Motivation and Morale
is defined as a force within an individual that influences behavior.
motivation is inherent and seems to be stimulated by a need to feel competent
motivation is external or environmental such as reward and/or punishment.
knowledge that all behavior is goal driven is the basis behind motivational
theory. The task of management is to satisfy those factors that stimulate job
satisfaction in order to create a climate of productivity and a shared sense of
purpose; a climate of team work and cohesiveness.
Theory,derived from Taylor and the principles of scientific management, states
that motivation is dependent on monetary rewards such as salary, merit
increases, and bonuses. Money equals motivation.
Hierarchy of Needs initiated the behavioral science era of management. He
outlined a hierarchical structure for human needs classified into five
categories: physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, and
self-actualization.Several needs may operate at any given time. Once satisfied,
a need will not motivate.
collapsed Maslow’s five levels into
three: existence, relatedness, and growth. He stated that in addition to a
satisfaction-progression process, people also redirect energy toward lower
also identified three needs: Achievement, affiliation, and power.
Two Factor Theory states that all work and motivation can be grouped into two
categories or factors. Hygiene factors meet a person’s need to avoid discomfort
and insecurity( salary, work environment, etc.). If these needs are not met,
there will be job dissatisfaction.
calls the second set of factors motivators. These factors meet needs to grow
professionally and psychologically( achievement, responsibility, the work
itself). When these needs are met, the person is both motivated and satisfied.
Energy theory states that people work harder to meet their own needs than those
of the organization. Job dissatisfaction will occur if the needs are very different.
theory states that motivation is dependent upon desire for something and the
expectation that it is achievable.
Operant Conditioning states that motivation is increased by accentuating
desired behavior through positive reinforcement.
Equity theory states that when people perceive inequity in the workplace they
will be motivated to reduce the tension created by the inequity.
McGregor’s Theory X
People are lazy
They dislike work
Work only for money
Managers who follow this
McGregor’s Theory Y
People are self-directed
Managers with this
philosophy are democratic.
Participative Management Theory states that effective performance depends on
sensitivity, communication, and supportive relationships.
Theory Z states that Japanese management, with its focus on staff, skills,
superordinate goals, and style, leads to effective performance.
Motivational Theory: Historical Development
management is based on Theory X. The primary physiological and safety needs are
addressed and monistic theory is used for reinforcement. Newer management is
based on Theory Y.Participation is a major factor, supported by
decentralization. Personnel contribute to decisions, goals, and plans.
an individual perspective, morale is related to productivity, motivation,
confidence and discipline.
an organizational perspective, morale is the attitudes of workers toward the
quality of their work lives.
leadership involves constantly monitoring the work environment for morale and
satisfaction. The leader helps others gain enthusiasm, take risks, and work
towards a high focused energy.
satisfaction is a multidimensional concept subject to individual differences.Some
sources of satisfaction have been identified as achievement, recognition,
challenging work, autonomy,authority, and a pleasant work environment.
Dissatisfaction leads to absenteeism, turnover, and decreased productivity.