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The zones of discrimination for M-Score is as such:
An M-Score of less than -2.22 suggests that the company is not an accounting manipulator.
An M-Score of greater than -2.22 signals that the company is likely an accounting manipulator.
During the past 13 years, the highest Beneish M-Score of TRW Automotive Holdings Corp was -2.19. The lowest was -3.64. And the median was -2.48.
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Z-Score) or business trend (F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of TRW Automotive Holdings Corp for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
|M||=||-4.84||+||0.92 * DSRI||+||0.528 * GMI||+||0.404 * AQI||+||0.892 * SGI||+||0.115 * DEPI|
|=||-4.84||+||0.92 * 0.9096||+||0.528 * 0.9255||+||0.404 * 1.0207||+||0.892 * 1.0422||+||0.115 * 0.9382|
|-||0.172 * SGAI||+||4.679 * TATA||-||0.327 * LVGI|
|-||0.172 * 1.047||+||4.679 * -0.0149||-||0.327 * 0.9511|
|This Year (Sep14) TTM:||Last Year (Sep13) TTM:|
|Accounts Receivable was $2,841 Mil.|
Revenue was 4156 + 4593 + 4442 + 4496 = $17,687 Mil.
Gross Profit was 475 + 567 + 500 + 522 = $2,064 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $5,455 Mil.
Total Assets was $11,986 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $2,489 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $459 Mil.
Selling, General & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $694 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $4,325 Mil.
Long-Term Debt was $1,452 Mil.
Net Income was 189 + 265 + 199 + 363 = $1,016 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 12 + 10 + 10 + -4 = $28 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 207 + 257 + -183 + 886 = $1,167 Mil.
|Accounts Receivable was $2,997 Mil.
Revenue was 4212 + 4514 + 4213 + 4032 = $16,971 Mil.
Gross Profit was 450 + 531 + 427 + 425 = $1,833 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $5,423 Mil.
Total Assets was $11,826 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $2,496 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $427 Mil.
Selling, General & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $636 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $4,683 Mil.
Long-Term Debt was $1,310 Mil.
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
|DSRI||=||(Receivables_t / Revenue_t)||/||(Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1)|
|=||(2841 / 17687)||/||(2997 / 16971)|
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
|=||(GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1)||/||(GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t)|
|=||(567 / 16971)||/||(475 / 17687)|
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
|AQI||=||(1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t)||/||(1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1)|
|=||(1 - (5455 + 2489) / 11986)||/||(1 - (5423 + 2496) / 11826)|
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of sales in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of depreciation in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
|DEPI||=||(Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1))||/||(Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t))|
|=||(427 / (427 + 2496))||/||(459 / (459 + 2489))|
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of SGA expenses in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
|SGAI||=||(SGA_t / Sales_t)||/||(SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1)|
|=||(694 / 17687)||/||(636 / 16971)|
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to total assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase$sgai= in leverage
|LVGI||=||((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t)||/||((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1)|
|=||((1452 + 4325) / 11986)||/||((1310 + 4683) / 11826)|
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
|=||(NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t||-||CashFlowsfromOperations_t)||/||TotalAssets_t|
|=||(1016 - 28||-||1167)||/||11986|
An M-Score of less than -2.22 suggests that the company will not be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -2.22 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
TRW Automotive Holdings Corp has a M-score of -2.63 suggests that the company will not be a manipulator.
Altman Z-Score, Piotroski F-Score, Accounts Receivable, Revenue, Gross Profit, Total Current Assets, Total Assets, Property, Plant and Equipment, Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Selling, General & Admin. Expense, Total Current Liabilities, Long-Term Debt, Net Income, Non Operating Income, Cash Flow from Operations
TRW Automotive Holdings Corp Annual Data
TRW Automotive Holdings Corp Quarterly Data