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Strychnine poisoning can be fatal to humans and other animals and can occur by inhalation, swallowing or absorption through eyes or mouth. It produces some of the most dramatic and painful symptoms of any known toxic reaction. For this reason, strychnine poisoning is often portrayed in literature and film.
- 1 Presentation in humans
- 2 Treatment
- 3 Detection in biological specimens
- 4 Strychnine toxicity in animals
- 5 Notable strychnine poisonings
- 6 Use in media
- 7 In Folklore
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Presentation in humans
Ten to twenty minutes after exposure, the body's muscles begin to spasm, starting with the head and neck in the form of trismus and risus sardonicus. The spasms then spread to every muscle in the body, with nearly continuous convulsions, and get worse at the slightest stimulus. The convulsions progress, increasing in intensity and frequency until the backbone arches continually. Convulsions lead to lactic acidosis, hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis. These are followed by postictal depression. Death comes from asphyxiation caused by paralysis of the neural pathways that control breathing, or by exhaustion from the convulsions. The subject dies within 2–3 hours after exposure.
One medical student in 1896 described the experience in a letter to the Lancet:
Three years ago I was reading for an examination, and feeling "run down". I took 10 minims of strychnia solution (B.P.) with the same quantity of dilute phosphoric acid well diluted twice a day. On the second day of taking it, towards the evening, I felt a tightness in the "facial muscles " and a peculiar metallic taste in the mouth. There was great uneasiness and restlessness, and I felt a desire to walk about and do something rather than sit still and read. I lay on the bed and the calf muscles began to stiffen and jerk. My toes drew up under my feet, and as I moved or turned my head flashes of light kept darting across my eyes.. I then knew something serious was developing, so I crawled off the bed and scrambled to a case in my room and got out (fortunately) the bromide of potassium and the chloral. I had no confidence or courage to weigh them, so I guessed the quantity-about 30 gr. bromide of potassium and 10 gr. chloral-put them in a tumbler with some water, and drank it off. My whole body was in a cold sweat, with anginous attacks in the precordial region, and a feeling of "going off." I did not call for medical aid, as I thought the symptoms declining. I felt better, but my lower limbs were as cold as ice, and the calf muscles kept tense and jerking. There was no opisthotonos, only a slight stiffness at the back of the neck. Half an hour later, as I could judge, I took the same quantity of bromide of potassium and chloral, and a little time after I lost consciousness and fell into a " profound sleep," awaking in the morning with no unpleasant symptoms, no headache, &c., but a desire " to be on the move " and a slight feeling of stiffness in the jaw. These worked off during the day.
There is no specific antidote for strychnine. Treatment of strychnine poisoning involves an oral application of an activated charcoal infusion which serves to absorb any poison within the digestive tract that has not yet been absorbed into the blood. Anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital or diazepam are administered to control convulsions, along with muscle relaxants such as dantrolene to combat muscle rigidity. If the patient survives past 24 hours, recovery is probable.
The treatment for strychnine poisoning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was to administer tannic acid which precipitates the strychnine as an insoluble tannate salt, and then to anaesthetise the patient with chloroform until the effects of the strychnine had worn off.
Detection in biological specimens
Strychnine is easily quantitated in body fluids and tissues using instrumental methods in order to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized victims or to assist in the forensic investigation of a case of fatal overdosage. The concentrations in blood or urine of those with symptoms are often in the 1–30 mg/L range.
Strychnine toxicity in animals
Strychnine poisoning in animals occurs usually from ingestion of baits designed for use against rodents (especially gophers and moles) and coyotes. Rodent baits are commonly available over-the-counter, but coyote baits are illegal in the United States. However, since 1990 in the United States most baits containing strychnine have been replaced with zinc phosphide baits. The most common domestic animal to be affected is the dog, either through accidental ingestion or intentional poisoning. An approximate lethal dose for a dog is 0.75 mg per kg body weight.
The onset of symptoms is 10 to 120 minutes after ingestion. Symptoms include seizures, a "sawhorse" stance, and opisthotonus (rigid extension of all four limbs). Death is usually secondary to respiratory paralysis. Treatment is by detoxification using activated charcoal, pentobarbital for the symptoms, and artificial respiration for apnea.
In most western nations a special license is needed to use and possess strychnine for agricultural use.
Notable strychnine poisonings
The most notable incidents which probably involved strychnine poisoning, are listed here.
- Alexander the Great may have been poisoned by strychnine in contaminated wine in 323 BC.
- Margot Begeman, a childhood friend of Vincent van Gogh, attempted suicide by ingesting strychnine in 1884.
- In the late 19th century, serial killer Thomas Neill Cream used strychnine to murder several prostitutes on the streets of London.
- Belle Gunness of La Porte, Indiana, also known as "Lady Bluebeard", allegedly used strychnine to murder some of her victims at the turn of the 20th century.
- Jane Stanford, co-founder of Stanford University and wife of California governor Leland Stanford, may have died from strychnine poisoning in 1905. Her last recorded words were "My jaws are stiff. This is a horrible death to die."
- In 1938, Delta Blues legend Robert Johnson died after drinking a bottle of whiskey which was allegedly laced with strychnine. This account of Johnson's death is disputed, as he died several days after the alleged poisoning.
- Oskar Dirlewanger, the notorious leader of the SS Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger in the Second World War, was known to have murdered several Jewish women by stripping them naked and having them injected with strychnine. He and his officers then watched them convulse until death, just for their entertainment.
- In October 1987, successful wax museum owner Patsy Wright died from taking cold medicine laced with strychnine. The story was featured on a segment of Unsolved Mysteries, and it is suggested that someone very close to Wright knew her habit of taking nighttime cold medicine when she had trouble sleeping and laced her cold medicine with strychnine. The case remains unsolved.
- A woman in San Diego, California, was poisoned with strychnine by her husband in 1990. Though she dialed 911, she did not mention her name or address, and rescue workers had difficulty locating the victim. Persistence on the part of the dispatcher and the rescue workers allowed them to locate and extract the victim, but she eventually died in the hospital.
- In 2008, Hannes Hirtzberger, the Mayor of Spitz in Lower Austria was reported to have been poisoned by local wine producer Helmut Osberger, using strychnine. Hirtzberger barely survived and suffered permanent disability.
- Turgut Özal, 8th President of the Republic of Turkey is said to have been assassinated by strychnine poisoning. The Turkish Presidency has commissioned a Special Investigation into the former President's death.
Use in media
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- Mount Chocura in the White Mountains of New Hampshire is named for a Native American Chief who reputedly died near the summit after being hunted by a pose in response to a killing spree he went on. One account says that the cause of his attacks was the death of his young son from an accidental dose of strychnine while in the care of a friendly white settler.
- In his song "I'm Gonna Kill You", Hank Green sings about wanting to put someone on a strychnine diet.
- In "The End of All Things To Come", Mudvayne sings about killing the entire world with strychnine.
- The Sonics' song "Strychnine" (later covered by The Cramps), is about the consumption of strychnine.
- In the song "You Love Us" by Manic Street Preachers, strychnine is mentioned.
- Strychnine is mentioned in Hannah Fury's song "The Necklace of Marie Antoinette".
- Tom Lehrer's song "Poisoning Pigeons in The Park" mentions feeding strychnine to a pigeon.
- In "Composing" from Boys Night Out's concept album Trainwreck, The Patient poisons his entire family at the dinner table with strychnine.
- In "Visions", Twisted Insane mentions strychnine twice.
- In "The Bomb Song", Darwin Deez sings about people being sick from strychnine in the water.
- Strychnos nux-vomica, a natural source of strychnine, is mentioned in "Hill of the Poison Tree", by death metal band Miseration.
- Strychnine.213, the sixth studio album by Belgian death metal band Aborted, takes its title from strychnine.
- "I Killed Robert Johnson" by The Stone Foxes mentions killing a man with strychnine.
Fictional strychnine poisonings
Strychnine has also served as an inspiration in several books, movies and TV series.
- In William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch, strychnine is described as a "hot shot", a poisonous shot of heroin sold to informants.
- In Agatha Christie’s novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles, Mrs. Emily Inglethorp was killed by strychnine poisoning.
- In Agatha Christie's short story The Coming of Mr Quin, Mr Appleton died of strychnine poisoning.
- In Agatha Christie’s story How Does Your Garden Grow?, Miss Amelia Barrowby was killed by strychnine poisoning.
- The Joker makes a cameo appearance in the DC Comics Elseworld graphic novel Gotham by Gaslight as a serial killer who tries to kill himself with strychnine; the poison causes muscle contractions that leave him with a permanent grin. Additionally, a derivative of strychnine is cited as a key ingredient in the Joker's deadly toxic gas in the main continuity.
- In the James Herriott novels All Creatures Great and Small (1972) and All Things Wise and Wonderful (1977), the main character/local veterinarian deals with several victims of strychnine poisoning when a dog-killer attacks the neighborhood dogs.
- In "The Fox Hunter" chapter of William Le Queux's Secrets of the Foreign Office, a strychnine derivative is suspected in the murder of Beatrice Graham and the attempted murder of the protagonist Duckworth Drew. The poison was applied to pins concealed in Graham's fur shawl and Drew's hotel towel.
- In Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novel One hundred years of solitude, Colonel Aureliano Buendía survived strychnine poisoning.
- Herb in Die Softly by Christopher Pike.
- In Peter Robinson's novel Cold Is The Grave, Chief Constable Riddle’s daughter, Emily, is accidentally killed by cocaine laced with a lethal dose of strychnine.
- In Hans Scherfig's novel Stolen Spring, a high school student kills his teacher with a strychnine-tainted malt drop.
- In the manga Spiral: Suiri no Kizuna (by Kyou Shirodaira and illustrated by Eita Mizuno), main character Ayumu Narumi takes strychnine after he is threatened by Rio Takeuchi to test his luck in a game.
- In "The Sign of Four" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, where Bartholomew Sholto is killed by a poison dart. Dr. Watson confirms it was strychnine poisoning, causing tetanus, thus the devilish grin on the dead Sholto's face.
- In "The Invisible Man" by H.G. Wells, the Invisible Man relates that he took strychnine as a sleeping aid. "Strychnine," he says, "is a grand tonic...to take the flabbiness out of a man."
- In "The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, the Saint-Mérans and the servant Barrois are consecutively poisoned to death having ingested beverages containing strychnine. The death of Barrois is depicted with symptoms of acute convulsions, asphyxia, severe pain, ringing in the ears and visual glares that are precipitated by touch.
- In "The Anubis Gates" the protagonist combats strychnine poisoning by eating ash and cinder of a fireplace, remembering that carbon neutralizes strychnine from stomach.
- In "Ghoul" (1987), a serial killer police procedureal by Michael Slade, a woman is essentially tortured to death by strychnine poisoning. She is tied spread-eagle on a waterbed by ropes as she suffers escalating muscle spasms. The undulations of the fluid mattress encourages more and more agonizing spasms until death ensues. Police detectives examining the crime scene later note how rope loops tied to the bedposts were flattened by the force put upon them by the victim's contortions.
Onscreen, in film
- A Blueprint for Murder (1953) is about how a stepmother is stopped after beginning to kill her family members for insurance money.
- Norman Bates' mother and her lover were killed with strychnine in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960). The sheriff comments: "Ugly way to die."
- In J. Lee Thompsons’s movie Cape Fear (1962), Max Cady poisons Sam Bowden's dog with strychnine.
- At the end of the movie Office Space (1999), Milton mentions to a waiter: "And yes, I won't be leaving a tip, 'cause I could... I could shut this whole resort down. Sir? I'll take my traveler's checks to a competing resort. I could write a letter to your board of tourism and I could have this place condemned. I could put... I could put... strychnine in the guacamole. There was salt on the glass, BIG grains of salt."
- In Wes Anderson's The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), Madame Desgoffe-und-Taxis is found dead by strychnine poisoning. Later, a bottle labeled "strychnine poison" is seen on the desk of an assassin in her son Dmitri's employ.
Onscreen, in television
- The murder in the Monk episode "Mr. Monk and the Secret Santa" is carried out by poisoning a bottle of port with strychnine.
- In New York Undercover season 4, episode 10 - "Sign o' the Times" - a serial killer kills young men at raves by giving them strychnine-laced Ecstasy.
- Inmates in the popular TV series The Wire were given cocaine and heroin doses laced with strychnine.
- In season 9 of The Office Dwight tells Angela that his Aunt had poisoned her nurse with Strychnine.
- In season 4 of "The Glades" episode "Glade-iators!" the victim is poisoned with moisturizer laced with strychnine-based rat poison.
- Sandall, Leondard, (28 March 1896). "AN OVERDOSE OF STRYCHNINE." The Lancet, 147(3787):887
- R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1448-1450.
- Ettinger, Stephen J.;Feldman, Edward C. (1995), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.), W.B. Saunders Company, ISBN 0-7216-6795-3
- Beasley, V. (1999). "Toxicants Associated with Seizures". Veterinary Toxicology. Retrieved 2006-06-18.
- Graham Phillips. Alexander the Great. Murder in Babylon. Virgin Books, 2004. p. 239ff. ISBN 1 85227 134 5.
- Kridel, Kristen (February 12, 2008), "A century-old mystery: Did serial killer fake her death?", Chicago Tribune
- Cutler, Robert (2003), The Mysterious Death of Jane Stanford, ISBN 0-8047-4793-8
- Graves, Tom; LaVere, Steve (2008). Crossroads: The Life and Afterlife of Blues Legend Robert Johnson. Demers Books LLC. pp. 39–43. ISBN 978-0-9816002-0-8.
The tale most often told about how Johnson met his fate is that he was poisoned by a jealous husband who put strychnine in his whiskey.
- D. Bellandi. "Husband Arrested in Woman's Poisoning Death". Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1990. http://articles.latimes.com/1990-08-25/local/me-818_1_strychnine-poisoning
- Rogers, David (February 28, 2008), "Suspect in poisoned-mayor case has been arrested", Wiener Zeitung
- "Turkish ex-president's autopsy fuels poisoning speculation". Chicago Tribune. 4 November 2012.
- CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response: Facts About Strychnine
- The Merck Veterinary Manual: Strychnine Poisoning: Introduction