ceramics...point of the ceramic. Furthermore, shape forming and densification can often be accomplished in a single step. Two popular pressure-assisted sintering methods are followed—hot pressing and hot isostatic pressing (HIP).
powder metallurgy...particles will be homogeneous. This powder can then be hot pressed into consolidated bars with better mechanical properties than those produced by ingot casting. Consolidation is often achieved by hot isostatic pressing, wrapping the pressed powder in an envelope of steel or glass, and heating it in a hot inert gas at high pressure. The consolidated metal is then worked into finished parts....are to remove impurities and to mix the alloying ingredients homogeneously in the base metal. Major advances have been made with the development of new processes based on melting under vacuum ( hot isostatic pressing), rapid solidification, and directional solidification.
Hot isostatic pressing
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