Torsvik, T.H., Steinberger, B., Gurnis, M. & Gaina, C., 2010: Plate tectonics and net lithosphere rotation over the past 150 My. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v291, 1-4, p106-112
Global plate reconstructions and plate polygons (red lines) at 10 Ma increments from 150 Ma. Dominantly Oceanic plates are shaded blue. Absolute velocity fields are projected 5 My forward from the reconstructed age. Exaggerated (brown) arrows show the generalized velocity pattern. WU=world uncertainty. We also show as black lines the continental part of the plates, mostly present coastlines and intra-plate boundaries that were active at various times through the Phanerozoic. Extended continental margins are not distinguished. NAM=North America, EUR=Europe (Eurasia), IND=India, AFR=South Africa, NWA=Northwest Africa, NEA=Northeast Africa, SAM=South America, PAT=Patagonia, MB=Marie Byrd Land, AUS=Australia, ANT=East Antarctica, GRE=Greenland, PAC=Pacific, FAR=Farallon, COC=Cocos, PHO=Phoenix, KUL=Kula, CAR=Caribbean, BUR=Burma, PHI=Philippine, LHR=Lord Howe Rise. Mollweide projection.