Following yesterday’s post, I promised to describe the new evidence that rich countries are happier than poor countries.
The simplest way to make this point is with a chart, using data from the Gallup World Poll. This amazing new dataset contains detailed data on subjective well-being for 132 countries in 2006. (Amazingly, Gallup plans to continue to field this poll every year.)
The key question asks:
“Please imagine a ladder/mountain with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top. Suppose we say that the top of the ladder/mountain represents the best possible life for you and the bottom of the ladder/mountain represents the worst possible life for you. If the top step is 10 and the bottom step is 0, on which step of the ladder/mountain do you feel you personally stand at the present time?”
The following chart simply takes the average levels of satisfaction on this 0-10 scale, and plots it against G.D.P. per capita (note the log scale):
There is an incredibly high correlation between average levels of happiness and average incomes — greater than 0.8. Angus Deaton actually beat us to this finding, and his analysis of these data is worth a close reading, (here).
There’s another striking finding in this graph: the relationship between happiness and log income appears nearly linear.
Thus, a 10 percent rise in income in the United States appears to increase happiness by about as much as a 10 perecent rise in income in Burundi.
Let me add two further comments here:
1. This is an interesting finding, because many had argued that there is a “satiation point” beyond which you just don’t benefit from greater income. Indeed, Richard Layard has argued that “there is no evidence that richer countries are happier than poorer ones — so long as we confine ourselves to countries with incomes over $15,000 per head.”
In fact, the slope appears to get steeper above $15,000!
2. Even so, it is worth noting that a 10 percent rise in income in Burundi requires one-sixtieth as much income as a 10 percent rise in income in the U.S. Thus, even if the slope is three times as steep for rich countries as poor countries (as we estimate), this still means than an extra $100 has about a twenty-times-greater effect on happiness in Burundi than it would in the United States.
Comparisons like this make you think that foreign aid may not be such a bad idea.