US 3000787 A
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7 3,000,787 HEPARINOID ANTICHOLESTROLEMIC FACTOR Pietro Bianchini, Milan, Italy, assignor to Crinos Industria Farmacobiologica S.p.A., Milan, Italy No Drawing. Filed Nov. 4, 1958, Ser. No. 771,768 Claims priority, application Great Britain Nov. 6, 1957 3 Claims. (Cl. 167-74) This invention is concerned with a new chemical compound or composition of matter of use in therapy.
The use of heparin in the prophylaxis and therapy of atherosclerotic diseases, based on its particular action in normalizing the lipoprotidemic condition and the relation between alphaand beta-globulins, has certain marked disadvantages for several reasons.
Firstly as heparin has an anticoagulant action prolonged treatment with this drug must take place under constant observation of coagulation time to prevent haemorrhage. It cannot be given satisfactorily by intravenous injections, because this causes large haemotoma at the site of injection, nor can it be taken orally because of instability. Heparin is also destroyed or inactivated by digestive enzymes in particular hepatic heparinase.
For these reasons the administration of heparin is limited to the intravenous, subcutaneous or perlingual routes and has to take place with control of the coagulation time.
I have now isolated a new compound or composition of matter which we shall for convenience refer to as ateroid which has certain marked advantages over heparin.
Thus Whilst ateroid is in some aspects similar to heparin it has substantially no anticoagulant effect at therapeutic doses of administration, is active against lipoprotidemia when given either orally or parenterally, and has a strong hypocholesterolemic activity. It is therefore useful in the treatment of conditions in which there is an alteration in the lipoid/protein metabolism.
According to the invention therefore I provide as a new compound or composition of matter ateroid having the characteristics substantially as herein set forth.
From our present knowledge ateroid appears to be a heparinoidic factor probably of an aminopolysaccharide (or glycoproteic) nature, which has a metachromatic reaction with toluidine blue. Other characteristics of ateroid will appear hereinafter. It can in general be extracted from the small intestine and in particular-the duodenum of animals for example oxen, pigs, horses or sheep by methods adapted for the isolation of aminopolysaccharidic or glycoproteic compounds. Thus, a suitable method consists in subjecting the animal organ to successive alkaline and acid extraction treatments combined with autolysis and/or proteolysis steps if desired. The ateroid obtained by such a method may be subjected to further purification by any suitable method. Thus, for example, purification may be effected by further acid and/ or alkaline extractions, dialysis and like procedures, or may be effected by treatment with phenol as hereinafter described.
A method for the isolation of ateroid will now be described by way of example only:
A quantity (for example 50 kg.) of cleaned and ground duodenum of a pig are suspended in water (for example 150 litres) containing 0.5% H01 (about 750 ml. HCl for 150 litres).
The mass is then homogenized, for example in a colloidal mill, until the ground duodenum is entirely transformed into a paste.
This substance is then transferred into an extractor, in which it is brought to the boil with mixing the temperature being kept for a few minutes (e.g. 5 minutes) at about 100 C.
After cooling the mixture is neutralized for example Patented Sept. 19, i961 with NaOH to a pH about 6.87.0 and allowed to stand for a period of about 2 hours. The mixture is then acidified for example with acetic acid, to a pH of about 5.0.
The liquid phase is then separated from the solid residue in a hydroextractor or similar equipment and discarded. It is advantageous to dry the solid residue in a vacuum oven.
The weight of the dried material from 50 kg. of duodenum is about 7-8 kg.
The dried material is then ground and, if it is very fatty, treated to remove the fat therefrom. It is then suspended in water at pH 8 and the suspension heated for about 15 minutes at a temperature of from 7090 C., to eflect hydrolysis and/ or autolysis of the material. The suspension is then filtered hot and the filtrate collected. The solid residue from this filtration step is re-extracted with water and subjected to hydrolysis and/ or autolysis and filtration, the filtrate being combined with the filtrate from the initial extraction. The combined filtrates may then be treated with proteases, such as trypsin, papain and the like to efiect proteolysis of the material if desired and the liquid is then concentrated to about A of its original volume and subjected to dialysis. The dialysis may be effected using a cellophane bag and dialysing at the rate of two litres of liquid every 24 hours. The dialysed material is then filtered, and the solid residue is discarded. To the dialysate is then added 1% its oWn volume of acetone with strong agitation, the pH of the mixture being adjusted to pH 5 by the addition of acetic acid. The precipitate which forms, which is crude ateroid, is dried with alcohol and ether. The yield is about 0.16% of the fresh animal organ.
Two methods for the purification of ateroid will now be given by way of illustration only:
METHOD I About 1 kg. pulverized crude ateroid is dissolved in about 20 litres of aqueous sodium hydroxide (pH=8) and the mass heated to 70 C. on a water-bath. It is then filtered andthe clear filtrate is precipitated with about 5 volumes of 95% alcohol and acidified to a pH=5.5-6.0, for example with HCl.
After 12 hours the liquid is decanted and the precipitate, weighing about 250 g. is once more dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resulting solution is gold-yellow.
The quantity of aqueous sodium hydroxide to be added depends on the solubility of the material, which may vary from batch to batch. It is added slowly, till complete solution.
After acidification to a pH=5 a solution containing 2.5% cadmium chloride is added. The mass is heated to 70 C. and filtered.
The liquid containing an excess of cadmium is treated with a current of hydrogen sulphide in order to precipitate the cadmium in form of its sulphide. The excess hydrogen sulphide is expelled by heating. 2-3 volumes of acetone are added to the clear solution and after 12 hours the liquid is decanted from the precipitate which forms. The precipitate is then dried with alcohol and ether and is finally dried under vacuum.
The resulting mass, weighing about 50 g., is a white or ivory-white powder of purified ateroid.
METHOD II Ateroid may also be purified by treatment with phenol for example as described below.
Crude ateroid, obtained as described above is suspended in phenol (5% W./v.), shaken for 48 hours and centrifuged. Two fractions separate namely a phenolinsoluble fraction and a phenol-soluble fraction. The phenol insoluble fraction is washed with 4-5 volumes of alcohol and triturated in a mortar. It is then washed with ether to yield an ivory-white powder. This is dissolved in water (1:10 parts by volume), dialyzed for 36 hours, precipitated with alcohol (3 volumes, 95%), centrifuged and dried with ether. The product is purified ateroid containing from 6070% of pure substance.
The phenol soluble fraction is treated with 50% alcohol at 90 C., centrifuged or decanted, washed with alcohol and ether and dried. There results a further quantity of purified ateroid.
Ateroid as isolated from the duodenum of several animals can be further characterised by the following reactions when compared with heparin and like substances.
Metachromatic reaction The spectrophotometric characteristics of heparin, ateroid and condroitin sulphuric acid (hereinafter referred to as C.S.A.) with toluidine blue (T.B.) using aqueous solutions in a 1 cm. quartz cell and a Beckmann spectrophotometer D.U. were compared. This comparison showed that transmission curves of C.S.A. and ateroid are similar but markedly different from heparin.
The critical micelle point, that is the point atWhich the substance is saturated with one standard dose of toluidine blue is respectively:
Heparin I Ateroid C.S.A.
Heparin Ateroid C.S.A. 1, 000 424 250 Electrophoresis Electrophoretic tests on paper at a pH of 8.6 indicate that the anodic migration rate of heparin is somewhat faster than that of ateroid; this fact indicates that the latter has a smaller net weight per unit of mass.
At a pH=8.6 on a borate pad (680 ml. borate buffer 12,404 g. of boric acid-H ml. N.NaOH made up to 1000 mls. with Water) to which is added 320 ml. 0.1 N HCl, the migration rate U of ateroid and heparin is calculated from the formula:
d is the distance in cm. from the starting line,
F is the ratio of diiference of the potential in volts to the length of the strip in cms.
t is the time of the run in seconds.
parin: U=-6.67.10-5 Ateroidr U=4.44.10-'5 Taking plasma proteins as reference substances heparin migrates more quickly than albumin Whilst ateroid'ha a migration rate lying between alpha and alpha -globulins.
H exuronic acids content Ateroid gives a positive reaction with carbazole which indicates the presence of hexuronic acids in the molecule (Dische, Z., J. Biol. Chem. 167, 189 (1947)). This reaction is made with eluates of the electropherograms on paper of a standard ateroid preparation. The values obtained in ,u-gjmg. are as follows:
Heparin Ateroid I O S .A. 310-335 318382 297 H exosamine The determination of hexosamine by the method of Elson and Morgan, on the eluates of the electropherograms, gave the following values in ig/mg:
Heparin Ateroid 0.8 .A.
In addition to the data of a physico-che-mical nature such as those of the metachromatic carbazole and hexosamine reactions, biological data has also been obtained using the heparin always as reference substance. This biological data also distinguishes ateroid from other known substances closely similar to heparin.
Antilipemz'c activity The antilipemic activity on diverse parameters of lipidemia were examined in relation to heparin taken as reference.
O.D. of plasma at 600 m E C percent- 100 where:
=percent drop E=average value of the batch treated with Triton and ateroid (100 mg./kg.)
C=average value of the control batch T=average value of the batch treated only with Triton The results are the following:
. Triton Heparin Ateroid Controls 200 100 100 mg./kg. mgJkg. mg./kg.
OD. 600 m 0.163 0. 546 O. 262 0.172 O.D. percent 100.000 335. 000 161.000 106.000 Percent drop relative to control O. 000 0.000 74. 200 97. 600
Total lipemia The lipemia was determined by the modified Bloor method. The lipemic drop was calculated by the formula set out above.
The values of total lipemia expressed in mg./100 m1. of plasma for a dose of 100 mg. are the following Controls Triton Heparin Ateroid Total lipid mg./100 ml 460 1, 900 800 655 Percent total lipid 100 413 174 142 Percent lipid drop relative to control 76. 4 86. 4
Anticholesterolemic activity Triton Heparin Ateroid Controls 200 mg./ 100 mg./ 100 mg./
kg. kg. kg.
Total cholesterol mg./l00 ml 45 150 91 74 Total cholesterol percent 100 333 202 164 Total cholesterol drop relative to control 0 56. 2 72. 4 Esterified cholesterol mg. [100 ml 32 105 58 61 Percent esterified cholesterol. 100 328 181 191 Esterified cholesterol droprelative to control 0 64. 4 60. 2 Free cholesterol mg./100 ml- 13 45 33 13 Percent free cholesterol 100 346 254 100 Free cholesterol drop relative to control O 37. 5 100 Clarifying activity One proof which is considered essential for the demonstration of biological activity of a particular compound which is thought to have clarifying activity is that of clarification induced in the plasma of animals treated with the substance under study in a suitable substrate, in comparison with the plasma of control animals.
Since the clearing action is the consequence of the activation of serous lipases, and more precisely of triglyceridases by the action of heparin, the determination of the lipasemia is a measure of the heparin-like activity of such a substance.
Thus I carried out two experiments: the first by means of intravenous administration and the second by gastric administration by means of a tube in the dose of mg./rat.
Non-fasting albino rats weighing 200 g. were used.
The substrate was Ediol, an intravenous fat emulsion, diluted to 0.25%, 1 m1. of which was combined with 2 ml. plasma.
The data obtained is summarized below.
Intravenous administration 10 mg./rat (blood withdrawal 10 minutes after administration):
Controls Heparin Ateroid Time O.D. Per- O.D. Per- O.D. Perm. cent cent cent 6 Oral administration 10 mg./rat (blood withdrawal 30 minutes after administration):
Controls Heparin Ateroid Time O.D. Per- O.D. Per- O.D. Perm. cent cent cent Ateroid is clearly active orally in contradistinction to heparin.
Activity on plasmatic lipoproteins Anticoagulant activity The anticoagulant activity was determined as usual by comparison with heparin using rabbits weighing 2 kg.
The dose of ateriod was 12 rug/kg. while that of heparin was 5-1040 rug/kg.
The prothrombin time was determined from the moment of administration.
The values set out below are given in percent of the initial prothrombin time, withdrawn before the administration of the preparation:
Heparin Heparin Heparin Ateroid Time Controls 5 1O 20 12 mg./kg. mg./kg. mg./kg. mg./kg.
It may thus be seen that 12 mg. of ateriod have the same anticoagulant activity as 5-6 mg. of heparin.
1. A method for the preparation of a heparinoidic factor which comprises the steps of comminuting a mammalian duodenum suspending the comminuted material in water at pH of approximately 8, heating said suspended material for about 15 minutes at a temperature of from about 70-90 C., removing the solid residue after heating, dialysing the filtrate and precipitating said heparinoidic factor in partially purified form from the dialysed filtrate at a pH of about 5 by the addition of a suitable precipitant therefor.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 in which prior to dialysis the filtrate is subjected to proteolysis by the addition of a protease.
3. The product prepared by the process of claim 2.
References Cited in the file of this patent Salvetti: Atti della Societa Lombarda Sci. Med. Biol., vol. 10, 1955, pp. 341-342.
Bonvini: Bollettino della Societa Italiana di Biol. Sper., vol. 32, No. 9, September 1956, pp. 988-990.
Prusofi: Blood, vol. 8, No. 6, June 1953, pp. 491-493.