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Perinatal Journal • Vol: 16, Issue: 1/April 2008 9 e-Address: http://www.perinataldergi.com/20080161002 Maternal Mortality Rate in the University Hospital Ahmet Yal›nkaya, Y›lmaz Özcan, Zozan Kaya, Zelal Savaﬂ, Mahmut Erdemo¤lu Dicle University Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Diyarbak›r Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the maternal mortality rate in our university hospital. Methods: This study was designed prospectively for October 2001 to December 2005 in Dicle University School of Medicine Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The patients data were recorded when the mothers died related to pregnancy in our clin- ic and the other clinics. The patients age, gestational age, causes of mortality, dying clinics and therapies were determined. The gen- eral condition of patients was evaluated when they arrived in our hospital. The type of medications, surgical treatments, and causes of maternal mortality were evaluated. Results: For four years and three months period, 88 mothers were died due to their pregnancy complications. Approximately 8000 deliveries occurred during this period, and maternal mortality rate (MMR) was found as 1100 in 100.000. Average maternal age was 30.46±7.13 (18-47), gravida 4.73±3.71 (1-20), parity 3.84±3.62 (0-18). 49 (56.68%) mothers died in our clinic and the others died in different clinics. 80 (90.90%) patients were uneducated, and only one patient graduated from university and died from intracra- nial hemorrhage, and 7 mothers were lower educated. The most causes of mortality were postoperative and postpartum hemor- rhage, intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis, hepatic failure, pulmonary embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Conclusion: Maternal mortality rate is the primary health problem in our hospital, and this situation reflects to high mortality rate in our region. Many causes can contribute for these high results; such as lower socio-economic situation, insufficient antenatal care, high parity, religion and traditional factors and illiterate women. Keywords: Maternal mortality rate. Üniversite hastanemizde maternal mortalite oran› Amaç: Bu çal›ﬂman›n amac› üniversite hastanemizin maternal mortalite oran›n› belirlemektir. Yöntem: Bu çal›ﬂma Ekim 2001 ile Aral›k 2005 y›llar› aras›nda Dicle Üniversitesi T›p Fakültesi Kad›n Hastal›klar› ve Do¤um Anabilim Dal›nda prospektif olarak yap›ld›. Hasta bilgileri klini¤imizde ve di¤er kliniklerde gebelik nedeniyle ölen kad›nlar›n kay›t edilmesi ile oluﬂturuldu. Hastalar›n yaﬂlar›, gebelik yaﬂlar›, mortalite nedenleri, öldü¤ü klinikler ve tedavileri de¤erlendirildi. Hastalar klini¤imize vard›¤›nda genel durumlar› de¤erlendirildi. Medikal tedavi ﬂekilleri, cerrahi tedavileri ve maternal mortalite nedenleri irdelendi. Bulgular: Dört y›l ve üç ayl›k sürede 88 anne gebelik komplikasyonlar› nedeniyle öldü. Bu dönem içinde yaklaﬂ›k 8000 do¤um oldu ve maternal mortalite oran› (MMR) 1100/100.000 olarak bulundu. Ortalama maternal yaﬂ 30.46±7.13 (18-47), gravida 4.73±3.71 (1- 20), parite 3.84±3.62 (0-18) olarak bulundu. Annelerin 49’u (%56.68) klini¤imizde, di¤erleri di¤er servislerde öldü. Hastalar›n 80’i (%90.90) okuryazar de¤ildi ve sadece bir kad›n üniversite mezunu, di¤er 7’si ise düﬂük e¤itim düzeyine sahiptiler. Maternal mortali- tenin en s›k nedenleri postoperatif ve postpartum kanama, intrakranial kanama, sepsis, karaci¤er yetmezli¤i, pulmoner embolizm ve disemine intravasküler koagulasyon idi. Sonuç: Maternal mortalite hastanemizin primer problemidir ve bu durum bölgemizde mortalitenin yüksek oldu¤unu yans›tmaktad›r. Bu yüksek orana düﬂük sosyoekonomik durum, yetersiz antenatal bak›m, yüksek parite, dinsel ve geleneksel nedenler ve cahillik gibi pek çok neden katk›da bulunmaktad›r. Anahtar Sözcükler: Maternal mortalite oran›. Correspondence: Ahmet Yal›nkaya, Dicle Üniversitesi T›p Fakültesi, Kad›n Hastal›klar› ve Do¤um Anabilim Dal›, Diyarbak›r e-mail: email@example.com 10 Yal›nkaya A ve et al. Maternal Mortality Rate in the University Hospital Introduction such as antibiotics, surgery, and transportation to Each year more than 500.000 women die dur- medical centers are unavailable to many women, ing pregnancy worldwide. The vast majority of especially in rural areas. These women may lack these deaths occur in developing countries. the money for health care and transport, or they According to the World Health Organization, may simply lack their husbands’ permission to 55% of maternal deaths occur in Asia, 40% occur seek care.5 in Africa, and only 1% occur in developed coun- The following risk factors can increase mater- tries. The contrast between countries is stark. nal mortality rate: Maternal mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa • Poor or lack of antenatal care more than 2.5 times those in Asia, which are in • Illiteracy among pregnant women turn more than 20 times those in developed • High parity countries. Effective interventions to reduce • Delay in referral from peripheral units maternal deaths exist, but they are not available to people living in the poorest parts of the world. • Lack of family planning programmes The World health report 2005 provides a power- • Anemia ful analysis of the global scandal of mothers' and • Harmful traditional medical beliefs and prac- children's ill-health. Every year, over half a mil- tices lion women die from pregnancy-related causes • Inadequate facilities to deal with obstetric and over 10 million children die under five years emergencies of age. These deaths are largely preventable. The • Deteriorating economies report correctly identifies the causes as lying pri- • Gender violence marily in failures within health systems to pro- vide appropriate frameworks and resources to • Pregnant women age >40, parity >5 deliver the technical interventions, and in broad- • Civil war.6 er social and cultural factors. The high rates of maternal mortality throughout much of the Methods developing world are the result of serious This study was performed during four years neglect of women’s reproductive health, particu- and three months period, and pointed out to larly for the poorest women, as well as ineffec- maternal mortality rate (MMR) in our hospital. tive interventions.1-3 We prospectively recorded the data related to Greater access to family planning can help maternal mortality in our clinic and the other reduce the maternal mortality rate by reducing clinics in our hospital between October 2001 the number of pregnancies. In addition to con- and December 2005 in Diyarbakir. The data of traception, women need access to a broad range women who died out of our clinic were collect- of services. The primary means of preventing ed as possible as from the patient relatives, clinic maternal deaths is to provide rapid access to doctors and patient record files. The characteris- emergency obstetrical care, including treatment tics of patients who died during their pregnancy, of hemorrhages, infections, hypertension, and such as maternal age, gravida, parity, abortion obstructed labor. It is also important to ensure and live child, gestational age, direct and indirect that a midwife, or doctor is present at every deliv- causes of death, dying clinics, the first crucial ery.4 In developing countries only about half of medical and surgical interventions and following deliveries are attended by professional health approach, mean elapsed time, general condition staff. Skilled attendants must be supported by during arrived, pregnancy complications and the right environment. Life-saving interventions maternal mortality were evaluated. The first diag- Perinatal Journal • Vol: 16, Issue: 1/April 2008 11 nosis of patients and causes of mortality were Table 1. The first diagnosis of the patients who died evaluated with clinical and laboratory results. from complicated pregnancy. The autopsy was not performed in all dying The patient’s diagnosis n=88 % women, because of their families refused. Eclampsia 26 29.54 Preeclampsia 18 20.45 Postoperative hemorrhage 10 11.36 Results Postpartum hemorrhage 8 9.09 Intrauterine mort fetus (IUMF) 7 7.95 For four years and three months period, 88 Maternal infection or sepsis 7 7.95 mothers were died due to their pregnancy com- Pulmonary embolism pulmonary embolism or failure 4 4.54 plications. During this period, approximately Maternal trauma 3 3.40 8000 deliveries were occurred, and maternal Plasenta dekolman› 3 3.40 Bilateral ovarian mass (lenfoma) 1 1.13 mortality rate (MMR) was found as 1100 in Neurofibromatozis 1 100.000 in our hospital. Average maternal age was 30.46±7.13 (18-47), gravida 4.73±3.71 (1- 20), parity 3.84±3.62 (0-18). 49 (56.68%) moth- The maternal mortality of 83 (94.13%) ers died in our clinic and the others in different patients was complicated with direct and 5 clinics. 80 (90.90%) patients were uneducated, (5.68%) patients (trauma 3, lymphoma 1 and and only one patient graduated from university neurofibromatosis 1) with indirect causes. The and died from intracranial hemorrhage, and 7 main cause (over half of patients) of maternal mothers were lower educated. The most diag- death was complicated with hypertensive disor- nosis of patients were eclampsia 26 (29.54%), ders (preeclampsia and eclampsia). preeclampsia 18 (20.45%), postoperative hem- orrhage 10 (11.36%), IUMF 7 (7.95%), postpar- The most causes of mortality were postop- tum hemorrhage 6 (6.81%) and the others 21 erative and postpartum hemorrhage, intracra- (23.86), respectively (Table 1). nial hemorrhage, sepsis, hepatic failure, pul- Table 2. The causes of maternal mortality. The causes n=88 % Uterine hemorrhage (prepartum, postpartum and postoperative) 20 22.72 Intracranial hemorrhage 18 20.45 Pulmonary embolism and edema 10 11.36 Maternal sepsis 9 10.22 Hepatic failure 7 7.95 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 5 5.68 Eclampsia complicated multi organs system failure 4 4.54 Disseminated intravascular coagulation + acute renal failure 3 3.40 Eclampsia + HELLP syndrome 3 3.40 Acute renal failure 1 1.13 Anesthetic intoxication 1 Cerebral embolism 1 Jugular vein catheter complication (hemorrhage) 1 Meningoencephalitis 1 Eclampsia complicated hepatic rupture 1 Lymphoma +spontaneous bowel perforation and sepsis 1 Postoperative (after cesarean section) bowel necrosis 1 Multiple organs injuries (traffic accident) *AD: anlaml› de¤il (p< 0.05 istatistiksel olarak anlaml› kabul edilmiﬂtir). 12 Yal›nkaya A ve et al. Maternal Mortality Rate in the University Hospital monary embolism and disseminated intravas- the two highest social classes.6,7 Maternal mor- cular coagulation (Table 2). 43 patients who tality ratios vary from country to country, are delivered in our clinic average gestational age high in the developing countries and lower in was found 29.88±6.08, and the other patients the developed countries. The causes and risk delivered before referring to our hospital. 60 factors of maternal deaths are many and vari- (68.18%) patients were in bad condition, 15 able. With the exception of developed coun- (17.04%) moderate when they arrived in our tries, variability of national maternal mortality hospital, and 23 (26.13%) patients were died in estimates is large even within subregions. Most the first 24 hours. Average gestational age was of the estimates from developing countries 29.88±6.08 in undelivered patients, and the come from surveys, and the inherent methodol- other patients delivered before arriving. ogy entails certain study characteristics that are Twenty three (26.13%) patients died in the first consistently different from estimates derived 24 hours, and because of shock arterial blood from vital registration, the established method pressure could not be measured in 10 patients. in developed countries (e.g. sampling method, 43 patients who delivered in our clinic, cesare- information on non-respondents or complete- an section were performed in 14 and others ness of records, definition of maternal death).6 delivered vaginally. Total cesarean section was The maternal mortality rate (MMR) is still performed in 41 (46.59%) patients, vaginal unknown in our region, so we could not delivery 21 (23.86%), undelivered 15 (17.45%), receive any data about MMR in the official no data 10 (11.36%) and septic abortion in 1 records in our city, because of not having vital (1.13%) patient, respectively. registration system. Due to lack of data records Total abdominal hysterectomy had been in the hospitals and lower health care, the real performed in five patients before referring to MMR is unknown. Maternal mortality is the pri- our hospital, and totally, hysterectomy was per- mary health problem in our hospital, and this formed in 12 (13.63%) patients due to hemor- situation reflects to high mortality rate in our rhage; after vaginal delivery 5, after cesarean region. Approximately two mothers have died section 4, and cesarean hysterectomy (PORRO’s in each month in our hospital. Bozkurt et al.9 operation) 3 patients, respectively. Bilateral were found the maternal mortality rate hypogastric arteries were ligated in 4 patients 143.4/100 000 in their study, but this result is during hysterectomy. too different from our findings. Many causes can contribute for these high Discussion results; such as deteriorating of socio-economic Over 500.000 women die each year world- situations, lower income, absence of health wide because of the complications of pregnan- assurance, poor and lack of antenatal care, high cy and childbirth. Most of these deaths occur parity, religion and traditional factors, illiterate among young, poor mothers in developing and lack of family planning. Unfortunately, this countries in Asia and Africa. A woman living in study is indicated that most of causes of mater- eastern, middle or western Africa is 75 to 100 nal mortality are preventable by basic health times more likely to die when she becomes care, such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, hyper- pregnant than a woman who lives in western tension, hemorrhage and infection, but most of Europe. And the other hand, women in the women who died have not benefited from most disadvantaged groups of society are near- health care during antenatal period. Lack of ly 20 times more likely to die from causes relat- antenatal care, none hygienic conditions, delay ed to pregnancy and childbirth than women in in referral from peripheral units, inadequate Perinatal Journal • Vol: 16, Issue: 1/April 2008 13 facilities to deal with obstetric emergencies and References insufficient interventions are primary causes of 1. World Health Organization. The world health report 2005: make every mother and child count. Geneva- increasing maternal mortality rate. WHO; 2005. Despite of the higher maternal mortality 2. Goodrum LA. Maternal Mortality: Strategies in Preventi- rate does not reflect the real maternal mortality on and Care. http://www.turner-white.com/pdf/hp_ rate in our hospital, city or the region, however jan01_fetal.pdf2001 we think that maternal mortality rate in our 3. Adam T, Lim SS, Mehta S, Bhutta ZA, Fogstad H, Mathai region is still too higher. Our hospital is a ter- M, et al. Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for maternal and neonatal health in developing countries. tiary center; many complicated patients have BMJ 2005; 12; 331: 1107. been referring to us. This situation can cause 4. World Health Organization (Department of Reproducti- our higher rate, additionally; many mothers ve Health and Research) Maternal mortality in 2000: es- have been dying outside of our hospital, in pri- timates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA. Geneva- mary and secondary centers, at home and on WHO; 2004. the way even during transferring. We think that 5. Takrouri MSM. Reproductive Health: The issues of ma- ternal morbidity and mortality. Internet J Health 2004; all of mothers have not been recorded in our Volume 3, Number 2. database, when they died except of our clinic, 6. Mohamed AN. Maternal mortality. http://www.gfmer.ch because we had not been informed for all of /Endo/Course2003/Maternal_mortality.htm. Geneva, died mothers, and their data were collected by April 2003. our special efforts from different clinics. 7. Sadeghi-Hassanabadi A, Keshavarz H, Setoudeh-Maram E, Sarraf Z. Prevalence of reproductive morbidity among women of the Qashqa'i tribe, Islamic Republic Conclusion of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 1998; 4: 312-8. The maternal mortality rate in our region is 8 Mayor S. Poorest women 20 times more likely to die in exactly unknown, however it is still a major childbirth. BMJ 2001; 323: 1324. tragedy. Therefore, we want to point out this 9. Bozkurt T, Özyüncü Ö, Ayhan A. Maternal Mortality Ra- serious problem as the mothers should not be tes at Hacettepe University Hospital Turkey. J Turkish- dying from preventable causes. German Gynecol Assoc 2006; 7; 206-9.
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