episomes...bacteria in which they occur. Episomes may be attached to the bacterial cell membrane (such a cell is designated F +) or become integrated into the chromosome (such a cell is designated Hfr). F + and Hfr cells act as donors during conjugation, a mating process in certain bacteria ( e.g., Escherichia, Salmonella, Serratia, Pseudomonas). During conjugation, cells...
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