Eugene Merle Shoemaker
|Eugene Merle Shoemaker|
Eugene Shoemaker at a stereoscopic microscope
|Born||April 28, 1928
|Died||July 18, 1997
Alice Springs, Australia
|Alma mater||California Institute of Technology
|Known for||Planetary science
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
|Notable awards||Barringer Medal (1984)
National Medal of Science (1992)
William Bowie Medal (1996)
James Craig Watson Medal (1998)
Eugene Merle Shoemaker (April 28, 1928 – July 18, 1997), also known as Gene Shoemaker, was an American geologist and one of the founders of the field of planetary science. He is best known for co-discovering the Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with his wife Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy.
Shoemaker was born in Los Angeles, the son of Muriel May (née Scott), a teacher, and George Estel Shoemaker, who worked in farming, business, teaching, and motion pictures. His parents were from Nebraska.
Astrogeology and Apollo
For his Ph.D. degree at Princeton (1960), Shoemaker studied the impact dynamics of Barringer Meteor Crater, located near Winslow, Arizona. To understand the dynamics, Shoemaker inspected craters that remained after underground atomic bomb tests at the Nevada Test Site at Yucca Flats. He found a ring of ejected material that included shocked quartz (coesite), a form of quartz that has a microscopically unique structure caused by intense pressure.
Shoemaker helped pioneer the field of astrogeology by founding the Astrogeology Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1961 at Flagstaff, Arizona and he was its first director. He was prominently involved in the Lunar Ranger missions to the Moon, which showed that the Moon was covered with a wide size range of impact craters. Shoemaker was also involved in the training of the American astronauts. He himself was a possible candidate for an Apollo Moon flight and was set to be the first geologist to walk on the Moon but was disqualified due to being diagnosed with Addison's disease, a disorder of the adrenal gland. Shoemaker would train astronauts during field trips to Meteor Crater and Sunset Crater near Flagstaff. He was a CBS News television commentator on the early Apollo missions, especially the Apollo 8 and Apollo 11 missions, appearing with Walter Cronkite during live coverage of those flights.
Coming to Caltech in 1969, he started a systematic search for Earth orbit-crossing asteroids, which resulted in the discovery of several families of such asteroids, including the Apollo asteroids. Shoemaker advanced the idea that sudden geologic changes can arise from asteroid strikes and that asteroid strikes are common over geologic time periods. Previously, astroblemes were thought to be remnants of extinct volcanoes – even on the Moon.
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
Shoemaker received the Barringer Medal in 1984 and a National Medal of Science in 1992. In 1993, he co-discovered Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 using the 18" Schmidt camera at Palomar Observatory. This comet was unique in that it provided the first opportunity for scientists to observe the planetary impact of a comet. Shoemaker–Levy 9 collided with Jupiter in 1994. The resulting impact caused a massive "scar" on the face of Jupiter. Most scientists at the time were dubious of whether there would even be any evident markings on the planet.
Shoemaker spent much of his later years searching for and finding several previously unnoticed or undiscovered impact craters around the world. Shoemaker died on July 18, 1997 during one such expedition following a head on car accident while on the Tanami Road northwest of Alice Springs, Australia. His vehicle and another were thought to be using the center, relatively smooth part of a heavily rutted, unimproved road. On seeing Shoemaker approaching, the driver of the other vehicle pulled hard to his left, and had Shoemaker done the same, the vehicles likely would have passed each other. But Shoemaker, as an American accustomed to driving on the right side of the road, instinctively pulled hard to his right and so directly into the path of the other vehicle. A head-on collision in which Shoemaker's vehicle was traveling at 80 km/hr and the approaching vehicle at 50 km/hr ensued in which Shoemaker was killed instantly and his wife severely injured.
On July 31, 1999, some of his ashes were carried to the Moon by the Lunar Prospector space probe in a capsule designed by Carolyn Porco. To date, he is the only person whose ashes have been buried on the Moon.
- "And, when he shall die
Take him and cut him out in little stars
And he will make the face of heaven so fine
That all the world will be in love with night
And pay no worship to the garish sun."
The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous space probe was renamed "NEAR Shoemaker" in his honor. It arrived at asteroid 433 Eros in February 2000, and landed on the asteroid after a year of orbital study. He was previously honored with the asteroid 2074 Shoemaker, discovered and named by his colleague Eleanor F. Helin.
- Farley, K. A.; Montanari, A.; Shoemaker, E. M.; Shoemaker, C. S. (1998), "Geochemical evidence for a comet shower in the late Eocene", Science (May 22, 1998) 280 (5367): 1250–1253, Bibcode:1998Sci...280.1250F, doi:10.1126/science.280.5367.1250, PMID 9596575
- Nozette, S. D.; Lichtenberg, C. L.; Spudis, P. D.; Bonner, R.; Ort, W.; Malaret, E.; Robinson, M. S.; Shoemaker, E. M. (1996), "The Clementine bistatic radar experiment", Science (Nov 29, 1996) 274 (5292): 1495–1498, Bibcode:1996Sci...274.1495N, doi:10.1126/science.274.5292.1495, PMID 8929403
- Shoemaker, E. M.; Robinson, M. S.; Eliason, E. M. (1994), "The South Pole Region of the Moon as Seen by Clementine", Science (Dec 16, 1994) 266 (5192): 1851–1854, Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1851S, doi:10.1126/science.266.5192.1851, PMID 17737080
- Nozette, S. D.; Rustan, P. L.; Pleasance, L. D.; Kordas, J. F.; Lewis, I. T.; Park, H. S.; Priest, R. E.; Horan, D. M. et al. (1994), "The Clementine Mission to the Moon: Scientific Overview", Science (Dec 16, 1994) 266 (5192): 1835–1839, Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1835N, doi:10.1126/science.266.5192.1835, PMID 17737076
- Weaver, H. A.; Feldman, P. D.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Arpigny, C.; Brown, R. A.; Helin, E. F.; Levy, D. H.; Marsden, B. G. et al. (1994), "Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Comet P/Shoemaker–Levy 9 (1993e)", Science (Feb 11, 1994) 263 (5148): 787–791, Bibcode:1994Sci...263..787W, doi:10.1126/science.263.5148.787, PMID 17770832
- Soderblom, L. A.; Kieffer, S. W.; Becker, T. L.; Brown, R. H.; Cook, A. F. 2nd; Hansen, C. J.; Johnson, T. V.; Kirk, R. L.; Shoemaker, E. M. (1990), "Triton's Geyser-Like Plumes: Discovery and Basic Characterization", Science (Oct 19, 1990) 250 (4979): 410–415, Bibcode:1990Sci...250..410S, doi:10.1126/science.250.4979.410, PMID 17793016
- Kring, D.A., (2007) "Guidebook to the Geology of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona (a.k.a. Meteor Crater)". Lunar and Planetary Institute contribution No. 1355
- Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Banfield, D.; Barnet, C. D.; Basilevsky, A. T.; Beebe, R. F.; Bollinger, K.; Boyce, J. M. et al. (1989), "Voyager 2 at Neptune: Imaging Science Results", Science (Dec 15, 1989) 246 (4936): 1422–1449, Bibcode:1989Sci...246.1422S, doi:10.1126/science.246.4936.1422, PMID 17755997
- Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Beebe, A.; Bliss, D.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A.; Briggs, G. A.; Brown, R. H.; Collins, S. A. (4 July 1986). "Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results". Science 233 (4759): 43–64. Bibcode:1986Sci...233...43S. doi:10.1126/science.233.4759.43. PMID 17812889.
- Cook, A. F.; Shoemaker, E. M.; Smith, B. A.; Danielson, G. E.; Johnson, T. V.; Synnott, S. P. (1981), "Volcanic Origin of the Eruptive Plumes on Io", Science (Mar 27, 1981) 211 (4489): 1419–1422, Bibcode:1981Sci...211.1419C, doi:10.1126/science.211.4489.1419, PMID 17731183
- Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Beebe, R. F.; Boyce, J. M.; Briggs, G. A.; Carr, M. H.; Collins, S. A.; Cook, A. F. 2nd et al. (1979), "The Galilean Satellites and Jupiter: Voyager 2 Imaging Science Results", Science (Nov 23, 1979) 206 (4421): 927–950, Bibcode:1979Sci...206..927S, doi:10.1126/science.206.4421.927, PMID 17733910
- Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Johnson, T. V.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Collins, S. A.; Shoemaker, E. M.; Hunt, G. E.; Masursky, H. et al. (1979), "The Jupiter System Through the Eyes of Voyager 1", Science (Jun 1, 1979) 204 (4396): 951–972, Bibcode:1979Sci...204..951S, doi:10.1126/science.204.4396.951, PMID 17800430
- Shoemaker, E. M.; Hait, M. H.; Swann, G. A.; Schleicher, D. L.; Dahlem, D. H.; Schaber, G. G.; Sutton, R. L. (1970), "Lunar Regolith at Tranquillity Base", Science (Jan 30, 1970) 167 (3918): 452–455, Bibcode:1970Sci...167..452S, doi:10.1126/science.167.3918.452, PMID 17781449
- Shoemaker, E. M.; Batson, R. M.; Holt, H. E.; Morris, E. C.; Rennilson, J. J.; Whitaker, E. A. (1967), "Surveyor V: Television Pictures", Science (Nov 3, 1967) 158 (3801): 642–652, Bibcode:1967Sci...158..642S, doi:10.1126/science.158.3801.642, PMID 17732959
- Gault, D. E.; Adams, J. B.; Collins, R. J.; Green, J.; Kuiper, G. P.; Mazursky, H.; O'Keefe, J. A.; Phinney, R. A.; Shoemaker, E. M. (1967), "Surveyor V: Discussion of Chemical Analysis", Science (Nov 3, 1967) 158 (3801): 641–642, Bibcode:1967Sci...158..641G, doi:10.1126/science.158.3801.641, PMID 17732958
- Chao, E. C. T.; Shoemaker, E. M.; Madsen, B. M. (1960), "First Natural Occurrence of Coesite", Science (Jul 22, 1960) 132 (3421): 220–222, Bibcode:1960Sci...132..220C, doi:10.1126/science.132.3421.220, PMID 17748937
- USGS Astrogeology: Astronaut Training
- Graham, Rex (May 1998). "Making an exceptional impact. (planetary scientists Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker)". Astronomy (Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Co.): 36. ISSN 0091-6358. Retrieved 2013-02-12. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
- Coroner's Report
- Porco, Carolyn. "The Eugene M. Shoemaker Tribute". Diamond Sky Productions. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- Porco, Carolyn C. (February 2000). "Destination Moon". Astronomy. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- SPACE.com — Fly Me to the Moon ... Forever
- NASA.gov - Eugene Shoemaker Ashes Carried on Lunar Prospector
- Asteroids: Deadly Impact National Geographic videos
- USGS page about Gene Shoemaker
- NASA page about Gene Shoemaker