Print version ISSN 1678-5878
J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. & Eng. vol.34 no.3 Rio de Janeiro July/Sept. 2012
Slip-line metal cutting model with negative rake angle
Sabri OzturkI; Erhan AltanII
IAbant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 14030 Bolu, Turkey, firstname.lastname@example.org
IIYıldız Technical University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 34339 Istanbul, Turkey, email@example.com
A small dead region is seen in front of the rake face of the tool during cutting with negative rake. The lack of knowledge about the stagnant region in the cutting with negative rake requires researching new models. In this work, cutting mechanism of the metal cutting with negative rake angle tools and the stagnation zone formation were studied. A model was generated from the experimental work by usage of the Dewhurst and Collins' matrix technique for solving the slip-line problem numerically. This model was applied at negative rake angles from 0º to -70º. All slip line angles in the slip line model that consist of three regions were resolved with the help of the experimental data. Variation of the dead metal zone and slip line regions with negative rake angle was determined. Effects of the negative rake angle on the cutting and thrust forces were investigated according to the cutting speed.
Keywords: stagnant region, cutting forces, slip-line, negative rake angle
In the metal cutting with negative rake cutting tools, the strength of the wedge increases, heat conduction from cutting edge to the tool shank improves, and the tool life increases in comparison with the positive rake cutting tools. Because of these properties, single point cutting tools with negative rake geometry are widely used. Also, in grinding process, the cutting mechanism of abrasive grid is similar to the cutting mechanism of single point cutting tools with negative rake angle. Moreover, in ultra-precision or micro machining, at depths of cut smaller than the tool edge radius, tool presents negative rake geometry. All these applications show the importance of understanding the cutting mechanism with negative rake cutting tools.
Several researchers have shown a significant effort in trying to understand the cutting mechanism in metal cutting with negative rake angle. Abdelmoneim et al. (1983) studied with orthogonal tools having negative rake angles to observe the effect of tool rake angle, cutting speed and depth of cut on the cutting forces. Furthermore, they realized that the force components and chip thickness decrease with increasing cutting speed. A slip-line solution, which was investigated by Abebe (1981), can be used to calculate the cutting forces required to cut a material and to estimate the friction conditions of metal cutting. To make the basic mechanism of metal removal clear, Kıta et al. (1975) considered metal cutting with abrasive single grid simulated conical tool. They observed the mechanism of the metal removal by the cutting tool with large negative rake angle and the behavior of the material ahead of the tool face during cutting. According to the authors, the dead-metal zone plays a crucial role in the chip formation. Komanduri (1971) defined that plastic deformation takes place ahead of the tool tip and into the machined surface at high negative rakes and small depths of cut. Kopalinsky and Oxley (1984) investigated the effect of rake angle on Ft (thrust force)/Fc (cutting force) during cutting with negative rake angle. It was found that the force ratio Ft/Fc increased considerably with the increase in the negative rake angle. The increase in Ft/Fc can only be accounted for by the friction angle increasing as uncut chip thickness decreases. Abdelmoneim and Scrutton (1974) denoted that cutting forces rise as negative rake angle becomes more negative. Günay et al. (2004) studied the effects of cutting speed and negative rake angle on cutting forces. They concluded that cutting forces reduce as negative rake angle increases gradually from negative to positive.
The first model with a dead zone for metal cutting with negative rake angle tool was developed by Abebe (1981). Mathematical relationships of the model were also presented. Dundur and Das (2009) presented two slip-line field models for orthogonal machining with a worn tool with a finite flank wear land. Jin and Altintas (2010) offered a slip-line field model which considers the stress variation in the material deformation region due to the tool edge radius effect for micro-cutting process. A slip-line field based force modeling approach is also proposed to capture the worn tool cutting mechanism under the combined effects of both flank and crater wear in orthogonal cutting by Long and Yong (2010). A slip line model for machining with negative rake angles from 0º to - 60º at constant cutting speeds was presented by Ozturk (2012).
Kıta et al. (1982) used a slip line model to observe the behavior of the material ahead of a tool face. In the stagnation point of the dead metal zone, the directions of flow of the material were assumed upward and backward. Komanduri (1971) claimed that the flow of the material on the tool face is in two directions during metal cutting, and some part of the materials flows under the tool (condition of rubbing or ploughing) and some up the tool face from a chip, with a stagnation point, which depends on the rake angle. Petrky (1987) presented that according to the value of τ (shear stress) / k (material shear flow stress) and the negative rake angle, metal flow direction and the dead zone change. The plastic flow of the material was separated into two directions for certain negative rake angle. Some metal flows under the tool and others up to the tool face. Fang (2005) performed a slip line model for metal cutting with a large negative rake angle. This model consisted of three regions; one of them was the stagnation zone. Fang's slip line model was extended from the Lee and Shaffer's (1951) model. The stagnation zone in the model decreased with increasing cutting speed. Fang (2005) used an analytical model of the chip formation for the solution. In this work, the mathematical formulation of the model was established based on Dewhurst and Collins's (1973) matrix technique for numerically solving slip-line field model. Kıta et al. (1981) investigated the influence of the cutting speed on the shape of the stagnant region of material produced ahead of the tool face. Various works were reported that the position of the stagnation tip becomes deeper with the increasing cutting speed and the material ahead of the tool face flows up along the tool face when the cutting speed is high. Makino and Usui (1973) presented that growing time of the dead-stagnant metal region or condition of the material behavior in the front of the tool face is not clear. Especially during metal cutting with low cutting speed or cutting tool with negative rake angle that corresponds to a large negative rake angle, a larger plastic zone was observed. Palmer and Yeo (1963) supported the idea that the stagnation zone is related to the tip of the tool. In the light of this information, direction of material depends on negative rake angle. In rake face of the cutting tool, creation of stagnation zone affects the geometry of the tool. Therefore, flow of the material is closely related to the geometry of the stagnation zone. In the models mentioned above, this metal-dead zone was considered stagnant. In contrast, alteration of this zone was observed by Kıta et al. (1975, 1978) in the experimental studies.
In the present study, a slip line model for metal cutting with negative rake angle tool was developed. Mathematical formulation of the model was established according to the Dewhurst and Collins's matrix technique for numerically solving slip-line problems. All slip line angles in the slip line model that consist of three regions were resolved with the help of experimental data. Variation of the dead metal zone and slip line regions with negative rake angle was determined. Effect of the negative rake angle on the cutting and thrust forces was investigated according to the cutting speed.
|F||= resultant force|
= cutting force
|Ft||= thrust force|
|k||= material shear flow stress|
|PA||= hydrostatic pressure at point A|
|P and Q||= members of a set of basic matrix operators|
|t||= uncut chip thickness|
|Vc||= cutting speed|
|w||= width of cut|
|σ1 and σ2||= radii of curvature of two base slip-lines HN and ML|
|α1, α2||= angles of the vertices on each side of the intersection of the slip-line AK with the free surface of work material|
|α0||= relief angle|
|θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4||= slip-line angles|
|η||= slip line angle of the HNM region|
= slip line angle of the dead metal region
|γ||= rake angle|
|ρ||= total velocity jump across the slip-lines|
|τ||= shear stress|
|ω||= angular velocity of a machined chip|
The Slip Line Model
Models started in the 1960's were studied to simplify the models of metal cutting theoretically, up to present day. Albrecht (1960) based his model on the existence of a stagnation point on the radius where the work material's tangential velocity vanished. Dewhurst (1978) proposed the slip-line model for metal cutting with a curled chip when using a flat-faced cutting tool. In this model the force acts between the chip and obstruction. Fang's (2002) model took into account the toolchip contact on the tool primary and secondary rake faces and at the chip-groove backwall. Fang and Dewhurst (2005) developed a model to fully take into consideration the built-up edge formation and chip-up curling effect. Nevertheless there is not a specific formulation obtained for metal cutting with negative rake angle tool in any of these models. In the present study, some basic assumptions have been made in the modeling. These include orthogonal machining assumption, which states that the work material is rigid, perfectly plastic. In other words, the material specifications do not change with strain, strain rate and temperature.
Regions in the developed model are given in Fig. 1:
DLM, the dead region in front of the tool and next to the rake face of the tool.
AK, the convex region that makes the chip curls.
KLMN curvilinear quadrilateral region, the region providing contact between slip plane surface and HNM region.
HNM region, which comes into existence as the deformed chip rubs with the rake face of tool.
Mathematical formulation of the model
The matrix algorithm developed by Dewhurst and Collins (1973) in order to solve slip line problems is used in this study. This algorithm is being applied to solve plain friction limited slip line problems. The hodograph for this slip-line model is seen in Fig. 2 (Ozturk, 2012).
P and Q are the basic matrix operators defined by Dewhurst and Collins (1971).
Two vectors defined for modeling purposes are HN and ML. They are σ1 and σ2 vectors respectively. Relationships among the slip line model in Fig. 1 are expressed in Eqs. (1)-(6).
σ2 is found in terms of σ1 by solving the equations above. This way, the number of vectors decreases to one.
Equations obtained from the hodograph in Fig. 2 are given in Eqs. (7)-(13).
When the forces transmitted across the slip lines DL, KL, and AK are denoted by vectors FSK, FKL, and FDL, then the resulting cutting force F can be written as given Eq. (14). Slip line AK is determined as expressed in Eq. (15). Friction angle between tool and chip is given in Eq. (16).
PA/k and τ/k values have to be determined in order to make this slip line model complete. PA, k, and τ denote hydrostatic pressure, material shear flow stress and tool-chip frictional shear stress, respectively. Fang and Jawahir (2002) had specified change of PA/k and τ/k according to the negative rake angle and presented this as a table in their study for medium carbon steel. In this study, accepted values for the slip line model with a brass material are given in Table 1. Table 2 is used for the value of PA/k.
Eventually τ/k value decreases and PA/k value increases as γ becomes more negative. α1 is determined from the hodograph
Cutting is performed under definite metal cutting conditions, in order to apply the slip line model of metal cutting with negative rake angle and to determine the effect of negative rake angle on the dead region, the cutting and thrust forces. Slip line angles based on slip line model were attained from experimentally gathered data.
The use of Quick Stop Device is necessary to investigate the plastic deformation in the workpiece material and formations on the tool tip existed during metal cutting. The photo of the quick stop device is shown in Fig. 3 (Ozturk, 2012). There are two basic motions in the device designed for this work. These are cutting and sensitive cut depth motions. Control of the planning based metal cutting device is provided by a servo motor which is driven by Control Technique Unidrive (model no: 1403). Both speed and stopping distance of the single plane cutting motion may be adjusted in advance thanks to the Unidrive control software (CTSOFT). Cutting and thrust forces can be measured by strain gage and strain gage indicator during metal cutting. Single plane strain gages were bonded to four facets of the tool for force measurement. CE eDAQ V3.8.6a software program was used for collecting data, adjusting channels, and identifying strain gages. Achieved parameters were booked down in ".sif" format. The software is called InField 1.6.2, which is published by Somat Corporation, and used to display the saved files. The maximum thickness and width of the chip that can be machined by the device are 2 mm and 1.5 mm respectively. The designed device may operate at the maximum cutting speed of 17.5 m/min. Cutting speed is determined by the software installed in the computer. The work is performed at various rake angle values. In order to secure this, a special tool holder is designed to rotate the tool. A Mitutoyo 543-450 B digital dial gage is used to ensure parallelism of the workpiece and to provide the cutting depth. The eDAQ-lite trademarked strain gage indicator has four channels inlet and communicates with RS 232.
Workpiece materials and cutting tools
Brass workpiece material was used in this study, since it was stated that dead region existed and built up edge did not come into being at metal cutting with brass (Kopalinsky and Oxley, 1984). The experimental samples were made of CuZn30. Chemical composition of the samples was as follows: Cu% = 69.809; Zn% = 30.138; Sn% = 0.0029; Pb% = 0.005; Fe% = 0.0219; P% = 0.0019. The dimensions of the supplied workpiece material were 32 mm x 30 mm x 1.5 mm.
A TPGN 160308 insert which has no cutting edge radius was used during the experiments with negative rake angle tool. The insert was fastened on the tool shank by mechanical compression. Length of the tool was designed in accordance with the strain gages. Shim, clamp, clamping screw, and lock pin were used to mount the insert. Relief angle of cutting tool was 11 degrees.
Metal cutting operation was performed at eight different rake angles, three various cutting speeds and cutting depth for the experimental work done about the cutting operation driven with negative rake angle tool. Metal cutting parameters used in the experiments are given in Table 3. Experiments were replicated two times, and average values used in the experiment results. The standard error value of the experiment was 0.021 which is quite reasonable.
Calibration was done in order to measure thrust and cutting forces accurately. To derive Ft and Fc forces, microstrain values were read from the strain gages bonded on the right, front and rear sides of the shank and these values were converted to force values within the calibration measurements.
Results and Discussion
Cutting and thrust forces
As a result of the experiments, variation of Ft and Fc values according to uncut chip thickness cutting depth at constant cutting speed and variable negative rake angle is illustrated in Figs. 4-6. Figure 4 shows thrust and cutting forces versus rake angles. Fc values are given in Fig. 5, versus rake angle for different rake angles. Thrust force variation with rake angle is shown in Fig. 6.
The results stated below are derived from the graphics:
In Fig. 4(a-c) it appears that cutting and thrust forces rise by growing negative rake angle.
Cutting force increases as the cutting depth increases at the constant cutting speed. Cutting force increases relatively faster if the rake angle is -50º or less (Fig. 5(a-c)).
Thrust forces increase with increasing uncut chip thickness at constant cutting speeds as shown in Fig. 6(a-c).
If the negative rake angle is more negative than -10º, it is obvious from these graphics that the increase ratio of the thrust force is greater than the increase ratio of the cutting force (Fig. 4(a-c)).
Cutting and thrust forces decrease parallel to increasing cutting speed. The reason for decreasing forces may be explained with the rise of temperature, great amount of chip formed in unit time and shortened contact length. Along with the enlarged plastic deformation zone, angle of the vertices on side of the intersection of the slip-line AK with the free surface of work material diminished and the forces increased as the rake angle became more negative. The effect of rake angle on cutting forces, especially on thrust forces, became more noticeable when the negative rake angle increased.
In the scope of this study, change of cutting and thrust forces according to cutting speed were investigated and the modeling has been done by using instantaneous stop device for various speeds, at a wide range of rake angle between 0º and - 70º, for CuZn30 workpiece material.
Slip line angles
Slip line angles based on the model may be found by the determination of cutting and thrust forces. Based on Hill's theory (1954), for every particular value of the tool rake angle, the extension of the stress field into the assumed rigid zones is only possible over a limited range of solutions to the slip line model. If an accepted solution is taken into consideration, metal cutting may eventuate for the specific values of α1 and α2 cited in Fig. 1, for every single surface between AK slip line and free surface. Thus, the conditions expressed in the following equations have to be constituted.
Slip line angles (θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4, η, α1), confirming Eqs. (18) and (19) at various negative rake angle and k.t.w values, had to be found out for newly composed slip line model. All variables were detected by equating the forces measured in computer controlled instantaneous stop device with the F/k.t.w value calculated by Math Cad by means of rake angle, slip line angles, shear strain and hydrostatic pressure variables defined by the user. Accuracy of the variables depends on the satisfaction of the equations (18) and (19).
It can be seen that as negative rake angle increases, dead metal region slip line angle (δ) increases and HNM region slip line angle (η) decreases (Fig. 7(a)-(c)). Slip line angles θ2 and θ4 increased for negative rake angle values greater than - 20º as θ1 stayed constant. Nonetheless, slip line angle θ3 increased for negative rake angle greater than - 30º, as seen in Fig. 8(a). Area of the dead region MLD enlarged as negative rake angle became more negative. The reason for the increase in the angle between vertices on each side of the intersection of the slip-line and free surface (α1) may be explained with the enlargement of plastic deformation zone as rake angle increased (Fig. 8(b)).
In this study, a model for metal cutting with negative rake angle tool was developed. Dead region was considered in this model. A detailed experimental investigation was presented for the effects of negative rake angle on the thrust and cutting forces. Variation of the cutting and the thrust forces with cutting speed were determined by using instantaneous stop device for various speeds, at a wide range of rake angle between 0º and - 70º, for CuZn30 workpiece material. It was concluded that cutting and thrust forces increased parallel to the increasing negative rake angle and uncut chip thickness, whereas they decreased with the increasing cutting speed.
Significant results acquired in this study are given below:
The slip line field model was divided into three sub-regions. Mathematical formulation of the model was done based on basic matrix algorithm of Dewhurst and Collins (1973).
As the rake angle changed to more negative, the thrust force showed slow increase up to about - 40º and then sharp rise up to -70º. Negative rake angle and cutting speed were found to be affecting force components. Ft/Fc ratio increased as negative rake angle became more negative.
The unknown slip-line angle pair was solved depending on the force data obtained experimentally and variation of the sub-regions with negative rake angle was determined. Changes of MLD dead metal zone and HNM region were analyzed. It was revealed that dead zone enlarged as negative rake angle became more negative.
Owing to the fact that the model involved many mathematical relationships, Math Cad software was used to obtain the solution. Analysis of all the slip-line field regions may be done by changing the values of the variables on the Math Cad program. This is important in terms of the solution convenience of the model.
The angle α1 increased with increasing negative rake angle's absolute value, because of expanding plastic deformation zone.
The authors would like to thank Yıldız Technical University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department for financial supports by research grant No 25-06-01-02.
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Paper received 4 May 2011
Paper accepted 28 November 2011
Technical Editor: Alexandre Ab