or may be incorporated within the processor 21 or other components.
The driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated by the processor 21 either directly from the processor 21 or from the frame buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately for high speed transmission to the array driver 22. Specifically, the driver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order suitable for scanning across the display array 30. Then the driver controller 29 sends the formatted information to the array driver 22. Although a driver controller 29, such as a LCD controller, is often associated with the system processor 21 as a stand-alone Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in many ways. They may be embedded in the processor 21 as hardware, embedded in the processor 21 as software, or fully integrated in hardware with the array driver 22.
Typically, the array driver 22 receives the formatted information from the driver controller 29 and reformats the video data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming from the display's x-y matrix of pixels.
In one embodiment, the driver controller 29, array driver 22, and display array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of displays described herein. For example, in one embodiment, driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller). In another embodiment, array driver 22 is a conventional driver or a bi-stable display driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator display). In one embodiment, a driver controller 29 is integrated with the array driver 22. Such an embodiment is common in highly integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other small area displays. In yet another embodiment, display array 30 is a typical display array or a bi-stable display array (e.g., a display including an array of interferometric modulators).
The input device 48 allows a user to control the operation of the exemplary display device 40. In one embodiment, input device 48 includes a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, a pressure- or heat-sensitive membrane. In one embodiment, the microphone 46 is an input device for the exemplary display device 40. When the microphone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands may be provided by a user for controlling operations of the exemplary display device 40.
Power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage devices as are well known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, power supply 50 is a rechargeable battery, such as a nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery. In another embodiment, power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a capacitor, or a solar cell, including a plastic solar cell, and solar-cell paint. In another embodiment, power supply 50 is configured to receive power from a wall outlet.
In some implementations control programmability resides, as described above, in a driver controller which can be located in several places in the electronic display system. In some cases control programmability resides in the array driver 22. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the above-described optimization may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or software components and in various configurations.
The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example, FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate five different embodiments of the movable reflective layer 14 and its supporting structures. FIG. 7A is a cross section of the embodiment of FIG. 1, where a strip of metal material 14 is deposited on orthogonally extending supports 18. In FIG. 7B, the moveable reflective layer 14 is attached to supports at the corners only, on tethers 32. In FIG. 7C, the moveable reflective layer 14 is suspended from a deformable layer 34, which may comprise a flexible metal. The deformable layer 34 connects, directly or indirectly, to the substrate 20 around the perimeter of the deformable layer 34. These connections are herein referred to as support posts. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7D has support post plugs 42 upon which the deformable layer 34 rests. The movable reflective layer 14 remains suspended over the cavity, as in FIGS. 7A-7C, but the deformable layer 34 does not form the support posts by filling holes between the deformable layer 34 and the optical stack 16. Rather, the support posts are formed of a planarization material, which is used to form support post plugs 42. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7E is based on the embodiment shown in FIG. 7D, but may also be adapted to work with any of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7C as well as additional embodiments not shown. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7E, an extra layer of metal or other conductive material has been used to form a bus structure 44. This allows signal routing along the back of the interferometric modulators, eliminating a number of electrodes that may otherwise have had to be formed on the substrate 20.
In embodiments such as those shown in FIG. 7, the interferometric modulators function as direct-view devices, in which images are viewed from the front side of the transparent substrate 20, the side opposite to that upon which the modulator is arranged. In these embodiments, the reflective layer 14 optically shields the portions of the interferometric modulator on the side of the reflective layer opposite the substrate 20, including the deformable layer 34. This allows the shielded areas to be configured and operated upon without negatively affecting the image quality. Such shielding allows the bus structure 44 in FIG. 7E, which provides the ability to separate the optical properties of the modulator from the electromechanical properties of the modulator, such as addressing and the movements that result from that addressing. This separable modulator architecture allows the structural design and materials used for the electromechanical aspects and the optical aspects of the modulator to be selected and to function independently of each other. Moreover, the embodiments shown in FIGS. 7C-7E have additional benefits deriving from the decoupling of the optical properties of the reflective layer 14 from its mechanical properties, which are carried out by the deformable layer 34. This allows the structural design and materials used for the reflective layer 14 to be optimized with respect to the optical properties, and the structural design and materials used for the deformable layer 34 to be optimized with respect to desired mechanical properties.
FIG. 8 is an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of an interferometric modulator array 800 showing a cross-sectional view of interferometric modulators 801 a, 801 b, and 801 c. As shown, interferometric modulators 801 a, 801 b, and 801 c each have features similar to those previously discussed above. Also shown are additional features which have been formed above the structures previously discussed. In some embodiments the interferometric modulator array may be processed above these additional features. One skilled in the art will recognize that these features are combinable with interferometric modulators of any of the previously discussed embodiments, as well as other interferometric modulator embodiments not discussed.
Referring to FIG. 8, as in the embodiments previously discussed the interferometric modulator structures are formed on a transparent substrate 820. Although in other embodiments an array may comprise various types of interferometric modulators, in this embodiment the interferometric modulators 801 a, 801 b, and 801 c are identical, and the structure of these interferometric modulators will now be described with reference to interferometric modulator 801 b only. Posts 18 a are formed on the substrate 820, and define the boundaries for adjacent interferometric modulators. An optical stack 816 b is formed on the substrate 820 between the posts 18 a. The posts 18 a support a deformable layer 34 b from which a reflective layer 814 b is suspended. The reflective layer 814 b is suspended so as to be spaced apart from the optical stack 816 b such that an interferometric cavity 806 b is formed between the optical stack 816 b and the reflective layer 814 b. As discussed above, movement of the reflective layer 814 b with respect to the optical stack 816 b affects the dimensions, and therefore the interferometric properties, of the cavity 806 b. Movement of the reflective layer 814 b is controlled by a providing a voltage difference between the optical stack 816 b and the deformable layer 34 b. In this embodiment the additional features above the interferometric modulator provide an electrical connection to the deformable layer 34 b.
As shown in FIG. 8, posts 18 a are extended vertically by addition of supports 18 b. An encapsulation layer 802 is supported by the supports 18 b, and has a via 804 adjacent to one of the supports 18 b. The via 804 electrically connects the deformable layer 34 b to a first interconnect 810, which is connected to additional circuitry. In this embodiment the circuitry comprises an inverter with PMOS transistor 822 and NMOS transistor 824. The input to the inverter 822 is connected to a connection bump 840 which is part of a 3×3 array of connection bumps 841 that is formed on an upper layer 844 of the modulator array 800. In some embodiments connection bumps 840 are not used. As can be envisioned, with this structure each deformable layer in the modulator array 800 can be directly connected to another circuit. For example, in the modulator array 800, the deformable layer 34 b directly connects through interconnect 810 to the connection bump 840, which may be connected to another circuit. All other, or substantially all other, deformable layers within the modulator array can similarly connect through individual adjacent interconnects to individual connectors so that each deformable layer is capable of being individually addressed and controlled by the driver circuitry. Thus, the device has a plurality of interconnects formed adjacent a plurality of the interferometric modulators, where each interconnect is configured to connect a single light modulator to a circuit. Accordingly, this is a device with an array of means for modulating light formed on a transmitting means, and a plurality of means for interconnecting formed adjacent a plurality of the light modulating means, where each of the interconnecting means is configured to connect a single light modulating means to a circuit.
In some embodiments, the portion of deformable layers configured to be individually addressable is about 100%, however 1% through 99% of the deformable layers are individually addressable in other embodiments, for example one embodiment may have about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% of its deformable layers individually addressable.
A separate electronic device 860 provides a 3×3 array of connection pads 862 that is configured to mate with the a 3×3 array of connection bumps 841 on the interferometric modulator array 800. As indicated in FIG. 8, a connection bump 840 on the interferometric modulator array 800 is configured to align with a connection pad 850 on the electronic device 860 in order to provide an electrical connection between the device 860 and the modulator 801 b.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the interferometric modulators 801 a-c are enclosed by the encapsulation layer 802. The encapsulation layer 802 may provide a hermetic seal for the interferometric modulator in order to protect it from environmental agents such as moisture and oxygen. The seal also allows for pressure within the interferometric modulators 801 a-c to be maintained independent from external pressure of the ambient environment. Thus, the interferometric modulators 801 a-c may be fabricated to maintain environments that differ from the ambient environment. For example, during manufacturing, the encapsulation layer 802 can be manufactured with via 804 that provides a through hole from the ambient environment to the interferometric modulator 801 b. The via 804 can then be filled by providing the first interconnect layer serves both to seal the encapsulation layer 802 and provides an electrical connection to the deformable layer 34 b. In some embodiments the encapsulation layer seals all interferometric modulators in an array from the ambient environment, while in other embodiments only a portion of the interferometric modulators are sealed by the encapsulation layer. For example, an array may comprise some interferometric modulators which are not addressed. Such interferometric modulators have a reflective layer manufactured at a known fixed position, and do not therefore need to have encapsulation layer comprising an electrical connection to them.
When the reflective layer 814 b, and the deformable layer 34 b move between the actuated and relaxed states, orifices within the deformable layer 34 b (not shown in the cross-section of FIG. 8) allow for gasses to flow between the cavity 806 b below the deformable layer 34 b and the cavity 808 b above the deformable layer 34 b. The viscosity of the gasses within the cavity may slow the movement between cavities. Sealing the interferometric modulator array at the time of manufacturing allows for deliberate customization of the cavity environment. Because of the permanent nature of the encapsulation, the environment within each cavity can persist throughout the lifetime of the array. For example, inducing a vacuum before sealing cavity 806 b will substantially remove the gasses from the cavity portions 806 b, and 808 b, so that during use, the movement of the reflective layer 814 b and the deformable layer 34 b is not impeded by the cavity atmosphere. It should be realized that interferometric modulator arrays are typically sealed from the ambient environment by sealing a backplate to protect the array from the outside environment. While this type of sealant may still be used, it may also be unnecessary because the encapsulation layer 802 can also serve to protect the interior cavities from being affected by the ambient environment. Similarly, embodiments of the invention may also include the use of a desiccant to reduce the moisture levels within a cavity. However, the use of such desiccant may unnecessary in view of the fact that the cavities may be hermetically sealed by the encapsulation layer.
In some embodiments the encapsulation layer 802 is spaced apart from the relaxed state position of the deformable layer 34 b by the introduction of an intermediate layer. The introduction of such an intermediate layer may also improve reliability of the device. During operation, the deformable layer 34 b may forcefully move from an actuated position close to the optical stack 816 b to the relaxed position away from the optical stack 816 b. Maintaining the cavity 808 b above the deformable layer 34 b allows for the deformable layer 34 b to “overshoot” the final relaxed state because of the mechanical restorative force. Without the cavity, the deformable layer would collide with the encapsulating layer, potentially damaging the structure and shortening the life of the encapsulating layer and/or the mechanical interferometric modulator structure.
As shown in FIG. 8, in some embodiments the encapsulation layer 802 comprises the via 804 which makes an electrical connection between the deformable layer 34 and a first interconnect layer 810. The interconnect layer 810 can be routed to circuitry to be connected to the interferometric modulator. The circuitry may comprise passive and active elements, such as routing wires, resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and transistors. These elements may also include variable elements, such as variable resistors and variable capacitors. The type of circuit elements is not limited and other types of circuit elements may also be used. The circuitry may comprise display driver circuitry for at least one of rows, columns, portions of rows and/or columns, and individual deformable layers. The circuitry may additionally or alternatively comprise sense circuitry, used to determine the state of individual deformable layers or groups (such as rows or columns) of deformable layers. ESD protection, EM shielding, and interconnect routing may also be included in the circuitry. In some embodiments the circuitry may also comprise digital signal processing (DSP) functions such as data filtering and control information decoding. In some embodiments the circuitry may comprise RF functions such as an antenna and a power amp, as well as data converters. The type and function of the circuitry is not limited and other types and functions may be implemented.
The interferometric modulators may also be connected to intermediate connectors configured to make connections to other circuits. Such connectors include bond-pads and bumps, such as those used in a ball grid array (BGA). In some embodiments the circuitry and/or connectors are outside the perimeter of the interferometric modulator array. The interferometric modulators may be connected to the connectors through the interconnect layers only, or through the circuitry, as in FIG. 8, where the interferometric modulators are connected to the interconnect layer 810, which is connected to the inverter (the circuitry), which is connected to the connector 840.
In some embodiments circuitry and/or connectors are within the perimeter of the interferometric modulator array. An advantageous aspect of this arrangement is that it allows for short routing connections. Such an embodiment is shown in FIG. 9 as interferometric modulator 900. Similar to the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 8, interferometric modulator 900 is formed on a substrate 20. Posts 18 a are formed to define lateral boundaries, and an optical stack 16 is formed on the substrate 20 between the posts 18 a. A movable reflective layer 34 is formed on the posts. This embodiment has circuitry between the deformable layer 34 and a connection bump 940, wherein the circuitry consists only of interconnect 910, which comprises a via 912 sealing the encapsulation layer 902 from the ambient environment. In some embodiments the encapsulation layer is not present. The short interconnect 910 has lower parasitic parameters, such as resistance, capacitance, and inductance than it would if it were longer. Similarly, in some embodiments a second connector, such as a second bump, (not shown) can provide a short routing connection to an electrode in the optical stack 16. The second bump may connect to the electrode in the optical stack 16 through, for example, a conductive element (not shown) adjacent to or as part of the supports 18 and 18 b. In some embodiments other types of connectors may be used, such as a bond pad. In some embodiments the connectors are arranged with a pitch between about 40 microns and about 60 microns.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are cross-sectional and top views, respectively, of another embodiment of an interferometric modulator 1000. One or more sacrificial layers are deposited during the fabrication of the interferometric modulator. The sacrificial layers at least provide a structural substrate for deposition of the layers which form the interferometric modulator. Once the layers forming the interferometric modulator are deposited, the sacrificial layers are removed, leaving only the interferometric modulator. In some cases the spaces previously occupied by the sacrificial layers then become cavities which allow for the mirror and the mechanical layer to move according to the operation of the interferometric modulator discussed above.
The interferometric modulator 1000 may be formed according to the following process. Posts 18 are formed on the substrate 20, and optical stack 16 formed on the substrate 20 between the posts 18. A first sacrificial layer is deposited on the optical stack 16. A reflective layer 14 is then formed on the first sacrificial layer. Next, a second sacrificial layer is deposited on the reflective layer 14. The second sacrificial layer is etched so as to expose the reflective layer 14 in a region between the posts 18, and a mechanical layer 34 is then formed on the posts 18, the etched second sacrificial layer, and the portion of the reflective layer 14 exposed by etching the second sacrificial layer.
In some embodiments, a third sacrificial layer is deposited above the mechanical layer. The third sacrificial layer may then be etched according to a desired contour for the encapsulation layer 1002, which is deposited on the third sacrificial layer. As seen from FIG. 10A, in this embodiment, the third sacrificial layer was etched so that the encapsulation layer contacts the mechanical layer in regions adjacent to the posts and is spaced apart from the mechanical layer in regions adjacent to the mirror.
In some embodiments the after the encapsulation layer is deposited, one or more orifices 1004 may be generated in the encapsulation layer by, for example, etching. After the orifices 1004 have been generated, the sacrificial layers may be removed. In some embodiments the orifices provide a path or the only path through which etching agents access the sacrificial layers and/or provide a path or the only path through which the etching agents and sacrificial layer materials are evacuated from the region between the encapsulation layer and the substrate.
Once the sacrificial layers are removed, the orifices 1004 in the encapsulation layer 1002 may be closed to hermetically seal the interferometric cavity from the ambient environment. In some embodiments prior to closing the orifices 1004, the atmosphere within the interferometric cavity may be altered. For example, a vacuum may be induced, or an inert atmosphere may be generated between the encapsulation layer and the substrate. After the desired atmosphere is generated, the orifices may be closed while maintaining the desired atmosphere. The orifices may be closed with various materials including, but not limited to substantially non-conductive materials, and substantially conductive materials.
In some embodiments at least some of the orifices may be closed using a conductive material. The conductive material may contact the mechanical layer and form a via 1006, as seen in FIG. 10A. As discussed above, the via 1006 provides an electrical connection to the mechanical layer 34 through the encapsulation layer 1002.
The via 1006 may be used to electrically connect the mechanical layer 34 to other interconnect layers and to circuitry. Using semiconductor fabrication techniques such as deposition of materials and sacrificial layers, and etching the materials and sacrificial layers, the other interconnect layers and the circuitry may be fabricated adjacent to the interferometric modulator. For example, as shown in FIG. 10A, passive circuitry including an inductor 1008, a capacitor 1010, and a resistor 1012 have been fabricated adjacent to the device, above the encapsulation layer 1002. In this embodiment, an active circuit element, a diode 1014, has also been fabricated adjacent to the device. The active and passive circuit elements may be electrically connected either directly or indirectly to the interferometric device.
Also shown in FIG. 10A is a connection bump 1040. In this embodiment the connection bump 1040 is connected to some of the circuitry fabricated adjacent to the interferometric modulator. The connection bump 1040 is configured to electrically connect the interferometric modulator to another circuit. As shown in FIG. 10A, the connection bump 1040 may connect to the interferometric modulator indirectly, through other circuitry. In some embodiments the connection bump may directly connect to the device through the via 1006. Such an embodiment is shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 10B shows a top view of the structures of FIG. 10A fabricated above the encapsulation layer 34, indicating their relative arrangement in the orientation depicted. The connection bump 1040, the diode 1014, the resistor 1012, the capacitor 1010, and the inductor 1008 are each shown as well as certain interconnect 1016 layers which electrically connect the structures.
While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. As will be recognized, the present invention may be embodied within a form that does not provide all of the features and benefits set forth herein, as some features may be used or practiced separately from others.
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