(hydroxymethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-oxan-2-yl]- 3-methyl-oxolan-2-yl]oxolan-2-yl]- 9-hydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-1,6-dioxasp iro[4.5]dec-7-yl]-3-methoxy-2-methyl-pentanoic acid
|Appearance||solid state, white crystals|
|Melting point||104 °C (219 °F; 377 K)|
|3x10−6 g/dm3 (20 °C)|
|Solubility||ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether, benzene|
|Monensin A methyl ester,|
Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
|what is: / ?)(|
The structure of monensin was first described by Agtarap et al. in 1967, and was the first polyether antibiotic to have its structure elucidated in this way. The first total synthesis of monensin was reported in 1979 by Kishi et al.
Mechanism of action
Monensin A is an ionophore related to the crown ethers with a preference to form complexes with monovalent cations such as: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Ag+, and Ti+. Monensin A is able to transport these cations across lipid membranes of cells in an electroneutral (i.e. non-depolarizing) exchange, playing an important role as an Na+/H+ antiporter. Recent studies have shown that monensin may transport sodium ion through the membrane in both electrogenic and electroneutral manner. This approach explains ionophoric ability and in consequence antibacterial properties of not only parental monensin, but also its derivatives that not possess carboxylic group. It blocks intracellular protein transport, and exhibits antibiotic, antimalarial, and other biological activities. The antibacterial properties of monensin and its derivatives are a result of their ability to transport metal cations through cellular and subcellular membranes.
Monensin is used extensively in the beef and dairy industries to prevent coccidiosis, increase the production of propionic acid and prevent bloat. Furthermore monensin, but also its derivatives monensin methyl ester (MME), and particularly monensin decyl ester (MDE) are widely used in ion-selective electrodes.
Monensin has some degree of activity on mammalian cells and thus toxicity is common. This is especially pronounced in horses, where monensin has an LD50 1/100th that of ruminants. Accidental poisoning of equines with monensin is a well-documented occurrence which has resulted in deaths.
- Daniel Łowicki and Adam Huczyński (2013). "Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Monensin A and Its Derivatives: Summary of the Achievements". BioMed Research International 2013: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2013/742149.
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- Huczyński, Adam; Jan Janczak; Daniel Łowicki; Bogumil Brzezinski (2012). "Monensin A acid complexes as a model of electrogenic transport of sodium cation". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1818: 2108–2119. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.04.017.
- H. H. Mollenhauer, D. J. Morre, L. D. Rowe, "Alteration of intracellular traffic by monensin; mechanism, specificity and relationship to toxicity", Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1990, 1031(2), 225-246, doi:10.1016/0304-4157(90)90008-Z
- A. Huczyński, J. Stefańska, P. Przybylski, B. Brzezinski and F. Bartl, "Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of Monensin A esters", Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2008, 18, 2585-2589, doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.038
- T. Matsuoka, M.N. Novilla, T.D. Thomson and A.L. Donoho, "Review of monensin toxicosis in horses", Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 16, 1996, 8-15, doi:10.1016/S0737-0806(96)80059-1
- K. Tohda, K. Suzuki, N. Kosuge, H. Nagashima, H. Inoue K. Watanabe, "A Sodium Ion Selective Electrode Based on a Highly Lipophilic Monensin Derivative and Its Application to the Measurement of Sodium Ion Concentrations in Serum", Anal. Sci. 6, 1990, 227-232, doi:10.2116/analsci.6.227
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