Modularity Maturity Model
From OSGi Community Wiki
The Modularity Maturity Model was proposed by Dr Graham Charters at the OSGi Community Event 2011, as a way of describing how far down the modularity path an organisation or project is. It is named for the Capability Maturity Model, which allows organisations or projects to measure their improvements on a software development process.
As a work in progress, these levels may change over time. Once it has reached stability this paragraph will be removed and a link to the normative specification will be added.
Note that these terms are largely OSGi agnostic and that it can be applied to any modularity model. It is also intended as a guide rather than prescriptive.
Level 1: Ad Hoc
At the Ad-hoc level, there isn't any formal modularity. A flat class path issued with a bunch of classes with no, or limited, structure.
They may use 'library JARs' to access functionality but typically results in a monolithic application.
The main benefit of this is the low cost and low barrier to entry.
Level 2: Modules
Modules are explicitly versioned and have formal module identities, instead of merely classes (or JARs of classes). In particular, and a key point of this, is that dependencies are done against the module identity (including version) rather than the units themselves.
Maven, Ivy, RPM and OSGi are all examples of where dependencies are managed at the versioned identity level instead of at the JAR level.
- Decouple module from artefact
- Clearer view of module assembly
- Enables version awareness through build, development and operations
- Enables module categories
Level 3: Modularity
Module identity is not the same as modularity.
"(Desirable) property of a system, such that individual components an be examined, modified and maintained independently of the remainder of the system. Objective is that changes in one part of a system should not lead to unexpected behaviour in other parts" - www.maths.bath.ac.uk/~jap/MATH0015/glossary.html (correct link unknown, may be a reference to Jianjun Hu PhD 2004
Modules are declared via module contracts, not via artefacts. The requirements can take the general form of the capabilities and requirements, but could be a specific realisation (e.g. a particular package). The private parts of the modules are an implementation detail.
In this level, dependency resolution comes first and module identity is of lesser importance.
- Fine-grained impact awareness (for bug fixes, implementation or client breaking changes)
- System structure awareness
- Client/provider independence
- Requirement-based dependency checking
Level 4: Loose coupling
There is a separation of interface from implementation; they are not acquired via factories or use constructors to access the implementations. This provides a services-based module collaboration (seen in OSGi, but also present in some other frameworks like Spring or JNDI to hide the construction of the services from the user of those services).
In addition, the dependencies must be semantically versioned.
- Implements a client/provider independence
Level 5: Devolution
At the devolved level, artefact ownerships are devolved to modularity-aware repositories. They may support collaboration or governance for accessing the assets by relation to the services and capabilities required.
- Greater awareness of existing modules
- Reduced duplication and increased quality
- Collaboration and empowerment
- Quality and operational control
Level 6: Dynamism
Provides a dynamic module life-cycle, which allows modules to participate in the life cycle events (or initiate them). Will have operational support for module addition/removal/replacement.
- No brittle ordering dependencies
- Ability to dynamically update
- Can allow fixes to be hot-deployed and to extend capabilities without needing to restart the system
Level 7: Peter Kriens
This level is only available to people who are Peter Kriens.