SOME OLD EXPRESSIONS AND WHERE THEY COME FROM
SOME OLD EXPRESSIONS AND WHERE THEY COME FROM
By Tim Lambert
I should point out that this list of old sayings gives their most likely origin. Unfortunately it is very often impossible to say for certain where an old expression comes from.
In Greek mythology Thetis dipped her son in the mythical River Styx. Anyone who was immersed in the river became invulnerable. However Thetis held Achilles by his heel. Since her hand covered this part of his body the water did not touch it and so it remained vulnerable. Achilles was eventually killed when an arrow hit his heel.
AM I MY BROTHERS KEEPER?
Like many phrases in the English language this one come from the Bible. In Genesis Cain murdered his brother Abel. God asked Cain ‘Where is your brother?’. Cain answered ‘I don’t know. Am I my brothers keeper?’.
APPLE OF MY EYE
This phrase also comes from the Bible. In Psalm 17:8 the writer asks God ‘keep me as the apple of your eye’.
Means thirteen. It is said to come from the days when bakers were severely punished for baking underweight loaves. Some added a loaf to a batch of a dozen to be above suspicion.
In the past people believed that bees flew in a straight line to their hive. So if you made a bee line for something you went straight for it.
BEYOND THE PALE
Originally a pale was an area under the authority of a certain official. In the 14th and 15th centuries the English king ruled Dublin and the surrounding area known as the pale. Anyone ‘beyond the pale’ was seen as savage and dangerous.
In the 18th century when many men wore wigs, the most important men wore the biggest wigs. Hence today important people are called big wigs.
BITE THE BULLET
Means to grin and bear a painful situation. It comes from the days before anaesthetics. A soldier about to undergo an operation was given a bullet to bite.
THE BITER BEING BITTEN
Has nothing to do with animals. In the 17th century a biter was a con man. ‘Talk about the biter being bitten’ was originally a phrase about a con man being beaten at his own game.
BITES THE DUST
This phrase comes from a translation of the epic Ancient Greek poem the Illiad about the war between the Greeks and the Trojans. It was poetic way of describing the death of a warrior.
Anchor cable was wrapped around posts called bitts. The last piece of cable was called the bitter end. If you let out the cable to the bitter end there was nothing else you could do, you had reached the end of your resources.
THE BLIND LEADING THE BLIND
In Matthew 15:14 Jesus criticised the Pharisees, the religious authorities of his day, saying ‘they be blind leaders of the blind’.
Means aristocratic. For centuries the Arabs occupied Spain but they were gradually forced out during the Middle Ages. The upper class in Spain had paler skin than most of the population as their ancestors had not inter-married with the Arabs. As they had pale skin the blue blood running through their veins was more visible. So blue-blooded came to mean upper class.
Both these nicknames for policemen come from Sir Robert Peel who founded the first modern police force in 1829.
BORN WITH A SILVER SPOON IN YOUR MOUTH
Once when a child was christened it was traditional for the godparents to give a silver spoon as a gift (if they could afford it!). However a child born in a rich family did not have to wait. He or she had it all from the start. They were ‘born with a silver spoon in their mouth’.
A BROKEN REED
This phrase is from Isaiah 36: 6. When the Assyrians laid siege to Jerusalem one of them stood outside the walls and asked if they hoped for help from Egypt. He described Egypt as a ‘broken reed’.
This word is derived from the old word Chapman that meant merchant or trader. It in turn was derived from ceapman. The old word ceap meant to sell.
When pulleys or blocks on sailing ship were pulled so tightly together that they could not be moved any closer together they were said to be chock-a-block.
COALS TO NEWCASTLE
Before railways were invented goods were often transported by water. Coal was transported by ship from Newcastle to London by sea. It was called seacoal. Taking coals to Newcastle was obviously a pointless exercise.
COCK A HOOP
This phrase comes from a primitive tap called a spile and shive. A shive was a wooden tube at the bottom of a barrel and a spile was a wooden bung. You removed the shive to let liquid flow out and replaced it to stop the flow. The spile was sometimes called a cock. If people were extremely happy and wanted to celebrate they took out the cock and put in on the hoop on the top of the barrel to let the drink flow out freely. So it was cock a hoop. So cock a hoop came to mean ecstatic.
In the 19th century wallop was slang for beer. A man named Codd began selling lemonade and it was called Codswallop. In time codswallop began to mean anything worthless or inferior and later anything untrue.
CLOUD CUCKOO LAND
This phrase comes from a play called The Birds by the Greek dramatist Aristophanes (c.448-385 BC). In the play the birds decide to build a utopian city called Cloud cuckoo city.
COLD ENOUGH TO FREEZE THE BALL OF A BRASS MONKEY
A brass monkey was a brass rack on which iron cannonballs were stacked. If it were very cold the brass rack would contract faster than the iron balls. The balls would fall off.
The old word cop meant grab or capture so in the 19th century policemen were called coppers because they grabbed or caught criminals.
Are an insincere display of grief or sadness. It comes from the old belief that a crocodile wept (insincerely!) if it killed and ate a man.
CUT AND RUN
In an emergency rather than haul up an anchor the sailors would cut the anchor cable then run with the wind.
THE DEVIL TO PAY
Originally this saying was devil to pay and no hot pitch. In a sailing ship a devil was the seam between planks. This had to be made waterproof. Fibres from old ropes were first hammered into the seam and then pitch (a tar-like substance) was poured (or paid) onto it. If you had the devil to pay and no hot pitch you were in trouble.
DIFFERENT KETTLE OF FISH
In the past a kettle was not necessarily a device to boil water to make a cup of tea. A pot for boiling food (like fish) was also called a kettle. Unfortunately nobody really knows why we say ‘a different kettle of fish.
DON’T LOOK A GIFT HORSE IN THE MOUTH
Don’t examine a gift too closely! You can tell a horse’s age by looking at its teeth, which is why people ‘looked a horse in the mouth’.
This phrase comes from John 20: 24-27. After his resurrection Jesus appeared to his disciples. However one of them, named Thomas, was absent. When the others told him that Jesus was alive Thomas said he would not believe until he saw the marks on Jesus’ hands and the wound in his side caused by a Roman spear. Jesus appeared again and told Thomas ‘Stop doubting and believe!’
In the 17th century England and Holland were rivals. They fought wars in 1652-54, 1665-67 and 1672-74. It was said (very unfairly) that the Dutch had to drink alcohol to build up their courage. Other insulting phrases are Dutch treat (meaning you pay for yourself) and Double Dutch meaning gibberish.
DYED IN THE WOOL
Wool that was dyed before it was woven kept its colour better than wool dyed after weaving of ‘dyed in the piece’.
Comes from the days when livestock had their ears marked so their owner could be easily identified.
EAT DRINK AND BE MERRY
\is from Ecclesiastes 8:15 ‘a man has no better thing under the sun than to eat and to drink and be merry’.
ESCAPED BY THE SKIN OF YOUR TEETH
This phrase comes from the Bible, from Job 19:20.
FAST AND LOOSE
Traditionally it you wanted archers to halt and not shoot arrows you shouted ‘fast!’. Archers also ‘loosed’ arrows. So if you played fast and loose you said one thing and did another.
FEET OF CLAY
If a person we admire has a fatal weakness we say they have feet of clay. This phrase comes from the Bible. King Nebuchadnezzar dreamed of a statue. It had a head of gold, arms and chest of silver, belly and thighs of bronze and it legs were of iron. However its feet were made of a mixture of iron and clay. A rock hit the statue’s feet and the whole statue was broken. The prophet Daniel interpreted the dream to be about a series of empires, all of which would eventually be destroyed. (Daniel 2:27-44).
FIDDLE WHILE ROME BURNS
In 64 AD Rome was devastated by a fire. According to a legend Emperor Nero played the lyre while Rome burned. However there is no truth in this old yarn.
FLASH IN THE PAN
Muskets had a priming pan, which was filled with gunpowder. When flint hit steel it ignited the powder in the pan, which in turn ignited the main charge of gunpowder and fired the musket ball. However sometimes the powder in the pan failed to light the main charge. In that case you had a flash in the pan.
FLY IN THE OINTMENT
This comes from the Bible. In Ecclesiastes 10:1 the writer says that dead flies give perfume a bad smell (in old versions of the Bible the word for perfume is translated ‘ointment’).
If a fleet won a clear victory the ships would sail back to port with their colours proudly flying from their masts.
In the Middle Ages freelances were soldiers who fought for anyone who would hire them. They were literally free lances.
FROM THE HORSES’S MOUTH
You can tell a horse’s age by examining its teeth. A horse dealer may lie to you but you can always find out the truth ‘from the horse’s mouth’.
GET THE SACK
Comes from the days when workmen carried their tools in sacks. If your employer gave you the sack it was time to collect your tools and go.
GILD THE LILY
This is from King John by William Shakespeare. ‘To gild refind gold, to paint the lily is wasteful and ridiculous excess’.
GIVE SOMEBODY THE COLD SHOULDER
When an unwanted visitor came you gave them cold shoulder of mutton instead of hot meat as a hint that they were not to call again.
GO THE EXTRA MILE
By law a Roman soldier could force anybody to carry his equipment 1 mile. In Matthew 5:41 Jesus told his followers ‘if somebody forced you to go 1 mile go 2 miles with him’.
GO TO POT
Any farm animal that had outlived its usefulness such as a hen that no longer laid eggs would literally go to pot. It was cooked and eaten.
In the past it wasn’t polite to use the exclamation God! Instead people said Golly! or Gosh! Sometimes they said ‘heck’ instead of Hell.
Comes from cricket. Once a bowler who took three wickets in successive deliveries was given a new hat by his club.
HIDING YOUR LIGHT UNDER A BUSHEL
A bushel was a container for measuring grain. In Matthew 15:15 Jesus said ‘Neither do men light a candle and put it under a bushel but on a candlestick’.
Means to have no choice at all. In the 16th century and the early 17th century if you went on a journey you could hire a horse to take you from one town to another and travel using a relay of horses. (That was better than wearing out your own horse on a long journey over very poor roads). In the early 1600s Thomas Hobson was a man in Cambridge who hired out horses. However he would not let customers choose which horse they wanted to ride. Instead they had to ride whichever horse was nearest the stable entrance. So if you hired a horse from him you were given ‘Hobson’s choice’.
HOIST BY YOUR OWN PETARD
A petard was a type of Tudor bomb. It was a container of gunpowder with a fuse, which was placed against a wooden gate. Sometimes all things did not go to plan and the petard exploded prematurely blowing you into the air. You were hoist by your own petard.
HOLIER THAN THOU
Comes from the Bible, Isaiah 65:5, the Old Testament prophet berates people who say ‘stand by thyself, come not near me for I am holier than thou’.
Is derived from honey month. It was an old tradition that newly weds drank mead (which is made from honey) for a month after the wedding.
BY HOOK OR BY CROOK
The ‘hook’ was a billhook, a tool for cutting hedges and the crook was a shepherd’s crook. If you could reach a branch ‘by hook or by crook’ you could cut it and use it for firewood. (No doubt a lot of cheating went on with long hooks!).
The expression to eat humble pie was once to eat umble pie. The umbles were the intestines or less appetising parts of an animal and servants and other lower class people ate them. So if a deer was killed the rich ate venison and those of low status ate umble pie. In time it became corrupted to eat humble pie and came to mean to debase yourself or act with humility.
KICK THE BUCKET
When slaughtering a pig you tied its back legs to a wooden beam (in French buquet). As the animal died it kicked the buquet.
KNOW THE ROPES
On a sailing ship it was essential to know the ropes.
Once knuckle meant any joint, including the knee. To knuckle under meant to kneel in submission.
LAMB TO THE SLAUGHTER
This is from Isaiah 53:7 ‘He is brought as a lamb to the slaughter’. Later this verse was applied to Jesus.
A LEOPARD CANNOT CHANGE HIS SPOTS
This is another phrase from the Bible. This one comes from Jeremiah 13:23 ‘Can an Ethiopian change his skin or a leopard his spots?’.
LET THE CAT OUT OF THE BAG
Is probably derived from the days when people who sold piglets in bags sometimes put a cat in the bag instead. If you let the cat out of the bag you exposed the trick.
LICK INTO SHAPE
In the Middle Ages people thought that bear cubs were born shapeless and their mother literally licked them into shape.
Means cowardly. People once believed that your passions came from you liver. If you were lily livered your liver was white (because it did not contain any blood). So you were a coward.
A LITTLE BIRD TOLD ME
This phrase comes from the Bible. In Ecclesiastes 10:20 the writer warns us not to curse the king or the rich even in private or a ‘bird of the air’ may report what you say’.
LONG IN THE TOOTH
When a horse grows old its gums recede and if you examine its mouth it looks ‘long in the tooth’.
MAD AS A HATTER
Some people say the phrase comes from the fact that in the 18th and 19th centuries hat makers used mercury nitrate in their work. Exposure to this chemical does indeed send you mad. However according to some people the origin of this phrase is much older. Hatter is a corruption of the Saxon word ‘atter’, which meant adder or viper. Furthermore ‘mad’ originally meant poisonous. So if you were mad as an atter you were as ‘poisonous’ (bad tempered or aggressive) as an atter (adder). It goes to show that often it is impossible to be certain where old sayings come from.
Is a corruption of Magdalene. Mary Magdalene was a prostitute who became a follower of Jesus. In paintings she was often shown weeping tears of repentance. So she became associated with sentimentality.
Comes from the Saxon word moot or mote, which meant a meeting to discuss things. A moot point was one that needed to be discussed or debated.
MONEY FOR OLD ROPE
Rope made from hemp had a limited lifetime. When it wore out it was picked apart and recycled. It was used for caulking. Rope fibres (known as oakum) were hammered into the seams between planks of a ship and hot pitch was poured over it. This was done to waterproof the ship. Of course you got money for the old rope. The phrase came to mean money for anything (seemingly) worthless.
NAIL YOUR COLOURS TO THE MAST
In battle a ship surrendered by lowering its flag. If you nailed your colours to the mast you had no intention of surrendering. You were totally loyal to your side.
Was originally a nickname for the poet Ambrose Philips (1674-1749) who was known for writing sentimental verse.
Is a corruption of eke name. The old word eke meant alternative.
NO REST FOR THE WICKED
This phrase comes from the Bible. In Isaiah 57:21 the prophet says :there is no peace saith my God to the wicked’.
NO RESPECTER OF PERSONS
Comes from Romans 13:1 when Paul says ‘the powers that be are ordained of God’.
NOT ENOUGH ROOM TO SWING A CAT
Comes from the use of a kind of whip called a cat o’ nine tails.
After it was woven wool was pounded in a mixture of clay and water to clean and thicken it. This was called fulling. Afterwards the wool was stretched on a frame called a tenter to dry. It was hung on tenterhooks. So if you were very tense, like stretched cloth, you were on tenterhooks.
Comes from John Milton’s poem Paradise Lost. In Hell the chief city is Pandemonium. In Greek Pandemonium means ‘all the devils’.
In 1637 John Milton wrote a poem called Lycidas, which includes the words ‘Tomorrow to fresh woods and pastures new’.
PEARLS BEFORE SWINE
In Matthew 7:6 Jesus warned his followers not to give what is sacred to dogs and not to throw pearls (of wisdom) before swine (the ungodly).
In the 11th century Lady Godiva was said to have ridden through Coventry naked. Peeping Tom was a later addition. The townspeople were supposed to stay indoors and keep their shutters closed. Tom had a sneaky look and was struck blind.
In the Middle Ages and Tudor Times rents were sometimes paid in peppercorns because pepper was so expensive. Peppercorns were actually used as a form of currency. They were given as bribes or as part of a bride’s dowry.
A PIG IN A POKE
Something bought without checking it first. A poke was a bag. If you bought a pig in a poke it might turn out the ‘pig’ was actually a puppy or a cat. (See Sold A Pup).
In Tudor times and before when a merchant or tradesman made a bargain it was the custom for him to give some money for the other man’s wife or daughter ‘for pins’. (Tudor women needed lots of pins to hold their clothes together).
In the past all kinds of food went into a big pot for cooking. If you sat down to a meal with a family you often had to take ‘pot luck’ and could never be quite sure what you would be served.
THE POWERS THAT BE
Comes from Romans 13:1 when Paul says ‘the powers that be are ordained of God’.
PRIDE GOES BEFORE A FALL
This phrase comes from the Bible, from Proverbs 16:18 ‘Pride goes before destruction and a haughty spirit before a fall’.
RACK AND RUIN
Rack has nothing to do with the torture instrument. It is a modification of ‘wrack’ which was an alternative way of saying ‘wreck’.
Poachers and other unsavoury characters would drag a herring across the ground where they had just walked to throw dogs off their scent. (Herrings were made red by the process of curing).
READ THE RIOT ACT
Following a law of 1715 if a rowdy group of 12 or more people gathered, a magistrate would read an official statement ordering them to disperse. Anyone who did not, after one hour, could be arrested and punished.
RED LETTER DAYS
In the Middle Ages saints days were marked in red in calendars. People did not work on some saint’s days or holy days. Our word holiday is derived from holy day.
RING TRUE, RING OF TRUTH
In the past coins were actually made of gold, silver or other metals. Their value depended on the amount of gold or silver they contained. Some people would make counterfeit coins by mixing gold or silver with a cheaper metal. However you could check if a coin was genuine by dropping it. If it was made of the proper metal it would ‘ring true’ of have the ‘ring of truth’.
RUB SALT INTO A WOUND
Is derived from the days when salt was rubbed into wounds as an antiseptic.
RULE OF THUMB
Comes from the days when brewers estimated the temperature of a brew by dipping their thumb in it.
SALT OF THE EARTH
Is another Biblical phrase. It comes from Matthew 5:13 when Jesus told his followers ‘You are the salt of the Earth’.
In the Old Testament (Leviticus 16: 7-10) two goats were selected. One was sacrificed. The other was spared but the High Priest laid his hands on it and confessed the sins of his people. The goat was then driven into the wilderness. He was a symbolic ‘scapegoat’ for the people’s sins.
TO SEE A MAN ABOUT A DOG
This phrase first appeared in 1866 in a play by Dion Boucicault (1820-1890) called the Flying Scud in which a character makes the excuse that he is going ‘to see a man about a dog’ to get away.
SENT TO COVENTRY
The most likely explanation for this phrase is that during the English Civil War Royalists captured in the Midlands were sent to Coventry. They were held prisoner in St Johns Church and the local people shunned them and refused to speak to them.
SET YOUR TEETH ON EDGE
This is from Jeremiah 31:30 ‘Every man that eateth the sout grape, his teeth shall be set on edge’.
Originally a shamble was a bench. Butchers used to set up benches to sell meat from. In time the street where meat was sold often became known as the Shambles. (This street name survives in many towns today). However because butchers used to throw offal into the street shambles came to mean a mess or something very untidy or disorganised.
Is a word used by members of a particular group. It identifies people as members of the group. It comes from the Old Testament Judges 12: 5-7. Two groups of Hebrews, the Gileadites and the Ephraimites fought each other. The Gileadites captured the fords over the River Jordan leading to Ephraim. If a man wanted to cross a ford they made him say ‘Shibboleth’ (a Hebrew word meaning ear of grain). The Ephraimites could not pronounce the word properly and said ‘Sibboleth’. If anyone mispronounced the word the Gileadites knew he was an enemy and killed him.
A shrift was a confession made to a priest. Criminals were allowed to make a short shrift before they were executed. so if you gave somebody short shrift you gave them a few minutes to confess their sins before carrying out the execution.
SHOW A LEG
Comes from the days when women were allowed onboard ships. When it was time for sailors to get out of their hammocks women would show a leg to prove they were females not members of the crew.
SHOW YOUR TRUE COLOURS
Pirate ships would approach their intended victim showing a false flag to lure them into a false sense of security. When it was too late for the victim to escape they would show their true colours-the jolly roger!
SOLD A PUP
If you bought a piglet the seller placed it in a bag or sack. Sometimes, with his hands out of sight, the seller would slip a puppy into the sack. If you were swindled in that way you were sold a pup.
SPINNING A YARN
Rope was made in ports everywhere. The rope makers chatted while they worked. They told each other stories while they were spinning a yarn.
SPICK AND SPAN
today this means neat and tidy but originally the saying was spick and span new. A span was a wood shaving. If soemthing was newly built it would have tell-tale wood chips so it was ‘span new’ spick is an old word for a nail. New spicks or nails would be shiny. However words and phrases often change their meanings over centuries and spick and span came to mean neat and tidy.
A Spinster is an unmarried woman. Originally a spinster was simply a woman who made her living by spinning wool on a spinning wheel. However it was so common for single women to support themselves that way that by the 18th century ‘spinster’ was a synonym for a middle-aged unmarried woman.
SPOIL THE SHIP FOR A HA’PENNY WORTH OF TAR
Originally ‘ship’ was sheep and the saying comes from the practice of covering cuts on sheep with tar.
START FROM SCRATCH
This phrase comes from the days when a line was scratched in the ground for a race. The racers would start from the scratch.
This phrase was originally STRAIT laces. The old English word strait meant tight or narrow. In Tudor times buttons were mostly for decoration. Laces were used to hold clothes together. If a woman was STRAIT laced she was prim and proper.
THE STRAIGHT AND NARROW
Comes from Matthew 7:14. In the King James version of the Bible, published in 1611, he says: ‘Strait is the gate and narrow is the way which leadeth to life’. The old English word strait meant tight or narrow but when it went out of use the phrase changed to ‘STRAIGHT and narrow’.
Comes from an old belief that swans, who are usually silent, burst into beautiful song when they are dying.
A buckle was a kind of small shield. When men wanted to impress people they would stride around town with a sword and buckler on their belts. The buckler would ‘swash’ against their clothes. So they became known as swashbucklers.
SWINGING THE LEAD
On board ships a lead weight was attached to a long rope. A knot was tied every six feet in the rope. The lead weight was swung then thrown overboard. When it sank to the seabed you counted the number of knots that disappeared and this told you how deep the sea was. Some sailors felt it was an easy job and ‘swinging the lead’ came to mean avoiding hard work. In time it came to mean feigning illness to avoid work.
TAKE SOMEBODY UNDER YOUR WING
In Luke 12:34 Jesus laments that he wished to gather the people of Jerusalem as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings but Jerusalem was not willing.
If the wind suddenly changed direction a sailing ship stopped moving forward. It was ‘taken aback’, which was a bit of a shock for the sailors.
Is a corruption of St Audrey because cheap jewellery was sold at St Audrey’s fair in Ely, Cambridgeshire.
THORN IN MY SIDE
Comes from the Bible. In 2 Corinthians 12:7 Paul states that he was given a ‘thorn in my flesh’ to prevent him becoming proud. We are not told what the ‘thorn’ was, perhaps it was some form of illness.
THROW DOWN THE GAUNTLET
In the Middle Ages a gauntlet was the glove in a suit of armour. Throwing down your gauntlet was a way of challenging somebody to a duel.
TONGUE IN CHEEK
In the 18th century sticking your tongue in your cheek was a sign of contempt. It is not clear how speaking with your tongue in your cheek took on its modern meaning.
TOUCH AND GO
Probably comes from ships sailing in shallow waters where they might touch the seabed then go. If so, they were obviously in a dangerous and uncertain situation.
In Celtic time’s people believed that benevolent spirits lived in trees. When in trouble people knocked on the tree and asked the spirits for help.
HAVE NO TRUCK WITH
Truck originally meant barter and is derived from a French word ‘troquer’. Originally if you had no truck with somebody you refused to trade with him or her. It came to mean you refused to have anything to do with them.
Was originally true as Coventry blue as the dyers in Coventry used a blue dye that lasted and did not wash out easily. However the phrase became shortened.
TURN THE OTHER CHEEK
Jesus told his followers not to retaliate against violence. In Luke 6:29 he told them that if somebody strikes you on one cheek turn the other cheek to him as well.
TURN OVER A NEW LEAF
Means to make a fresh start. It mean a leaf of page of a book.
TURNED THE CORNER
Ships that had sailed past the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn were said to have ‘turned the corner’.
UP THE POLE
The pole was a mast of a ship. Climbing it was dangerous and, not surprisingly, you had to be a bit crazy to go up there willingly. So if you were a bit mad you were up the pole.
WARTS AND ALL
When Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 had his portrait painted he ordered the artist not to flatter him. He insisted on being painted ‘warts and all’.
WASH MY HANDS OF
The Roman governor, Pontius Pilate, refused to be involved in the death of an innocent person (Jesus). So he washed his hands in front of the crowd, symbolically disassociating himself from the execution.
WEAR YOUR HEART ON YOUR SLEEVE
In the Middle Ages knights who fought at tournaments wore a token of their lady on their sleeves. Today if you make your feelings obvious to everybody you wear your heart on your sleeve.
The ‘weigh’ is a corruption of the old word wegan which meant carry or lift.
Once criminals were hanged at Tyburn-west of London. So if you went west you went to be hanged.
A berth is the place where a ship is tied up or anchored. When the anchor was lowered a ship would tend to move about on the anchor cable so it was important to give it a wide berth to avoid collisions. Today to give someone wide berth is to steer clear of them.
WHEAT FROM THE CHAFF
In the ancient world grain was hurled into the air using a tool called a winnowing fork. Wind separated the edible part of the grain (wheat) from the lighter, inedible part (chaff). In Matthew 3:12 John the Baptist warned that on the judgement day Jesus would separate the wheat from the chaff (good people from evil).
Prince Edward, later Edward VI, had a boy who was whipped in his place every time he was naughty.
In Siam (modern day Thailand) white or pale elephants were very valuable. The king sometimes gave white elephant to a person he disliked. It might seem a wonderful gift but it was actually a punishment because it cost so much to keep!
A WOLF IN SHEEP’S CLOTHING
In Matthew 7:15 Jesus warned his followers of false prophets saying they were like ‘wolves in sheep’s clothing’ outwardly disarming.