- Government and society
- Cultural life
After World War II the British government gave in to nationalist demands in Sierra Leone, as elsewhere in West Africa. Democratic institutions were hurriedly constituted. The small Creole minority hoped to entrench their rights politically, but the 1951 constitution gave control to the majority. The government elected under it was led by Milton (later Sir Milton) Margai of the Sierra Leone People’s Party, a predominantly protectorate party.
During the 1950s, parliamentary institutions on the British pattern were introduced in stages. The last stage was reached on April 27, 1961, when Sierra Leone became an independent state within the Commonwealth.
The first years of independence were prosperous. Mineral resources (iron ore and diamonds) brought in substantial revenue, much of which was used for development, particularly education. Njala University College was founded in the early 1960s and amalgamated in 1967 with Fourah Bay College as the University of Sierra Leone.
Sir Milton Margai died in 1964 and was succeeded by his brother, Sir Albert Margai. The opposition All-Peoples’ Congress (APC), led by Siaka Stevens, won the 1967 general election. But the army intervened and set up a military government, the National Reformation Council, under Lieut. Col. Andrew Juxon-Smith. After a year the privates and noncommissioned officers mutinied, imprisoned their officers, and restored parliamentary rule under Stevens and the APC.
The subsequent years were stormy, the government regularly imposing states of emergency and executing its political opponents. In 1971 Sierra Leone became a republic, with Stevens as executive president. Meanwhile, the economy deteriorated; the supply of iron ore was exhausted, and most of the diamonds were smuggled, thus depriving the government of revenue. Stevens’s style of government encouraged his supporters to enrich themselves at public expense. Public dissatisfaction grew, led by student protests. Stevens’s answer was to introduce one-party rule in 1978. In 1985 Stevens retired, having chosen the head of the army, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as his successor. Widespread corruption continued, and the economy further deteriorated.
1Includes 12 paramount chiefs elected to represent each of the provincial districts.
|Official name||Republic of Sierra Leone|
|Form of government||republic with one legislative house (Parliament )|
|Head of state and government||President: Ernest Bai Koroma|
|Monetary unit||leone (Le)|
|Population||(2013 est.) 6,255,000|
|Total area (sq mi)||27,699|
|Total area (sq km)||71,740|
|Urban-rural population||Urban: (2011) 39.2%|
Rural: (2011) 60.8%
|Life expectancy at birth||Male: (2010) 53.3 years|
Female: (2010) 58.2 years
|Literacy: percentage of population age 15 and over literate||Male: (2009) 52.7%|
Female: (2009) 30.1%
|GNI per capita (U.S.$)||(2012) 580|