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=============================================================== Glossary Part 3: Terms beginning with "C" FREQUENTLY USED TERMS IN CONVENTIONAL FUSION RESEARCH AND PLASMA PHYSICS Edited by Robert F. Heeter, email@example.com Guide to Categories: * = plasma/fusion/energy vocabulary & = basic physics vocabulary > = device type or machine name # = name of a constant or variable ! = scientists @ = acronym % = labs & political organizations $ = unit of measurement The list of Acknowledgements is in Part 0 (intro). ================================================================== CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC # c: Speed of light; 3.0x10E+8 meters/second or 3.0x10E+10 cm/sec @ CAMAC: Computer Automated Measurement and Control @ CANDU: CAnadian Deuterium-Uranium class of fission reactor; see entry > CASCADE: See entry (not an acronym as far as I know). @ CCD: Charge Coupled Device @ CGS: Centimeters, Grams, Seconds; see CGS Units @ CGS Units: see entry below; see also CGS above. @ CFFTP: Canadian Fusion Fuels Technology Project; see entry. @ CIT: Compact Ignition Tokamak; see entry @ COE: Cost of Electricity @ CT: Compact Torus; see entry @ CTX Facility: Compact Toroid Experimental facility; see entry. @ cw: Continuous Wave (distinct from pulsed). @ CY: Calendar Year (as opposed to Fiscal Year, FY) $ cm: centimeters; unit of distance. See also centi- * C-Coil: C-shaped magnet coil * Calorimeter: In conventional fusion research, this name refers to any device used to measure power or energy in a laser or particle beam. (e.g., for ICF or neutral beam heating or a magnetically-confined plasma.) * Canadian Deuterium-Uranium Fission Reactor: Nuclear fission reactor type developed in, and prominent in, Canada; characterized by use of heavy water (deuterium instead of hydrogen, D2O) as moderator and coolant. Neutrons absorbed by the deuterium create a source of marketable tritium. * Canadian Fusion Fuels Technology Project: Fusion power development project, jointly funded by the National Research Council of Canada, the Province of Ontario, and Ontario Hydro (energy company and project manager), to develop and internationally apply technologies related to management of fusion fuels. (Any current info, anyone?) & Carbon: (C) Sixth element (Z=5) in the periodic table; has 6 protons; often described as the basis of life on earth because of its chemical properties; has potential for use with silicon as a low-activation structural material for fusion reactors, in the form silicon carbide. (See relevant parts of FAQ section 2.) Also useful as a neutron moderator. See also low-activation materials. & Carnot Efficiency: maximum possible efficiency for conversion of thermal energy to useful work (such as electrical energy), as determined by the laws of thermodynamics. The Carnot efficiency (eta) for conversion of thermal to electric energy (e.g., the upper limit on efficiency of a steam turbine) is given by (eta) = [ (T-hot) - (T-cold) ] / (T-hot). That is, one gets the efficiency from the values of the input and output temperatures (measured in Kelvin). & Capacitor: device used to store electrical energy by accumulating charges on nearby conductors. Energy may be stored and withdrawn at varying rates. Used in short-pulse plasma devices where only a moderate amount of energy is needed. * Capacity Factor: Index (typically in percent) indicating the average power supplied by an energy plant, relative to its maximum rated capacity. * Capital: Economic term for wealth of a permanent nature, rather than that which is consumed; includes money and other financial goods, plant & equipment, etc. (I'm not an economist - anyone know any better?) > CASCADE: An inertial-fusion energy conversion concept where a flowing, replenished layer of ceramic granules (in a rotating chamber) protects the chamber wall from the fusion environment while absorbing neutrons, breeding tritium fuel, and serving as the high-temperature heat exchange fluid. & Celsius: Temperature scale where zero degrees corresponds to the freezing point of water (32 Fahrenheit) and 100 degrees corresponds to the boiling point (212 Fahrenheit). Zero celsius = 273.16 Kelvin. * Centering Force: Term for the mutual attraction between the parallel currents in the inboard leg of the toroidal field coils in a toroidal magnetic fusion system (e.g., a tokamak). The portion of the coil running "through the doughnut hole" is attracted towards the center of the hole. & Centi-: metric prefix indicating 1/100th of a given unit. e.g., one centimeter is 1/100th of a meter. & Centigrade: see Celsius & CGS Units: System of measurement where the fundamental units are centimeters, grams, and seconds. & Chain Reaction: (from Herman) A self-sustaining series of chemical or nuclear reactions in which the products of the reaction contribute directly to the propagation of the process. * Channel Transport: In inertial fusion research using light ion drivers, describes the use of current-carrying plasma channels (which are magnetically confined to the channel) to transport electron or ion beams between the ion diode and the fusion target. This allows the ion source to stand back from the target. & Charge Density: See density, and apply to electrical charge. & Charge, Electrical: As a noun: A fundamental physical attribute of a particle, which characterizes the particle's electromagnetic interaction with other particles and with electric and magnetic fields. (See also particle, field) As a verb: Storing energy in a battery or electric capacitor by running a current through it; opposite of discharge. (It is possible to charge most capacitors in either direction, but batteries charge one way, and discharge the other.) * Charge Exchange: Phenomenon in which an ion colliding with a molecule (or an atom) neutralizes itself by capturing an electron from the molecule/atom, and transforming the molecule/atom into a positive radical/ion. * Charge Transfer: see charge exchange * Charged Particle: a particle which carries a positive or negative electrical charge. In plasma physics, this typically means an ionized atom or molecule, or an electron. * China Syndrome: American jargon/slang for a nuclear fission meltdown accident (see meltdown) in which the molten nuclear core heats and melts the ground beneath it, thus sinking into the earth, and heading towards China (which is roughly on the opposite side of the globe). * Classical Confinement: Plasma confinement in which energy transfer is via classical diffusion; best possible case for magnetically confined plasmas. See entry for classical diffusion below. * Classical Diffusion: In plasma physics, diffusion due solely to scattering (collisions) of charged particles (with unlike charges) via electrical ("Coulomb") interactions. (See also diffusion.) * Coherent Radiation: Any form of radiation in which the phase relationship between sections of the wave at different locations is not random (or incoherent!). Typical example is a laser beam, in which the phase is more or less uniform across the beam, and changes along the beam in accordance with the wavelength. Radiation in which the photons tend to "agree" with one another, rather than being randomly distributed. * Cold Plasma Model: Model of a plasma in which the temperature is neglected with respect to the effects of interest. * Collision: Refers to the close approach of two or more particles, photons, atoms, nuclei, etc, during which such quantities as energy, momentum, and charge may be altered. More-or-less synonymous with "scattering," except in scattering one generally thinks of one of the particles as being at rest, and the other colliding particles "scatter" from their initial direction of motion due to the collision. & Collision Cross-Section: Effective surface area of a particle when it collides with another; describes probability of collisions between the two particles. * Collisionless Plasma Model: Model of a plasma in which the density is so low, or the temperature so high, that close binary (two-body) collisions have practically no significance (on certain timescales) because the time scales of interest are smaller than the collision time. Yields valid physical results for timescales much shorter than the average collision time in a real plasma. & Collision Time: Typical time which passes between the time a particle collides, and when it collides again. Inverse of the collision frequency; equal to the mean free path divided by the particle's velocity. The collision time decreases with increasing density, and increases with increasing temperature. > Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT): Proposed U.S. successor to TFTR; never funded. See also, BPX, TPX. > Compact Torus: Any of a series of axially symmetric fusion configurations having closed flux surfaces (like a tokamak, not like a mirror machine), but having no material objects piercing the core (as do the toroidal field coils of a tokamak). These devices have an inherently low aspect ratio, approximately unity. The most successful variants are the spheromak and the Field Reversed Configuration. See also: low aspect ratio, spheromak, field-reversed configuration. (Arthur Carlson, firstname.lastname@example.org) > CTX Facility (Compact Toroid Experimental facility): Los Alamos facility to investigate plasma physics of compact toroids. (No longer in operation?) * Compression Waves: Also known as density waves (I think!); waves where the quantity which oscillates is the density of the medium, that is the medium at a given point alternately compresses and expands. Low-amplitude compression waves in air or water are commonly known as sound waves; shock waves are a high-amplitude form. See also waves. & Conductivity: Degree to which a substance transmits (conducts) a given physical property, such as heat or electricity. See electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity. * Confinement, Classical: See classical confinement. * Confinement, Electrostatic: See electrostatic confinement. * Confinement, Inertial: See inertial confinement. * Confinement, Magnetic: See magnetic confinement. * Confinement Time: There are several types. The general definition is that tau = [total]/[loss per unit time]; hence Tau_E = [total energy]/[energy loss per unit time]. Tau_[E, N, ...] is the amount of time the plasma is contained by magnetic fields before its [energy (E), particles (N or P)] leak / dissipate away. The different types are, in general, similar but not equal. (Note note note: Tau_E is NOT electron confinement time!) > Constance: Small mirror devices; formerly operated at MIT. * Containment Vessel: Gas-tight shell or other enclosure around a fusion (or fission) reactor, to prevent accidental leakage of radioactive contents. * Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion: The process in which light nuclei, heated to a high temperature in a confined region, undergo fusion reactions under controlled conditions, with associated release of energy which may be harnessed for useful purposes. * Coolant: Substance circulated through a device (including fusion reactors, fusion reactor magnets, etc.) to remove or transfer heat. Common types include water, helium, and liquid-metals such as sodium (Na). * Cooperative Phenomena: The motion of interacting particles acting collectively, rather than individually. Includes plasma oscillations, turbulence, and instabilities. (Plasmas are distinguished from collections of individual particles in that they exhibit cooperative phenomena, whereby the plasma particles "cooperate" with one another. Early fusion researchers who devised fusion schemes based upon theories where plasmas acted as merely a collection of individual particles (and therefore sought to confine only individual particles) often found themselves frustrated at the ability of plasma cooperative phenomena (such as MHD instabilities) to thwart their efforts. * Core plasma: Hot plasma at the center of a fusion reactor; distinguished from edge plasma. The core plasma does not directly feel the effects of the divertor or limiter in the way the edge plasma does. (More info anyone?) * Corona: The outermost (?) part of a star's atmosphere; characterized by high temperatures and low densities; home to many plasma phenomena. * Corrosion: Chemical interactions between a fluid, (such as lithium or water coolant) and the containing material (such as stainless steel), which results in wall material dissolving into the fluid, and possibly degradation of the mechanical properties of the containing structure $ Coulomb: standard unit of electric charge. A single electron or proton has a charge of (+/-) 1.6022E-19 coulombs. Hence there are 6.2414E+18 electrons in a coulomb of electrons. * Coulomb Collision: An interparticle collision where Coulomb's Law (electrical attraction and repulsion) is the governing force. (See Coulomb's Law) Coulomb collisions have a number of interesting properties, but these are better described in textbooks. The interaction of the charged particles with each other's electric fields results in deflections of the particles away from their initial paths. & Coulomb Force: See Coulomb's Law. Also called "electrostatic force." * Coulomb Ionization: Ionization produced by Coulomb forces between a moving particle ("projectile") and another particle it interacts/collides with ("target"). & Coulomb's Law: Force law governing the electrical interaction between charged particles. Force is proportional to (charge of first particle) * (charge of second particle) / (square of separation between particles). Constant of proportionality depends on system of units used. (In SI units, it is 1/(4*pi*epsilon-0), where epsilon-0 is the permittivity of free space = 8.854 x 10^-12 ) & Cross Section: (usually symbolized with a lower-case Greek sigma) In physics this usually refers to the (apparent) area presented by a target particle to an oncoming particle (or electromagnetic wave). This measures the probability of an interaction occuring. For typical interactions between ions and electrons, or between two nuclei, these cross sections are generally measured in barns. (See relevant entries.) & Cryogenic: Loosely, "very cold". Used to describe systems which operate at very low temperatures. Superconducting magnetic field coils currently need to operate at cryogenic temperatures (e.g., liquid helium at 4 Kelvin). * Curie: Unit of radioactivity roughly equal to the rate of radioactive decay of a gram of radium; named after Marie Curie (see below). Corresponds to 3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations/second (37 billion). (See Becquerel) ! Curie: Marie and Pierre; husband-wife pair of French scientists. Pierre's name is attatched to the "Curie point" in magnetism, which is not discussed here. He and his wife shared with Antoine-Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903. Marie Curie, a.k.a. Madame Curie, received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1911, becoming the first person to receive more than one Nobel Prize. She remains the only person to receive Nobel Prizes in different fields. (I believe - RFH) & Current Density: Amount of current flowing through a substance, per unit area perpendicular to the direction of current flow. (See also density) * Current Drive: Any of a variety of techniques used to cause current flow in a plasma. See inductive current drive, RF current drive, non-inductive current drive. Usually applied to schemes used to generate current in tokamaks and other toroidal devices which require internal plasma currents. See also: bootstrap current. * Cusped Geometry: I can't figure out how to explain this one in words; suffice it to say that this is a description of a magnetic field configuration where the magnetic field lines, rather than closing in on themselves, tend to squirt out and form cusps at certain points; I recommend you look this up in a plasma physics text (e.g., Chen - see bibliography entry) to really understand it. The magnetic field lines are everywhere convex towards the center. Such a geometry is interesting because it is theoretically stable against a variety of MHD instabilities. > Cyclops: Single-chain, 0.6 terawatt Nd-glass laser system at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that was used for laser studies and inertial-confinement fusion experiments in 1975-1976. * Cyclotron: Particle accelerator in which a magnetic field causes particles to orbit in circles, and an oscillating electric field accelerates the particles. * Cyclotron Frequency: Number of times per second that a particle orbits in a magnetic field. (Often, and incorrectly, called the Larmor frequency. The cyclotron or gyrofrequency is twice the Larmor frequency of precession.) * Cyclotron Radius: Radius of orbit of charged particle about a magnetic field line. Also called gyroradius, Larmor radius. * Cyclotron Radiation: See synchrotron radiation * Cyclotron Resonance: Charged particles in a magnetic field resonate with (and absorb energy from) an electric field (perpendicular to the magnetic field) which oscillates at the particles' cyclotron frequency, or at a harmonic (multiple) of that frequency. * Cyclotron Resonance Heating: see Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating.