I would like to thank the Swedish website Blur and its editor Peter Gustafsson for allowing us to republish this very interesting article on the 3Di sails from North Sails.
We’re seeing those very distinctive grey sails showing up on some of the TP52’s, on a few RC44 and soon on both VO70 Puma and our J/109 Blur. It’s the new 3Di technology from North Sails, that slowly is turning into a commercial product.
You might recall the “black sails” that Alinghi tested in 2007? They didn’t have enough time to get them up to speed, but the swiss understood the technology to spread individual fibers of PBO and how to make a sails out of that.
At the same time the guys at Cuben Fiber figured out how to do this with Dyneema, but had difficulties with carbon. When North Sails bought the two technologies, they could be used to combine carbon and Dyneema fibers in tapes like the one above. Those tapes are now the the basic component of 3Di.
Carbon fibers apparently spreads itself by means of a physical effect called “double vortex”. The machine have different paths and technologies for different materials. Josh Marhevka ensures that the fibers are coated with a thin coat of thermoset adhesive to hold them together, both as a tape to build the sail and to consolidate all the parts forming the final sail.
Here is a completely new version of the tape-laying head that were taken into production when I was there. Small adjustments are made continously and both engineers and software developer sit on the second floor of the 3Di building.
Here’s the top section of a main to a Swan 601. North have chosen to produce several smaller parts that are easier to handle when moved to the mould. They also get better utilization of the equipment by having several smaller areas rather than few large ones. The layout software makes it easy to seamlessly connect the different layers of tape on the mould.
Tapes are sticky enough to stay together when the sail is being handled, but not so sticky that they can not move when it’s shaped on the mould.
Here’s a good view of the different layers of tape. At the bottom an outer grey layer, then internal layers of tape before the upper layer on the other side. There are 20 different tapes, each with a different set of characteristics.
The sail above seems to be very similar to our new sails:
- The grey outer layer: polyester non-woven outer surface over dyneema bonded with thermoset polyester adhesive with UV absorbers and colorant.
- Black tape with aramid: Carbon and Dyneema filaments bonded to X-Aramid scrim with Polyester thermoset adhesive and UV absorbents.
- Black tape: Carbon and Dyneema filaments bonded with thermoset polyester adhesive and UV absorbents
Let’s look at the components.
- Carbon fibers are stiff and resists both tension and compression very well, but they are fragile and individual fibers can not be folded
- Aramid fibers are strong and resists both tension and compression. Not as fragile as carbon fibers, but UV-sensitive.
- Dyneema fibers are resists tension, but not compression. Dyneema is very durable and flexible
So, by combining these fibers, the material can get exactly the characteristics needed. 100% Dyneema was soft and easy to handle, but crumpled without tension. 100% carbon was nice and strong but delicate and difficult to handle. Right now there seems to be an optimal mix of between 50/50 and 70/30 carbon/Dyneema or aramid/Dyneema. But this changes continuously based on feedback from the real world.
The picture also shows that some of the tapes have a scrim with aramid at -45/90/45 degrees. It gives structure stability to the tape itself, and reduces the number of tapes needed.
While it’s a good thing to be able to build sails with just the characteristics you want, it might be difficult to explain to customers. So North has divided 3Di into categories (might change over time):
- 3Di 870 Carbon/Dyneema, club racing
- 3Di 880 Carbon/Carbon, TP52 or Melges 32 (containing less Dyneema)
- 3Di 670 Aramid/Dyneema, VOR or Open 60 who can’t use carbon.
(6 = aramid, 7 = Dyneema , 8 = carbon)
Read the rest of the article here.