accretion disk formations...thin, and its thickness will be much smaller than its radial extent. If pressure forces are comparable to rotation and gravity, the accretion disk will be geometrically thick, resembling more a torus than a disk.
betatrons...magnetic field inside the orbit is always twice as strong as the magnetic field on the orbit, the radius of the orbit remains constant, so that the acceleration chamber can be made in the shape of a torus, or doughnut. The poles of the magnet are tapered to cause the field near the orbit to weaken with increasing radius. This focuses the beam by causing any particle that strays from the orbit to...
nuclear fusion reactors...developed. In a simple straight magnetic field, the plasma would be free to stream out the ends. End loss can be eliminated by forming the plasma and field in the closed shape of a doughnut, or torus, or, in an approach called mirror confinement, by “plugging” the ends of such a device magnetically and electrostatically.
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