US 7239125 B2
An electronic energy meter senses input voltage and current signals and processes the input voltage and current signals to generate measurements of multiple types of power. The meter comprises a processing system for selecting one of the multiple types of power and defining the same as the selected type of power. The processing system also generates a pulsed test signal representative of a magnitude of a measurement of the selected type of power for testing the operation of the meter. The meter further comprises a communications interface coupled to the processing system for transmitting the pulsed test signal from the meter and for receiving signals from sources external to the meter. Selection of one of the multiple types of power can be achieved by the meter receiving, via the communications interface and from a source external to the meter, a communications command identifying a selected one of the various types of power. The communications interface may comprise an optical communications port.
1. An electronic energy meter that senses input voltage and current signals and processes the input voltage and current signals to generate measurements of various types of power including real power, reactive power, and apparent power and wherein said electronic energy meter comprises:
a communications interface for receiving a communications command identifying a selected one of the various types of power from a source external to the meter;
a processing system coupled to the communications interface for processing the communications command and generating a pulsed test signal representative of a magnitude of a measurement of the selected type of power; and
wherein the processing system transmits the pulsed test signal to a testing device external to the meter via said communications interface.
2. The meter of
a first processing means for generating a first pulsed signal representative of real power received, a second pulsed signal representative of real power delivered, a third pulsed signal representative of one of reactive power received or apparent power received, and a fourth pulsed signal representative of one of reactive power delivered or apparent power delivered; and
a second processing means coupled to the first processing means and the communications interface for processing the communications command and routing at least one of the first pulsed signal, second pulsed signal, third pulsed signal and fourth pulsed signal to the communications interface based on the communications command for transmission as the pulsed test signal.
3. The meter of
4. The meter of
a first processing means for generating at least a first pulsed signal indicative of real power measured by the meter and a second pulsed signal indicative of one of reactive power measured by the meter and apparent power measured by the meter; and
a second processing means coupled to the first processing means and the communications interface for processing the communications command and generating the pulsed test signal to be transmitted by the communications interface with a pulse rate equal to the Kh value or the Ke value specified by the communications command.
5. The meter of
6. The meter of
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 10/616,620, filed Jul. 10, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,954,061, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/660,709, filed Jun. 6, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,823 which is a division of application Ser. No. 07/839,634, filed Feb. 21, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,537,029, the disclosures of all of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates generally to the field of electric utility meters. More particularly, the present invention relates to both electronic watthour meters and meters utilized to meter real and reactive energy in both the forward and reverse directions.
Techniques and devices for metering the various forms of electrical energy are well known. Meters, such as utility power meters, can be of two types, namely, electromechanical based meters whose output is generated by a rotating disk and electronic based meters whose output component is generated electronically. A hybrid meter also exists, wherein an electronic register for providing an electronically generated display of metered electrical energy has been combined, usually optically, to a rotating disk. Pulses generated by the rotating disk, for example by light reflected from a spot painted on the disk, are utilized to generate an electronic output signal.
It will be appreciated that electronic meters have gained considerable acceptance due to their increasing reliability and extended ambient temperature ranges of operation. Consequently, various forms of electronic based meters have been proposed which are virtually free of any moving parts. In the last ten years several meters have been proposed which include a microprocessor.
Testing of electronic meters has always been a problem. A special mode of register operation known in the industry as the test mode has been available to ease register testing, however, little has been done to improve overall meter testing. Electronic meters have the potential of providing faster test times, multiple metering functions and calibration of the meter through software adjustment. However, implementing such functions can be expensive and complicated.
Presently, electric utility companies can test mechanical meters with a piece of test equipment which can reflect light off a metered disk to detect a painted spot as the disk rotates. An alternative form of testing mechanical meters is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,600,881—LaRocca et al. which describes the formation of a hole in the disk. A light sensitive device is placed in a fixed position on one side of the disk. As the disk rotates, and the hole passes over the light sensitive device, a pulse is provided indicating disk movement.
Since electronic meters preferably do not contain rotating disks, such simple testing techniques cannot be utilized. Consequently, a need exists for an electronic meter having a relatively simple means of testing the meter.
The previously described problems are resolved and other advantages are achieved in an electronic energy meter that senses input voltage and current signals and processes the input voltage and current signals to generate measurements of multiple types of power. The electronic energy meter comprises a processing system for selecting one of the multiple types of power and defining the same as the selected type of power. The processing system also generates a pulsed test signal representative of a magnitude of a measurement of the selected type of power for testing the operation of the meter. The meter further comprises a communications interface coupled to the processing system for transmitting the pulsed test signal from the meter and for receiving signals from sources external to the meter. Selection of one of the multiple types of power can be achieved by the meter receiving, via the communications interface and from a source external to the meter, a communications command identifying a selected one of the various types of power. The communications interface may comprise an optical communications port. Thus, in accordance with the present invention, pulsed test signals for multiple, different types of power can be transmitted over the optical communications port.
The present invention will be better understood, and its numerous objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
A new and novel meter for metering electrical energy is shown in
Meter 10 is shown to include three resistive voltage divider networks 12A, 12B, 12C; a first processor—an ADC/DSP (analog-to-digital converter/digital signal processor) chip 14; a second processor—a microcontroller 16 which in the preferred embodiment is a Mitsubishi Model 50428 microcontroller; three current sensors 18A, 18B, 18C; a 12V switching power supply 20 that is capable of receiving inputs in the range of 96–528V; a 5V linear power supply 22; a non-volatile power supply 24 that switches to a battery 26 when 5V supply 22 is inoperative; a 2.5V precision voltage reference 28; a liquid crystal display (LCD) 30; a 32.768 kHz oscillator 32; a 6.2208 MHz oscillator 34 that provides timing signals to chip 14 and whose signal is divided by 1.5 to provide a 4.1472 MHz clock signal to microcontroller 16; a 2 kbyte EEPROM 35; a serial communications line 36; an option connector 38; and an optical communications port 40 that may be used to read the meter. The inter-relationship and specific details of each of these components is set out more fully below.
It will be appreciated that electrical energy has both voltage and current characteristics. In relation to meter 10 voltage signals are provided to resistive dividers 12A–12C and current signals are induced in a current transformer (CT) and shunted. The output of CT/shunt combinations 18A–18C is used to determine electrical energy.
First processor 14 is connected to receive the voltage and current signals provided by dividers 12A–12C and shunts 18A–18C. As will be explained in greater detail below, processor 14 converts the voltage and current signals to voltage and current digital signals, determines electrical energy from the voltage and current digital signals and generates an energy signal representative of the electrical energy determination. Processor 14 will always generate watthour delivered (Whr Del) and watthour received (Whr Rec) signals, and depending on the type of energy being metered, will generate either volt amp reactive hour delivered (VARhr Del)/volt amp reactive hour received (VARhr Rec) signals or volt amp hour delivered (VAhr Del)/volt amp hour received (VAhr Rec) signals. In the preferred embodiment, each transition on conductors 42–48 (each transition from logic low to logic high and vice versa) is representative of the measurement of a unit of energy. Second processor 16 is connected to first processor 14. As will be explained in greater detail below, processor 16 receives the energy signal(s) and generates an indication signal representative of the energy signal(s).
In relation to the preferred embodiment of meter 10, currents and voltages are sensed using conventional current transformers (CT's) and resistive voltage dividers, respectively. The appropriate multiplication is accomplished in a new integrated circuit, i.e. processor 14. Although described in greater detail in relation to
Meter 10 can be operated as either a demand meter or as a so-called time of use (TOU) meter. It will be recognized that TOU meters are becoming increasingly popular due to the greater differentiation by which electrical energy is billed. For example, electrical energy metered during peak hours will be billed differently than electrical energy billed during non-peak hours. As will be explained in greater detail below, first processor 14 determines units of electrical energy while processor 16, in the TOU mode, qualifies such energy units in relation to the time such units were determined, i.e. the season as well as the time of day.
All indicators and test features are brought out through the face of meter 10, either on LCD 30 or through optical communications port 40. Power supply 20 for the electronics is a switching power supply feeding low voltage linear supply 22. Such an approach allows a wide operating voltage range for meter 10.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the so-called standard meter components and register electronics are for the first time all located on a single printed circuit board (not shown) defined as an electronics assembly. This electronics assembly houses power supplies 20, 22, 24 and 28, resistive dividers 12A–12C for all three phases, the shunt resistor portion of 18A–18C, oscillator 34, processor 14, processor 16, reset circuitry (not shown), EEPROM 35, oscillator 32, optical port components 40, LCD 30, and an option board interface 38. When this assembly is used for demand metering, the billing data is stored in EEPROM 35. This same assembly is used for TOU metering applications by merely utilizing battery 26 and reprogramming the configuration data in EEPROM 35.
Consider now the various components of meter 10 in greater detail. Primary current being metered is sensed using conventional current transformers. It is preferred for the current transformer portion of devices 18A-18C to have tight ratio error and phase shift specifications in order to limit the factors affecting the calibration of the meter to the electronics assembly itself. Such a limitation tends to enhance the ease with which meter 10 may be programmed. The shunt resistor portion of devices 18A–18C are located on the electronics assembly described above and are preferably metal film resistors with a maximum temperature coefficient of 25 ppm/° C.
The phase voltages are brought directly to the electronic assembly where resistive dividers 12A–12C scale these inputs to processor 14. In the preferred embodiment, the electronic components are referenced to the vector sum of each line voltage for three wire delta systems and to earth ground for all other services. Resistive division is used to divide the input voltage so that a very linear voltage with minimal phase shift over a wide dynamic range can be obtained. This in combination with a switching power supply allows the wide voltage operating range to be implemented.
It will be appreciated that energy units are calculated primarily from multiplication of voltage and current. The specific formulae utilized in the preferred embodiment, are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,508, to Munday et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. However, for purposes of
The M37428 microcontroller 16 is a 6502 (a traditional 8 bit microprocessor) derivative with an expanded instruction set for bit test and manipulation. This microcontroller includes substantial functionality including internal LCD drivers (128 quadraplexed segments), 8 kbytes of ROM, 384 bytes of RAM, a full duplex hardware UART, 5 timers, dual clock inputs (32.768 kHz and up to 8 MHz), and a low power operating mode.
During normal operation, processor 16 receives the 4.1472 MHz clock from processor 14 as described above. Such a clock signal translates to a 1.0368 MHz cycle time. Upon power fail, processor 16 shifts to the 32.768 KHz crystal oscillator 32. This allows low power operation with a cycle time of 16.384 kHz. During a power failure, processor 16 keeps track of time by counting seconds and rippling the time forward. Once processor 16 has rippled the time forward, a WIT instruction is executed which places the unit in a mode where only the 32.768 kHz oscillator and the timers are operational. While in this mode a timer is setup to “wake up” processor 16 every 32,768 cycles to count a second.
While power supply 20 can be any known power supply for providing the required direct current power, a preferred form of power supply 20 is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,621, to Munday et al. which is incorporated herein by reference.
Consider now the main operation of processor 16 in relation to
At step 1002, microcontroller 16 performs an initialize operation, wherein the stack pointer is initialized, the internal ram is initialized, the type of liquid crystal display is entered into the display driver portion of microcontroller 16 and timers which require initialization at power up are initialized. It will be noted that the operation of step 1002 does not need to be performed for each power failure occurrence. Following a power failure, microcontroller 16 at step 1004 returns to the main program at the point indicated when the power returns.
Upon initial power up or the return of power after a power failure, microcontroller 16 performs a restore function. At step 1006, microcontroller 16 disables pulses transmitted by processor 14. These pulses are disabled by providing the appropriate signal restore bit. The presence of this bit indicates that a restore operation is occurring and that pulses generated during that time should be ignored. Having set the signal restore bit, microcontroller 16 determines at step 1008 whether the power fail signal is present. If the power fail signal is present, microcontroller 16 jumps to the power fail routine at 1010. In the power fail routine, the output ports of microcontroller 16 are written low unless the restore bit has not been set. If the restore bit has not been set, data in the microcontroller 16 is written to memory.
If the power fail signal is not present, microcontroller 16 displays segments at step 1012. At this time, the segments of the display are illuminated using the phase A potential. It will be recalled that phase A potential is provided to microcontroller 16 from processor 14. At 1014, the UART port and other ports are initialized. At 1016, the power fail interrupts are enabled such that if a falling edge is sensed from output A of processor 14, an interrupt will occur indicating power failure. It will be recalled that processor 14 compares the reference voltage VREF to a divided voltage generated by the power supply 20. Whenever the power supply voltage falls below the reference voltage a power fail condition is occurring.
At step 1018, the downloading of the metering integrated circuit is performed. It will be appreciated that certain tasks performed by microcontroller 16 are time dependent. Such tasks will require a timer interrupt when the time for performing such tasks has arrived.
At 1022, the self-test subroutines are performed. Although no particular self-test subroutine is necessary in order to practice the present invention, such subroutines can include a check to determine if proper display data is present. It is noted that data is stored in relation to class designation and that a value is assigned to each class such that the sum of the class values equals a specified number. If any display data is missing, the condition of the class values for data which is present will not equal the specified sum and an error message will be displayed. Similarly, microcontroller 16 compares the clock signal generated by processor 14 with the clock signal generated by watch crystal 32 in order to determine whether the appropriate relationship exists.
Having completed the self-test subroutines, the ram is re-initialized at 1024. In this re-initialization, certain load constants are cleared from memory. At 1026, various items are scheduled. For example, the display update is scheduled so that as soon as the restore routine is completed, data is retrieved and the display is updated. Similarly, optical communications are scheduled wherein microcontroller 16 determines whether any device present at optical port 40 desires to communicate. Finally, at 1028 a signal is given indicating that the restore routine has been completed. Such a signal can include disabling the signal restore bit. Upon such an occurrence, pulses previously disabled will now be considered valid. Microcontroller 16 now moves into the main routine.
At 1030, microcontroller 16 calls the time of day processing routine. In this routine, microcontroller 16 looks at the one second bit of its internal clock and determines whether the clock needs to be changed. For example, at the beginning and end of Daylight Savings Time, the clock is moved forward and back one hour, respectively. In addition, the time of day processing routine sets the minute change flags and date change flags. As will be appreciated hereinafter, such flags are periodically checked and processes occur if such flags are present.
It will be noted that there are two real time interrupts scheduled in microcontroller 16 which are not shown in
At 1032, microcontroller 16 determines whether a self-reprogram routine is scheduled. If the self-reprogram routine is scheduled, such routine is called at 1034. The self-reprogram typically programs in new utility rates which are stored in advance. Since new rates have been incorporated, it will be necessary to also restart the display. After operation of the self-reprogram routine, microcontroller 16 returns to the main program. If it is determined at 1032 that the self-reprogram routine is not scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1036 whether any day boundary tasks are scheduled. Such a determination is made by determining the time and day and searching to see whether any day tasks are scheduled for that day. If day tasks are scheduled, such tasks are called at 1038. If no day tasks are scheduled, microcontroller 16 next determines at 1040 whether any minute boundary tasks have been scheduled. It will be understood that since time of use switch points occur at minute boundaries, for example, switching from one use period to another, it will be necessary to change data storage locations at such a point. If minute tasks are scheduled, such tasks are called at 1042. If minute boundary tasks have not been scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1044 whether any self-tests have been scheduled. The self-tests are typically scheduled to occur on the day boundary. As indicated previously, such self-tests can include checking the accumulative display data class value to determine whether the sum is equal to a prescribed value. If self-tests are scheduled, such tests are called at 1046. If no self-tests are scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1048 whether any season change billing data copy is scheduled. It will be appreciated that as the seasons change, billing data changes. Consequently, it will be necessary for microcontroller 16 to store energy metered for one season and begin accumulating energy metered for the following season. If a season change billing data copy is scheduled, such routine is called at 1050. If no season change routine is scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1052 whether the self-redemand reset has been scheduled. If the self-redemand reset is scheduled, such routine is called at 1054. This routine requires microcontroller 16 to in effect read itself and store the read value in memory. The self-redemand is then reset. If the self-redemand reset has not been scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1056 whether a season change demand reset has been scheduled. If a season change demand reset is scheduled, such a routine is called at 1058. In such a routine, microcontroller 16 reads itself and resets the demand.
At 1060, microcontroller 16 determines whether button sampling has been scheduled. Button sampling will occur every eight milliseconds. Reference is made to
If no annunciator flash is scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1072 whether optical communication has been scheduled. It will be recalled that every half second microcontroller 16 determines whether any signal has been generated at optical port 40. If a signal has been generated indicating that optical communications is desired, the optical communication routine will be scheduled. If the optical communication routine is scheduled, such routine is called at 1074. This routine causes microcontroller 16 to sample optical port 40 for communications activity. If no optical routine is scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1076 whether processor 14 is signaling an error. If processor 14 is signaling an error, microcontroller 16 at 1078 disables the pulse detection, calls the download routine and after performance of that routine, re-enables the pulse detection. If processor 14 is not signaling any error, microcontroller 16 determines at 1080 whether the download program is scheduled. If the download program is scheduled, the main routine returns to 1078 and thereafter back to the main program.
If the download program has not been scheduled or after the pulse detect has been re-enabled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1082 whether a warmstart is in progress. If a warmstart is in progress, the power fail interrupts are disabled at 1084. The pulse computation routine is called after which the power fail interrupts are re-enabled. It will be noted that in the warmstart, data is zeroed out in order to provide a fresh start for the meter. Consequently, the pulse computation routine performs the necessary calculations for energy previously metered and places that computation in the appropriate point in memory. If a warmstart is not in progress, microcontroller 16 at 1084 updates the remote relays. Typically, the remote relays are contained on a board other than the electronics assembly board.
All data that is considered non-volatile for meter 10, is stored in a 2 kbytes EEPROM 35. This includes configuration data (including the data for memory 76 and memory 80), total kWh, maximum and cumulative demands (Rate A demands in TOU), historic TOU data, cumulative number of demand resets, cumulative number of power outages and the cumulative number of data altering communications. The present billing period TOU data is stored in the RAM contained within processor 16. As long as the microcontroller 16 has adequate power, the RAM contents and real time are maintained and the microcontroller 16 will not be reset (even in a demand register).
LCD 30 allows viewing of the billing and other metering data and statuses. Temperature compensation for LCD 30 is provided in the electronics. Even with this compensation, the meter's operating temperature range and the LCD's 5 volt fluid limits LCD 30 to being triplexed. Hence, the maximum number of segments supported in this design is 96. The display response time will also slow noticeably at temperatures below −30 degrees Celsius. For a more complete description of the generation of a display signal for display 30, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,508, to Munday et al. which is incorporated herein by reference.
The 96 available LCD segments, shown in
Pulse indicators 200–210 are configured as two sets of three, one set for indicating watts and another set for indicating VARhours. Each set has a left arrow, a solid square, and a right arrow. During any test, one of the arrows will be made to blink at the rate microcontroller 16 receives pulses from processor 14 while the square will blink at a lower rate representative of a disk rotation rate and in a fashion which mimics disk rotation. It will be noted that signals necessary to flash indicators 200–210 are generated by processor 16 in energy pulse interrupt routines. The left arrow 200 blinks when energy is received from the metered site and the right arrow 204 blinks when energy is delivered to the metered site. The solid square 202 blinks at a Kh rate equivalent to an electro-mechanical meter of the same form, test amperes, and test voltage. Square 202 blinks regardless of the direction of energy flow. The rate at which square 202 blinks can be generated by dividing the rate at which pulses are provided to processor 16. Consequently, testing can occur at traditional rates (indicative of disk rotation) or can occur at faster rates, thereby reducing test time. Indicators 206–210 operate in a similar fashion, except in relation to apparent reactive energy flow.
These pulse indicators can be detected through the meter cover using the reflective assemblies (such as the Skan-A-Matic C42100) of existing test equipment. As indicated above, the second set of three indicators indicate apparent reactive energy flow and have the tips of arrows 206 and 210 open so that they will not be confused with the watt-hour indicators.
Meter 10 interfaces to the outside world via liquid crystal display 30, optical port 40, or option connector 38. It is envisioned that most utility customers will interface to LCD 30 for testing of the meter, and some utilities will desire an infrared LED, such as LED 112, to test the meter calibration. Traditionally, electronic meters have provided a single light emitting diode (LED) in addition to an optical port to output a watthour pulse. Such designs add cost, decrease reliability and limit test capabilities. The present invention overcomes these limitations by multiplexing the various metering function output signals and pulse rates over optical port 40 alone. Meter 10 echoes the kh value watthour test output on optical port 40 anytime the meter has been manually placed in the test mode (the TEST command button in
Referring now to
Meter 10 also provides the ability to be placed in the test mode and exit from the test mode via an optical port function, preferably with a data command. When in a test mode initiated via optical port 40, the meter will echo metering pulses as defined by the command transmitted on the optical port transmitter. This allows the multiplexing of metering functions or pulse rates over a single LED. In the preferred embodiment, such a multiplexing scheme is a time based multiplexing operation. The meter will listen for further communications commands. Additional commands can change the rate or measured quantity of the test output over optical port 40. The meter will “ACK” any command sent while it is in the test mode and it will “ACK” the exit test mode command. While in an optically initiated test mode, commands other than those mentioned above are processed normally. Because there is the possibility of an echoed pulse confusing the programmer-readers receiver, a command to stop the pulse echo may be desired so communications can proceed uninterrupted. If left in test mode, the usual test mode time out of three demand intervals applies.
The data command identified above is called “Enter Test Mode” and is followed by 1 data byte defined below. The command is acknowledged by processor 16 the same as other communications commands. The command places meter 10 into the standard test mode. While in this mode, communications inter-command timeouts do not apply. Hence, the communications session does not end unless a terminate session command is transmitted or test mode is terminated by any of the normal ways of exiting test mode (pressing the test button, power failure, etc.), including the no activity timeout. Display 30 cycles through the normal test mode display sequence (see the main program at 1044, 1060 and 1064) and button presses perform their normal test mode functions. Transmitting this command multiple times causes the test mode, and its associated timeout counter, to restart after each transmission.
The data byte defines what input pulse line(s) to processor 16 should be multiplexed and echoed over optical port 40. Multiple lines can be set to perform a totalizing function. The definition of each bit in the data byte is as follows:
If no bits are set, the meter stops echoing pulses. This can be used to allow other communications commands to be sent without fear of data collision with the output pulses. While in this mode, other communications commands can be accepted. The test data can be read, the meter can be reprogrammed, the billing data can be reset or a warmstart can be initiated. Since the Total KWH and Maximum Demand information is stored to EEPROM 35, test data is being processed in memory areas and functions such as demand reset and warmstart will operate on the Test Mode data and not the actual billing data. Any subsequent “Enter Test Mode Command” resets the test mode data just as a manual demand reset would in the test mode.
This command also provides the utility with a way to enter the test mode without having to remove the meter cover. This will be beneficial to some utilities.
While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that modification and variations may be made without departing from the principles of the invention as described herein above and set forth in the following claims.