An important class of crystalA solid with a regular polyhedral shape; for example, in sodium chloride (table salt) the crystal faces are all at 90° angles. A solid in which the atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in a regular, repeating lattice structure. structures is found in many metals and also in the solidified noble gases where the atomsThe smallest particle of an element that can be involved in chemical combination with another element; an atom consists of protons and neutrons in a tiny, very dense nucleus, surrounded by electrons, which occupy most of its volume. (which are all the same) are packed together as closely as possible. Most of us are familiar with the process of packing spheres together, either from playing with marbles or BB’s as children or from trying to stack oranges or other round fruit into a pyramid. On a level surface we can easily arrange a collection of spheres of the same size into a very compact hexagonal layer in which each sphere is touching six of its fellows, as seen Figure 1. Then we can add a second layer so that each added sphere snuggles into a depression between three spheres in the layer below. Within this second layer each sphere also contacts six neighbors, and the layer is identical to the first one. It appears that we can add layer after layer indefinitely, or until we run out of spheres. Each sphere will be touching twelve of its fellows since it is surrounded by six in the same plane and nestles among three in the plane above and three in the plane below. We say that each sphere has a coordination numberThe number of atoms to which a particular atom is bonded; in a coordination complex, the number of positions where ligands are attached to the central metal; in a ionic compound, the number of ions of opposite charge surrounding an ion. of 12. It is impossible to make any other structure with a larger coordination number, that is, to pack more spheres within a given volume. Accordingly the structure just described is often referred to as a closest-packed structure.
There is a rather subtle complication about our description of closest packing—it actually fits more than one structure. There are two distinct ways of adding a third layer to the two shown. These are illustrated in Figure 2.
In part a of Figure 2 the first layer of spheres has been labeled A and the B to indicate that spheres in the second layer are not directly above those in the fist. The third layer is directly above the first, and so it is labeled A. If we continue in the fashion shown, adding alternately A, then B, then A layers, we obtain a structure whose unit cellA small portion of a crystal lattice that by repetition can generate the entire lattice; the unit cell contains the same ratio of atoms or ions that is contained in a macroscopic sample of a substance. (shown in part a) has two equal sides with an angle of 120° between them. Other angles are 90°, and so the cell belongs to the hexagonal crystal system. Hence this structure is called hexagonal closest packedOne of two schemes for closest packing of spheres; described as "aba" to indicate that the atoms of the third layer lie directly above the atoms of the first layer. (hpc). Another way of adding more layers is shown in part b. Spheres in the third layer are not directly above those in the first, even though they snuggle just as tightly into layer B as in the hexagonal case. It is not till we get to the fourth layer that the pattern of layers repeats. Accordingly the third layer is labeled C, and the fourth is labeled A. If we build up a structure according to this ABCABCABC . . . pattern, the unitA particular measure of a physical quantity that is used to express the magnitude of the physical quantity; for example, the meter is the unit of the physical quantity, length. cell is a cube (part b) whose body diagonal is perpendicular to the layers. Since its unit cell belongs to the cubic system, this structure is cubic closest packedOne of two schemes for closest packing of spheres; described as "abca" to indicate that the atoms of the second and third layers do not lie directly above the atoms of the first layer, but the atoms of the fourth layer are directly above the atoms of the first layer. Abbreviated ccp. (ccpAbbreviation for cubic closest packed; one of two schemes for closest packing of spheres; described as "abca" to indicate that the atoms of the second and third layers do not lie directly above the atoms of the first layer, but the atoms of the fourth layer are directly above the atoms of the first layer.). The ccp structure is also called face-centered cubicA crystal lattice structure whose cubic unit cell has one atom in the center of each face (only 1/2 of each face atom is within the unit cell) and one atom at each corner (only 1/8 of each corner atom is within the unit cell). Abbreviated fcc. (fccAbbreviation for face-centered cubic; a crystal lattice structure whose cubic unit cell has one atom in the center of each face (only 1/2 of each face atom is within the unit cell) and one atom at each corner (only 1/8 of each corner atom is within the unit cell).) because there is a sphere at the center of each face of the unit cell as well as a sphere at each corner. This can be seen more easily in part a of Figure 3, where the ccp unit cell has been turned so its edges line up with the page.
Also shown in Figure 3 is the unit cell of a structure called body-centered cubicA crystal lattice structure whose cubic unit cell has one atom in the center and one atom at each corner (only 1/8 of each corner atom is within the unit cell); abbreviated bcc. (bccAbbreviation for body-centered cubic; a crystal lattice structure whose cubic unit cell has one atom in the center and one atom at each corner (only 1/8 of each corner atom is within the unit cell).). This is similar to the fcc structure except that, instead of spheres in the faces, there is a single sphere in the center of the cube. This central sphere is surrounded by eight neighbors at the corners of the unit cell, giving a coordination number of 8. Hence the bcc structure is not as compact as the closest-packed structures which had a coordination number 12. Nevertheless, some metals are found to have bcc structures.
EXAMPLE 1 Count the number of spheres in the unit cell of (a) a face-centered cubic structure, and (b) a body-centered cubic structure.
SolutionA mixture of one or more substances dissolved in a solvent to give a homogeneous mixture. Referring to the last figure and using the equation:
EXAMPLE 2 Silicon has the same crystal structure as diamond. Techniques are now available for growing crystals of this elementA substance containing only one kind of atom and that therefore cannot be broken down into component substances by chemical means. which are virtually flawless. Analysis on some of these perfect crystals found the side of the unit cell to be 543.102064 pm long. The unit cell is a cube containing eight Si atoms, but is ont one of the simple cubic cells discussed already. From the isotopeOne of two or more samples of an element whose atoms differ in the number of neutrons found in the nucleus. make up, molar massThe mass of a mole of substance; the same as molecular weight for molecular substances. and densityThe ratio of the mass of a sample of a material to its volume. of the crystals, it was determined that one moleThat chemical amount of a substance containing the same number of units as 12 g of carbon-12. of Si in this crystal form has a volume of 12.0588349×10-6 m3. Determine NA from this data.
Solution This problem uses knowledge of silicon crystal structure to determine NA. From the edge length, we can obtain the volume of the cubic unit cell. We know that the unit contains eight atoms, and since we know the volume of one mole, we can calculate NA, with the Avogadro constant defined as the number of particles per unit amount of substanceA material that is either an element or that has a fixed ratio of elements in its chemical formula..
The values used to determine this value were taken from crystals using X Ray Crystal Density(XRCD), to determine side length. These values were used in the most recent analysis published by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology(CODATA), which standardizes definitions of important scientific constants and units. The value you just calculated is therefore the most accurate determination of Avogadro's constantThe number of atoms, molecules, ions, or other species per mole, defined by the number of carbon atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 and numerically equal to 6.0220 x 1023 mol-1. at this time.