Mr. INOUYE. When these hearings began 3 months ago, I stated that we would
examine what happens when the "trust," which is the bond between the branches of our government, "is breached by high officials."
I promised that we would address the following questions: first,
were the statutory restrictions on United States aid to the Contras
Second, was Congress misled?
Third, were the executive branch's own internal checks and balances bypassed in policy decisions on Nicaragua and Iran?
Fourth, was there a public foreign policy and, simultaneously
was there a very different, covert foreign policy?
Fifth, was American foreign policy privatized?
Sixth, were decisions on the most significant matters of national
security driven or influenced by private profit motives?
We have kept our promise in examining these questions.
The story has now been told. Speaking for myself, I see it as a
chilling story—a story of deceit and duplicity and the arrogant disregard of the rule of law. It is a story of withholding vital information from the American people, from the Congress, from the Secretary of State, from the Secretary of Defense, and, according to Admiral Poindexter's testimony, from the President himself.
It is also a story of a flawed policy kept alive by a secret White
House junta despite repeated warnings and signs of failure; with
concession piled upon concession, culminating even in a promise to
help secure the release of the imprisoned Dawa terrorists who
bombed the U.S. embassy in Kuwait.
It is a story of the National Security Council staff becoming a
dominant organ of foreign policy and shutting out those who disagreed with its views.
It is a story of how a great nation betrayed the principles which
have made it great, and thereby became hostage to hostage-takers.
And, sadly, once the unsound policies began to unravel, it
became a story of a coverup, of shredding and altering of the historical record, and of fall guy plans suitable for a grade-B movie, not
a great power.
Whatever the motives of some of the participants, I can only
echo the reaction of Chairman Fascell upon hearing the story of
self-proclaimed patriotism: "How come I don't feel good?"
I believe we have largely succeeded in piecing together the incredible chapters of this chilling story and presenting to our fellow
citizens a chronology of events as they occurred.
However, we may never know, with precision and truth, why it
Did this unseemly chapter in our history result from the disregard of our laws and Constitution by well-intentioned, patriotic
zealots who believed in the doctrine espoused by Marxists that the
"ends justify the means"?
Or, are we here today because of the inadequacy of our laws and
Constitution? Should they be clarified, amended or repealed?
Or, is this the result of an inadequacy in our national leadership?
Obviously, these hearings have been about issues much more profound than who did what or knew what in the Iran-Contra affair.
They have presented two visions of government, much as the Constitutional Convention was presented with different views of the relationship between government and its citizens 200 years ago.
One vision was described in the testimony of Admiral Poindexter, Lt. Col. North, General Secord, and Mr. Hakim: that of a
secret government, directed principally by NSC staffers, accountable to not a single elected official, including apparently the President himself—a shadowy government with its own air force, its own navy, its own fundraising mechanism, and the ability to
pursue its own ideas of the national interest, free from all checks
and balances and free from the law itself.
It is an elitist vision of government that trusts no one, not the
people, not the Congress, and not the Cabinet.
It is a vision of a government operated by persons convinced they
have a monopoly on truth.
Albert Hakim, a businessman who admitted he was in it for the
money, could boast to us that he was more competent to manage
the Iran initiative than the Secretary of State.
Richard Secord could tell us he was more capable of running intelligence activities than the CIA.
Oliver North could describe, with enthusiasm, Director Casey's
plan for a private, off-the-shelf organization that would conduct
covert operations forbidden to the CIA with funds generated from
the sale of U.S. arms.
John Poindexter could say that this all sounded like a good idea,
maintain that Congress had no meaningful role in foreign policy,
and act secure in the belief that the President would have approved the diversion of funds.
I believe these hearings will be remembered longest not for the
facts they elicited, but for the extraordinary and extraordinarily
frightening views of government they exposed.
Fortunately, our hearings were able to present another vision of
government: one that is accountable to the people; a legitimate, not
secret, government, in which "trust is the coin of the realm," as
Secretary of State George Shultz said. This is the balanced government that our founding fathers contemplated in our Constitution.
In describing their motives for riding roughshod over the constitutional restraints built into our form of government, Admiral
Poindexter and Lt. Col. North used almost the identical words:
"This is a dangerous world," they said. That, my fellow citizens, is
an excuse for autocracy, not for policy.
Because no times were more dangerous than when our country
was born, when revolution was our midwife. Our system of government has withstood the tests and tensions of civil conflict, depression and two world wars, times hardly less challenging than our
Indeed, as our greatest military leaders, such as Washington,
Marshall, and Eisenhower have recognized, our form of government is what gives us strength. It must be safeguarded, particularly when times are dangerous and the temptation to arrogate power
is the greatest.
Vigilance abroad does not require us to abandon our ideals or
rule of law at home. On the contrary, without our principles and
without our ideals, we have little that is special or worthy to
History records that almost 200 years ago, in September of 1787,
as the Constitutional Convention was finishing its business, a bystander asked Benjamin Franklin: "Well, Doctor, what have we
got, a republic or a monarchy?" Dr. Franklin replied: "A republic,
if you can keep it."
By allowing the sunlight on this unseemly affair, and by showing
what happens when foreign policy is conceived and executed by cabal and not by lawful consensus, we have tried to make our contribution to "keeping it."
My fellow Americans, out of this experience, may we all better
understand and appreciate our Constitution, strive harder to preserve it, and make a fresh start at restoring the trust between the
branches of government. For, in America, as 200 years ago, the
people still rule.
With that, these hearings stand recessed until further call.