esparto, also called esparto grass, Spanish grass, halfa, or alfa, either of two species of gray-green needlegrasses (Stipa tenacissima and Lygeum spartum) that are indigenous to southern Spain and northern Africa; the term also denotes the fibre produced by esparto.
L. spartum, which has stiff, rushlike leaves, grows in rocky soil on the high plains. S. tenacissima is especially abundant in the sterile and rugged parts of Murcia and Valencia and in Algeria, for it flourishes in sandy, ferruginous soils, in dry, sunny situations on the seacoast. It attains a height of 1 or 1.2 m (3 or 4 feet). The stems are cylindrical and grow in clusters of from 0.6 to 3 m in circumference; when young they serve as forage, but after a few years they acquire great toughness. Esparto fibre has great strength and flexibility, and the grass has for centuries been used for making ropes, sandals, baskets, mats and other durable articles. Esparto leaves are also used in the manufacture of paper.