|The Human Toll|
|What Is Radiation?|
|One Mile from Ground Zero|
|Thermal Radiation and Blast Winds|
|What Does Radiation Do to Living Things?|
|Lethal Radiation Effects|
|Hiroshima and Nagasaki Death Toll|
|Fallout Radiation Skin Burn|
|Thyroid Injury to Children|
|How Radiation Affects Pregnant Women and Children|
|Leukemia in Children|
|"Hibakusha": Those who Survived and How They Survived|
|U.S. Citizens Killed and Erased from History|
|Peace Ambassadors in an Unpeaceful World|
|Children of the Atomic Bomb|
In 1979, thirty-four years after the atomic blast at Hiroshima, Akihiro Takahashi became director of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and one of Japan's most conspicuous "hibakusha" —literally, "those who were bombed." Talking this summer in a basement office at the museum, he divided his life story into three fourteens: the fourteen years before the bomb fell, the fourteen hundred meters he stood from the bomb's hypocenter (distance from the hypocenter is a crucial factor in certification as a hibakusha), and the fourteen hospitalizations he has endured because of radiation-related sickeness. He has delicate features and a very precise way of speaking as he remembers how on that day (as everyone in Hiroshima refers to the date of the bombing), he was burned all over his body. His charred skin sloughed off and hung in long swathes exposing the muscles underneath. Like so many of the surviors, he made his way to the river to try to extinguish his burning flesh. He had no way of knowing then that the physical suffering had only begun
Tsyuo Kataoka, Nagasaki, 1961. Photograph by Shomei Tomatsu
By now such stories are dangerously familiar. Though they have not really been assimilated, they have been dismissed as part of our past.
In Hiroshima, at least 66,000 people were incinerated in an instant, at least 30,000 three days later when we used a second bomb, codenamed "Fat Man" on Nagasaki. Exact casualty figures are impossible to state, because population records turned to ash along with the record-keepers, and radiation caused many deaths long after the actual explosions. Tadatoshi Akiba, a former math professor at Tufts, published an article in 1983 in which he calculated that 200,000 people had died as result of the bomb in Hiroshima by 1950, and another 140,000 in Nagasaki. Nearly all were civilians—only 150 Japanese military were killed.
But the statistic that Americans might be most surprised to learn is that 226,598 officially certified survivors of the atomic bombings are still alive in Japan today. The average age of these witnesses, however, is now seventy-three. Most have been struggling with radiation-related illness for much of their lies, and death will surely have silenced the majority of them by the seventieth anniversary of the bombing in 2015.