If an enzyme name is shown in bold, there is experimental evidence for this enzymatic activity.
Locations of Mapped Genes:
|Superclasses:||Degradation/Utilization/Assimilation → Amines and Polyamines Degradation → Allantoin Degradation|
(S)-(+)-allantoin is a common product of purine degradation. E. coli is able to utilize allantoin as the sole source of nitrogen under anaerobic conditions [Cusa99]. Many organisms that degrade (S)-(+)-allantoin do so with the concomitant production of ammonia. Following (S)-(+)-allantoin ring opening by allantoinase, there are two immediate steps in which ammonia is formed - the conversion of allantoate to S-ureidoglycine, and the conversion of the latter to S-ureidoglycolate [Cusa99, Werner10, Serventi10].
Radio-labelled carbon experiments indicated the presence of a uricase that catalyses degradation of urate to S-allantoin, but no such enzyme has been detected in E. coli [Xi00]. However, a pathway of urate degradation to allantoin I has been discovered in other organisms.
Cusa99: Cusa E, Obradors N, Baldoma L, Badia J, Aguilar J (1999). "Genetic analysis of a chromosomal region containing genes required for assimilation of allantoin nitrogen and linked glyoxylate metabolism in Escherichia coli." J Bacteriol 1999;181(24);7479-84. PMID: 10601204
Serventi10: Serventi F, Ramazzina I, Lamberto I, Puggioni V, Gatti R, Percudani R (2010). "Chemical basis of nitrogen recovery through the ureide pathway: formation and hydrolysis of S-ureidoglycine in plants and bacteria." ACS Chem Biol 5(2);203-14. PMID: 20038185
Agarwal07: Agarwal R, Burley SK, Swaminathan S (2007). "Structural analysis of a ternary complex of allantoate amidohydrolase from Escherichia coli reveals its mechanics." J Mol Biol 368(2);450-63. PMID: 17362992
DiazMejia09: Diaz-Mejia JJ, Babu M, Emili A (2009). "Computational and experimental approaches to chart the Escherichia coli cell-envelope-associated proteome and interactome." FEMS Microbiol Rev 33(1);66-97. PMID: 19054114
Kim00b: Kim GJ, Lee DE, Kim HS (2000). "Functional expression and characterization of the two cyclic amidohydrolase enzymes, allantoinase and a novel phenylhydantoinase, from Escherichia coli." J Bacteriol 2000;182(24);7021-8. PMID: 11092864
Puggioni14: Puggioni V, Dondi A, Folli C, Shin I, Rhee S, Percudani R (2014). "Gene context analysis reveals functional divergence between hypothetically equivalent enzymes of the purine-ureide pathway." Biochemistry 53(4);735-45. PMID: 24417435
Shin14: Shin I, Han K, Rhee S (2014). "Structural Insights into the Substrate Specificity of (S)-Ureidoglycolate Amidohydrolase and Its Comparison with Allantoate Amidohydrolase." J Mol Biol. PMID: 25020232
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