Categories: C=C Bond Formation >
Synthesis of enones
A simple and efficient method converts aldehydes into α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with a two-carbon homologation. Hydroboration of ethoxy acetylene with BH3 • SMe2 generates tris(ethoxyvinyl) borane. Transmetalation with diethylzinc, addition to aldehydes or ketones, and acidic workup affords enals or protected derivatives depending on the workup procedure.
P. Valenta, N. A. Drucker, J. W. Bode, P. J. Walsh, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 2117-2119.
Two optimal catalytic systems for the convenient and fast α-methylenation of aldehydes with aqueous formaldehyde are described that allow short reaction times and afford the methylenated products in good to excellent yields and chemoselectivity.
A. Erkkilä, P. M. Pihko, J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 2538-2541.
The application of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquid [BMIM][NTf2] as solvent enabled clean α-methylenations of carbonyl compounds in a short time and good yields. This ionic liquid was reused without affecting the reaction rates or yields over seven runs.
J. A. Vale, D. F. Zanchetta, P. J. S. Moran, J. A. R. Rodrigues, Synlett, 2009, 75-78.
A sequential nucleophilic addition of lithio-trimethylsilylmethylphosphonate to an acyl fluoride followed by generation of a lithio-β-ketophosphonate by desilylation and a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of an aldehyde took place cleanly in a one-pot operation. Various E- and Z-enones were obtained in high yields with high stereoselectivities by this one-pot procedure.
T. Umezawa, T. Seino, F. Matsuda, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 4206-4209.
Water is an effective medium for the Wittig reaction over a wide range of stabilized ylides and aldehydes including especially substrates with large hydrophobic entities. Despite sometimes poor solubility of the reactants, good yields and high E-selectivities are achieved, and the rate of the reactions in water is unexpectedly accelerated.
A. El-Batta, C. Jiang, W. Zhao, R. Anness, A. L. Cooksy, M. Bergdahl, J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 5244-5259.
Ketone-stabilized phosphonium ylides were allylated with high regioselectivity by primary allylic amines in the presence of 5 mol % Pd(PPh3)4 and 10 mol % B(OH)3. A subsequent one-pot Wittig olefination gave structurally diverse α,β-unsaturated ketones in good to excellent overall yields. Ester- and nitrile-stabilized phosphonium ylides can be converted if B(OH)3 is replaced with TsOH.
X.-T. Ma, Y. Wang, R.-H. Dai, C.-R. Liu, S.-K. Tian, J. Org. Chem., 2013, 78, 11071-11075.
A highly efficient α alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols by the use of a recyclable palladium catalyst has been demonstrated.
M. S. Kwon, N. Kim, S. H. Seo, I. S. Park, R. K. Cheedrala, J. Park, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 42, 6913-6915.
o-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) was found to be highly effective in oxidations adjacent to carbonyl and benzylic functionalities to form either α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds or conjugated aromatic carbonyl systems. Fine-tuning of the reaction conditions allowed remarkably selective transformations within multifunctional substrates.
K. C. Nicolaou, T. Montagnon, P. S. Baran, Y.-L. Zhong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 2245-2258.
A mild oxidation of alkyl enol ethers to enals employs low loadings of a palladium catalyst and tolerates a diverse array of functional groups, while allowing the formation of di-, tri-, and tetrasubtituted olefins. The application of this methodology to intramolecular reactions of alkyl enol ethers containing pendant alcohols provides furan and 2,5-dihydrofuran products.
M. G. Lauer, W. H. Henderson, A. Awad, J. P. Sambuli, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 6000-6003.
(PCy3)2Cl2Ru=CHPh-catalyzed Kharasch additions of trihaloalkanes across olefins provide polyhalogenated adducts, which upon hydrolysis furnish α,β-unsaturated ketones, aldehydes, or γ-hydroxybutenolides. This two-step process represents an overall acylation or carbonylation of an olefin.
B. T. Lee, T. O. Schrader, B. Martin-Matute, C. R. Kauffman, P. Zhang, M. L. Snapper, Tetrahedron, 2004, 60, 7391-7396.
The combination of Mo and cationic Au catalysts dramatically accelerated the rearrangement of diverse propargyl alcohols to yield α,β-unsaturated compounds under mild conditions, and high product yields. A practical application to the highly challenging primary propargyl alcohols and the N-alkynyl amides is achieved.
M. Egi, Y. Yamaguchi, N. Fujiwara, S. Akai, Org. Lett., 2008, 10, 1867-1870.
The use of cationic silver (AgSbF4) as a catalyst for intra- and intermolecular alkyne-carbonyl coupling is described. Intermolecular coupling proceeds stereoselectively to afford trisubstituted enones.
J. U. Rhee, M. J. Krische, Org. Lett., 2005, 7, 2493-2495.
A novel, convenient and stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted E-alkenones has been achieved by InCl3-mediated chemoselective reduction of Baylis-Hillman adducts with NaBH4 as reductant.
B. Das, J. Banerjee, N. Chowdhury, A. Majhi, H. Holla, Synlett, 2006, 1879-1882.
Various α,β-unsaturated ketones were stereoselectively synthesized in high yields by a condensation of alkenyl trichloroacetates with aldehydes using the mild base dibutyltin dimethoxide as a catalyst in the presence of methanol.
A. Yanagisawa, R. Goudu, T. Arai, Org. Lett., 2004, 6, 4281-4283.
A proazaphosphatrane is a very efficient catalyst for Mukaiyama aldol reactions of aldehydes with trimethylsilyl enolates in THF solvent. The reaction conditions are mild and operationally simple, and a variety of aryl functional groups, such as nitro, amino, ester, chloro, trifluorometh yl, bromo, iodo, cyano, and fluoro groups, are tolerated.
V. R. Chintareddy, K. Wadhwa, J. G. Verkade, J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 8118-8132.
Palladium-catalyzed oxygenation of allyl arenes or alkenes produce (E)-alkenyl aldehydes with high yields. Allylic C-H bond cleavages occur under mild conditions during this process. Mechanistic studies show that oxygen source is water.
H. Chen, H. Jiang, C. Cai, J. Dong, W. Fu, Org. Lett., 2011, 13, 992-994.
A Rh(I)-catalyzed propargyl Claisen rearrangement followed by stereoselective hydrogen transfer enables the synthesis of functionalized (E,Z) dienals from propargyl vinyl ethers. Z-Stereochemistry of the first double bond suggests the involvement of a six-membered cyclic intermediate whereas the E-stereochemistry of the second double bond stems from the subsequent protodemetalation step giving an (E,Z)-dienal.
D. V. Vidhani, M. E. Krafft, I. V. Alabugin, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 4462-4465.
Pd(DMSO)2(TFA)2 as a catalyst enables a direct dehydrogenation of cyclohexanones and other cyclic ketones to the corresponding enones, using O2 as the oxidant. α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds are versatile intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds. The substrate scope includes heterocyclic ketones and several natural-product precursors.
T. Diao, S. S. Stahl, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 14566-14569.
A practical and environmentally friendly method for the oxidative rearrangement of five- and six-membered cyclic tertiary allylic alcohols to α,β-unsaturated β-disubstituted ketones by IBX in DMSO is described. Several conventional protecting groups (e.g., Ac, MOM, and TBDPS) are tolerated.
M. Shibuya, S. Ito, M. Takahashi, Y. Iwabuchi, Org. Lett., 2004, 6, 4303-4306.
1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and methyl ketones or terminal aryl alkenes as simple and readily available starting materials can be efficiently converted to unsymmetrical 1,4-enediones under mild reaction conditions using a focusing domino strategy. The reaction allows an operationally simple, straightforward synthesis of various unsymmetrical 1,4-enediones.
M. Gao, Y. Yang, Y.-D. Wu, C. Deng, L.-P. Cao, X.-G. Meng, A.-X. Wu, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 1856-1859.