- Bruce F. Molnia
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All glaciers located in the Alaska, USA, in North America.
In spite of Alaska’s remoteness, its glaciers have been studied for more than 150 years. More than 1,000 journal articles, books, and U.S. Geological Survey publications present details about individual glaciers or glacierized regions. Today, most Alaskan glaciers at lower elevations are retreating. However, about a dozen large valley glaciers, including Hubbard, Harvard, Meares, Taku, and Lituya Glaciers (all tidewater or former tidewater glaciers), are currently thickening and advancing. At higher elevations glaciers are thickening or exhibit no change.
Glaciers cover about 75,000 km2 of Alaska (Post and Meier, 1980), about 5% of the State. As shown in Figure 1, the glaciers are situated on 11 mountain ranges (Alaska Range, Aleutian Range, Brooks Range, Chugach Mountains, Coast Mountains, Kenai Mountains, Kigluaik Mountains, St. Elias Mountains, Talkeetna Mountains ...
- American Geographical Society (AGS), 1960. Nine Glacier Maps, Northwestern North America. New York: American Geographical Society Special Publication No. 34, p. 37, 9 pls.
- Arendt, A. A., Echelmeyer, K. A., Harrison, W. D., Lingle, C. S., and Valentine, V. B., 2002. Rapid wastage of Alaska glaciers and their contribution to rising sea level. Science, 297(5580), 382–386.
- Arendt, A. A., et al., 2006. Updated estimates of glacier volume changes in the western Chugach Mountains, Alaska, and a comparison of regional extrapolation methods. Journal of Geophyscial Research, 111(F3), F03019.
- Arendt, A., Luthcke, S., Larsen, C., Abdalati, W., Krabill, W., and Beedle, M., 2008. Validation of high-resolution GRACE mascon estimates of glacier mass changes in the St. Elias Mountains, Alaska, USA using Aircraft Laser Altimetry. Journal of Glaciology, 54(188), 778–787.
- Arendt, A. A., Walsh, J., and Harrison, W., 2009. Changes of glaciers and climate in northwestern North America during the late 20th century. Journal of Climate, 22(15), 4117–4134.
- Berthier, E., Schiefer, E., Clarke, G. K. C., Menounos, B., and Remy, F., 2010. Contribution of Alaskan glaciers to sea level rise derived from satellite imagery. Nature Geoscience, 3(2), 92–95.
- Chen, J. L., Tapley, B. D., and Wilson, C. R., 2006. Alaskan mountain glacial melting observed by satellite gravimetry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 248(1–2), 368–378.
- Collins, S. G., 1975. Glaciers of the Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska. In Field, W. O. (ed.), Mountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. Hanover: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Vol. 2, pp. 543–548.
- Denton, G. H., 1975. Glaciers of the Brooks Range. In Field, W. O. (ed.), Mountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. Hanover: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Vol. 2, pp. 651–662.
- Griggs, R. F., 1922. The Valley of the Ten Thousand Smokes. Washington, DC: The National Geographic Society, p. 341.
- Josberger, E. G., Bidlake, W. R., March, R. S., and Kennedy, B. W., 2007. Glacier mass-balance fluctuations in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA. Annals of Glaciology, 46, 291–296.
- Kaufman, D. S., and Calkin, P. E., 1988. Morphometric analysis of Pleistocene moraines in the Kigluaik Mountains, northwestern Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 20(3), 273–284.
- Krimmel, R. M., 2001. Photogrammetric Data Set, 1957–2000, and Bathymetric Measurements for Columbia Glacier, Alaska. Tacoma: US Geological Survey. Water-Resources Investigation Report 01–4089, p. 40. 1 CD-ROM.
- Larsen, C. F., Motyka, R. J., Freymueller, J. T., Echelmeyer, K. A., and Ivins, E. R., 2005. Rapid viscoelastic uplift in southeast Alaska caused by post-Little Ice Age glacial retreat. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237, 548–560.
- Larsen, C. F., Motyka, R. J., Arendt, A. A., Echelmeyer, K. A., and Geissler, P. E., 2007. Glacier changes in southeast Alaska and northwest British Columbia and its contribution to sea level rise. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, 11. doi:10.1029/2006JF000586.
- Lawrence, D. B., 1950. Glacier fluctuations for six centuries in southeastern Alaska and its relation to solar activity. Geographical Review, 40(2), 191–223.
- Luthcke, S. B., Arendt, A. A., Rowlands, D. D., McCarthy, J. J., and Larsen, C. F., 2008. Recent glacier mass changes in the Gulf of Alaska region from GRACE mascon solutions. Journal of Glaciology, 54(188), 767–777.
- Manley, W. F., 1999. GIS assessment of glaciers, equilibrium line altitudes and climate sensitivity – an example from south-western Alaska. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Programs and Abstracts, 31(7), 366.
- Miller, M. M., and Pelto, M. S., 1999. Mass balance measurements on the Lemon Creek Glacier, Juneau Icefield, Alaska 1953–1998. Geografiska Annaler Series a-Physical Geography, 81A(4), 671–681.
- Molnia, B. F., 2007. Late nineteenth to early twenty-first century behavior of Alaskan glaciers as indicators of changing regional climate. Global Planet Change, 56(1–2), 23–56.
- Molnia, B. F., 2008. Glaciers of Alaska. In Williams, R. S., Jr., and Ferrigno, J. G. (eds.), Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World. Washington: US GPO. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-K, p. 525.
- Molnia, B. F., and Post, A., 1995. Holocene history of Bering Glacier, Alaska: a prelude to the 1993–1994 surge. Physical Geography, 16(2), 87–117.
- Motyka, R. J., Echelmeyer, K., and Elsberg, D., 2001. Taku Glacier on the move again: active deformation of proglacial sediments. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 82(47, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract IP52A–0745), F556.
- Nolan, M., Arendt, A., Rabus, B., and Hinzman, L., 2005. Volume change of McCall Glacier, Arctic Alaska, USA, 1956–2003. Annals of Glaciology, 42, 409–416.
- Pfeffer, W. T., 2007. A simple mechanism for irreversible tidewater glacier retreat. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, 03S25, doi:10.1029/2006JF000590.
- Pfeffer, W. T., Cohn, J., Meier, M. F., and Krimmel, R. M., 2000. Alaskan glacier beats a dramatic retreat. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 81(48), 577, 584.
- Post, A., 1969. Distribution of surging glaciers in western North America. Journal of Glaciology, 8(53), 229–240.
- Post, A., and Meier, M. F., 1980. A preliminary inventory of Alaskan glaciers. In World Glacier Inventory Workshop: Proceedings, Reideralp, September 17–22, 1978. Dorking, Surrey, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Publication No. 126, pp. 45–47.
- Post, A., and Mayo, L. R., 1971. Glacier-Dammed Lakes and Outburst Floods in Alaska. Washington: US Geological Survey. Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA–455, p. 10, 3 pls.
- Shulski, M., and Wendler, G., 2007. The Climate of Alaska. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, p. 207.
- Sturm, M., Hall, D. K., Benson, C. S., and Field, W. O., 1991. Non-climatic control of glacier-terminus fluctuations in the Wrangell and Chugach Mountains, Alaska, U.S.A. Journal of Glaciology, 37(127), 348–356.
- Tamisiea, M. E., Leuliette, E. W., Davis, J. L., and Mitrovica, J. X., 2005. Constraining hydrological and cryospheric mass flux in south eastern Alaska using space-based gravity measurements. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(20), L20501.
- Thompson, L. S., and Smith, S. E., 1988. Constructing a 5-meter contour map and determining volumetric change from digital data, West Gulkana Glacier, Alaska. In Marcus, M. G., and Reynolds, W. J. (eds.), Glacier and Climate Studies, West Gulkana Glacier and Environs, Alaska. Tempe: Arizona State University, Department of Geography. Arizona State University, Department of Geography Publications Series No. 4; United States Military Academy, Department of Geography and Computer Science Research Paper No. 1, Vol. 1, p. 142, and map.
- VanLooy, J., Forster, R., and Ford, A., 2006. Accelerating thinning of Kenai Peninsula glaciers, Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(21), L21307.
- Viens, R. J., 1995. Dynamics and Mass Balance of Temperate Tidewater Calving Glaciers of Southern Alaska. M.S. dissertation, Seattle, University of Washington, p 149.
- Alaskan Glaciers
- Reference Work Title
- Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers
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- Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
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