|King of Babylon|
The Nabonidus Cylinder which names Šagarakti-Šuriaš as builder of the Eulmaš temple.
Šagarakti-Šuriaš, Šuriaš (a Kassite sun god corresponding to Babylonian Šamaš, and possibly to Vedic Surya) gives me life, (1245–1233 BC short chronology) was the twenty seventh king of the Third or Kassite dynasty of Babylon and ascended the throne early in the month of Nisan. He ruled for thirteen years and was succeeded by his son, Kaštiliašu IV.
The Babylonian King List A names Kudur-Enlil as his father but there are no confirmatory contemporary inscriptions and the reigns are too short around this period to allow for the genealogy alleged by this king list. He featured in a letter written in later times between the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I and the Hittite king, possibly Suppiluliuma II. Unfortunately the text is not well preserved, but the phrase “non-son of Kudur-Enlil” is apparently used to describe him, in a passage discussing the genealogy of the Kassite monarchy.
More than three hundred economic texts have been found in several caches dated to Šagarakti-Šuriaš’ reign and they are characterized by the extraordinary variety of spellings used to name this king, who bears a defiantly Kassite title in contrast with his predecessor. Brinkman identifies eighty four permutations, but disputes the suggestion by others that Ātanaḫ-Šamaš was a Babylonianized equivalent adopted to overcome the linguistic problems of the natives. The texts record events such as the hire of slaves, payments in butter to temple servants and even an agreement to assume a debt for which a priest had been imprisoned.
It has been suggested that the preponderance of commercial texts detailing debts, loans and slave transactions indicate that Babylonia faced hard economic times during his reign, where people sold themselves into slavery to repay their creditors. Ini-Tešub, the king of Kargamiš, wrote a letter to him complaining about the activities of the Ahlamu and their effect on communications and presumably trade.
The Sippar-Annunītu Eulmaš of Ištar-Annunītu
Šagarakti-Šuriaš built the shrine, or Eulmaš, of the warrior goddess Ištar-Annunītu, in the city of Sippar-Annunītu. Nabonidus (556-539 BC), the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, recorded on one of his four foundation cylinders, pictured, that
I excavated, surveyed and inspected the old foundations of Eulmaš, (Anunitu’s) temple which is in Sippar-Anunitu, which for eight hundred years, since the time of Šagarakti-Šuriaš, king of Babylon, son of Kudur-Enlil, and on the foundation deposit of Šagarakti-Šuriaš, son of Kudur Enlil, I cleared its foundations and laid its brickwork.—Inscription of Nabonidus, cylinder BM 91124, in the British Museum.
They were actually separated by slightly less than six hundred and eighty years. This is the only other inscription describing Šagarakti-Šuriaš as son of Kudur-Enlil. Another of his cylinders quotes his statue inscription, buried in a trench at the site of the temple:
Šhagarakti-šuriaš, a faithful shepherd, a revered prince, favorite of Šamaš and Anunit am I. When Šamaš and Anunit for lordship of the Land mentioned a name they filled my hands with the leading string of all peoples. At that time Ebarra the temple of Šamaš of Sippar my lord and Eulmaš temple of Anunit of Sippar-Anunit my lady whose walls since the time of Zabum because of old age had sagged-their walls I demolished. Of their ruined foundations I took away their earth. Their shrine(s) I preserved. Their plans I retained perfect. I filled in their foundations with earth; the supporting wall(s) I restored. Their walls in their places I embellished. Their appearance I rendered more excellent than before. Forever, O Šamaš and Anunit because of my precious deeds may your hearts be glad. May they lengthen my days. May they renew (my) life. Days of joy, month(s) of happiness, years of prosperity may they grant (me) as a gift. A judgment of precision and justice may I speak and may they cause peace to be always.—Inscription of Nabonidus, cylinder BM 104738, column III, lines 44 to 62.
The Seal legend
A clay tablet from the time of Sennacherib (705 – 681 BC) quotes a legendary inscription from a lapis lazuli seal. Originally the seal was in the possession of Shagarakti-Shuriash, but was carried off to Nineveh by Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243–1207 BC) as war booty when he sacked Babylon during Kaštiliašu’s reign, and he had his own inscription engraved on it without erasing the original. Sometime afterwards the seal again found its way back to Babylon, in circumstances unknown, where it was re-plundered, some six hundred years later by Sennacherib.
- J. A. Brinkman (1976). "Šagarakti-Šuriaš". Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I (MSKH I). Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 287, 305–310.
- Babylonian King List A, BM 33332, a broken and badly worn tablet in the British Museum, provides his name in abbreviated form, Šá-ga-rak-[ti-], and the length of his reign.
- Itamar Singer (2006). "KBo 28.61-64, and the struggle over the throne of Babylon". Ḫattuša-Boğazköy. Gernot Wilhelm. pp. 223–245.
- J. A. Brinkman. "Ātanaḫ-Šamaš". MSKH I. pp. 323–324.
- Albert T. Clay (1906). Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur dated in the Reigns of the Cassite Rulers. Departmenf of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. pp. 71–72. CBM 3341, 3519, 12908.
- Stephen Bertman (2003). Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
- George R. Law (2010). Identification of Darius the Mede. Ready Scribe Press. p. 207.
- S. Langdon (Jan 1916). "New Inscriptions of Nabuna'id". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 32 (2): 115. doi:10.1086/369788. JSTOR 52834.
- Olaf Alfred Toffteen (1907). Ancient chronology. University of Chicago Press. pp. 71–72. K.2673
- L. W. King (1904). Records of the reign of Tukulti-Ninib I, King of Assyria, about B.C. 1275. Luzac and Co. pp. 66–69.
- Hermann Vollrat Hilprecht (1903). Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century. A. J. Hollman & Company. p. 472.