Table of Contents
Clashing Views in Food and Nutrition, Second Edition
Unit 1 Nutrition Guidelines and Recommendations
- Issue 1. Can All Foods Fit Into a Healthy Diet?
YES: Susan Nitzke and Jeanne Freeland-Graves, from Position of the American Dietetic Association: Total Diet Approach to Communicating Food and Nutrition Information, Journal of the American Dietetic Association (July 2007)
NO: Suzanne Havala, from Good Foods, Bad Foods: Whats Left to Eat? (Chronimed Publishing, 1998)
Nutrition professors Susan Nitzke and Jeanne Freeland-Graves represent the position of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) when they write that there are no good foods or bad ones, since all foods can fit into a healthful eating style. ADA emphasizes the total diet that a person eats is more important than any one particular food. They stress moderation and portion control. As the worlds largest association of food and nutrition experts, ADA emphasizes a balance of foods, rather than any one food. Nutrition professor, and author of Good Foods, Bad Foods: Whats Left to Eat?, Suzanne Havala counters that some foods are better than others and that saying otherwise is just a way to rationalize the dietary status quo and protect the commercial interests of the food industry.
- Issue 2. Is the Dietary Guideline for Sodium Realistic?
YES: Institute of Medicine, from Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States: Brief Report, The National Academies Press (April 2010)
NO: Michael Moss, from The Hard Sell on Salt, The New York Times (May 29, 2010)
Jane Henney, Christine Taylor, and Caitlin Boon, editors of the Institute of Medicines report on sodium, recommend the FDA set mandatory national standards for sodium content of foods and require the food industry (including manufacturers and restaurants) to gradually lower the sodium they add to processed foods and prepared meals. Health writer Michael Moss describes the numerous problems the food giants such as Kellogg, Frito-Lay, and Kraft will face if they attempt to lower sodium in foods they make.
- Issue 3. Can an Overemphasis on Eating Healthy Become Unhealthy?
YES: Lindsey Getz, from Orthorexia: When Eating Healthy Becomes an Unhealthy Obsession, Todays Dietitian (June 2009)
NO: Chris Woolston, from Whats Wrong With the American Diet? Consumer Health Interactive (October 28, 2009)
Writer Lindsey Getz describes orthorexia, the condition that makes a person strive for a perfect diet. People with orthorexia avoid sugar, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, and anything they believe is unhealthy and take pride in eating a perfect diet. Health and medical writer Chris Woolston believes the typical American diet is excessive in calories, fat, and sugar. He says we would be much healthier if we ate more fish, poultry, cruciferous vegetables (i.e., cabbage and broccoli), greens, tomatoes, legumes, fresh fruits, and whole grains. He also believes we should skimp on fatty or calorie-rich foods such as red meats, eggs, high-fat dairy products, french fries, pizza, mayonnaise, candy, and desserts.
Unit 2 Nutrition and Health
- Issue 4. Does Trans Fats-Free Mean a Food Is Heart-Healthy?
YES: Lindsey Getz, from A Burger and Fries (Hold the Trans Fats)—Restaurants Respond to Demand for Healthier Oils, Todays Dietitian (February 2009)
NO: Joseph Mercola, from Interesterified Fat: Is It Worse Than Trans Fat? Mercola.com (March 5, 2009)
Health writer Lindsey Getz applauds restaurants and the food industry for eliminating the trans fat in foods and stresses how it will improve the health of the nation. Physician Joseph Mercola strongly disagrees and points out that food manufacturers are replacing trans fat with interesterified fat. He claims these are worse than trans fats.
- Issue 5. Does a Diet High in Fructose Increase Body Fat?
YES: Joseph Mercola, from This Harmful Food Product Is Changing Its Name—Dont Get Swindled, Mercola.com (October 1, 2010)
NO: Corn Refiners Association, from Questions & Answers about High Fructose Corn Syrup (August 2008)
Osteopathic physician Joseph Mercola considers that high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is more deadly than sugar and explains how the body converts fructose to fat. He accuses the Corn Refiners Association of trying to convince us that their HFCS is equal to table sugar. The Corn Refiners Association claims that HFCS has no adverse health effect and is the same as sucrose and honey. They also emphasize the benefits that HFCS provides to food.
- Issue 6. Does Eating Soy Improve Health?
YES: Silk Soy Nutrition Center, from Health Benefits of Soy, Soy Nutrition (2009)
NO: Cornucopia Institute, from Behind the Bean: The Heroes and Charlatans of the Natural and Organic Soy Foods Industry, the Social, Environmental, and Health Impacts of Soy, Cornucopia Institute (2009)
The Silk Soy Nutrition Center claims that scientific studies show that soy lowers cholesterol and reduces the risk of heart disease. They also claim that populations eating diets high in soy-based foods have a lower incidence of breast cancer, prostate cancer and menopausal problems. Representing Cornucopia, Charlotte Vallayes and colleagues consider isolated soy proteins to be highly overrated, and possibly hazardous to the health of women and infants. They say that the heart health claim is a direct product of corporate boardrooms searching for ways to sell more soy products—and to turn the soy waste soy-products of soybean oil extraction into profits.
Unit 3 Diet, Physical Activity, and Weight Maintenance
- Issue 7. Should Physicians Use BMI to Assess Overall Health?
YES: Jeremy Singer-Vine, from Beyond BMI: Why Doctors Wont Stop Using an Outdated Measure for Obesity, Slate (July 20, 2009)
NO: Keith Devlin, from Do You Believe in Fairies, Unicorns, or the BMI? Mathematical Association of America, http://www.maa.org/devli/devlin_05_09.html (May 2009)
Journalist Jeremy Singer-Vine points out that the circumference around a persons waist provides a much more accurate reading of his or her abdominal fat and risk for disease than BMI. But waist measurements require slightly more time and training than it takes to record a BMI. Since BMI is cheap and easy to use, physicians and the medical community will continue using it. Mathematician Keith Devlin, who is classified as overweight by his physician, since Keiths BMI is 25.1, despite his 32-inch waist, considers that BMI is numerological nonsense. While he applauds the knowledge that physicians have about the human body and health issues, he feels that the mathematics behind the BMI calculations are used irresponsibly and says BMI should not be used in medical practice. He calls for mathematicians to demand responsible use of math.
- Issue 8. Do Americans Need Vitamin D Supplements?
YES: Jane Brody, from What Do You Lack? Probably Vitamin D, The New York Times (July 26, 2010)
NO: Institute of Medicine, from Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, The National Academies Press (November 30, 2010)
Best-selling author Jane Brody says that a huge part of the population is deficient in vitamin D and that studies indicate deficiency increases risk of cancer, heart disease, arthritis, and a host of other conditions. She also reports that the experts recommend a supplement of 1,000–2,000 IU each day. The 14-member committee appointed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences to set the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) disagrees. After reviewing over 1,000 studies and listening to testimonies from scientists and other stakeholders, the committee set the RDA for people up to age 70 years at 600 IU and at 800 IU for those over age 70. They conclude that few people are deficient in vitamin D and the only health benefit is the vitamins role in bone health.
- Issue 9. Does Obesity Cause a Decline in Life Expectancy?
YES: Samuel H. Preston, from Deadweight?—The Influence of Obesity on Longevity, The New England Journal of Medicine (March 17, 2007)
NO: Paul Campos, from The Weighting Game: Why Being Fat Isnt Bad for You, The New Republic (January 13, 2003)
Demographics professor Samuel Preston maintains that obesity is a major health problem in America and the problems associated with it cause obese people to die earlier than those who are thinner. Law professor Paul Campos disagrees and points out that the health consequences of obesity are not as dire as governmental health officials claim.
Unit 4 Our Food Supply
- Issue 10. Are Organic Foods Better Than Conventional Foods?
YES: Ed Hamer and Mark Anslow, from 10 Reasons Why Organic Can Feed the World The Ecologist (March 2008)
NO: Mark Bittman, from Eating Food Thats Better for You, Organic or Not? The New York Times (March 22, 2009)
Ed Hamer and Mark Anslow indicate that organically produced foods use less energy, water, and pesticides and produce less pollution while producing foods that taste better and contain more nutrients. Mark Bittman disagrees and insists that eating organic offers no guarantee of eating well, healthfully, sanely, even ethically. He points out that many people may feel better about eating an organic Oreo than a conventional Oreo, and sides with Marion Nestle who says, Organic junk food is still junk food.
- Issue 11. Does the World Need Genetically Modified Foods?
YES: Henry I. Miller and Gregory Conko, from Scary Food, Policy Review (June/July 2006)
NO: Ed Hamer and Mark Anslow, from 10 Reasons Genetically Modified Foods Cannot [Feed the World], The Ecologist (March 2008)
Henry Miller and Gregory Conko defend biotechnology used in genetically modifying (GM) crops and foods and believe they bring many advantages and help ensure a safe food supply. Ed Hamer and Mark Anslow argue that GM foods cost farmers and governments more money than they are worth, that they are ruining the environment, and point to the health risks associated with GM foods.
- Issue 12. Are Probiotics and Prebiotics Beneficial in Promoting Health?
YES: Anneli Rufus, from Poop Is the Most Important Indicator of Your Health, AlterNet (March 27, 2010)
NO: Peta Bee, from Probiotics, Not So Friendly After All? The Times (London) (November 10, 2008)
Journalist Anneli Rufus describes how chemicals added to todays food supply destroy the good bacteria (probiotics) and various ways to restore the bacteria to the body. She also encourages us to start looking for prebiotic-fortified foods, since it is hard to get an adequate amount from foods. Health and fitness journalist Peta Bee is skeptical of probiotics and counters that some products that claim to contain probiotics may not actually have bacteria that are still live and active by the time we eat it. She points out that some bacteria added to foods may even be harmful.
- Issue 13. Should Energy Drinks Be Banned?
YES: Chad J. Reissig, Eric C. Strain, and Roland R. Griffiths, from Caffeinated Energy Drinks—A Growing Problem, Drug and Alcohol Dependence (January 2009)
NO: Ellen Coleman, from Back to the Grind: The Return of Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid, Todays Dietitian (March 2009)
Chad Reissig, Eric Strain, and Roland Griffiths, medical researchers at Johns Hopkins, say there are increasing reports of caffeine intoxication from energy drinks and predict that problems with caffeine intoxication may be on the rise. California sports nutritionist and exercise physiologist Ellen Coleman is not concerned about the potential side effects of caffeine in energy drinks and bars. She writes that substantial research suggests that caffeine enhances endurance performance.
Unit 5 Food and Nutrition Policy
- Issue 14. Is Hunger in America a Real Problem?
YES: Joel Berg, from Hunger in the U.S.: A Problem as American as Apple Pie, AlterNet (February 4, 2009)
NO: Sam Dolnick, from The Obesity-Hunger Paradox, The New York Times (March 12, 2010)
Hunger advocate Joel Berg says that 35.5 million Americans either suffer from hunger or struggle at the brink of hunger, which results in stunted growth in millions of American children. As the executive director of New York City Coalition Against Hunger, he points out that hunger is becoming a significant problem in the suburbs and is no longer only seen in poor inner city and isolated rural areas. New York journalist Sam Dolnick says that few Americans are hungry, if you picture hunger as a rail-thin child with nothing to eat. But he points out that Americans are food insecure, which he describes as people unable to get to the grocery or unable to find fresh produce among the pizza shops, doughnut stores and fried-everything restaurants. In fact, obesity often results from this type of food insecurity, where there is little access to affordable fresh produce and other lower calorie foods.
- Issue 15. Should Government Levy a Fat Tax?
YES: Kelly D. Brownell, et al., from The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages The New England Journal of Medicine (October 15, 2009)
NO: Daniel Engber, from Let Them Drink Water! What a Fat Tax Really Means for America Slate (September 21, 2009)
Kelly Brownell and colleagues propose a fat tax targeting sugar-sweetened beverages. They feel a tax will decrease the amount of sugary drinks people consume and ultimately help reduce obesity. They also suggest that the tax has the potential to generate substantial revenue to help fund health-related initiatives. Daniel Engber disagrees with a fat tax on sugary beverages since it will impact poor, nonwhite people most severely and they would be deprived of the pleasures of drinking palatable beverages. He says that the poor would be forced to drink from the faucet while the more affluent will sip exotic beverages such as POM Wonderful, at about $5 a pop.
- Issue 16. Can Michelle Obamas Lets Move Initiative Halt Childhood Obesity?
YES: White House Press Release, from First Lady Michelle Obama Launches Lets Move: Americas Move to Raise a Healthier Generation of Kids (February 9, 2010)
NO: Michele Simon, from Michelle Obamas Lets Move—Will It Move Industry? AlterNet (March 14, 2010)
First Lady Michelle Obama says that the Lets Move campaign can correct the health problems of the upcoming generation and realizes that the problem cannot be solved overnight. She thinks that with everyone working together, it can be solved. The first ever Task Force on Childhood Obesity was formed to help implement the campaign. Public health attorney Michele Simon claims that Lets Move is just another task force and there is more talk than action. She questions if its realistic to be able to reverse the nations childhood obesity epidemic in a generation.
Unit 6 Nutrition Concerns of Pregnant Women and Infants
- Issue 17. Is It Necessary for Pregnant Women to Completely Abstain from All Alcoholic Beverages?
YES: Phyllida Brown, from Drinking for Two, New Scientist (July 1, 2006)
NO: Julia Moskin, from The Weighty Responsibility of Drinking for Two, The New York Times (November 29, 2006)
Science writer Phyllida Brown maintains that even a small amount of alcohol can damage a developing fetus and cites new research indicating that any alcohol consumed during pregnancy may be harmful. Food and nutrition journalist Julia Moskin argues that there are almost no studies on the effects of moderate drinking during pregnancy and that small amounts of alcohol are unlikely to have much effect.
- Issue 18. Should Infant Formulas Contain Synthetic ARA and DHA?
YES: Haley C. Stevens and Mardi K. Mountford, MPH, from Infant Formula and DHA/ARA, International Formula Council (IFC) Statement on DHA/ARA and Infant Formula, (http://www.infantformula.org/news-room/press-releases-and-statements/infant-formula-and-dha/ara) (Press release, March 1, 2008)
NO: Ari LeVaux, from Dangerous Hype: Infant Formula Companies Claim They Can Make Babies Smarter, AlterNet (http://www.alternet.org/health/143369) (October 20, 2009)
Haley Stevens and Mardi Mountford, representing the International Formula Council (IFC), point out that the available evidence strongly supports benefits of adding DHA and ARA to infant formula. They point out that a large database exists concerning not only the safety but also the efficacy of infant formula containing both ARA and DHA. These facts, together, support the addition of both ARA and DHA when LC-PUFAs [long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids] are added to formula. Food writer Ari LeVaux is more skeptical. He says the oils are produced from lab-grown algae and fungi and extracted with the neurotoxin hexane. He also is concerned that some parents and medical professionals believe these additives are causing severe reactions in some babies, and it has been repeatedly shown that taking affected babies off DHA/ARA formula makes the problems go away almost immediately.
- Issue 19. Is Breast-Feeding the Best Way to Feed Babies?
YES: Pat Thomas, from Suck on This, The Ecologist (May 2006)
NO: Hanna Rosin, from The Case Against Breast-Feeding, The Atlantic (April 2009)
Pat Thomas, the editor of the London-based The Ecologist, believes that breast-feeding is the best and healthiest way to feed babies and contends that advertisements from formula companies are jeopardizing the health of infants and children around the world. The Atlantic editor Hanna Rosin claims the scientific data on benefits of breast-feeding are inconclusive and, as an experienced mother of three, suggests a more relaxed approach to the issue.