US 7117535 B1
A technique for creating a tamper-resistant machine identifier is disclosed. A file is created with a set of file blocks having random locations. Each block is identified by an object identifier that represents the block's location. A machine identifier is created based on the object identifiers of the file blocks. Machine-identifier-dependent software (i.e., software that is designed to perform its function only in the presence of a particular machine identifier) is created and loaded into the file. The software has the machine identifier embedded within itself, and checks the object identifiers of the file in which it is stored against the embedded machine identifier prior to performing its functions. The software may, in one example, be rights-management software that is adapted to allow commercially valuable content to be rendered only on a particular device having a particular machine identifier.
1. A method of generating a machine identifier comprising:
generating a database of records comprising object identifiers, each record having an associated memory block location;
randomly deleting records in the database, the memory locations of the deleted records becoming available for allocation;
allocating a file comprising memory blocks of the memory locations of the deleted records, each of the blocks having an object identifier based on the block's location in a memory; and
creating a machine identifier based on the object identifiers of the deleted records associated with the allocated memory block locations.
2. The method of
transmitting said machine identifier to a remote computing device which creates a program based on said machine identifier; and
receiving said program from said remote computing device and storing said program in said file, said program being adapted to check that the object identifiers of the memory blocks of which the file is comprised are consistent with said machine identifier.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. A computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-readable instructions that:
allocate a file in memory, said file comprising at least a first block and a second block, said first block being associated with a first randomized value representing a first location in memory where said first block is located and said second block being associated with a second randomized value representing a second location in memory wherein said second block is located; and
generate a machine identification based on said first value and said second value, wherein the first block and the second block comprise locations derived from a list of records randomly deleted from a database of object identifiers.
6. The computer-readable medium of
7. The computer-readable medium of
8. The computer-readable medium of
9. The computer-readable medium of
10. A system for generating a machine identification for a computing device comprising a file system that allocates storage blocks, each of the blocks having a block identifier that represents the location of a block in a memory of the computing device, the file system maintaining a list of unused locations in the memory that may be allocated for storage of information, the computing device having a database module that allocates memory in which to store database records, that de-allocates records upon request, and that places de-allocated records on the list whereby the de-allocated records may be reallocated for storage of information, the system comprising:
a database creation module that uses said database to allocate a number of dummy records;
a random number generator that selects dummy records to be deleted, wherein the selected records are deleted, and the locations of the deleted records added to the list of unused locations; and
a machine identification generator that allocates a file comprising a plurality of blocks allocated from the list of unused locations in the memory and generates a machine identification based on the block identifiers for the blocks of which the file is comprised.
11. The system of
a software acquisition module that uploads the machine identification to a server which creates a program based on the machine identification and which stores the program in the file, the machine identification being embedded within the program, the program containing instructions which verify that the machine identification embedded within the program is consistent with the block identifiers of the blocks comprising the file in which the program is stored.
12. The system of
13. The system of
This invention relates to the field of computing devices, and in particular to the creation of a tamper-resistant machine identification code.
In many computing applications, it is often necessary or desirable to use a code that uniquely identifies a device. For example, in Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems, which enforce rights to content (e.g., audio, video, text, software, etc.), the rights are typically tied to a particular device (i.e., the content is usable only on a particular device), in which case it is necessary or convenient to identify the device by a unique (or substantially unique) identification code.
In cases where a device is manufactured for this purpose, many hardware techniques exist for ensuring that the device is identifiable by a unique, unalterable machine identification (MID). For example, an MID is usually placed in hardware in a tamper-resistant way (such as by burning the MID into the device's processor or into a built-in ROM, non-erasably encoding the MID on a built-in disk, using a smart card dongle, or using permanent electronic serial numbers encoded on the device's components, etc.).
Many devices, however, do not have a built-in unique MID, or hardware from which one can be derived. For example, most handheld computers (e.g., PocketPC computers, Palm computers, etc.) are built from identical hardware that has no built-in unique identifiers. In such cases, it may be necessary to uniquely identify such a device, even if the device does not have any built-in unique identifiers.
Most software approaches to creating an MID yield an MID that can be altered, duplicated or set by a device's user, making these MIDs untenable for security use. An MID that can be changed without detection invites “spoofing” of the device that the MID is supposed to identify, thus allowing an interloper to obtain access to data or use of software that is supposed to be restricted to one device having a particular MID. Conventional software-based MIDs typically have the drawback that the software that creates them generally duplicates the same MID if the software is simply run again on the same machine or on a different machine, allowing anyone who obtains the software to spoof the MID. Other deficiencies in software-created MIDs are their inability to survive a warm-boot (i.e., where the operating system (O/S) is restarted, but user data is not erased), and lack of techniques for using an MID in a manner that allows a change in the MID by a nefarious user to be detected.
The present invention overcomes the drawbacks of the prior art.
A system and method for generating a tamper-resistant machine identifier (MID) is disclosed. An MID generated by the invention is persistent across a warm-boot, is pseudo-random in nature and may be queried by user software, but can not be successfully set or changed by user software.
An exemplary computing device has a file system that assigns a unique number (called an object identifier) to every “object”—e.g., a file block, a database record, or a registry entry, etc. When such an object is created, the memory location(s) allocated for the object become unavailable. Each object has an “object identifier” that describes (or equals) its starting memory location. When an object is deleted, the object identifier associated with the deleted file, database record or registry entry is placed on a list of available object identifiers. After sufficient time has passed following a cold boot (and, presumably, sufficient file system activity has occurred) to allow some randomness in the objects that have been allocated and de-allocated, a dummy database is created with a number of empty records. A random number generator is used to randomly delete and optionally create records in the dummy database. As time passes and records are allocated and de-allocated, the randomness of the list of available object locations increases. In a typical implementation of the file system, memory is “recycled” by fulfilling memory requests from the list of previously-de-allocated memory locations.
After sufficient time has passed, a file with a specified number of blocks is created. The object identifiers of the blocks are concatenated together to create an MID. The created file is filled with a program (an “MID-dependent program”) whose usage is to be tied to the MID. The program is specially created for a particular MID, and the MID is embedded within the program. The program includes code that checks to see if the MID embedded within it matches the object identifiers of the blocks of the file in which it is located. If the MID-dependent program determines that the OIDs of the blocks of its own file do not match the expected MID, then authentication fails because the failure to match indicates either that the MID has been tampered with, that the program has been ported to a machine on which it is not authorized, or that the MID has been regenerated without also generating a new program that embeds the new MID. The randomness involved in the process of allocating blocks for the file that stores the program makes it unlikely that a new MID generation process would result in allocating another file for the program having exactly the same object identifiers.
A software-generated MID in accordance with the invention survives a warm boot, so long as the warm boot does not result in the removal of the file containing the MID-dependent program. A software-generated MID does not survive a cold boot. If a new MID is generated, the new MID will likely fail to match any previously generated MID.
Other features of the invention are described below.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings exemplary constructions of the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed. In the drawings:
By using an innate aspect of an Operating System (O/S) such as the in-memory Windows-CE operating system, an MID can be created that is unique and tamper-proof. The software creating the MID does not deterministically control the final value for the MID because the MID is dependant on a relatively random pre-existing O/S state. MID-dependent software is created based on this state, and the unlikelihood of re-creating this relatively random state makes it unlikely that the MID-dependent software can be ported to another device on which its use is not authorized.
Exemplary Computing Environment
The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network or other data transmission medium. In a distributed computing environment, program modules and other data may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CDROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
Software System and Method for Creating a Unique Machine Identification (MID)
Computer 110 comprises a memory 130 and processing unit 120. Memory 130 may include an operating system 202, an available object identification file 206, a database 208, a random number generator 210, an MID generator 212, and a file 214 which, as described below, receives and stores MID-dependent software 222. In one embodiment of the invention, computer 110 is a handheld computer such as a Pocket PC device.
In one embodiment of the invention, operating system 202 is the WINDOWS-CE operating system distributed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., although any suitable operating system may be used.
File system 204 is a component of operating system 202. File system 204 manages the storage of objects such as files, database records, and registry entries by assigning one or more memory blocks to each such entry. File system 204 assigns an object identifier (OID) to each stored object—i.e., each block of a file, to each database record, and to each registry entry. In a preferred embodiment, an OID is a physical memory address, representing the location in memory of the beginning of the file block, database record, or registry entry at which the object having a given OID is stored. An MID in accordance with the invention may be derived from the OID values assigned to certain blocks in the manner described below. OID values are suitable for use as MID components because OID values are persistent across warm-boots, can be made relatively random, and can be queried by user software. Additionally, OIDs have the beneficial feature that if they are changed by user software, the operating system may crash due to the inability of the file system to correctly identify objects (necessitating a cold boot and the consequent generation of a new MID), thereby providing a measure of tamper-resistance to the MID.
File system 204 maintains, or has access to, a list 206 of available locations 206 a, 206 b, . . . 206 x in memory 130 at which objects can be stored. A location in memory 130 is available if the location is not presently being used to store another object—i.e., if the memory location has not been used since the last cold boot, or if the memory location contains a de-allocated object whose location in memory 130 has been marked for re-use.
File system 204 also interacts with database 208. Database 208 stores and manages records 208(a)(1), 208(a)(2), . . . 208(a)(n). File system 204 provides database 208 with memory blocks in which to store records. The memory blocks provided by file system 204 each have an OID that identifies where the record is stored in memory, as discussed above. Thus, record 208(a)(1) is associated with OID 208(b)(1), record 208(a)(2) is associated with OID 208(b)(2), and so on.
Random number generator 210 generates numbers according to a pseudo-random algorithm; such algorithms are known in the art and therefore are not discussed herein. As discussed below, random number generator 210 may be used to delete random records from database 208, thereby freeing random memory locations for the storage of new objects. These random memory locations will have correspondingly random object IDs as their addresses. A technique is discussed below whereby these random object IDs can be used to generate an MID.
MID generator 212 is a software module that generates a unique MID for computer 110. In order to create an MID, MID-generator 212 generally creates a file 214 having a predetermined number of blocks, and creates an MID based on the OIDs of those blocks (e.g., by concatenating the OIDs). The creation of the file occurs after the list 206 of available memory locations has been sufficiently randomized by the process described below, so that file 214 comprises randomly located blocks. Because file 214 is created during the process described in
After a list of random available memory blocks has been created a file 214 (shown in
The process of creating a tamper-resistant MID begins at step 402 with a cold boot. Since the MID of the present invention is designed to survive a warm boot, MIDs are generally created after the machine is started cold—i.e., from “power off.” Following the cold boot, in one embodiment the system waits for a period of time. The reason for the wait is that the following step (405), as described below, involves some randomization using a pseudo-random number generator 210. If the system waits for a period of time following the cold boot before performing pseudo-random processes, it is likely that random events, computations, movement of data, etc., will have occurred that will increase the randomness in the seeding of the random number generator 210, although it will be understood that other techniques (e.g., receiving user input and using the unpredictable time intervals between input events as random data) may be used to help randomize the seeding of random number generator 210. While the wait may occur for any amount of time (or not at all), it will be understood that the amount of time to wait represents a trade-off between the amount of randomness in the MID-generating process, and the amount of delay prior to generating an MID.
At step 405, a list of available memory locations is randomized. The goal of randomizing the set of available memory locations is to ensure that the file 214 that will later be created to hold MID-dependent software 222 will be located in a set of blocks having random object identifiers. One exemplary way of creating the list of random memory locations, as described above, is to create a dummy database 208 having many records (e.g., records 208(a)(1) through 208(a)(5000)), and to use random number generator 210 to randomly select records for deletion from that database. For example, if random number generator 210 selects the value “4” (reference numeral 302), the fourth record (reference numeral 208(a)(4)) in database 208 is deleted and the corresponding memory location 208(b)(4), (887765), is put on the list 206 of available memory locations, (reference numeral 306 a), as shown in
At step 410, file 214 (shown in
At step 412, a machine identifier (MID) is generated based on the OIDs of the blocks in file 214. The MID may be created by concatenating together exemplary OID values 306 a, 306 b, 306 c, 306 d and 306 e, by hashing or digesting those values, or by any other technique that creates an MID based on the OID values of the blocks in file 214.
At step 420, file 214 is filled with MID-dependent software 222. In a preferred embodiment, the process of filling file 214 with MID-dependent software 222 comprises uploading the MID generated at step 412 to server 180, which creates a version of MID-dependent software 222 that has the uploaded MID embedded within it, and then downloading the created version of the MID-dependent software to computer 110 for insertion into file 214. The MID is embedded within MID-dependent software 222 in the sense that software 222 is able to verify that the MID of the machine on which it is running is the MID for which the version of software 222 was created (although the MID is preferably obfuscated within software 222 rather than directly represented within that software, so that it cannot easily be viewed by the user of computer 110). As noted above, one example of MID-dependent software is software that decrypts encrypted content only if the content and the MID-dependent software are located on a machine that has a particular MID, although there are other examples. One action typically performed by MID-dependent software 222 is to check, during its operation, that the MID of the device on which it is running is the one embedded within software 222, since any contrary conclusion suggests an unauthorized attempt to port software 222 to another machine, or an attempt to tamper with the MID. As one example, if the MID is a concatenation of the OID block numbers 214(a)(1), 214(a)(2) . . . 214(a)(5) of file 214, then software 222 checks the embedded MID against the OID values of its own file block numbers concatenated together.
Suppose, for example, that a user (e.g., user 1) of computer 110 acquires MID-dependent software 222 from server 180 by uploading the MID of user 1's computer to server 180. Server 180 may return an MID-dependent program 222 that is associated with MID (e.g., MID=“887765232243850848957406837565” to device 110. Verification program 222 may be associated with MID “887765232243850848957406837565” by appending the MID “887765232243850848957406837565” to the MID-dependent program 222, by encrypting MID-dependent program 222 using a key based on MID “887765232243850848957406837565”, or by other known methods. MID-dependent program 222 is then loaded into file 214 as described above. Suppose that user 1 allows user 2 to copy MID-dependent program 222 on user 1's computer in an attempt to allow user 2 to access whatever data or service that MID-dependent program 222 provides access to. When MID-dependent software 222 is copied from computer 110 to user 2's computer (second computer), OID values from the second computer's available OID file will be assigned for the block numbers of the file into which MID-dependent program 222 is copied on the second computer. When the copy of MID-dependent program 222 on user 2's computer checks to see if the OIDs of the blocks in which user 2's copy of MID-dependent program 222 is stored match MID “887765232243850848957406837565”, the verification process fails because block verification program 222 will not be located at the same location in memory on the second computer as it was in computer 110's memory, hence the MID the MID-dependent program 222 expects, “887765232243850848957406837565” will not match the OIDs in its own file and authentication fails.
Similarly, altering the file OIDs for the MID-dependent program 222 is likely to cause operating system 202 to crash, because the OIDs are typically memory addresses, and changing them results in the changed blocks being untraceable by the file system.
It will be noted that the MID and MID-dependent software 222 created according to the technique described above in connection with
The programming necessary to effectuate the processes performed in connection with the present invention is relatively straight-forward and should be apparent to the relevant programming public. Any particular programming language or methodologies may be employed to effectuate the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
In the foregoing description, it can be seen that the present invention comprises a new and useful mechanism for creating a machine identification through software. It should be appreciated that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the inventive concepts thereof. It should be understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.