Spring is Fireball Season
March 31, 2011: What are the signs of spring? They are as familiar as a blooming Daffodil, a songbird at dawn, a surprising shaft of warmth from the afternoon sun.
And, oh yes, don't forget the meteors.
"Spring is fireball season," says Bill Cooke of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Center. "For reasons we don't fully understand, the rate of bright meteors climbs during the weeks around the vernal equinox."
In other seasons, a person willing to watch the sky from dusk to dawn could expect to see around 10 random or "sporadic" fireballs. A fireball is a meteor brighter than the planet Venus. Earth is bombarded by them as our planet plows through the jetsam and flotsam of space--i.e., fragments of broken asteroids and decaying comets that litter the inner solar system.
In spring, fireballs are more abundant. Their nightly rate mysteriously climbs 10% to 30%.
"We've known about this phenomenon for more than 30 years," says Cooke. "It's not only fireballs that are affected. Meteorite falls--space rocks that actually hit the ground--are more common in spring as well1."
Researchers who study Earth's meteoroid environment have never come up with a satisfactory explanation for the extra fireballs. In fact, the more they think about it, the stranger it gets.
Consider the following:
There is a point in the heavens called the "apex of Earth's way." It is, simply, the direction our planet is traveling. As Earth circles the sun, the apex circles the heavens, completing one trip through the Zodiac every year.
The apex is significant because it is where sporadic meteors are supposed to come from. If Earth were a car, the apex would be the front windshield. When a car drives down a country road, insects accumulate on the glass up front. Ditto for meteoroids swept up by Earth.
Every autumn, the apex climbs to its highest point in the night sky. At that time, sporadic meteors of ordinary brightness are seen in abundance, sometimes dozens per night.
Read that again: Every autumn.
"Autumn is the season for sporadic meteors," says Cooke. "So why are the sporadic fireballs peaking in spring? That is the mystery."
Meteoroid expert Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario notes that "some researchers think there might be an intrinsic variation in the meteoroid population along Earth's orbit, with a peak in big fireball-producing debris around spring and early summer. We probably won't know the answer until we learn more about their orbits2."
To solve this and other puzzles, Cooke is setting up a network of smart meteor cameras around the country to photograph fireballs and triangulate their orbits. As explained in the Science@NASA story What's Hitting Earth?, he's looking for places to put his cameras; educators are encouraged to get involved. Networked observations of spring fireballs could ultimately reveal their origin.
"It might take a few years to collect enough data," he cautions.
Until then, it's a beautiful mystery. Go out and enjoy the night sky. It is spring, after all.
See the ScienceCast of this story on YouTube at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssMdlTbvHJk
Author: Dr. Tony Phillips | Credit: Science@NASA
NASA's All-Sky Fireball Network -- check this website to view last night's fireballs
(1) A Study on the Relative Rates of Meteorite Falls on Earth's Surface -- by Ian Halliday and Arthur A. Griffin, Meteoritics, Vol. 17, No. 1, March 31, 1982
(2) Peter Brown notes that the antapex of Earth's way is highest in spring. The antapex is the opposite of the apex. It is the direction Earth is heading away from. Could the sporadic fireballs be coming from the antapex? "There's no evidence for an antapex source of fireballs. Precise details are still unclear, however, in part due to lack of fireball data from different latitudes."