US 7145415 B2
This invention provides a voltage tunable filter comprising an input connection point, an output connection point, and at least one circuit branch electrically coupled to the input connection point and the output connection point and including a voltage tunable dielectric varactor electrically connected to an inductor. The voltage tunable filter can be one of a low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-stop filter. The varactor can include built-in DC blocking capacitors.
1. A tunable filter comprising:
an input connection point;
an output connection point; and
a first circuit branch electrically coupled to said input connection point and said output and including a voltage tunable dielectric varactor electrically connected to an inductor,
wherein said varactor includes non-tunable built-in DC blocking capacitors.
2. A tunable filter in accordance with
3. A tunable filter in accordance with
BSTO—MgO, BSTO—MgAl2O4, BSTO—CaTiO3, BSTO—MgTiO3, BSTO—MgSrZrTiO6, and combinations thereof.
4. A tunable filter in accordance with
5. A tunable filter in accordance with
an insulating material in said gap.
6. A tunable filter in accordance with
7. A tunable filter in accordance with
8. A tunable filter in accordance with
9. A tunable filter in accordance with
a tunable dielectric thick film;
a tunable dielectric bulk ceramic; and
a tunable dielectric thin film.
10. A tunable filter in accordance with
11. A method of tuning a filter, comprising:
inputting a signal at an input connection point;
outputting a signal at an output connection point; and
coupling a first circuit branch electrically to said input connection point and said output connection point and including a voltage tunable dielectric varactor electrically connected to an inductor,
wherein said varactor includes non-tunable built-in DC blocking capacitors.
12. The method of
13. The method of
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/457,943, entitled, “ELECTRICALLY TUNABLE FILTERS WITH DIELECTRIC VARACTORS” filed Dec. 9, 1999, by Louise C. Sengupta, which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/111,888, filed Dec. 11, 1998.
The present invention relates generally to electronic filters and more particularly to filters that include tunable varactors.
Electronic filters are widely used in radio frequency (RF) and microwave circuits. Tunable filters may significantly improve the performance of the circuits, and simplify the circuits. There are two well-known kinds of analog tunable filters used in RF applications, one is electrically tuned, usually by diode varactor, and the other is mechanically tuned. Mechanically tunable filters have the disadvantages of large size, low speed, and heavy weight. Diode-tuned filters that include conventional semiconductor varactor diodes suffer from low power handling capacity, that is limited by intermodulation of the varactor, which causes signals to be generated at frequencies other than those desired. This intermodulation is caused by the highly non-linear response of conventional semiconductor varactors to voltage control.
Tunable filters for use in radio frequency circuits are well known. Examples of such filters can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,917,387, 5,908,811, 5,877,123, 5,869,429, 5,752,179, 5,496,795 and 5,376,907.
Varactors can be used as tunable capacitors in tunable filters. Common varactors used today are Silicon and GaAs based diodes. The performance of these varactors is defined by the capacitance ratio, Cmax/Cmin, frequency range and figure of merit, or Q factor (1/tan δ) at the specified frequency range. The Q factors for these semiconductor varactors for frequencies up to 2 GHz are usually very good. However, at frequencies above 2 GHz, the Q factors of these varactors degrade rapidly. At 10 GHz the Q factors for these varactors are usually only about 30.
Varactors that utilize a thin film ferroelectric ceramic as a voltage tunable element in combination with a superconducting element have been described. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,640,042 discloses a thin film ferroelectric varactor having a carrier substrate layer, a high temperature superconducting layer deposited on the substrate, a thin film dielectric deposited on the metallic layer, and a plurality of metallic conductive means disposed on the thin film dielectric, which are placed in electrical contact with RF transmission lines in tuning devices. Another tunable capacitor using a ferroelectric element in combination with a superconducting element is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,194.
Commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/419,126, filed Oct. 15, 1999, and titled “Voltage Tunable Varactors And Tunable Devices Including Such Varactors”, discloses voltage tunable varactors that operate at room temperature and various devices that include such varactors. Commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/434,433, filed Nov. 4, 1999, and titled “Ferroelectric Varactor With Built-In DC Blocks” discloses voltage tunable varactors that include built-in DC blocking capacitors. These varactors operate at room temperatures to provide a tunable capacitance.
There is a need for tunable filters that can operate at radio frequencies with reduced intermodulation products and at temperatures above those necessary for superconduction.
This invention provides a voltage tunable filter comprising an input connection, an output connection, and a circuit branch electrically coupled to the input connection and the output connection and including a voltage tunable dielectric varactor electrically connected to an inductor. The voltage tunable filter can be one of a low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-stop filter. The varactor can include built-in DC blocking capacitors.
In the preferred embodiment, the voltage tunable dielectric varactor includes a substrate having a first dielectric constant and having a generally planar surface, a tunable dielectric layer positioned on the generally planar surface of the substrate, with the tunable dielectric layer having a second dielectric constant greater than the first dielectric constant, and first and second electrodes positioned on a surface of the tunable dielectric layer opposite the generally planar surface of the substrate. The first and second electrodes are separated to form a gap therebetween. A bias voltage applied to the electrodes changes the capacitance of the varactor between an input and an output thereof.
The present invention provides radio frequency (RF) electrically tunable filters, tuned by dielectric voltage-variable capacitors. The filters can handle high power with lower intermodulation distortion.
A full understanding of the invention can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
Referring to the drawings,
A controllable voltage source 24 is connected by lines 26 and 28 to electrodes 18 and 20. This voltage source is used to supply a DC bias voltage to the dielectric layer, thereby controlling the permittivity of the layer. The varactor also includes an RF input 30 and an RF output 32. The RF input and output are connected to electrodes 18 and 20, respectively, by soldered or bonded connections.
The varactors may use gap widths of less than 5–50 μm. The thickness of the dielectric layer ranges from about 0.1 μm to about 20 μm. A sealant 34 is positioned within the gap and can be any non-conducting material with a high dielectric breakdown strength to allow the application of high voltage without arcing across the gap. In the preferred embodiment, the sealant can be epoxy or polyurethane.
The length of the gap L can be adjusted by changing the length of the ends 36 and 38 of the electrodes. Variations in the length have a strong effect on the capacitance of the varactor. The gap length will optimized for this parameter. Once the gap width has been selected, the capacitance becomes a linear function of the length L. For a desired capacitance, the length L can be determined experimentally, or through computer simulation.
The thickness of the tunable dielectric layer also has a strong effect on the Cmax/Cmin. The optimum thickness of the ferroelectric layers will be determined by the thickness at which the maximum Cmax/Cmin occurs. The ferroelectric layer of the varactor of
The electrodes may be fabricated in any geometry or shape containing a gap of predetermined width. The required current for manipulation of the capacitance of the varactors disclosed in this invention is typically less than 1 μA. In the preferred embodiment, the electrode material is gold. However, other conductors such as copper, silver or aluminum, may also be used. Gold is resistant to corrosion and can be readily bonded to the RF input and output. Copper provides high conductivity, and would typically be coated with gold for bonding or nickel for soldering. The varactors of
Such varactors operate at room temperature and can have Q factors ranging from about 50 to about 10,000 when operated at frequencies ranging from about 1 GHz to about 40 GHz. The capacitance (in pF) and the loss factor (tan δ) of the varactors measured at 3, 10 and 20 GHz for gap distances of 10 and 20 μm are shown in
Referring to the drawings,
In the preferred embodiment, the substrate 42 is comprised of a material having a relatively low permittivity such as MgO, Alumina, LaAlO3, Sapphire, or a ceramic. For the purposes of this description, a low permittivity is a permittivity of less than about 30. In the preferred embodiment, the tunable dielectric layer 16 is comprised of a material having a permittivity in a range from about 20 to about 2000, and having a tunability in the range from about 10% to about 80% at a bias voltage of about 10 V/μm. The tunable dielectric layer can be comprised of Barium-Strontium Titanate, BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BSTO), where x can range from zero to one, or BSTO-composite ceramics. Examples of such BSTO composites include, but are not limited to: BSTO—MgO, BSTO—MgAl2O4, BSTO—CaTiO3, BSTO—MgTiO3, BSTO—MgSrZrTiO6, and combinations thereof. The dielectric film of the dielectric capacitor may be deposited by screen printer, laser ablation, metal-organic solution deposition, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition techniques. The tunable layer in one preferred embodiment has a dielectric permittivity greater than 100 when subjected to typical DC bias voltages, for example, voltages ranging from about 5 volts to about 300 volts. The gap width must be optimized to increase ratio of the maximum capacitance Cmax to the minimum capacitance Cmin (Cmax/Cmin) and increase the quality factor (Q) of the device. The width of this gap has the most influence on the varactor parameters. The optimal width, g, will be determined by the width at which the device has maximum Cmax/Cmin and minimal loss tangent.
A controllable voltage source 58 is connected by lines 60 and 62 to electrodes 48 and 50. This voltage source is used to supply a DC bias voltage to the dielectric layer, thereby controlling the permittivity of the layer. The varactor assembly further includes first and second non-tunable dielectric layers 64 and 66 positioned adjacent to the generally planar surface of the substrate 42 and on opposite sides of the tunable dielectric layer 46. Electrode 48 extends over a portion of the top surface of non-tunable material 64. Electrode 68 is positioned adjacent a top surface of non-tunable layer 64 such that a gap 70 is formed between electrodes 48 and 68. The combination of electrodes 48 and 68 and non-tunable layer 64 forms a first DC blocking capacitor 72. The varactor assembly also includes an RF input 80 and an RF output 82.
Electrode 74 is positioned adjacent a top surface of non-tunable layer 66 such that a gap 76 is formed between electrodes 50 and 74. The combination of electrodes 50 and 74 and non-tunable layer 66 forms a second DC blocking capacitor 78. The dielectric films of the DC blocking capacitors may be deposited by screen printer, laser ablation, metal-organic solution deposition, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition techniques.
An RF input 80 is connected to electrode 68. An RF output 82 is connected to electrode 74. The RF input and output are connected to electrodes 68 and 74, respectively, by soldered or bonded connections. The non-tunable dielectric layers 64 and 66, in the DC blocking capacitors 72 and 78, are comprised of a high dielectric constant material, such as a BSTO composite. The DC blocking capacitors 72 and 78 are electrically connected in series with the tunable capacitor 84 to isolate the DC bias from the outside of the varactor assembly 40. To increase the capacitance of the two DC blocking capacitors 72 and 78 the electrodes have an interdigital arrangement as shown in
In the preferred embodiments, the varactors may use gap widths of 5–50 μm. The thickness of the tunable dielectric layer ranges from about 0.1 μm to about 20 μm. A sealant can be inserted into the gaps to increase breakdown voltage. The sealant can be any non-conducting material with a high dielectric breakdown strength to allow the application of high voltage without arcing across the gap, for example, epoxy or polyurethane.
This invention utilizes room temperature tunable dielectric the varactors such as those shown in
In the preferred embodiment, with zero bias voltage on the tunable capacitors, capacitors C1 and C7 are 5.6 pF, capacitors C3 and C5 are 0.48 pF, capacitors C2 and C6 are 8.0 pF, capacitor C4 is 13.1 pF, and inductors L1, L2 and L3 are 500 nH. The input and output of the filter are matched to 50 Ω.
The lumped element filter in the present invention may be designed by Bessel, Butterworth, Chebyshev, Elliptical or other methods. Examples of band-pass, low pass, high pass and band stop filters have been presented. Dielectric varactors with built-in DC blocks can be used in the filter as the tunable elements. By utilizing low loss (tan δ<0.02) dielectrics of predetermined dimensions, the varactors of
The dielectric varactors of
In the preferred embodiment, varactors using dielectric materials can work at much higher capacitance values than conventional diode varactors. This allows the construction of compact electronically tunable filters using lumped element capacitors with performances that are not possible with conventional varactors. A low loss, highly tunable dielectric varactor with or without built-in DC blocks may be used in the present invention, the built-in DC block dielectric varactor may reduce DC block insertion loss, and make it easier to use in the filter design. In addition, the tunable dielectric varactors of this invention have increased RF power handling capability and reduced power consumption and cost.
Accordingly the present invention, by utilizing dielectric varactors, provides high performance electrically tunable filters that operate in the RF frequency range. This invention has many practical applications and many other modifications of the disclosed devices may be obvious to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. While the present invention has been described in terms of what are at present its preferred embodiments, various modifications of such embodiments can be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined by the claims.