US 3396258 A
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1968 A. F. LEATHERQIAN 3,396,258
APPARATUS FOR INDUCTION HEATING 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Oct. 21, 1965 COOLANT ,7
SUPPLY F/GB INVENTOR.
4. EL inn/team My & 714122.
Aug. 6, 1968 A. F. LEATHERMAN 3,396,?58v
APPARATUS FOR INDUCTION HEATING Filed Oct. 21, 1965 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR.
A. F 1. 4rHeM4N BY Mr & TUBE Anne/v45;
6, 1953 A. F. LEATHERMAN 3,396,258
APPARATUS FOR INDUCTION HEATING 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Oct. 21, 196
.4. 5 544 Tilt-8M4!!! United States Patent 3,396,258 APPARATUS FOR INDUCTION HEATING Alfred E. Leatherman, Columbus, Ohio, assignor, by mesne assignments, to William C. Heller, Jr. Filed Oct. 21, 1965, Ser. No. 499,150 14 Claims. (Cl. 219-1053) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Induction heating apparatus includes a single loop coil connected to a high frequency power source for producing a surrounding magnetic field when energized. The apparatus also includes a non magnetic metallic member separate and spaced from the coil to form a gap. The metallic member is located in the field produced by the coil and is excitable by the magnetic-field to concentrate the magnetic field in the gap and to remove portions of the magnetic field not so concentrated. Material may be inserted in the gap for induction thermal processing.
This invention relates to induction heating apparatus and more particularly, to an apparatus providing superior operating efiiciencies.
Induction heating is a thermal process in which, in its Well known forms, electrical energy in the form of a high intensity, high frequency magnetic field is applied to a metallic substance. The field produces eddy currents, or hysteresis losses, which cause heat to be generated in the substance itself. This method has been in common use for melting and heat treating metals for a number of years.
Induction heating may also be used in the thermal processing of non-metallic materials, such as plastics, by placing inductively heatable substances, as for example, certain metal or metal oxide structures or particles, at points in the material where heat is desired, and then placing the composite structure in a magnetic field. For example, if it is desired to joint two sheets of plastic, such as polyethylene, fine metal or metal oxide particles, or a :metal screen, may be placed between the sheets at the points desired to be joined. When a magnetic field is applied to the sheets, the particles or screen become heated, softening the plastic and allowing the two sheets to fuse. The metallic particles or structure is generally termed a susceptor to indicate its capability of being heated by a magnetic field.
The above method of thermal processing differs from dielectric thermal processing in which the non-metallic substance is itself heated by a high frequency electric field. Dielectric thermal processing involves considerations not here pertinent.
The advantages of such a thermal process include the fact that heat is generated only at the location where it is to be used, thereby providing ideal temperature distribution permitting accurate and beneficial control of temperature. Additionally, since heat is not required to fiow from an external source through the material to the desired location, substantial increases in the rate of thermal processing are obtainable. The accurate temperature control and shortened exposure times prevent thermal damage, such as charring, warping, or distortion from occurring during the processing.
It is necessary, in order to obtain the above advantages in a commercially and technically feasible process, such as the heat sealing of plastics, to provide an induction heating apparatus capable of producing a magnetic force, or field, of the highest possible intensity and of the highest possible frequency so as to generate the greatest amount of heat by induction losses. The equipment used to generate such a field generally consists of a field producing apparatus (e.g. work coil) coupled to a high frequency power source. The attainment of both of the aforemen- "ice tioned criteria depends to a great extent upon reducing the inductance of this apparatus to the lowest possible value.
An excessive amount of inductance in the apparatus limits the magnitude of the high frequency current flowing through the apparatus and hence the intensity of the magnetic field generated thereby. While a greater applied voltage may be used to increase current flow, this results in inefficient operation of the field producing apparatus. The size of the field producing apparatus may also be reduced to lower the inductance but often only at the expense of a decrease in processing speed or capacity of the equipment.
Further, it is generally desirable to operate the apparatus in parallel resonance with the power source, as current flow at such a frequency is maximized. Resonant frequency is determined by the formula 21r\/LC A low value of inductance permits the resonant frequency of the apparatus to be high enough to generate induction losses of the required magnitude. For example, a resonant frequency of 4 megacyc'les may be required in thermal processing non-metallic materials. This is significantly above the frequencies required for metallurgical uses which generally range from 3 kilocycles to 450 kilocycles.
It is also desirable to direct or channel the magnetic field of the apparatus so as to concentrate as much of it as possible in the material being thermally processed. Flux not so utilized performs no useful function and, unless cancelled out or reduced, increases the inductance of the apparatus unnecessarily.
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide induction heating apparatus having a minimal value of inductance which utilizes such low inductance characteristics to produce a high intensity, high frequency magnetic field suitable for efficient induction heating.
As can readily be understood, the increase in electrical efficiency provided by heating apparatus having such a minimal value of inductance permits the size of high frequency power source required to be reduced, or in the alternative, permits greater heating effects from the same size power source. It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide an induction heating apparatus which provides a superior electrical circuit for the apparatus power supply.
An additional object of this invention is to provide an induction heating apparatus which concentrates the high intensity, high frequency magnetic field so as to permit efficient utilization of the apparatus for induction thermal processing.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide an induction heating apparatus in which the components of the electrical circuit are utilized to position the substance to be thermal processed and to apply pressure thereto during such processing.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide an induction heating apparatus which is simple in construction, manufacture, and operation, thereby providing substantially trouble-free operation for substantial periods of time.
Briefly, the present invention provides for induction heating apparatus including a field producing coil coupled to a high frequency power supply. The apparatus also includes a metallic member adjacent the coil which is energizable when the coil is excited to concentrate the magnetic field in the space between the member and the coil and to reduce the inductance of the heating apparatus.
The invention may be better understood by reference to the following specification and drawings, forming a part thereof, in which:
FIGURES 1a and 1!; show an induction heating apparatus of the prior art;
FIGURE 2 shows one embodiment of the low inductance heating apparatus employing the principles of the present invention;
FIGURES 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d show another embodiment of the low inductance apparatus of the present invention particularly adapted to the sealing of articles made from non-metallic materials; and
FIGURES 4a, 4b, 4c, and 4d show a further embodiment of the low inductance induction heating apparatus of the present invention particularly adapted to seal the periphery of a plastic sheet.
In the specification and drawings, the utility of the present invention is demonstrated by showing its application in sealing plastic or plastic coated structures by inductively heating a susceptor placed between the plastic structures. It is to be understood that the use of the invention is not so limited. The apparatus finds utility in many fields of manufacture, including automotive, agriculture, industrial, and packaging.
Referring now to the figures, and specifically to FIG. 1a there is shown therein an induction heat sealing apparatus 2 of a type well known in the prior art. The apparatus includes a coil member 4. While coil member 4 may comprise any number of loops the lowest value of inductance is obtained with a coil of a single loop having the smallest enclosed space. Hence, coil 4 as shown in FIGURE 1a is shaped in the form of a single loop or hairpin with two parallel members 4A and 4B. As is customary in the art, coil 4 may contain cavity 6 for the conduction of a cooling fluid therethrough. Coil 4 is connected to a coolant supply 7 and a high frequency power source 22 by connectors 8. High frequency power source 22 may, for example, provide coil 4 with power of 4 megacycle frequency. Coil 4 may be supported and insulated by electrically non-conducting support 10.
It will be appreciated that when high frequency electric current is applied to coil 4 from source 22 a magnetic field will be generated which will surround each of the parallel members of coil 4. While this magnetic field will exist at all points about each of the members of coil 4, the point of greatest intensity will be between the members of coil 4. Assuming the instantaneous direction of the high frequency current to be into the plane of the paper in loop member 4B, as shown by the tail of the current arrow, and out of the plane of the paper in loop member 4A, as shown by head of the current arrow, the direction of the magnetic field between the members of coil 4 is shown by arrows 12. The direction of this field will, of course, reverse as the direction of current in the members of loop 4 reverses.
When two plastic sheets 14 and 16 having a susceptor 18 between them are placed between members 4A and 4B of coil 4, the susceptor will become heated by the aforementioned mechanism of eddy current and/or hysteresis heating. This heat will be transferred to the adjacent internal surfaces of plastic sheets 14 and 16 softening them and permitting them to become fused'or sealed upon removal of the sheets from between members 4A and 4B. Such a process may be used to form the corner seam of a plastic package.
While the coil structure shown in FIG. 1a and FIG. 1b is one of relatively low inductance since it consists of a single loop, the inductance may still not be sufficiently low to provide the desired resonant frequency or field strength. Additionally, the magnetic field generated by coil 4 is of greatest intensity only between coil members 4A and 4B rather than throughout the entire area covered by susceptor 18.
FIG. 2 shows an induction heating apparatus coil constructed in accordance with the present invention which provides a lower inductance and a concentrated magnetic field. Similar to the coil shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b, the coil of FIG. 2 contains a pair of parallel members 4A and 43 supported in support 10. In addition, the coil of FIG. 2 includes an electrical reinforcing member 20, so termed because it reinforces or concentrates the magnetic field generated by coil members 4A and 4B. Reinforcing member 20 is located between coil member 4A and coil member 4B and may be wedge shaped in form. Other shapes may be used if desired. Plastic sheets 14 and 16 and susceptor 18 are placed between coil members 4A and 4B and reinforcing member 20. Upon connecting coil 4 to a source of high frequency electrical energy 22, a current will be induced in reinforcing member 20 by the magnetic field generated around coil 4. The direction of current flow in reinforcing member 20 will be in an opposite sense to that of coil member 4 as shown for an instantaneous case in FIG. 2. The development of this current flow and its polarity in reinforcing member 20' is described by the physical principles of Lenzs law.
The current flow in reinforcing member 20 will produce a magnetic field about that member shown schematically by the numeral 13. The portion of magnetic field 12 formerly present in the area occupied by reinforcing member 20 will be neutralized by the action of the current induced in reinforcing member 20. Specifically, this is due to the opposition of magnetic field 13 (created by the induced currents) to magnetic field 12. This eliminates the portion ofthe field 12 generated by coil 4 that was useless and unneeded in the sealing process since it was removed from the location of susceptor 18. The elimination of this flux also significantly reduces the inductance of coil 4. In addition, and equally important, the intensity of the magnetic field immediately between reinforcing member 20 and each of the coil members 4A and 4B is increased, as the field 13 generated by reinforcing member 20 in this region reinforces the field 12 created by coil 4. This increase, of course, is highly desirable as it occurs in the region required for induction heat treating of plastic sheets 14 and 16. The intensity of the magnetic field in the aforementioned space may be increased up to a theoretical maximum of twice the intensity present at the corresponding point in FIG. 1b as a result of the reinforcement of magnetic field 12 by magnetic field 13.
In electrical construction, reinforcing member 20 may be electrically isolated, or grounded, as desired. Reinforcing member 20 should be constructed of a good electrical conductor, such as silver, copper, or brass. From the mechanical standpoint, reinforcing member 20 should be a good thermal conductor and hence a construction of solid silver, copper with silver plating on the surfaces adjacent coil members 4A and 4B, solid copper, or brass with silver for copper plating on the surfaces adjacent coil members 4A and 48 provide a good combination of both electrical and mechanical requirements. If necessary, reinforcing member 20 may be cooled by convection, conduction or forced cooling. Thus, member 20 may be solid and air-cooled, solid with liquid coolant circulating tubes attached thereto, or hollow with internal fluid passages similar to those of coil member 4. Cooling of reinforcing member 20 serves to maintain the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the member.
By adequate cooling of reinforcing member 20 further advantages of the present invention may be obtained. Not only may reinforcing member 20 provide the aforementioned reduction in external impedance of coil member 4 and an increase in the useful magnetic field, it may also be used as a pressure element or positioning element for plastic sheets 14 and 16 and susceptor 18. For instance, flat plastic sheets 14 and 16 may be placed on support member 10 with susceptor 18 between them and bent to the required position shown in FIG. 2 by the insertion of a wedge shaped reinforcing member 20 into support 10. During the time susceptor 18 is heated by the magnetic field generated by coil member 4 and reinforcing member 20, the latter member may be used as a pressure element in connection with support member 10 to insure greatest possible contact between plastic sheets 14 and 16 and susceptor 18. When the required degree of heat has been produced in susceptor 18 and the adjacent surfaces of sheets 14 and 16, high frequency source 22 may be disconnected from coil 4 and reinforcing member and the coil, cooled by the aforesaid means, used to rapidly solidify the heated portions of plastic sheets 14 and 16. This also increases the speed with which the thermal processing may be performed.
FIG. 3 illustrates a coil structure for an induction heating apparatus, incorporating the principles outlines in FIG. 1, which is suitable for induction heat sealing the two halves of a plastic article. This may, for example, be container 24 as shown in FIG. 3a. Coil 5 having members 5A and 5B is arranged in a loop, the configuration of the loop conforming roughly to the cross sectional shape of container 24. Coil 5 is mounted in a support member 26 having a hole in the center thereof which corresponds to the cross sectional configuration of container 24. Coil 5 is supplied with high frequency alternating current and a coolant for a hollow cavity 7 therein through connectors 9. The reinforcing member takes the form of a divided interior member arranged in two halves 28 and 30 to permit their removal from container 24 after the two container halves 32 and 34 have been sealed. The halves 28 and 30 of the reinforcing member conform to the inner configuration of container 24 and include mating diagonal edges 42 and 44. Reinforcing members 28 and 30 contain passages 36 through which a cooling medium supplied by pipes 38 may be circulated to cool the members.
The two halves 32 and 34 of container 24 are assembled adjacent coil member 5 with magnetically heatable susceptor 18 between the halves. The assembly is retained in position by positioning reinforcing members 28 and 30 is shown in FIG. 3b. High frequency power is then supplied to coil 5 which induces heat in susceptor 18 softening the portions of container halves 32 and 34 in contact therewith. Reinforcing members 28 and 30 operate in the same manner as reinforcing member 20 to concentrate the magnetic field produced by coil member 5 along the overlapping edges of container halves 32 and 34. Pressure may be applied to the halves of container 24 by a force exerted on the exposed ends 40 of reinforcing members 28 and 30 in the direction of the arrows in FIG. 3b. The diagonal edges 42 and 44 provide an outward extension of the reinforcing members creating the pressure. A downward force may also be provided on the exposed ends 40 of reinforced members 28 and 30 to form the seal on the bottom of container 24. As previously described, when portions of container halves 32 and 34 have been softened by the heat from susceptor 18 and fused from the pressure exerted by reinforcing members 28 and 30, power may be removed from coil 5 and the temperature thereof reduced by the coolant in passages 7 and 36 to hasten the solidification of the edges of container halves 32 and 34. When the halves have been joined, the container may be removed from support 26 and reinforcing members 28 and 30 extracted from the container by breaking them apart as shown in FIG. 30 and removing them through the neck of container 24.
It is to be understood that the configuration of container halves 32 and 34 as shown in FIGURE 3 is not the only one that may be employed to form a container 24. For example, container halves 32 and 34 may have abutting edges with susceptor 18 between them rather than the overlapping edges as shown in FIGS. 3b and 3c. Other configurations may be employed, such configurations being considered well within the knowledge .of one skilled in the art.
FIG. 4 shows an apparatus which may be used to seal the periphery of two plastic sheets 14 and 16 by means of a susceptor 18, as for example, to form the flat package 48 with the central cavity shown in FIG. 4a. The apparatus employs a coil 41 similar to that described above and a reinforcing member 46 which is similar in function and operation to reinforcing member 20 of FIG. 2 and reinforcing members 28 and 30 of FIG. 3. Reinforcing member 46 may be constructed in the form of the hollow ring shown in FIG. 4b or in the shape of a dish having an upturned edge 47 as shown in FIG. 4d. As above, reinforcing member 46 provides induced currents opposing the currents in coil 41. The induced currents in reinforcing member 46 intensify the magnetic field between member 46 and coil 41. Member 46 may also provide pressure and cooling to the plastic sheets forming package 48 in the same manner as the reinforcing members described above. Additionally, reinforcing member 46 reduces the inductance of coil 41 by providing a counteracting magnetic field 13 which eliminates unneeded flux 12 in the center portion of coil 41. This flux is unneeded, of course, because induction heating of susceptor 18 occurs only at the edges of sheets 14 and 16.
In summary, the present invention provides induction heating apparatus having an inductance significantly lower than that which may be obtained by reducing the configuration of the apparatus to a single loop. The lowered inductance is obtained by providing a reinforcing member adjacent the coil. This permits a higher frequency, higher intensity magnetic field to be generated by the apparatus. Further, the induced currents in the reinforcing member concentrate the magnetic field in areas wherein the thermal processing is occurring, thereby providing additional operating efficiencies to the apparatus.
It will be appreciated that modifications and embodiments of the above described invention may be made and it is desired to include all such embodiments as come within the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
Various modes of carrying out the invention are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the invention:
1. A low inductance induction heating means for providing a high intensity, high frequency magnetic field from a high frequency power source for induction thermal processing materials comprising:
a single loop coil connected to said high frequency power source for producing a surrounding magnetic field when energized; and
a non-magnetic metallic member separate and spaced from said coil to form a gap therewith in which the material may be inserted, said member being located in the magnetic field produced by said coil and excitable by the magnetic field to concentrate the magnetic field in said gap and to reduce the inductance of the induction heating means by removing portions of the magnetic field not so concentrated.
2. The induction heating means of claim 1, in which said metallic member is constructed of a good electrical and thermal conductor.
3. The induction heating means of claim 1, in which said coil and said metallic member are relatively movable across said gap so as to comprise pressure members useable to apply pressure to material inserted in said gap.
4. A low inductance induction heating means for providing a high intensity, high frequency magnetic field from a high frequency power source for induction thermal processing of material comprising:
a coil formed in a single loop with a pair of parallel members connected to said high frequency power source for producing a surrounding magnetic field when energized; and
a wedge shaped non-magnetic metallic member separate and spaced from said parallel members to form gaps therewith in which the material may be insented, said metallic member being located between said parallel members and in the magnetic field produced by said coil and excitable by said magnetic field to concentrate said magnetic field in said gaps and to reduce the inductance of the induction heating means by removing portions of the magnetic field not so concentrated.
5. The means of claim 4 in which said metallic member is constructed of a good thermal and electrical conductor.
6. The induction heating means of claim 4 in which said coil and said metallic member are relatively movable across said gaps so as to comprise pressure members useable to apply pressure to material inserted in said gaps.
7. A low inductance induction heating means for providing a high intensity, high frequency magnetic field for forming a hollow article by joining portions thereof along thermally responsive, sealable joints comprising:
a coil arranged in a single loop and connected to said high frequency power source for producing a surrounding magnetic field when energized, said coil having an opening therein to receive the article portions along the scalable joints; and
a non-magnetic metallic member, separate and spaced from said coil, positioned in said opening to form gaps with said coil and inside said portions when joined, said metallic member being located in the magnetic field produced by said coil and excitable when said coil is energized to concentrate the magnetic field in said gaps and to reduce the inductance of the induction heating means.
'8. The means of claim 7 wherein said metallic member is removable from the hollow article after the portions are joined.
9. The means of claim 7 wherein said metallic member is comprised of a plurality of plates having diagonal abutting edges, whereby said plates may be separated to permit their removal from the hollow article after the portions are joined.
10. The means of claim 7 wherein said metallic member is constructed of a good electrical and thermal condoctor.
11. The means of claim 7 wherein said metallic member is comprised of a plurality of plates having diagonal abutting edges, and means to slide said plates along their diagonal abutting edges to increase the lateral dimensions of said member to apply pressure to said portions.
12. A low inductance induction heating means for providing a high intensity, high frequency magnetic field from a high frequency power source for induction thermal processing materials comprising:
a coil having a single loop lying substantially in a plane and connected to said power source for producing a surrounding magnetic field when energized; and
a non-magnetic metallic member having a portion presenting a planar surface having the form of said loop, said member being juxtapositioned with said coil so that said loop and said portion are in alignment but spaced to form a gap in which the material may be inserted, said planar surface of said portion being parallel to the plane of said loop but separated by said gap, said metallic member being excitable by said magnetic field when said coil is energized to concentrate a magnetic field in said gap and to reduce the inductance of said induction heating means by removing the magnetic field from the center of said loop.
13. The induction heating means of claim 12 in which said coil and said metallic member are relatively movable across said gap so as to comprise pressure members useable to apply pressure to material inserted in said gap.
14. The means of claim 1'2 wherein said metallic member is constructed of a good electrical and thermal conductor.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,241,312 5/1941 Liity 219-10.53 X 2,498,383 2/1950 Story 219-10.43 3,303,314 2/1967 Kuhlbars 21910.43
FOREIGN PATENTS 42,125 7/1959 Poland. 118,45 3 4/ 1944 Australia.
OTHER REFERENCES 'Badische, German application 1,058,243, printed May 27, 1959 (K39a 14), 4 sheets of drawing, 3 pages spec.
RICHARD M. WOOD, Primary Examiner. L. H. BENDE-R, Assistant Examiner.
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