Loewner's torus inequality
where "sys" is its systole, i.e. least length of a noncontractible loop. The constant appearing on the right hand side is the Hermite constant in dimension 2, so that Loewner's torus inequality can be rewritten as
The inequality was first mentioned in the literature in Pu (1952).
Case of equality
The boundary case of equality is attained if and only if the metric is flat and homothetic to the so-called equilateral torus, i.e. torus whose group of deck transformations is precisely the hexagonal lattice spanned by the cube roots of unity in .
Given a doubly periodic metric on (e.g. an imbedding in which is invariant by a isometric action), there is a nonzero element and a point such that , where is a fundamental domain for the action, while is the Riemannian distance, namely least length of a path joining and .
Proof of Loewner's torus inequality
Loewner's torus inequality can be proved most easily by using the computational formula for the variance,
Namely, the formula is applied to the probability measure defined by the measure of the unit area flat torus in the conformal class of the given torus. For the random variable X, one takes the conformal factor of the given metric with respect to the flat one. Then the expected value E(X 2) of X 2 expresses the total area of the given metric. Meanwhile, the expected value E(X) of X can be related to the systole by using Fubini's theorem. The variance of X can then be thought of as the isosystolic defect, analogous to the isoperimetric defect of Bonnesen's inequality. This approach therefore produces the following version of Loewner's torus inequality with isosystolic defect:
where ƒ is the conformal factor of the metric with respect to a unit area flat metric in its conformal class.
Whether or not the inequality
- Pu's inequality for the real projective plane
- Gromov's systolic inequality for essential manifolds
- Gromov's inequality for complex projective space
- Eisenstein integer (an example of a hexagonal lattice)
- systoles of surfaces
- Horowitz, Charles; Katz, Karin Usadi; Katz, Mikhail G. (2009). "Loewner's torus inequality with isosystolic defect". Journal of Geometric Analysis 19 (4): 796–808. arXiv:0803.0690. doi:10.1007/s12220-009-9090-y.
- Katz, Mikhail G. (2007). Systolic geometry and topology. Mathematical Surveys and Monographs 137. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8218-4177-8.
- Katz, M.; Sabourau, S. (2005). "Entropy of systolically extremal surfaces and asymptotic bounds". Ergo. Th. Dynam. Sys. 25 (4): 1209–1220. arXiv:math.DG/0410312. doi:10.1017/S0143385704001014.
- Katz, M.; Sabourau, S. (2006). "Hyperelliptic surfaces are Loewner". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 134 (4): 1189–1195. arXiv:math.DG/0407009. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-05-08057-3.
- Pu, P.M. (1952). "Some inequalities in certain nonorientable Riemannian manifolds". Pacific J. Math. 2: 55–71. doi:10.2140/pjm.1952.2.55.