The axiom of choice is the following statement:
Note that a surjection of sets can be regarded as a -indexed family of sets, while the existence of a section is equivalent to a choice of one element in each set of this family. This reproduces the more classical form of the axiom of choice.
When the full axiom of choice fails, it may still be valid for some restricted class of objects and/or . An object such that any epimorphism splits is called projective; this means that one can make choices ‘indexed by’ . Dually, an object such that one can make choices ‘with values in’ is called a choice object (this is not quite equivalent to every epimorphism splitting).
More generally, we may consider analogous statements in categories other than .
We say that satisfies the external axiom of choice if every epimorphism in splits.
In this form, the axiom of choice may look less mysterious than in its original formulation. For instance, it is clear that it fails in contexts such as Top and Diff, due to the existence of nontrivial topological and smooth fiber bundles.
If is not balanced, such as a regular or coherent category which is not a pretopos, it may be more appropriate to replace in this statement “epimorphism” by regular epimorphism (or extremal epimorphism, effective epimorphism, etc.) In (and in any topos), all of these notions of epimorphism are the same.
More generally still, if is a site, then the axiom of choice for may be taken to say that any cover admits a section. Obviously this refers only to singleton covers, but if is superextensive then any covering family can be replaced by a singleton cover .
However, When working in a category that has an internal logic, we may want to “internalize” the axiom of choice by asserting, not that every epimorphism has a section, but that the statement “every epimorphism has a section” is true in the internal logic (or more precisely the stack semantics). An equivalent statement is that every object is internally projective. We call this the internal axiom of choice.
This is generally a weaker statement: a topos satisfies the external AC if and only if it satisfies the internal AC and also (the external form of) supports split. Often, however, this is the more relevant notion to consider.
The following statements are all equivalent to the axiom of choice in (although sometimes the proof in one direction requires excluded middle). This is a very short list; much longer lists can be found elsewhere, such as at Wikipedia. Some of the statements on this list, though, may be of interest to nLabbers but are not commonly mentioned as equivalents of choice.
There are a number of weaker axioms which are implied by the full axiom of choice. Some of these are valid or accepted more generally than the full AC, and/or suffice for some of the usual applications of choice. In particular, the full axiom of choice is generally rejected in constructive mathematics, whereas some of these weaker forms of choice may be accepted, such as (in order of increasing strength) countable choice, dependent choice, and COSHEP.
From the perspective of constructive mathematics, the principle of excluded middle (EM) may be seen as a form of the axiom of choice; EM is equivalent to the statement that every Kuratowski-finite set is projective.
A very weak form of choice (which follows from EM) is the statement that supports split in .
The axioms of countable choice (CC) and dependent choice (DC) suffice for many of the usual applications of choice in the analysis of separable spaces. CC states that the set of natural numbers is projective. DC strenghtens CC by allowing the set of possible choices for to depend on the choice made for .
The axiom COSHEP, also called the “presentation axiom,” says that any set admits a surjection from a projective one (whereas full AC says that all sets are projective). This implies CC and DC, and is moreover sufficient for the existence of projective resolutions and cofibrant replacements, as well as the usual theorems in algebra that (for example) Mod has enough projectives. For example, see the canonical model structure on Cat.
The axiom of small violations of choice (SVC) asserts there is a set such that every set is a subquotient of for some choice set . Intuitively, this says that the failure of AC is parametrized by a single set. It can be regarded as a “dual” of COSHEP, since it deals with choice sets rather than projective ones, it implies the existence of (at least some) injective resolutions, and together with COSHEP and EM it implies full AC.
The small cardinality selection axiom is another similar axiom. It asserts that there is a class function selecting for every set an isomorphic set (its “cardinality”) such that among each isomorphism class of sets, the collection of all “cardinalities” forms only a set.
A still weaker axiom along the lines of “AC fails in only a small way,” which is implied by AMC, is WISC, i.e. that for any set , the full subcategory of consisting of the surjections has a weakly initial set (under COSHEP it has a single weakly initial object, namely a projective cover of ). Two similar assertions are that the free exact completion of is a topos (i.e. that has a generic proof), and that is well-powered; both of these imply WISC.
The axiom of choice can also be strengthened in a few ways.
While the ordinary axiom of choice says that any surjection of sets is split, the axiom of global choice says that this is also true for any surjection of proper classes. (Making this precise requires a bit of work.) It is equivalent to the existence of a well-ordering of the class of all sets.
One can also postulate a choice operator, which gives a specified way to choose an element from any nonempty set. This implies global choice, and conversely a choice operator can be defined from any well-ordering of the class of all sets.
Finally, one can instead adopt the negation of the axiom of choice, or a strengthened version of this negation:
The assumption that every subset of the real line has the Baire property (BP) is consistent with DC but not AC; the same holds for the assumption that every subset of the real line is measurable (LM) if at least one Grothendieck universe exists. These assumptions leads to a very nice setting for analysis called dream mathematics.
The axiom of determinacy is a natural statement in game theory that is consistent with dependent choice; in fact, it implies dependent choices in certain models, such as in the constructible (in the sense of Goedel) closure of the set of reals. However, determinacy contradicts full AC (for example, it implies LM and BP, as in the previous entry).
Any of the varieties of constructive mathematics that contradict excluded middle necessarily contradict choice, but they are usually (if not always) consistent with DC (and even COSHEP).
To formulate a version of the axiom of choice in a higher category, one has to make an appropriate choice of the meaning of “epimorphism”. In most cases, it is best to choose effective epimorphism in an (infinity,1)-category or a related notion such as eso morphisms.
Less obviously, we usually want to also impose truncation requirements on at least some of the objects involved in the axiom of choice. It seems usually necessary to require the codomain to be 0-truncated (axioms of choice without this requirement tend to be inconsistent); as for the domain we can choose to or not.
These are stronger axioms as increases. The “difference” between and is roughly the axiom that sets cover.
For -categories with it is unclear whether it is sensible to allow the domain to be non-groupoidal.
There are also “internal” versions of these axioms.
In homotopy type theory (the internal logic of an -topos), the internal version of is “every surjection onto a set with -type fibers has a section”, or equivalently
More generally, we can replace the -truncation by the -truncation to obtain a family of axioms .
We can also replace the -truncation by the assertion of -connectedness, obtaining the axiom of -connected choice.
Eric Schechter's analysis book surveys several variants of AC and its negation with a view to applications of analysis, including this nice picture:
(Here, UF, DC, CC, BP, and LM are as defined above.)
The Consequences of the Axiom of Choice Project provides an interactive data base that can be used to search for implications between various (weakened) forms of the Axiom of Choice.
Gonçalo Gutierres da Conceição, The Axiom of Countable Choice in Topology, pdf
Despite the title, this covers more than countable choice, but the focus is on sequential aspects (metric spaces, first- and second-countable spaces, etc).
Relation to cohomology is discussed in
Discussion in homotopy type theory: