What is called a Christoffel symbol is part of a notation and language from the early times of differential geometry at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century designed to deal with what today is called an affine connection: a connection on a tangent bundle .
As every concrete component expression, Christoffel symbols may be useful in certain computations. Unfortunately, almost every textbook on gravity in theoretical physics follows the long-outdated tradition of describing (or not describing) the entire notion of connections on tangent bundles without introducing these conceptually but just describing the Yoga of how to handle the Christoffel symbol component. This way their main effect to science nowadays is to make it harder for students of theoretical physics to understand what is really going on in the universe. It’s all so simple. Speaking always in terms of Christoffel symbols and never in terms of the abstract notion of connection makes it all so hard.
The tangent bundle of an (oriented, say) manifold is a vector bundle that may be thought of as being the associated bundle to a -principal bundle . This means just a little than that each fiber of the tangent bundle looks like and that the group of linear transformations acts on this.
Every tangent bundle may even be regarded as the associated bundle to a -principal bundle, i.e. one with structure group the orthogonal group. This is often useful. But for the discussion of Christoffel symbols we need the more general general group .
We may write such a -form as
where is a basis for the Lie algebra . But this Lie algebra is naturally thought of as nothing but the Lie algebra of matrices . Every choice of basis of yields a corresponding choice of basis of : the matrix denoted is the matrix that in the basis given by the has zeros everywhere except in the --position, where it has a .
Using this, we may write the local connection 1-form as
Moreover now, since is just defined on a patch which is diffeomorphic to , we may fix such a diffeomorphism in that we find coordinates on . Then we can express each -form in terms of the coordinate basis of -forms as
of functions, which are the components of the local -valued connection -form with respect to all the choices made.
This collection is called the Christoffel symbols of the connection, and then traditionally not denoted by the letter but by the letter
The literature that uses Christoffel symbols falls in two parts: one leaves it at that and never considers anything else. The other eventually talks about “spin connections” or “moving frames”.
A “spin connection” is just a connection on the tangent bundle of an oriented manifold which regards the tangent bundle as being associated to an -principal bundle with structure group the special orthogonal group. This is locally a connection -form with values in the special orthogonal Lie algebra . By this embedding we may regard it still as a -valued form, whose coefficients happen to take values in skew-symmetric matrices. For the standard basis of , there is as before a canonical basis for such matrtices, denoted . So the -valued connection 1-form may be expanded in this basis as
Using the same coordinates as before for the patch that this is defined on allows us to expand the component 1-forms further as
In the relevant literature a connection -form as this is traditionally denoted by the letter :
This is what is often called the “spin connection”.
that identifies the tangent vectors thought of locally with respect to the basis to those thought of locally in terms of the basis . On the given patch this is over each point a -valued function that gives pointwise a linear map of tangent spaces with components
This is traditionally called the vielbein or -bein (for German: Bein = leg, with the same root as the English bone; viel = many, based on the special case vierbein with vier = four).
Generally, for some bundle automorphism, a function with values in the structure group of the bundle takes a connection -form to
For the case at hand relate the Christoffel symbols to the “spin connection”. In full component beauty this is traditionally written as
where denote the components of the inverse bundle automorphism.
This is traditionally the way that the Christoffel symbols are related to the notion of connection. But really both the Christoffel symbols as well as the spin connection components are nothing but a local component expression of the general notion of a connection -form on a -principal bundle.