US 5973315 A
A multi-function day/night observation, ranging, and sighting device with active acquisition of optical targets includes a single objective lens and a single eyepiece lens and provides an image of a scene. The single objective lens leads to a visible-light first optical path and to an invisible-light second optical path. The invisible-light second optical path includes an image intensifier tube providing a visible image. The first and second optical paths converge with visible images provided by each pathway being overlaid at a reticule plane. A single light path leads from the reticule plane to the eyepiece lens. A laser provides pulses of laser light projected into the scene via the single objective lens, and the image intensifier tube is used as a detector for a portion of the laser light pulses reflected from an object in the scene in order to provide both a laser range finding function and an active optical target acquisition mode. The device includes a light-emitting display visible through the eyepiece lens providing ranging information superimposed over the image of the scene as seen by a user of the device. Methods of the device's operation are also disclosed.
1. A viewing device having an objective lens receiving light from a distant scene, an image intensifier tube receiving the light and responsively providing a visible image, and an eyepiece lens presenting the visible image to a user of the device; a laser projecting pulses of laser light into the scene, and circuit means for gating operation of the image tube in time-delayed synchronization with the pulses of laser light to provide an image of a retro-reflective object in the scene; the circuit means including means for gating the image tube at a rate sufficiently high to provide an image of the scene which is substantially free of flicker, and for operating the laser at an effective pulse repetition rate sufficiently slow that the retro-reflective object in the scene does flicker; whereby the retro-reflective object appears as a blinking source of illumination in the scene.
2. A method of operating a viewing device having an objective lens receiving light from a distant scene, an image intensifier tube receiving the light and responsively providing a visible image, and an eyepiece lens presenting the visible image to a user of the device; a laser projecting pulses of laser light into the scene, and circuit means for gating operation of the image tube on and off in time-delayed synchronization with the pulses of laser light to provide an image of the scene; the method including steps of:
providing circuit means for gating the image tube at a rate sufficiently high to provide an image of the scene which is substantially free of flicker, and
providing time control signal means for operating the laser to provide the laser light pulses at an effective pulse repetition rate sufficiently slow that a retro-reflective object in the scene does flicker and appears as a blinking source of illumination.
3. A circuit for a viewing device having an image intensifier tube with a photocathode, a microchannel plate, and an output electrode, said circuit comprising:
a first voltage supply for providing a voltage to said photocathode;
a first switch controlling connection of said photocathode with said first voltage supply;
a second voltage supply for providing a variable differential voltage across said microchannel plate;
a third voltage supply for providing a fixed high-gain voltage across said microchannel plate;
a second switch controlling connection of said microchannel plate with said third voltage supply;
a laser for controllably producing a pulse of laser light; and
a timing signal generator controlling opening and closing of said first and second switches and operation of said laser to produce pulses of laser light in timed relationship with connection of said first voltage supply to said photocathode and of said third voltage supply to said microchannel plate respectively.
4. The circuit of claim 3 further including a fourth voltage supply for providing a fixed lower voltage for connection to said photocathode, and a third switch controlling connection of said fourth voltage supply to said photocathode.
5. The circuit of claim 3 further including a high-resistance connection from said first voltage supply to said photocathode in parallel connection with said first switch.
6. The circuit of claim 3 including a sensor for providing a T0 signal upon said laser providing a pulse of laser light, an amplifier for providing a Tstop signal upon said image intensifier tube receiving a reflected portion of a laser pulse, a timer starting upon said T0 signal and stopping upon said Tstop signal to provide a time interval measurement, and a calculator providing a range output in response to said time interval measurement.
7. The circuit of claim 3 further including a manual input device for altering said variable differential voltage provided by said second voltage supply.
8. A day/night imaging device comprising:
an objective lens receiving light from a distant scene;
an eyepiece lens providing an image of the distant scene;
an image intensifier tube receiving light via said objective lens and responsively providing a visible image available at said eyepiece lens;
a power supply circuit selectively providing in a first mode of operation a variable differential voltage from a first microchannel plate voltage converter to a microchannel plate of the image intensifier tube, said power in a second mode of operation said power supply circuit alternatingly supplying differing voltage levels from a pair of photocathode voltage converters in a duty cycle to a photocathode of the image intensifier tube;
said power supply circuit further including a timing signal generator for connecting said first microchannel plate voltage converter and said pair of photocathode voltage converters to said microchannel plate and to said photocathode respectively in timed relationship.
9. The device of claim 8 further including manually-adjustable means for allowing a user of the device to adjust said duty cycle.
10. The device of claim 8 further including an automatic brightness control circuit effective to reduce said differential voltage in response to a current signal from said image intensifier tube.
11. The device of claim 8 further including another voltage converter circuit for supplying a constant high-gain voltage across said microchannel plate.
12. The device of claim 8 further including a laser light source for projecting timed pulses of laser light into the scene, and a timing control connection from said timing signal generator for controlling projection of laser light pulses from said laser.
13. The device of claim 10 further including a laser range finder control logic circuit, said laser range finder control logic circuit having an input to said microchannel plate voltage converter circuit effective upon operation of a laser range finding command signal to temporarily discontinue reduction of said differential voltage on said microchannel plate during a certain time interval.
14. The device of claim 13 wherein said laser range finder control logic circuit includes a microprocessor-based circuit implementing a high-speed timer, and a range calculator for laser range finding operations by use of said pulse of laser light.
15. A day/night viewer apparatus, said apparatus comprising:
an image intensifier tube providing an image having a brightness level;
a laser providing pulses of laser light projected into and illuminating said scene;
a power supply circuit for said image intensifier tube, said power supply circuit including a pair of alternative means for controlling brightness of said image provided by said image intensifier tube, one of said alternative means being operational in a day-time imaging mode, and the other of said alternative means being operational in a night-time imaging mode, respectively;
said one alternative means of said pair including a microchannel plate voltage converter circuit providing a differential voltage on a microchannel plate of said image intensifier tube, and a control circuit responsive to a current level from said image intensifier tube to control image brightness of said tube by selective reduction of said differential voltage, another voltage converter circuit providing a high-gain differential voltage across said microchannel plate, and a switch controlling connection of said another voltage converter circuit to said microchannel plate;
said other alternative means of said pair including a pair of photocathode voltage converter circuits, one of said pair of photocathode voltage converter circuits providing a negative voltage and the other providing a voltage which is positive relative to a first face of said microchannel plate, a switching network alternating connection of said photocathode of said image intensifier tube between said pair of voltage converter circuits in a duty cycle; and
a timing signal generator controlling opening and closing of said switch and of said switching network and of operation of said laser to produce pulses of laser light in timed relationship with connection of said photocathode voltage converter circuit to said photocathode and of said microchannel plate voltage converter circuit and of said another microchannel plate voltage converter circuit to said microchannel plate respectively.
16. A method of operating a viewing device in order to provide a highly conspicuous image of a retro-reflective object in a scene, said method comprising steps of:
providing an image intensifier tube receiving light from the scene and responsively providing a visible image;
utilizing a laser to project repetitive pulses of laser light into the scene;
providing circuit means for gating operation of the image tube on and off to provide an image of the scene which is substantially free of flicker;
providing the laser light pulses at a pulse repetition rate sufficiently slow that a retro-reflective object in the scene does visibly flicker;
whereby said retro-reflective object appears as a blinking source of illumination in said scene.
This application is related to the following other applications: Night Vision Device Having Improved Automatic Brightness Control and Bright-Source Protection, Improved Power Supply for Such a Night Vision Device, and Method of its Operation, Ser. No. 08/901,419, filed Jul. 28, 1997; Integrated Night Vision Device and Laser Range Finder, Ser. No. 08/901,423, filed Jul. 28, 1997; Night Vision Device, Improved Image Intensifier Tube for Such a Device, and Method of Making, Ser. No. 08/868,509, filed Jun. 4, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,380; Night Vision Device Having an Image Intensifier Tube, Improved Transmission Mode Photocathode for Such a Device, and Method of Making, Ser. No. 08/895,917, filed Jul. 17, 1997; Multi-Function Day/Night Observation, Ranging, and Sighting Device and Method of its Operation, Ser. No. 08/901,422, filed Jul. 28, 1997; Multi-Function Day/Night Observation, Ranging, and Sighting Device and Method of its Operation, Ser. No. 08/901,421, filed Jul. 28, 1997; Multi-Function Day/Night Observation, Ranging, and Sighting Device and Method of its Operation, Ser. No. 08/901,416, filed Jul. 28, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,617; Night Vision Device Having Series Regulator in Power Supply for MCP Voltage Control, Ser. No. 08/901,415, filed Jul. 28, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,381; Multi-Function Day/Night Observation, Ranging, and Sighting Device and Method of its Operation, Ser. No. 08/901,418, filed Jul. 28, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,907,150; Night Vision Device with Time-Varying Voltage to Photocathode, Ser. No. 08/901,424, filed Jul. 28, 1997; and ION Laser Temperature Control, Ser. No. 09/905,227, filed Aug. 1, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,903,996.
The entire content of each of these related applications is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention is in the field of image-magnifying viewing devices (i.e., telescopes) which can be used both in the day time to obtain a magnified view of a distant scene, and which can also be used at night or under other conditions of low ambient lighting in order to view such a distant scene. The view of the distant scene is magnified, and at night is also intensified or amplified by use of an image intensifier tube to provide a visible image when the scene is too dark to be viewed with diurnal vision. Accordingly, this invention relates to telescopes and other such viewing devices which may be used both in day and at night for observation and surveillance.
The present invention also relates to laser range finding apparatus and method. Such laser range finding apparatus and methods ordinarily project a pulse of laser light into a scene. The laser light pulse illuminates objects in the field of view and is partially reflected from at least one object in the scene whose distance from the observer is to be determined. In order to select this one object, the device may include a reticule and the laser light pulse may be of "pencil beam" configuration. The reflected portion of the laser light pulse is detected at the device, and the transit time for the laser light pulse to travel to and from the object is used to calculate a range to the object using the speed of light as a measuring standard.
This invention is also in the field of telescopic weapon aiming sights which provide a user with an aiming reticule, and which include provisions for bore-sighting the relative position of the reticule on a scene to the trajectory of a projectile. In other words, the telescopic device allows adjustments to place the reticule image on the viewed scene at the location where a bullet or other projectile will strike at a particular range.
A conventional day/night telescopic sight is known in accord with U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,780, issued Jan. 28, 1992 to E. A. Phillips. The Phillips patent appears to teach a telescopic day/night sight which has several alternative embodiments. According to one embodiment set out in the Phillips patent, such a telescopic sight includes a single objective lens behind which is disposed an angulated dichroic mirror. This mirror divides light coming into the sight via the objective lens into two frequency bands. Light of longer wavelengths (lower frequencies) is allowed to pass through the dichroic mirror to an image intensifier tube. This image intensifier tube operates in the conventional way familiar to those ordinarily knowledgeable about night vision devices. That is, the image intensifier tube provides a visible image which replicates a dim image or an image formed by invisible infrared light within the so-called near infrared portion of the spectrum. Thus, the longer wavelength band which passed through the dichroic mirror includes the infrared portion of the spectrum, and provides to the image intensifier tube the frequencies of light to which the tube is most responsive.
The visible portion of the light entering the Phillips sight via the objective lens is reflected by the dichroic mirror into an optical system leading to a combiner and to an eyepiece. At the combiner, the image provided by the image intensifier tube is superimposed on the image from the visible-light channel of the sight, and the resulting combined image is presented to a user of the sight via the eyepiece.
A possible disadvantage of the Phillips sight as described above is that the angulated dichroic mirror can introduce both parallax, astigmatism, and color aberrations into the image provided to the user. Thus, slight movements of the sight may cause the user to experience some shifting of the image along a line parallel with the angulation of the mirror, while the image does not shift along a line perpendicular to this angulation. In other words such an angulated dichroic mirror may result it the slight jiggling inherent in a hand-held telescope or weapon sight amplifying the apparent movement of the image in at least one direction. This effect can be disconcerting for the user of the device.
Other versions of the Phillips sight use a separate objective lens for both the day channel and the night channel of the sight. These versions would not appear to suffer from the same possible parallax problem described above with respect to the versions using the dichroic mirror. However, the versions of Phillips sight with two objective lenses suffer from an increased size, weight, and expense because of the additional optics and larger housing required to mount and protect these optics.
In each case with the sight disclosed by Phillips, the optical channels for the night sight and the day sight are laterally offset relative to one another. These two offset optical channels are parallel, and the image from these channels is combined for presentation at the eyepiece. However, in each case, the sight taught by Phillips requires separate laterally offset optical channels, and presents the problem of correctly and precisely superimposing the image from these two channels for the user of the sight.
Another consideration with the Phillips sight is the mechanism and size of housing required for effecting windage and elevation adjustments of the reticule. Some versions of the Phillips sight use a reticule plate, while others use an injected reticule (i.e., provided by a projector for a lighted reticule "dot" which is superimposed on the image of the viewed scene). In each case, the objective lens of the device receives a larger scene image (i.e., field of view) than is provided to the user, and the reticule is moved about within this field of view in order to provide windage and elevation adjustments. However, it is often desirable for the user of such a sight to perceive no apparent change in the centering of the reticule on the field of view. This results in a smaller imaged field of view with a centered reticule pattern moving about in a larger field of view provided by the objective optics. Understandably, optical systems of this type suffer from increased size and weight because of the larger objective optics.
Yet another disadvantage of sights of this conventional type is that the mechanism for moving the reticule is inherently located near the rear of the sight. This location for the reticule mechanism results in the housing of the sight being undesirably large at a location where clearance must be provided for the action mechanisms of many weapons.
Another conventional day/night weapon sight is known in accord with U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,472, issued Jul. 30, 1991 to Charles L. Hansen. The '472 patent appears to disclose a sighting device including a number of dichroic reflectors, which divide the incoming light into spectral bands. The visible one of the spectral bands passes to an eyepiece for viewing by a user of the device. Another of the spectral bands of light passes to an image intensifier tube. A visible image provided by this image intensifier tube then passes to the eyepiece. Yet another spectral band passes to a focal plane array device, such as to a CCD. The CCD is associated with a display device, such as a CRT. The image from the CRT then passes to the user via the eyepiece.
The device disclosed in the '472 patent appears not to provide laser range finding. No provisions appear to be made for a reticule usable in sighting by use of this device. Focusing and adjustment of a reticule position for windage and elevation also appear not to be addressed by the '472 patent.
Conventional laser range finders have also been known for a considerable time. One exemplary version of such a device is known as the MELIOS. This device uses viewing optics, a laser having a projection optical system, and a detector having a separate receiving optical system, all directed at a scene in which an object is located having a range to be determined. In operation, the laser provides a pulse of laser light, and this is projected into the scene via the projection optics. This laser light illuminates the object, and a portion of the laser light is reflected back toward the device. Part of the reflected laser light returning to the device is captured by the receiving optical system, and is directed to a detector. The device includes a timer starting when the laser light pulse is transmitted and stopping when the returning laser light is detected. A calculator portion of the device uses the elapsed time from transmission of the laser light pulse until detection of the returning reflected laser light to calculate the distance to the object.
Another conventional laser range finder is known as the Commander's Viewer Sight. This device uses a catadioptric optical viewing system, and places separate optics for projecting and detecting the laser light in the central obscuration of the viewing optical system. Thus, the viewing optics and laser range finder optics (i.e., projector and detector optics) are coaxial in this sight, but they are nevertheless separate optical structures.
In view of the deficiencies of the conventional day/night observation, sighting, and ranging devices it is an object for this invention to avoid one or more of these deficiencies.
Further to the above, it is an object for this invention to provide a day/night telescopic observation and sighting device which has a day channel and a night channel which receive light from a scene via a single objective lens.
Further, it is an object for this invention to provide a day/night telescopic sight which includes a laser range finder projecting laser light into a scene via the same singular objective lens which is used to receive light from the scene.
Still further, an objective for this invention is to provide such a day/night observation and sighting device in which an image intensifier tube serves as a detector of returning reflected laser light, as well as providing a visible image of the scene for viewing by the user of the device.
Yet another objective is to provide such a day/night observation and sighting device in which the same objective lens which is used to observe the scene, and though which laser light is projected into the scene for laser range finding, is also used to receive the reflected laser light to provide for detection of this laser light.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a viewing device having an objective lens receiving light from a distant scene, an image intensifier tube receiving the light and responsively providing a visible image, and an eyepiece lens presenting the visible image to a user of the device; a laser projecting pulses of laser light into the scene, and circuit means for gating operation of the image tube in time-delayed synchronization with the pulses of laser light to provide an image of a retro-reflective object in the scene; the circuit means including means for gating the image tube at a rate sufficiently high to provide an image of the scene which is substantially free of flicker, and for operating the laser at a pulse repetition rate sufficiently slow that the retro-reflective object in the scene does flicker; whereby the retro-reflective object appears as a blinking source of illumination in the scene.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method of operating a viewing device having an objective lens receiving light from a distant scene, an image intensifier tube receiving the light and responsively providing a visible image, and an eyepiece lens presenting the visible image to a user of the device; a laser projecting pulses of laser light into the scene, and circuit means for gating operation of the image tube on and off in time-delayed synchronization with the pulses of laser light to provide an image of the scene; the method including steps of: providing circuit means for gating the image tube at a rate sufficiently high to provide an image of the scene which is substantially free of flicker, and providing time control signal means for operating the laser to provide the laser light pulses at a pulse repetition rate sufficiently slow that a retro-reflective object in the scene does flicker and appears as a blinking source of illumination.
Still additionally, the present invention provides according to another aspect a power supply circuit for a viewing device having an image intensifier tube with a photocathode, a microchannel plate, and an output electrode, the power supply circuit comprising: a first voltage supply for providing a voltage to the photocathode; a first switch controlling connection of the photocathode with the first voltage supply; a second voltage supply for providing a variable differential voltage across the microchannel plate; a third voltage supply for providing a fixed high-gain voltage across the microchannel plate; a second switch controlling connection of the microchannel plate with the third voltage supply; a laser for controllably producing a pulse of laser light; and a timing signal generator controlling opening and closing of the first and second switches and operation of the laser to produce pulses of laser light in timed relationship with connection of the first voltage supply to the photocathode and of the third voltage supply to the microchannel plate respectively.
An advantage of the present invention resides in its combination within a single device of day and night (i.e., night vision) viewing devices, a laser range finder, and a weapon sight with both a reticule and ranging information superimposed over a target scene. The combined simultaneous presentation of day or night views, ranging information, and a sighting reticule allows a user of the device to very quickly sight on a target or provide target position information (i.e., bearing and range relative to the user). Uses for this device in the military and in law enforcement are apparent.
Additional objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description of one or more preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the appended drawing Figures, in which like reference characters denote like features or features which are analogous in structure or function as will be explained.
FIG. 1 provides an exterior view of a telescopic day/night observation, sighting, and ranging device embodying the present invention being used to observe a distant scene as well as to obtain a range to an object in this scene;
FIG. 1a provides an exterior perspective view of the device seen in FIG. 1 viewed from the opposite perspective;
FIGS. 2a and 2b together provide a diagrammatic longitudinal representation, partially in cross section, of the internal structures of the device seen in the preceding drawing FIGS.;
FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively provide an assembly view in longitudinal cross section, an exploded perspective view, an axial cross sectional view from the underside of the device, and a longitudinal cross sectional view, all of associated portions of the device seen in the preceding drawing FIGS.;
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary diagrammatic perspective view of yet another portion of the device seen in the preceding drawing FIGS.;
FIG. 8 provides a spectroscopic diagram of the light transmission and light reflection performance of a feature of the device as seen in FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a graphical presentation of a voltage-versus-time wave form which may be experienced within the device seen in the preceding drawing FIGS.;
FIG. 10 provides a schematic representation of a control system architecture for the device;
FIG. 11 provides a depiction of a view (i.e., of a distant scene and superimposed reticule and ranging information) which may be seen by a user of the device;
FIG. 12 is a fragmentary cross sectional view similar to a portion of FIG. 2a, but showing particulars of an alternative embodiment of the invention; and
FIGS. 13a and 13b provide a schematic and diagrammatic representation of a particular embodiment of a power supply and control circuit architecture for a device embodying the present invention; and
FIGS. 14a, 14b, 14c and 14d in conjunction provide voltage level timing diagrams for the operation of a laser and an image tube of the device. Particularly, FIG. 14a shows day-time gating of an image tube of the device, FIG. 14b shows laser light pulses projected by the device, and FIG. 14c shows night-time image tube gating as represented by voltage applied to a photocathode of the image tube.
Viewing FIGS. 1 and 1a in conjunction, a telescopic day/night observation, ranging, and sighting device (the "device") is depicted as it may be used by a user 12. In this case, the device 10 is mounted to a rifle 14, and the user 12 is using the device to view a distant scene 16. It will be understood that the device may be used alone without being mounted to a rifle 14, or to any other weapon. On the other hand, the device 10 is not limited to use as a sight for a rifle, and may be used for sighting a variety of weapons. Accordingly, it is seen that the device 10 is not limited to this or any other particular use, and other uses for the invention as embodied in device 10 and in its various other embodiments will be apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the pertinent arts.
In the distant scene 16 are personnel 18, and in the instant case, in addition to being able to observe the scene 16 and personnel 18, the user 12 would like to know the range to these personnel. The personnel 18 may be moving about and are only generally indicated in the scene 16, but in order to obtain a range to this scene 16 the user may select any number of convenient stationary objects in the scene 16 for ranging purposes. By obtaining a range to any one of the stationary objects, an acceptably accurate range to the personnel is also obtained. In the situation depicted, the housing structure 20 would probably be selected by the user 12 for ranging purposes. Alternatively, the user 12 may range to a vehicle, tree, or other natural feature, such as an exposed rock or rock formation, for example, to obtain a range to the scene 16. In the scene 16, a variety of such objects are depicted and are available to the user 12 for ranging purposes.
In order to range to the scene 16, upon a command from the user 12, the device 10 sends out a pulse 22 of laser light. This laser light pulse is of very short duration, and is not visible to the unaided human eye. However, the laser light pulse 22 does illuminate a portion of the scene 16, generally in the center of this scene as viewed by the user 12 via the device 10. Some part of the laser light pulse will be reflected from one or more objects in the scene 16 back toward the device 10, as is indicated by arrow 24. The returning laser light 24 is detected at the device 10, and range information is provided in a selected form to the user. For example, the range information may be presented to the user in numerical form superimposed over the scene 16 as seen through the device 10.
Considering the device 10 now in greater detail, it is seen that device includes a housing 26 which is offset along its length, and which is of stepped outer diameter. These specific features of construction are particular only to the embodiment of the invention depicted in FIGS. 1 and 1a, and the invention is not so limited. The housing 26 at a forward end includes an objective lens 28. The term "forward" as used here has reference to the direction toward an object or scene to be viewed by use of the device, while the terms "rear" or "rearward" refer to the opposite direction toward a user of the device. In this case, the device 10 has only a single objective lens, and this objective lens 28 is used to receive light from the scene 16, as is indicated by the arrows 28a. The light 28a will include visible light during day-time use of the device 10. Also, the light 28a may include light both in the visible portion of the spectrum, as well as light in the red end of the visible spectrum and in the near-infrared portion of the spectrum during both day-time and night-time use of the device 10, as will be further appreciated in view of the following.
It will be noted that objective lens 28 is also used as a projection lens for projecting the pulse of laser light 22 into the scene being viewed by the user 12. The invention is not limited to laser light pulse 22 projecting into the scene 16 via lens 28, and this should be viewed as a convenience and feature of the particularly illustrated and described embodiment of the invention. In addition, the objective lens 28 is used to receive the returned portion of the laser light pulse after reflection from one of more of the objects in the scene 16.
At its end opposite to the objective lens 28, the device 10 includes an eyepiece 30 into which the user 12 peers to obtain a magnified (i.e., telescopic) view of the object or scene toward which the device 10 is directed. The eyepiece 30 is rotational, as is indicated by arrow 30a, in order to allow the user 12 to focus this portion of the device. The housing 26 also provides a battery housing portion 32 having a removable cap 34 allowing replacement of a battery (not shown in FIGS. 1 or 1a) which is housed in the portion 32. A power switch 36 allows the user 12 to turn on and off a night vision function of the device 10, as will be further described. Also, other operational switches, generally indicated with numeral 38 and to be further described below allow the user to initiate a laser range finding (LRF) operation, and to control other functions of the device 10, as will be more fully explained.
Along the body 26 are located three adjustment knobs generally indicated with the numerals 40, 42, and 44. Knob 40 provides for objective focusing of the device, while knobs 42 and 44 respectively provide for windage and elevation adjustment of a field of view of the scene 16 relative to a fixed aiming reticule of the device 10, all of which will also be explained. A pair of recessed levers 46 and 48 respectively provide for selection of spatial and optical filters to be used in the device 10 during observation and laser range finding operations dependent upon the conditions of use for the device, as will be explained.
Turning now to FIGS. 2a and 2b and considering this structure in general, it is seen that the device 10 includes a number of lenses in color-corrected groups arranged along a bifurcated and convergent optical pathway leading from the objective lens 28 to the eyepiece 30. That is, an image presented at eyepiece 30 may be considered to have traveled along either one or both of the branches of the optical pathway. One branch of this pathway includes an image intensifier tube 50 so that the image presented at eyepiece 30 from this branch of the optical pathway is derived from light admitted to this pathway via objective lens 28, but is a replica image.
As those ordinarily skilled in the pertinent arts will know, when such an image intensifier tube is supplied with electrical power of appropriate voltage and current levels by a power supply circuit 52 drawing its electrical power from a battery stowed in the battery housing portion 32 under control of the on/off switch 36. Under night-time or other conditions of low ambient lighting level, the tube 50 will provide a visible image replicating an image in low-level visible light or in invisible near-infrared light. However, the image intensifier tube 50 can also be used in day time to provide an image, and can be used under marginal lighting conditions of dusk or early dawn, for example, to supplement an optical image provided along the other branch of the device 10. The image intensifier tube can also be used in full daylight to provide imaging functions and other functions to be described more fully below.
Generally, those ordinarily skilled in the pertinent arts will know that image intensifier tube 50 includes a transparent window portion 50a behind which is a photocathode responsive to photons of light from a scene to liberate photoelectrons in a pattern replicating the scene, a microchannel plate which receives the photoelectrons and which provides an amplified pattern of secondary emission electrons also replicating this scene, and a display electrode assembly. Generally, this display electrode assembly has an aluminized phosphor coating or phosphor screen. The electron pattern impacting on this screen creates a visible image replicating the scene. A transparent window portion 50b of the tube conveys the image from this output electrode assembly (or "screen") outwardly of the tube so that it can be presented to the user 12.
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art and also viewing now FIG. 2, the individual components of image intensifier tube 50 are all mounted and supported in a tube or chamber having forward and rear transparent plates (i.e., defining the transparent windows into and out of the tube) cooperating to define a chamber which has been evacuated to a low pressure. This evacuation allows electrons liberated into the free space within the tube to be transferred between the various components without atmospheric interference that could possibly decrease the signal-to-noise ratio. The tube 50 is operated by a power supply 52 drawing electrical power from the batteries in battery housing 32.
Typically, power supply 52 will apply an electrostatic field voltage on the order of 200 to 800 volts to the photocathode in order to allow it to liberate photoelectrons in response to incident photons. Preferably, a constant voltage level of 800 volts is provided by the power supply 52 for connection to the photocathode of the image tube 50. As will be further explained, this constant voltage is controllably, and possibly variably, gated on and off of connection to the photocathode in order to control brightness of the image presented to user 12, both to allow a laser range finding function to be carried out by the device 10, and possibly to allow the user 12 of the device to manually control the brightness level of the image or the gain provided by the image intensifier tube 50 of the device.
After accelerating over a distance between the photocathode and the input surface of a microchannel plate, the photoelectrons enter microchannels of the microchannel plate. The power supply 52 maintains a selected voltage differential across the opposite faces of this microchannel plate (i.e., across conductive electrode coatings carried on these faces) so that the photoelectrons are amplified by emission of secondary electrons to produce a proportionately larger number of electrons upon passage through the microchannel plate. This amplified shower of secondary-emission electrons is also accelerated by a respective electrostatic field generated by power source 52 to further accelerate in an established electrostatic field between the second face of the microchannel plate and the screen. Typically, the power source 52 produces a field on the order of 3,000 to 7,000 volts, and more preferably on the order of 6,000 volts during imaging operations in order to impart the desired energy to the multiplied electrons. During laser range finding operations of the image tube 50 this applied differential voltage is preferably increased to a "high gain" level, as will be explained. This amplified shower of electrons falls on the phosphor of the screen to produce an image in visible light.
Considering now the optical elements of the device 10, it is seen that the objective lens 28 admits light from the scene to a lens doublet 54a, 54b. These lenses project the light to an afocal lens set including lenses 56a-56d. Light exiting lens 56d is substantially collimated. The light from lens set 56a-56d is directed to a movable focus cell, generally indicated with the arrowed numeral 58. This focus cell 58 includes lenses 58a-58f, and is effectively a second smaller and relatively movable objective lens set in the device 10. As will be explained further below, the focus cell 58 is movable axially for focusing, as is indicated by arrow 60; is movable vertically for elevation adjustment, as is indicated by arrow 62; and is movable laterally for windage adjustment, as is indicated by arrow 64 (the dot-centered circle and cross respectively indicating the head and tail of a focus cell movement arrow perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 2). The objective lens sets 28, 54, 56, and focus cell lenses 58 cooperatively effect a first inversion of the image of the scene. Light exiting lens 58f is focused to a distant image plane, and as will be further described is to be divided into two spectral bands. Thus, the light exiting lens 58f is focused to two separate image planes dependent upon the wavelength band of the light. Understandably, the longer wavelengths of light will be focused to an image plane at the photocathode of the image intensifier tube 50. The shorter wavelengths of light (i.e., visible light 28a(v)) are focused to an image plane to be identified below.
Next, the light which has entered device 10 via objective lens 28 encounters a prism assembly 66 which is best seen in FIG. 7. The prism assembly 66 includes a first and a second prism members 66a and 66b, which have an angulated interface 66c. As is seen, the interface 66c is angulated so that incoming light from the objective lens 28 will be reflected downwardly. However, interface 66c is provided with a reflectivetransmissive dichroic coating, indicated with arrowed numeral 66d. Also, a central oval portion of the dichroic coating 66d is provided with an especially spectrally-selective dichroic coating portion 66d', as is further described below. Importantly, the dichroic coating 66d selectively passes longer wavelengths of light (i.e., from about the orange portion of the visible spectrum through the red portion and on into the ear-infrared portion of the spectrum). It will be understood that "invisible light" and "visible light" as used herein is not an indication that all of the light in a particular optical path of the device 10 is either visible or invisible. Rather, these designations are used merely to distinguish the optical paths from one another, and as a convenience. That is, some of the light passing to image tube 50 will be in the visible portion of the spectrum, and some of the light passing along the visible light optical path to the eyepiece 30 will be in the invisible infrared portion of the spectrum.
As will be further explained, the spectrally-selective coating portion 66d' has a weighted average transmissibility of wavelengths to which the image intensifier tube 50 is responsive of about 70%. Thus, the longer wavelengths of light (indicated with arrows 28a(ir) pass through the prism assembly 66, and are focused through the front transparent window of the image intensifier tube 50 onto the photocathode of this tube, viewing FIG. 2 once again and recalling the description above of the operation of the image intensifier tube. In other words, the lens group from and including objective lens 28 through the lens 58f have an image plane at the photocathode of the image intensifier tube 50. In response to this light 28a(ir), the image intensifier tube 50 can provide a visible image.
However, a significant portion of the light in the visible portion of the spectrum [indicated by arrows 28a(v)] is reflected from the dichroic coating 66d at interface 66c, and passes downwardly through another plate-like prism assembly 68, which is a portion of the prism assembly 66. Prism assembly portion 68 includes two plate-like members 68a and 68b, which cooperatively define an interface 68c angulated at 45 degrees with respect to the vertical and directed laterally of the device 10. On this interface 68c is located another coating 68d of the spectrally-selective coating material used for area 66d'. The visible light wavelengths (28a(v)) substantially pass through this interface and through the coating 68d. The light passing downwardly through portion 68 reflects from a beam splitter mirror 70 having a first-surface reflective-transmissive surface 70a. Thus, the light 28a(v) is reflected from surface 70a rearwardly of the device 10 toward eyepiece 30.
Behind the beam splitter mirror 70 (i.e., toward the eyepiece 30, and viewing FIGS. 2a and 2b once again) is it seen that device 10 includes a lens group 72 including lenses 72a-72e, and having two image planes. In the direction toward the eyepiece 30, the lens group 72 has an image plane at the location indicated by dashed line 74 and effects a second inversion of the image of the scene, so that an erect image is presented at plane 74. On the other hand, in the direction away from eyepiece 30, the lens group 72 has an image plane located at the plane of a face 76a of a light emitting diode (LED) display 76. The function of this display will be further described below.
Next, light passing toward the eyepiece 30 encounters a combiner prism 78, having a first prism portion 78a and second prism portion 78b, cooperatively defining a reflective-transmissive interface 78c. Light from the prism assembly 70 (and from the display 76 as well, as will be explained) passes through this prism assembly, passing through the image plane 74, and to the eyepiece optics which are generally indicated with numeral 80 and which include eyepiece lens 30. It will be noted that these eyepiece optics 80 are non-inverting.
However, at the plane 74 is disposed a reticule plate 82. This reticule plate includes a selected reticule pattern, such as a cross-hair with minute of angle (MOA) dots (as will be explained with reference to FIG. 11), for purposes of allowing the device 10 to be used in sighting a weapon. The image of the reticule pattern is seen by user 12 superimposed on the image of the scene 16. Further considering the eyepiece optics 80, it is seen that these optics include lenses 80a-80d, and eyepiece lens 30. As noted above, relative rotation of the housing portion 30a moves the eyepiece optics group 80 axially of the housing 26 and focuses the eyepiece lens group at plane 74.
Considering now the image presented by image intensifier tube 50 at window 50b, it is seen that this image is inverted because of the first inversion of the image effected by the objective lenses, as explained above. The image intensifier tube 50 is of non-inverting type, and also provides an inverted image at window 50b. A relay lens group, indicated with numeral 84 includes lenses 84a-84d, has an image plane at plane 74, and effects a reversion of the inverted image presented by tube 50 so that an erect image is presented to the user 12 at plane 74. The image from image intensifier tube 50 is overlaid at the image plane 74 with any visible-light image (i.e., formed by light 28a(v)) so that the user 12 can see these two images superimposed on one another if both are present. At night and under other low-light conditions, the visible-light image will be fully or substantially absent, and the user will see the image from the image tube 50. Light from the relay lens group 84 is directed by a mirror 86 downwardly into combiner prism 78, to be reflected from the interface 78c toward the eyepiece 30.
Stated differently, the visible light image provided by light 28a(v), and the image presented by the image intensifier tube 50 in response to the light 28a(ir) are superimposed on one another at the image plane 74, and are viewable each alone or together at the eyepiece 30 (i.e., the user is looking at image plane 74). Thus, under day-light conditions, the device 10 may be used using only visible-light imaging, or may combine visible light imaging with the image provided by the image intensifier tube 50, if desired (i.e., even in full day-light conditions, as will be explained) At night-time and under other low-light conditions, the device 10 provides night vision using the image from the image intensifier tube 50.
Further to the above, it will be noted that the light focused to the image plane 74 by lens groups 72 and 84 can also pass through the prism 78 in a downward direction, with the light from lens group 72 being reflected partially from interface 78c. Light from lens group 84 partially transmits through the interface 78c. Thus, yet another image plane is present at a front face 87a of a light responsive electronic imaging device 87. The imaging device 87 may include, for example, a charge coupled device (CCD). Other types of electronic imaging devices may be employed at this image plane (i.e., at the plane indicated at 87a) in order to capture electronically an image using the device 10. As a result, the device 10 can provide an image via an electrical interface indicated by conductor 87b.
Moving Focus Cell for Windage/Elevation Adjustment
Turning now to FIGS. 3-6 in conjunction with one another, and considering FIG. 3 first, it is seen in this FIG. that the focus cell lens group 58 is movable in the vertical direction in order to accomplish a relative movement of the scene 16 as imaged by the device 10 relative to the fixed reticule 82. The displacement of the focus cell 58 is in the vertical direction for elevation adjustment, but it will be understood that the focus cell 58 is movable laterally of the device 10 (recalling arrow 64) for windage adjustment.
Moving the focus cell 58 from its centered position effectively moves the image of the portion of the scene 16 seen through the device 10 relative to the fixed reticule 82. This movement is accompanied by a very slight off-axis shift in angulation of the image, which is reduced according to the magnifying power of the focus cell lens group 58. Importantly, because the device 10 effectively moves the imaged portion of a scene relative to a fixed reticule, the reticule always remains centered in the view provided to the user 10. As will be addressed further below, lateral movements of the focus cell lens group 58 simultaneously move or "steer" the projected laser light 22 on scene 16 so that this projected laser light beam corresponds at its center with the point of aim indicated by reticule 82.
Viewing FIGS. 3-6, it is seen that the focus cell lenses 58a-58f are carried in a tubular focus cell body 88. The focus cell body 88 is of stepped tubular configuration, and includes a large diameter portion 88a having an outer surface 88b, and a reduced diameter portion 88c passing through an aperture 90a in a focus cell cross slide member 90. The large diameter portion and smaller diameter portion of the body 88 cooperatively define a radially extending and axially disposed guide surface 88d. Similarly, the cross slide member 90 defines a pair of opposite radially extending and axially disposed guide surfaces 90b and 90c, only one of which is visible in FIG. 5. The focus cell body 88 carries a pair of diametrically opposite axially projecting pins 92 (only one of which is visible in FIG. 4--both being visible in FIG. 3), which are slidably received into vertically extending guide slots 94 (again, both being visible in FIG. 3) formed on the surface 90c of cross slide member 90.
Extending perpendicularly to these guide slots described above, the cross slide member 90 defines a pair of diametrically opposite and parallel guide surfaces, each indicated with the numeral 90d. A portion of the smaller diameter portion 88c of body 88 is externally threaded, and an internally threaded retainer collar 96 is threaded onto the body 88 so that a radially extending and axially disposed surface 96a slidably engages the surface 90b. A locking ring 98 is also threaded onto the portion 88c of the body 88 in order to lock the collar 96 in place. Consequently, the body 88 is guided on cross slide member 90 by sliding engagement of surfaces 88d/90c, and 90b/96a, with the pins 92 in slots 94 constraining the body 88 to relative vertical motion.
In order to provide for relative horizontal motion of the cross slide member 90 (and of body 88), the device 10 includes a cross slide mount 100, best seen in FIG. 3. This cross slide mount 100 defines a pair of diametrically opposite, parallel and laterally extending guide surfaces 100a, slidably engaging and supporting the cross slide member 90 by engagement with surfaces 90d. In order to effect lateral movement of the focus cell group 58 so as to move the image of scene 16 in horizontal and vertical relative directions (i.e., for windage and elevation adjustments), the focus cell body 88 and cross slide member 90 each carry a respective one of a pair of radially outwardly extending, rigidly attached, and orthogonally disposed threaded stems, each indicated with the numeral 102. One of the stems 102 extends parallel to the slots 94 and is attached to body 88, while the other is parallel to guide surfaces 90d and is attached to cross slide member 90. Each of the guide stems 102 will be seen to effect independent windage or elevation adjustment on the one of the members 88 or 90 to which it attaches.
In FIG. 3, only one of the guide stems 102 is visible, the other extends perpendicularly to the plane of this FIG. (viewing FIG. 4 for an illustration of the orthogonal relationship of the stems 102). However, the adjustment mechanisms for each stem are essentially the same so that description of one suffices to describe both. FIGS. 3 and 4 show that the stems 102 are each threadably received into an internally threaded bore 104a of a hat-shaped rotatable nut member 104. The nut member 104 includes a radially projecting flange portion 104b, carrying a pair of diametrically opposite pins 104c (only one of which is fully visible in FIG. 4). The pins 104c are each drivingly received slidably into a respective slot 106a of a rotational drive disk member 106 having a central aperture 106b. At aperture 106b, the disk 106 is received over the hat-shaped nut member 104. Further, this drive disk member 106 includes another pair of slots 106c, which are located perpendicularly to the slots 106a. In each of the slots 106c is drivingly received one of a respective diametrically opposed pair of pins 108a carried on a radial flange portion 108b of a knob core member 108. viewing FIG. 3, it is seen that this knob core member 108 is rotationally carried by the housing 26 by use of an apertured base member 110, having an aperture 110a into which the knob core 108 rotationally is received. This base member 110 carries an apertured reaction disk 112 (part of which is seen in the exploded perspective view of FIG. 4) by which the nut member 104 is rotationally constrained from axial movement between these two members. Thus, it is seen that the nut member 104 is trapped rotationally between the reaction disk 112 and the base member 110 along with the drive disk 106 and knob core member 108. The disk member 106 effectively provides a Scotch-yoke type of rotational and translational drive mechanism between the knob core 108 and the nut member 104, allowing for relative eccentricity between these two rotational members while providing a rotational driving relationship between them. Because of the driving relationship between the knob core 108 and nut member 104, rotation of the knob core 108 is effective to rotate the nut member and translate stem 102, regardless of the eccentricity which may exist between the members at a particular time.
Captively carried rotationally on the knob core member 108 is a relatively rotational knob member 114, which carries a locking lever 116. When the locking lever 116 is manually pivoted from its illustrated position outwardly about 90°, an eccentric portion 116a of the lever binds with and grips the knob core 108 to allow manual rotation of the knob core. Recalling FIGS. 1 and 1a, it is seen that in each instance the respective knob core 108 and knob member 114 cooperatively make up the knobs 42 and 44 seen on the outside of the device 10 for respective windage and elevation adjustments. In this way, a user of the device 10 can effect manual windage and elevation adjustments of the focus cell 58.
FIG. 6 shows a click-adjustment mechanism of the knob core 108 which is generally indicated with the numeral 108c. This click adjustment mechanism both restrains the knob core 108 against unwanted movements, and also provides both a tactile "feel" and audible "click" indicative of the extent of manual movements effected to the focus cell 58 by the user of the device 10. Viewing FIGS. 3 and 6 in greater detail, it is seen that the base member 110 defines an annular recess 110a, having a multitude of radially inwardly disposed ridges or lands 110b, defining radially inwardly disposed grooves 110c there between. In this case, both the lands 110b and grooves 110c number 62. In order to provide a click-adjustment mechanism 108c of finer resolution than 1/62 of a rotation of the knob core member 108, a collar portion 108d of the core extends into the recess 110a, and defines three circumferentially regularly spaced apart slot-like apertures 108e. One of three cylindrical detent members 118 is closely movably received into each of the apertures 108d, and each is urged radially outwardly toward a groove 110c by an annular spring member 120.
However, because the number of grooves of the click adjust mechanism 108c (i.e., 62) is not evenly divisible by 3, only one of the detent members 118 can be in a 35 groove 110c at any time. The rotational position error between the other two detent balls and their closest groove will be (62-60)/3, (i.e., 2/3 of the width of one land 110b) with the positional error being evenly shared by each of the two detent members which are not received in a groove. In other words, one detent ball is received in a groove 110c, and the other two are each 1/3 of the width of a land 110b away from being received into a groove. Dependent upon the direction of rotation of the knob core 108, one of the detent members 118 will require 1/3 of a land width to reach its groove in the particular direction, while the other will require 2/3 of a land width of movement. As a result, the click adjustment mechanism 108c provides a resolution of about 1/180 rotation per "click" for the knob core 108.
Axial Focusing Movement of Focus Cell 58
Further, FIGS. 4 and 5 show that the focus cell 58 is also movable axially (recalling arrow 60 of FIG. 2) by axial sliding movement of the cross slide mount 100 along the interior surface 26a of housing 26. This axial movement of the focus cell lens group has the effect of adjusting the focus of light at the image planes (i.e., at the photocathode of the image intensifier tube 50 and at the plane 70b noted above), compensating for the variable distance to the scene 16 being viewed. In other words, the focus cell 58 is moved axially in order to assure that incoming light is focused both on the photocathode of the image intensifier tube 50, and at the image plane 70b. From an infinity-focus position for the focus cell 58, the axial movement of the focus cell 58 required in order to accommodate all other closer distances for focusing of the device 10 need only be about 0.050 inch or less. It will be recognized in this respect that the device 10 is intended to focus from infinity to as close as about 50 yards. Focusing of device 10 at distances closer than about 50 yards is not necessary.
In order to provide such axial movement of the focus cell 58, the housing 26 provides a boss 122 having a bore 122a into which a pin 124 is pivotally received. Outwardly, the housing 26 may have a slight protrusion 122b for boss 122. The pin 124 is secured to and pivotally supports a somewhat curved lever 126. The lever 126 has another pin 128 spaced from pin 124 on the centerline of the body 88 and received pivotally and slidably into a transverse slot 130 defined by cross slide mount 100. The lever 126 curves to wrap partially around the body 88, and at a distal end portion 126a includes a slot 126b extending generally parallel with the pins 124 and 128. Movably received into the slot 126b is a pin 132a carried by the internal rotational portion 132 drivingly connected to the focus knob 40.
In view of the above, it is easily seen that rotation of knob 40 drives the portion 132 in rotation, and that pin 132a gyrates, driving the lever 126 in oscillatory pivotal movement. These pivotal movements of the lever 126 are translated into axial movements of the cross slide mount 100 by pin 128 operating in slot 130. Thus, the user 12 can adjust the focus of the focus cell lens group 58 to account for differing distances to the scenes 16 which the user may want to view.
Laser Light Injection
Returning to a consideration of FIG. 7, it is seen that the prism assembly 66, including portion 68, is associated with a laser light projection assembly 134. This laser light projector assembly originates a laser light pulse, which when projected outwardly into the scene 16 via the objective lens 28, becomes pulse 22. In order to provide a pulse of laser light projected from the prism assembly 66 forwardly through the objective lens 28, as is indicated with arrowed numeral 22a, the assembly 134 includes a laser diode 136, which when energized provides a pulse of laser light indicated with numeral 22b. Preferably, this laser light pulse has a selected wavelength, which is in the infrared portion of the spectrum and is not visible to humans. The pulse of light 22b is projected through a stationary lens 138 toward a selectively movable lens 140. Lens 140 is illustrated in solid lines in FIG. 7 in its position to provide a "pencil beam" of projected laser light as pulse 22, recalling FIGS. 1 and 1a and the discussion concerning objects in the scene 16 which may be different in reflection of laser light and which may be selected for laser ranging in the scene 16. The lens 140 is selectively moveable under control of the user 12 between the position in solid lines in FIG. 7 and an alternative position shown in dashed lines in this FIG.
In the dashed line position of lens 140 in FIG. 7, the lens 140 causes the pulse of light 22 to have a divergence of about 2 degrees. This causes the laser light pulse 22 to illuminate a portion of the scene 16 which varies in size according to the distance between the device 10 and the scene 16. Understandably, by selection of the area of the scene illuminated by the laser light pulse 22 in view of the magnitude of the reflection from the object to which laser range finding is being performed, the user 12 can choose a combination of object(s), reflection intensity, and area of illumination giving the best possible laser range finding results.
The light of laser light pulse 22b is projected by lens 140 into the prism member 68a, and reflects from coating 68d upwardly to prism assembly 66. In the prism assembly 66, the laser light pulse 22b is incident upon the coating portion 66d', which for this wavelength of light provides a reflectivity of about 80 percent. Consequently, the laser light pulse 22b is directed forwardly, and exits the prism assembly 66 as laser light pulse 22a, as noted above. Viewing now FIG. 8, it is seen that the coating portion 66d' provides a nearly perfect reflection at the shorter wavelengths of visible light which must be reflected from this coating downwardly to pass to eyepiece 30. At the longer infrared wavelengths, the coating 66d' has a low magnitude of reflection, and has a transmissibility weighted over the wavelengths to which the image intensifier tube 50 is responsive of about 70%.
Further, viewing the ray trace of FIGS. 2a and 2b, it is seen that a significant portion of the light which is focused at the image tube 50 passes around the portion of interface 66c where the area of coating 66d' is located. Accordingly, each area of the photocathode of the image tube 50 will receive sufficient light that a significant shadow is not cast by the coating portion 66d'. Considered from an optical analysis approach, the light received in the center of the image tube will be about 91% of the possible light level were the coating 66d' not present. In other words, the image provided by image tube 50 does not have a shadow or darkened area because of obscuration from coating portion 66d'.
Again, at the longer light wavelengths centered around the selected wavelength for laser light pulse 22, which is in the near-infrared within the sensitivity of tube 50, it is seen in FIG. 8 that the coating 68d' has a magnitude of reflection which averages better than 70 percent, and approaches 80 percent at some wavelengths. Accordingly, the laser light pulse 22b from laser diode 136 is reflected from the coatings 68d at interface 68c, and from coating 66d' at interface 66c, to be projected forwardly as pulse 22a (viewing FIG. 7) and to become pulse 22 when it is projected from the objective lens 28 into the scene 16.
Further considering this projection of pulse 22, it is seen that the laser light 22b/22a has a path outwardly of the device 10 through the focus cell group 58 and through the other lenses leading to and through objective lens 28 which is opposite to the incoming light from the scene 16. In view of the description above of how movements of the focus cell lens group 58 in the lateral directions (i.e., X-Y movements) are effective to move the viewed scene as perceived through the objective lens, it will be understood that these movements of the focus cell lens group simultaneously move the projected laser light 22 in the scene 16. During manufacture of the device 10, the point of projection of laser light 22 is aligned with the center of the scene 16 (i.e., with the center of the reticule pattern seen in FIG. 11). In this way, a user of the device can select an object with which to perform a laser range finding operation by setting the reticule pattern on this object and commanding a LRF operation.
Additionally to the above, as the user of the device 10 makes windage and elevation adjustments of the device to account for variations in mounting of the device on the weapon, and for ballistic differences in the ammunitions and projectiles employed, these adjustments simultaneously "steer" the laser range finding light 22 in the scene 16. In other words, the projected laser light 22 always coincides with reticule 82.
Imaging using Image Intensifier Tube 50
Further to the above, it will be recalled that although the device 10 may provide to a user an image entirely in visible light received by objective lens 28, the alternative mode of operation is imaging by use of image intensifier tube 50, either alone (i.e., as a night vision device), or as an adjunct to the visible-light image. To this end, the power supply circuit 52 is provided in order to operate the image intensifier tube 50. This power supply circuit provides for a constant voltage level (preferably of -800 volts) to be provided to the photocathode of the tube 50, and to be gated on and off in a duty cycle in order to control the brightness of the image provided by the tube 50. This duty cycle may be variable and may be automatically controlled (as will be seen), or may be manually controlled. This aspect of control of the brightness level of the image provided by tube 50 may be controlled by switches 38, one of which may serve as a "brightness increase" slew switch, and another of which may serve as a "brightness decrease" slew switch. Alternatively, an analog type of manual control for brightness may be provided on the outside of housing 26 where it is accessible to the user 12. Such an analog control may take the form of, for example, a rotational knob which by its rotational positions controls the brightness of the image from tube 50.
Under use conditions of comparatively high brightness, but which are still too dim to provide a good image by natural light alone, the user of the device 10 can supplement the natural light image provided by the device 10 by also operating the image intensifier tube 50. Under these use conditions, the image tube 50 may have a lower brightness level. Conversely, on a dark night, the image tube may be operating with a high brightness level. On the other hand, during day-time imaging, the image intensifier tube may have its brightness level turned completely down. In other words, the duty cycle gating of constant -800 volts to the photocathode of the tube 50 may be as low as 1×10-4 %. This allows the image tube 50 to provide an image in full day light, and to still be used as a sensor for laser range finding operations, as will be further explained.
During some day-time uses of the device 10 with image tube 50 turned on, the user will most preferably employ an optical band-pass notch filter (to be further described below). Such a filter has the advantage of significantly decreasing or removing wavelengths of light from that light reaching image tube 50 other than right around the wavelength selected for laser light 22. Even with such a filter introduced into the optical pathway leading to the tube 50, the brightness level of the tube may be turned down by the user because the day-time scene is so rich in photons. The image tube 50 can still provide a supplemental image from the light which does reach it, but its response during laser range finding operations is considerably improved because of an improved signal to noise ratio.
Accordingly, it is seen that the brightness level setting for the tube 50 is variable, and may be at a low setting at a time when the user 12 wants to perform a laser range finding operation.
Image Intensifier Tube Operation and Laser Range Finding Operation
Recalling the above, it will be seen that the user 12 may want to perform a laser range finding (LRF) operation using the device 10, and further may want to perform this LRF operation at a time when the brightness level of the image intensifier tube 50 has been turned down by the user. In order to allow the brightness level adjustment for the image intensifier tube 50 the power supply 52 provides a constant voltage level, preferably about -800 volts, which can be supplied to the photocathode of the tube 50. Further, this power supply circuit gates this constant voltage level on and off of connection to the photocathode at a constant selected frequency in a duty cycle. This duty cycle may be variable or may be a selected constant value of duty cycle. The duty cycle level at which the constant voltage level is connected to the photocathode of the tube 50 largely controls the brightness level of the image provided by this tube (gain at the microchannel plate also has an effect, as those ordinarily skilled will appreciate).
As pointed out above, the duty cycle for gating of the photocathode of image tube 50 may be varied by use of manual controls available to the user of the device 10. For example, in response to manipulation of the slew switches noted above, the user may control brightness for the tube 50. Preferably, the duty cycle frequency is about 50 Hz in order to avoid any visible flicker in the image provided to the user 12 as a result of the brightness control function.
Conversely, it should be kept in mind that when the duty cycle for image tube 50 is 100%, the image intensifier tube 50 provides its maximum gain and maximum brightness for the image provided by this tube. Alternatively, the user 12 may select a lesser brightness depending on the use conditions for the device 10 and the user's preferences by commanding the duty cycle to be a lower value (i.e., less than 100% and as low as about 1×10-4 %) by use of slew switches 38.
Now, viewing FIG. 9 it is seen that the portion 142 depicts a voltage gating wave form at the photocathode of the image intensifier tube 50 which may apply either when the user 12 has turned down the brightness of the tube 50 to some selected level, or which may represent a fixed duty cycle for the device 10 (for example, under day-time conditions). In the depicted case, the duty cycle is about 20%, which is merely exemplary. The point is that the duty cycle is less than 100% to control the brightness of the image provided by tube 50. As is seen in the portion 142 of this graph, the voltage wave form includes a peak 144 substantially at -800 volts indicating the connection of the photocathode to the constant voltage level provided by power supply 52. Following each peak 144 is an interval 146 of open-circuit voltage decay because the power supply circuit 52 opens connection of the photocathode to the -800 volt supply, and voltage decays at a natural capacitor-discharge open-circuit rate. The magnitude of this open-circuit voltage decay is not great because the time interval is short (i.e., about 1/50th second for a 50 Hz frequency of duty cycle gating).
The power supply 52 in this instance is placing charge on a virtual capacitor existing within the image intensifier tube 50 between the photocathode and a microchannel plate of the tube. Next in each duty cycle as is indicated at 148, the power supply 52 connects the photocathode to a constant relative-positive voltage level of about +30 volts to effect a "hard turn off" of the photocathode. In other words, when connected to the relative positive voltage level, the photocathode of the tube 50 is not responsive to photons of light to release photoelectrons in the tube. Preferably, this constant positive voltage level is about +30 volts relative to the front face of the microchannel plate in the tube 50. Because the tube has a time interval in each duty cycle during which it is not responsive to photons of light, the brightness of the image provided by the tube 50 is decreased.
However, it will be noted that when the brightness and gain of the tube 50 are turned down, the tube is also not providing its best amplification in its prospective use as a sensor during laser range finding operations. Considering now FIGS. 9 and 10 together, it is seen that the device 10 includes a laser range finding control circuit 150 which at a portion 152 receives a LRF control input from the user 12 via a switch 38 commanding the device 10 to perform a laser range finding operation. Those ordinarily skilled will understand that the portion 152 may include a microprocessor, a programmable logic gate array, or an ASIC, for example. In response to this LRF control input, the control circuit 150 commands the power supply 52 to switch the photocathode of the image intensifier tube 50 momentarily to the +30 volts. This connection is indicated on FIG. 9 at 154, and is followed after a selected time interval by connection of the photocathode to the -800 volts constant level provided by the power supply 52 for a subsequent time interval. This connection is indicated at 156 on FIG. 9.
After the photocathode is connected to the -800 volts level, the control circuit 150 provides an input to the laser diode 136 via a laser power supply 158. The laser diode 136 responsively provides the pulse of laser light 22b, which will become the pulse 22 projected via the objective lens 28 into the scene 16, as described above. A sensor 160 senses the pulse 22b, and provides a starting command to a timer 162. The timer 162 may be a separate device, or may be implemented as part of processor 152. In this same interval for projection and return of the laser light pulse, the control circuit 150 provides an input command to an actuator 164. The actuator 164 moves a spatial filter 166 into the light path (i.e., the path for light 28a(ir)) between prism 66 and image intensifier tube 50. Possibly, two or more alternative spatial filters may be provided (i.e., with differing sized of apertures), the selection of a particular one being dependent upon the position of lever 46. These spatial filters are essentially opaque blocking plates or shutters which define a central aperture allowing reflected laser light to be returned to the image intensifier tube from a selected central portion of the scene 16. The size of the portion of the scene 16 from which reflected laser light is received at tube 50 is dependent upon the size of the aperture in the spatial filter 166. For example, one of two alternative spatial filters 166 may have an aperture of about 2 mm., while the other may have a larger aperture of about 12 mm.
Also, dependent upon the position of lever 48, an optical filter 168 may be manually moved into the light path between prism 66 and image intensifier tube 50. The optical filter 168 is a notch-transmission type, and transmits light substantially at the selected infrared wavelength of the laser diode 136 (i.e., the wavelength of pulse 22) while partially blocking wavelengths other than this. Again, during day-time laser range finding operations, use of the optical filter 168 assists in filtering out other adjacent wavelengths of infrared light which may be rich in the day-time scene, and thus improves the signal to noise ratio for the image intensifier tube 50 in its mode of operation as a sensor for laser range finder operation.
Further, as is described above the returning laser light 24 reflected from an object in the scene 16 is received by image tube 50 after the photocathode has been connected to the -800 volt level (i.e., after time instant 156 of FIG. 9) and is very responsive to the returning laser light. The connection to the -800 volt level indicated at 156 effected at an early enough time to allow for settling of the charge distribution on the photocathode, and is maintained for a sufficient time interval to insure that the returning laser light pulse is received by the tube 50 while the photocathode is highly responsive to photons. Further, the microchannel plate of the image tube 50 has a voltage differential applied across it which makes it have a high gain level. As may be appreciated, the microchannel plate for imaging purposes may have a differential voltage applied which is less than the full high-gain differential voltage level. This may be the case, for example, because viewing conditions are bright, or because a bright source of light is present in the viewed scene. Regardless of the reason for the microchannel plate of the image tube having less than the high-gain level of voltage differential applied, when a LRF operation is commanded, this differential voltage across the microchannel plate is changed to a high-gain level.
Consequently, in response to the reflected portion 24 of the laser light pulse 22, the tube 50 experiences an electron pulse which provides a current flow from the screen and is sensed by a connection through the power supply 52 into timer 162. The timer thus stops, with the interval of its operation measuring the time required for light to travel to and from the scene 16. This measured time interval is read by microprocessor 152 and the distance to the scene is calculated using the speed of light as a measuring standard. The microprocessor 152 then provides a range output via the display 76. As mentioned above, the display provides an image which shines though the reflector 70 and combiner prism 78 and is visible to the user 12 in eyepiece 30.
As FIG. 9 depicts, after the connection of the photocathode of the image tube to the -800 volt level in anticipation of the receipt of the returning laser light pulse 24, and after a sufficient interval to insure reception of the reflected laser light pulse, the power supply 52 then resumes the gating operation indicated at 142', which is a continuation of what ever gating operation had been going on prior to the LRF operation in order to control image brightness and gain of the tube 50 for the user of the device 10. After the LRF operation, the spatial filter is also withdrawn from the light path by actuator 164.
FIG. 11 provides a representative example of the image provided by the device 10, which includes the reticule image 82a provided by reticule plate 82, and range information 76b provided by LED display 76. As is seen on FIG. 11, the LED display 76 also provides (if applicable) an illuminated indicator 170, which will be blinking if the batteries of the device 10 are running low on power. Also, optionally, the device 10 may include an external infrared spot light illuminator 172 (best seen in FIG. 1a) which projects a beam of infrared light 172a into the scene 16 in order to provide illumination under extremely dark conditions. That is, during such extremely dark conditions as may exist within a tunnel or inside of a building basement without windows, not even the image intensifier tube 50 will provide an image without some supplemental infrared light illumination. Under these conditions, the user of the device 10 may turn on the illuminator 172, and the illuminator warning indicator 174 seen in FIG. 11 will remind the user that this illuminator is on. Because the infrared light provided by the illuminator 172 is also visible to others having night vision equipment and may reveal the presence and position of the user 12, such supplemental illumination is generally used only intermittently.
FIG. 12 provides a fragmentary view similar to a portion of FIG. 2a of an alternative embodiment of the device 10. In order to obtain reference numerals for use in describing this alternative embodiment, features which are the same or which are analogous in structure or function to features described or depicted above, are referenced on FIG. 12 using the same numeral used above, and increased by one-hundred (100). Not all features having a reference numeral mentioned below are seen in FIG. 12. In cases where a feature not seen in FIG. 12 is referred to, the feature of FIGS. 1-11 having this numeral (i.e., minus 100) is indicated.
Viewing FIG. 12, it will be understood that a device 110 includes an objective lens 128 admitting light to a lens double 154a and 154b (none of these being shown in FIG. 12). The lenses 128 and 154 pass light to an a-focal lens group including lenses 156a-156d. Collimated light provided by the lens group 156 is received by a movable focus cell lens group 158. However, in contrast to the embodiment depicted and described above, the focus cell lens group 158 is movable only axially for focusing, and is not at all movable laterally or vertically of the sight 110 for windage and elevation adjustment. In order to provide for movement of the image received via the objective lens 128 relative to the reticule plate of the device 110, the device includes two pairs of relatively rotatable Risley prisms, respectively indicated with numerals 180, and 182. Each prism in each set of prisms is selectively counter rotatable relative to the other prism in the set, and each prism set has a null position in which light enters and leaves the prism set in rays which are parallel and without offset from one side of the prism set to the other.
However, as the prisms in each prism set 180 or 182 are counter rotated relative to one another, the light traversing the prism set is off. set along a particular axis. The prism set 180 has its null position arranged so that relative rotation of the prisms in this set results in a lateral offset of the light traversing this prism set. This prism set 180 is connected to the windage adjustment knob 142 (not seen in FIG. 12) to relatively rotate the individual prisms of this set in counter rotation with the particular direction of counter rotation dependent upon which way the knob 142 is rotated. Consequently, the image provided via objective lens 128 is moved in a lateral (i.e., windage adjustment) direction.
Similarly, the prism set 182 is connected to the elevation adjustment knob 144 to relatively rotate in opposite directions dependent upon which way the elevation adjustment knob is turned by the user of the device. As a result, when the elevation adjustment knob is rotated the image received via objective lens 128 is moved in a vertical (i.e., elevation adjustment) direction. Because each set of Risley prisms 180 and 182 is independently adjustable (i.e., counter rotatable) without effect on the other set of prisms, the windage and elevation adjustments effected by a user in the device 110 have no effect on one another. Also, because the Risley prisms 180 and 182 are disposed in collimated light space between the afocal lens set 156 and the focus cell lens set 158, none of the windage, elevation, or focus adjustments of the device 110 has any affect on the others (the latter adjustment being effected by axial relative movement of the focus lens groups 158--recalling the description above).
Turning now to FIGS. 13a and 13b in combination, an exemplary circuit diagram for a power supply and control circuit 150 for device 10 is depicted. In this drawing FIG., the photocathode (PC), microchannel plate (MCP), and output electrode (i.e., the screen) are indicated with reference numerals 50a, 50b, and 50c, respectively. Considering FIGS. 13, it is seen that the circuit 150 includes a power source, which in this case is illustrated as a battery 184. Recalling the description above, the battery 184 may be housed in portion 32 of the housing 26. Considered generally, the circuit 150 includes an oscillator 185 associated with a transformer primary winding indicated with character T1. This transformer has other secondary windings indicated at various locations in FIGS. 13 for providing power within the circuit and for receiving feedback. These other secondary windings of transformer T1 are also indicated with the same reference character throughout FIG. 13. Oscillator 185 is controlled by a regulator circuit 185a receiving a control signal from a feedback circuit 185b with an associated feedback secondary winding of transformer T1.
Circuit 150 also includes four voltage converters or multipliers, respectively indicated with the numerals 186, 188, 190, and 192, each having a transformer secondary winding in association, as is seen in FIG. 13 (it is seen that some of these secondary windings belong to transformers other than T1, as will be further explained). The voltage multiplier 186 for the photocathode 50a actually includes three separate voltage converters providing respective differing voltage levels, and indicated with the numerals 186a, 186b, and 186c. Preferably, voltage converter 186a provides a voltage level of about -800 volts, voltage converter 186b provides a level of about +30 volts referenced to the voltage level provided at a first face of the microchannel plate 50b as will be seen, and the voltage converter 186c provides a clamping voltage level of about -30 volts also referenced to the voltage applied to the first face of the microchannel plate 50b.
Voltage converter 188 provides a negative voltage level, which may be selectively varied from about -600 volts to about -1200 volts, and the voltage from which is available to be applied as a differential voltage across the opposite faces of the microchannel plate 50b. That is, this voltage differential is applied across surface conductive electrode coatings on these faces of the MCP 50b, as those skilled in the pertinent arts will understand. Those ordinarily skilled will recognize that these surface conductive electrode coatings are ordinarily metallization layers placed on the opposite surfaces of the microchannel plate, although the invention is not so limited.
Voltage converter 190 provides a voltage level of about +5700 volts which is applied to the screen 50c of the image intensifier tube 50. The voltage converter 192 provides a voltage of about -1200 volts, which is available to be supplied as a differential voltage across the faces of the microchannel plate 50b (noting that the second face of this MCP is operated at system ground potential). However, an additional switch 194 controls application of this voltage to the front face of the MCP 50b. Switch 194 will be momentarily closed during a LRF operation to provide a high-gain voltage differential across the MCP 50b.
A two-part switching network 196 includes portions 196a and 196b. Switching network portion 196a is preferably a tri-stable switch, and switches controllably between alternative positions either conducting the photocathode 50a to voltage multiplier 186a, to voltage multiplier 186b, or to an open circuit position, all via the conductive connection 196c. The switch 196b also has connection to the photocathode 50a via the conductor 196c. Considering the operation of this portion of the circuit 150, it is seen that the switching network 196a alternatingly connects the photocathode 50a of the tube 50 to a constant voltage source at about -800 volts, or to a constant voltage source at about +30 volts relative to the front face of the microchannel plate, or to an open-circuit condition, as will be further seen. If employed, the open circuit interval of time employed in the present embodiment between connections of the photocathode 50a to the two voltage sources 186a and 186b is used for purposes of energy efficiency, and is optional.
Switch portion 196b is also controllable, but switches only between connection of photocathode 50a to the negative voltage (i.e., about -30 volts) provided by voltage converter 186c via an interposed diode 197, and an open circuit condition. It will be noted that whether or not switch 196b is open or closed, the voltage from source 186a (i.e., -800 volts) is still connected to photocathode 50a via a high-value resistor indicated at 186d. When switch 196b is closed for night-time operations of the device 10, and dependent upon the ambient light level and the resulting current flow in photocathode 50a, the applicable voltage from source 186a will drop off until it reaches a level equal to that from source 186c (minus a diode voltage drop for diode 196a). Accordingly, the applicable voltage at photocathode 50a will be inherently self-limiting to that of the voltage source 186c for purposes of bright source protection when a gating signal is not present to connect source 186a directly to photocathode 50a via switch 196a (i.e., night-time operation of the device 10). For emphasis again, this operating condition for the device 10 will occur during night time uses of the device.
In order to provide a complete understanding of the circuit seen in FIGS. 13, it must be noted that as mentioned above, two additional transformers T2 and T3 are employed, each having an associated oscillator, regulator, and feedback circuit which is associated with a respective feedback secondary winding of the transformer. On FIGS. 13, the Transformer T2 has these elements indicated with characters 198a, 198b, and 198c, respectively. Transformer T3, has these elements indicated with characters 200a, 200b, and 200c, respectively.
Regulator circuit 198b receives a control input from a summing junction 202. This summing junction receives inputs from an automatic brightness control (ABC) circuit 204, which receives an input from the voltage converter 190 indicative of the current level at screen 50c. As will be explained, the ABC circuit 204 provides an input to oscillator 198a via regulator circuit 198b to reduce the voltage provided to MCP 50b by voltage converter 188 if such is necessary because of the brightness of the scene being viewed. This reduction in MCP differential voltage effects a reduction in the gain of this MCP, and controls the brightness of the image provided by this tube 50. ABC circuit 204 has a connection with an externally-accessible operator input device 204a, which may be implemented in slew-switch form using one or more of the switches 38 or as a rotational control knob, for example, on the exterior of device 10. By manipulation of this manual input device 204a, the user 12 can manually adjust the ABC function for the image intensifier tube 50.
The summing junction 202 also receives a feedback input from regulator circuit 198c, but this feedback input is also variable by use of an operator manual input device 206. By manipulation of the manual input 206, the user can control the gain of the microchannel plate 50b directly. Changes to this MCP gain level effected by the ABC circuit 204 are then superimposed on this operator-selected MCP gain level.
The circuit 150 also includes a LRF control logic unit 208, which has a connection to the oscillators 185, 198, and 200a to shut these down as an initial part of a LRF operation. As is seen in FIG. 13, the LRF control logic unit 208 also has an output to switch 194, which when activated closes connection from the voltage source 192 to the front face of the microchannel plate 50b. An operator input (which again may be provided by use of one of the switches 38) allows an operator of the device 10 to command a LRF operation. Thus as explained above, during part of a LRF operation the microchannel plate 50b has imposed across it a differential voltage insuring that it is in a high-gain condition.
Finally, it is seen that the circuit 150 also includes a gating control circuit 210 effecting timed gating of voltages from sources 186a, 186b, and 186c (as well as open circuit intervals, recalling FIG. 9) under control of a system-level timing control signal received via conductor 210a. As is seen, the LRF control logic unit 208 also has an interface with this gating control circuit 210 so that during a LRF operation, the voltages applied to the photocathode 50a in a timed sequence are as depicted and described above with reference to FIG. 9. That is, the photocathode is preferably first subjected to a hard turn off, and is then placed in a high-response condition by application of voltage from source 186a.
The LRF control logic unit 208 also provides an output to laser driver 212. This laser driver 212 powers laser diode 136 (recalling FIG. 7) to provide laser pulse 22b. A sensor 214 detects the moment of beginning for laser light pulse 22b, and provides a "timer start" input to a high speed timer 216. This timer 216 responsively starts an interval time running, which will be ended in response to a "timer stop" signal provided by an amplifier 218. The amplifier 218 has a connection by conductor 218a with the output current from screen 50c of the image tube 50 and will provide the "timer stop" command in response to the electron pulse occurring when the reflected portion 24 of the laser light pulse 22 arrives at image tube 50. The resulting time interval for light to travel to and from the object in the scene is provided to range calculator 220, which uses the speed of light as a measuring standard and drives the display 76 to provide the range information as noted on FIG. 11. It will be noted that the LRF control logic unit 208, timer 216, and calculator 220 may be implemented in a micro-processor-based control system to be further described.
Additionally to the above, circuit 150 includes a system-level timing control signal generator circuit 222. The signal generator 222, as well as several other elements of the circuit shown in FIG. 13 can be implemented as cooperating parts of a microprocessor-based control system, generally indicated with the numeral 224. For example, the LRF control logic unit 208 may be a part of the control system 224, and for this reason is circumscribed in FIGS. 13 with a dashed box indicated with numeral 224. This timing control signal generator circuit 222 provides timing signals to the gating control circuit 210 to effect timed connection of the voltages from sources 186a and 186b to the photocathode 50a (and open-circuit timed intervals as well).
Active Optical Target Acquisition
Still further to the above, the system-level timing signal generator 222 has an input to the laser driver 212 so that an active optical target acquisition mode of operation for the device 10 can be controllably effected both during day-time and during night-time operations of the device 10. Viewing now FIGS. 14a, 14b, and 14c, it is seen that during this active optical target acquisition mode of operation the laser driver 212 is operated in a timed pulsating operation (providing timed pulses of laser light from laser diode 136 indicated in FIG. 14b) which pulses are coordinated in time to the gating of photocathode 50a. Each of these timed laser light pulses has a selected duration, so that each laser light pulse is a corresponding length from front to back. FIGS. 14 are presented in a much expanded time scale in comparison to the time scale of FIG. 9 for clarity of illustration, and are vertically above one another to depict that there is provided a certain time relationship and time delay interval (() between the projection of each laser light pulse (seen in FIG. 14b) and the corresponding moment of gating "on" of the photocathode 50a (seen in FIG. 14a for day-time operation and in FIG. 14c for night-time operation).
In FIG. 14a the voltage wave form which will apply to photocathode 50a during day-time operation is depicted. For purposes of illustration, but not limitation, the duty cycle at photocathode 50a for this day-time operation may be about 10% at a 50 Hz repetition rate. It will be seen that in FIG. 14a, many more repetition periods (and many more laser pulses in FIG. 14b) are depicted than was the case for FIG. 9. This expansion of the time interval illustrated in FIGS. 14 is for the purpose of allowing the reader to gain a complete understanding of the active optical target acquisition mode of operation for the device 10.
In FIG. 14b it is seen that the timed pulses 22 of laser light are provided intermittently at a repetition rate which is the same as that for gating of the photocathode 50 and in timed relation to this photocathode gating, and is effectively at a repetition rate lower than 50 Hz in the perception of a user of the device 10, as will be explained. In effect, the repetition rate for the laser light pulses is, for example, 1/6 that of the gating repetition rate for image tube 50.
Considered differently, it will be recalled that during laser light pulsing and image tube gating for purposes of active optical target acquisition, the device 10 will also provide an image of the scene using ambient light by operation of the image intensifier tube 50. The pulses of laser light 22 will illuminate objects in the field of view of the device 10 which objects may be at various ranges from the device 10.
However, some of the objects in the field of view will be at a range corresponding to the certain delay interval "(" noted above, taking consideration also of the "depth" of the laser light pulses (i.e., from front to back as they proceed into the viewed scene). These objects in the field of view, if they are reflective in direction reflecting laser light back to device 10 (i.e., more reflective than the scene as a whole, or retro-reflective with respect to the device 10) would be seen to "shine" in the image provided by device 10 because they will have a much higher signal to noise ratio than the rest of the scene. If the laser light pulse rate and gating of image tube 50 were carried out both at a 50 Hz rate, the "shining" of retro-reflective targets would appear to be constant. That is, the human eye cannot perceive a flicker which is faster than about 30 Hz, so the 50 Hz repetition rate for light reflections from retro-reflective targets would make them appear to be a source of constant illumination in the field of view of device 10. Such a constant source of illumination in a viewed image is noticeable but not particularly distinctive to a human user of the device 10. This would be particularly the case in a scene having other constant sources of illumination in the field of view. For example, a fire in the field of view is substantially a constant source of such illumination. Also, a constant light emitting source, such as a light bulb, would appear as a constant source of illumination in the field of view.
However, as mentioned above, according to the present invention, the laser light pulses and gating of image tube 50 are synchronization (with delay interval () but not at the same effective repetition rate within the perception of a human user of the device 10. In order to accentuate the optical targets and better distinguish them from the other objects in the field of view of device 10, FIGS. 14a and 14b indicate with blanking lines 226 that in this case two of every six laser light pulses which would appear at a 50 Hz repetition rate are not produced (i.e., the two pulses under each blanking line 226, which are shown on FIG. 14b in dashed lines, are omitted). The laser light pulses which are projected (i.e., four successive pulses at a 50 Hz rate followed by an interval with no pulses equal in duration to the time period for the two omitted pulses) have an effective repetition rate in the perception of the device 10 of 50/6 or about 8 Hz.
A timing diagram is shown in FIG. 14c which depicts the perception of a user of the device. That is, an image of optical retro-reflective targets will be provided to the user intermittently at the 8 Hz rate, and is superimposed on the image provided at the 50 Hz rate using ambient light (i.e., as is indicated by FIG. 14a). This rate of illumination for optical targets in the field of view of device 10 will make them appear to be sources of illumination which "twinkle" or blink on and off at the 8 Hz rate in the field of view. The other images in the field of view do not flicker because they are being refreshed at the 50 Hz rate. Such "twinkling" or blinking targets will be more easily noticed by a user of device 10. Especially, the optical target so acquired are easily distinguished from sources of constant illumination in the field of view.
Again, and in comparison to the examples above of a fire, light bulb, or other constant source of illumination in the field of view, a retro-reflective target will blink at the 8 Hz rate, and will be easily identified by a user of the device 10. The timing signals necessary to effect the coordinated operation of image tube 50 and laser 136, as well as effecting the omission of laser pulsed indicated by blanking lines 226, are provided by system level timing signal generator 222.
Now considering operation of device 10 during night-time for active optical target acquisition, it is seen in FIGS. 14b, 14c, and 14d that the pulses of laser light will be provided at the same 50/6 (i.e., about 8 Hz) effective repetition rate used during day-time. However, during night-time operation, the voltage on photocathode 50a is not gated for imaging purposes.
That is, ABC and BSP functions explained above for night-time use of device 10 are in operation. Under these conditions, the photocathode 50a will have a D.C. voltage of some value applied, with the value being dependent upon ambient light conditions, recalling the description above. For purposes of illustration in FIG. 14c, the voltage applied to photocathode 50a is depicted as being about 300 volts, although this is merely illustrative. However, the retro-reflective targets in the field of view of device 10 are still emphasized because the reflection from these targets will have a greater signal to noise ratio than the rest of the scene. That is, the scene in general is illuminated by ambient light and may be considered to be of diffuse reflectivity with respect to reflection of laser light from the device 10. However, the retro-reflective targets it is desired to locate will have a higher reflectivity and will have a higher signal to noise ratio than the rest of the scene. The result is the same as during day-time operation of the device 10, and the user of the device will see retro-reflective optical targets "twinkling" in the field of view of device 10, as is indicated in FIG. 14c.
While the present invention has been depicted, described, and is defined by reference to particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, such reference does not imply a limitation on the invention, and no such limitation is to be inferred. The invention is capable of considerable modification, alteration, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those ordinarily skilled in the pertinent arts. The depicted and described preferred embodiments of the invention are exemplary only, and are not exhaustive of the scope of the invention. Consequently, the invention is intended to be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims, giving full cognizance to equivalents in all respects.