- Government and society
- Cultural life
- Croatia to the Ottoman conquests
- Ragusa and the Croat Renaissance in Dalmatia
- Croatian national revival
- Croatia in Austria-Hungary
- From World War I to the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
- Croatia in Yugoslavia, 1918–41
- World War II
- Croatia in Yugoslavia, 1945–91
- Independent Croatia
The Supreme Court, county courts, and municipal courts constitute the three-tiered judicial system. The Supreme Court is the highest legal authority in all matters but constitutional questions, which are decided by the Constitutional Court. Justices on the Supreme Court are appointed by a judicial council, which is elected by the Sabor. The independence of the judiciary has been questioned, largely because many of the judges who were politically appointed in the 1990s remained in office well into the 21st century. However, there have been significant reforms to the judiciary, largely under EU pressure.
Suffrage is universal from age 18, although employed individuals may vote beginning at age 16. Multiparty elections have been held in Croatia since independence. The Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica; HDZ) and the Social Democratic Party (Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske; SDP) are the predominant political parties. The HDZ dominated politics in the first years of the post-Yugoslav era, having come to power in the parliamentary elections of 1990. The party leader, Franjo Tudjman, served as the first president of independent Croatia. The HDZ initially based its ideology on Croatian nationalism and the struggle for independence, but it began to lose favour after the war ended in 1995 and the population felt the pain of economic collapse. In 2000, the year after Tudjman died, the HDZ was resoundingly defeated in parliamentary and presidential elections. A multiparty centre-left coalition, led by the SDP, then governed until 2003, when the HDZ, having repositioned itself as a typical centre-right party, returned to power. The HDZ and the SDP continued to be the main contenders in subsequent elections. Both parties favoured Croatian accession to the EU.
Croatia’s armed forces—comprising an army, a navy, and an air force—were created in the early 1990s with significant support from the international community, particularly the United States. Although Croatia had no army to speak of when it declared independence in 1991, within a few years an army had been trained and equipped sufficiently to be able to conduct two major operations to reclaim territory from Serb paramilitaries in 1995. However, Croatia is not a militaristic country, and it relies on the security of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which it joined in 2009.
The Croatian police force, under the authority of the central government, has been reformed since independence. Reform efforts have focused on improving service and stamping out corruption.
Health, welfare, and housing
The health of Croatians is good compared with that of the populations of neighbouring countries. Life expectancy at birth is higher than the eastern European average, and the infant mortality rate is significantly lower. The rate of HIV infection is low, reflecting competent prevention efforts. However, the health care system is in need of investment and far-reaching reform because, being almost entirely state-provided, it imposes a substantial burden on the budget. The social welfare system is also burdensome, partly because Croatia has a large number of retirees and unemployed individuals. In urban areas, large portions of the population live in concrete tower blocks built during the Yugoslav era, which are in dire need of investment.
During its 45 years in power, the communist Yugoslav regime reduced illiteracy in Croatia from 16 percent of the population over 10 years of age to less than 4 percent. By the early 21st century, the literacy rate for Croatians over age 14 was nearly 99 percent. In addition to thousands of elementary schools, secondary schools, commercial and technical institutions, and vocational schools, the Yugoslav emphasis on education led to the founding of universities in Rijeka in 1973, in Split in 1974, and in Osijek in 1975. The oldest university in Croatia is the University of Zagreb (1669), which traces its beginnings to a Jesuit school of moral theology founded in 1632.
The Yugoslav version of communism—which evolved following Yugoslavia’s 1948 break with the Soviet Union and the agency of international communism known as Cominform—allowed far greater autonomy and self-expression in cultural and other spheres of life than did the communist societies of most of Yugoslavia’s neighbours. As a result, Croatian culture was able to develop in continuity with the Western heritage of which it has long been a part and to which it has contributed for the last thousand years.
Daily life and social customs
With a predominantly Roman Catholic population, Croatia observes Catholic religious holidays. Other important national holidays commemorate historical events. Anti-Fascist Resistance Day, June 22, marks the formation of the first Partisan unit in Croatia in 1941. Statehood Day, June 25, celebrates Croatia’s declaration of independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. Independence Day, marking the day in 1991 on which Croatia formally broke with Yugoslavia, is October 8.
Croatian cuisine is heavily influenced by Turkish, central European, and Italian cuisine. Typical dishes are cabbage leaves stuffed with minced meat, ćevapčići (rolls of seasoned grilled meat), dumplings, and pickles. Along the coast, fish is served with blitva, a dish of Swiss chard mixed with potatoes and crushed garlic in olive oil. There are also local delicacies, such as cheese from the island of Pag and wine from any number of good-quality small producers, particularly in Dalmatia.
1The Roman Catholic Church receives state financial support through concordats with the Vatican.
|Official name||Republika Hrvatska (Republic of Croatia)|
|Form of government||multiparty republic with one legislative house (Croatian Parliament )|
|Head of state||President: Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović|
|Head of government||Prime Minister: Zoran Milanović|
|Monetary unit||kuna (kn; plural kune)|
|Population||(2014 est.) 4,240,000|
|Total area (sq mi)||21,851|
|Total area (sq km)||56,594|
|Urban-rural population||Urban: (2011) 57.8%|
Rural: (2011) 42.2%
|Life expectancy at birth||Male: (2011) 73.8 years|
Female: (2011) 79.9 years
|Literacy: percentage of population age 15 and over literate||Male: (2010) 99.5%|
Female: (2010) 98.2%
|GNI per capita (U.S.$)||(2013) 13,330|