Shiwei HuangBiochemistry Major 6/5/2012 HNRS 177 Professor Vesna
Week 1 blog: Two Cultures--Shiwei Huang Hello, my name is Shiwei Huang. I am a fourth year biochemistry major, and I enteredUCLA as a transfer student. I am determined to become a doctor since high school, so I havebeen focused on science and put all my effort into it even since. I learned the violin for eightyears and the flute for one year, so I can confidently say that I love art and enjoy it. However, Ihave never thought about the relationship between art and science, or if there was a relationshipat all. By taking this class, I hope I can see how art and science can influence each other. Charles Percy Snow first came up with the idea that Western society started to split into towgroups, literary intellectuals and scientists. He believed that overspecialized school systemcaused that problem. For instance, there are specialized buildings for different subjects inschools. The campus of UCLA can be divided into North and South Campus. Being a southcampus major at UCLA, I rarely go to north campus. Last Wednesday was my first time visitedsculpture garden. Snow proposed the idea of “Third Culture,” in which literary intellectuals can communicatewith scientists. Stephen Wilson believes that the influence between artists and scientists is notsymmetrical. Artists are willing to adopt cutting-edge technology to their artwork while scientistsdon’t believe artists can contribute to their work. Stephen Wilson argues that there are three waysin which artists work with science and technology. The first one is that artists use technology tocreate their artwork. The second one is that artists analyze and critique science and technologyusing art. The last one is that artists use art to address scientific research or technologydevelopment. He believes that many artists choose to work in the heart of scientific research.Here are some examples: This picture was inspired by the experiments to detect neutrino trails in neutrino detectors.
Gina Czarnecki created sculpture from crystals and children’s milk teeth, which could be relatedto stem cell research. She wanted to educate the children as well as the public that stem cells arenot limited to embryonic stem cells, and stems cells can be extracted from many kinds of cellsincluding adult teeth.This figure shows a florescent dog, and it is created by genetic engineering, which has thepotential in treating disease.
Sources:Clark, Liat., “In pictures: The best of Londons Picturing Science exhibit.” Feb. 2, 2011. <http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-02/02/picturing-science-exhibit>“Glowing in the Dark: Rare Pictures of Genetically Engineered Fluorescent Animals (Photos).”Aug. 3, 2011. <http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/191521/20110803/glowing-in-the-dark-rare-pictures-of-genetically-engineered-fluorescent-animals-photos.htm>Hills, Suzannah. “The Fairy Tooth Palace: Artist makes stunning sculpture out of crystal andmilk teeth to raise awareness of stem cells” March 29, 2012. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2121948/The-Fairy-Tooth-Palace-Artist-makes-stunning-sculpture-crystal-milk-teeth.html>Snow, C. P., "The Two Cultures." Leonardo. 1990, 23, 169.Vesna, Victoria. “Toward a Third Culture: Being in between.” Leonardo, 2001, 34, 121.Wilson, Stephen. "Myths and Confusions in Thinking about Art/Science/Technology." CollegeArt Association Meetings, NYC, 2000.
Week 2 Blog My family moved to San Francisco after I graduated from high school in China. My diet usedto consist of my grandmother’s Chinese cooking. I am not picky about what I eat, so I only haveChinese food when I go home. The main food in a Chinese meal is rice, and it is commonly eatenas steamed rice. Rice is also a common material in many dishes. I want to discuss rice in thisblog. There are two species of rice plant, Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. Oryza sativa is Asianrice, and Oryza glaberrima is African rice. The seeds, which grow at the top of rice plant, arecollected and milled to get rid of the husks, which are rough coatings of the seeds. After this step,we have brown rice. To get white rice, the rest of husk and germ need to be removed. Rice can becooked in water. Oryza sativa (Asian rice). White rice does not contain as much as nutrition as brown rice. For instance, in 100g whiterice, there is 4.31g iron, 0g Vitamin A, and 0g of beta-carotene. Beta-carotene is a precursor ofVitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness. Iron deficiency can cause iron deficiencyanemia, which can lead to morbidity and death. To address this problem, scientists have
discovered methods to generically engineer rice so that it can contain additional vitamin andminerals. Potrykus et al. at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciencesdeveloped Golden Rice to address the Vitamin A and beta-carotene deficiency. They introduced abiosynthetic pathway of beta-carotene. The rice is transformed with phytoene synthase gene andphytoene desaturase gene, which are necessary for beta-carotene synthesis. These enzymes areexpressed in rice endosperm. Beta-carotene will be converted into Vitamin A in animal intestines. Golden Rice grains are easilyrecognisable by their yellow to orange colour, the stronger the colour the more β-carotene. Potrykus et al. also developed iron rich rice to prevent iron deficiency. A ferritin gene istransformed into rice to increasing iron content. Ferritin is an iron storage protein. To decreasethe iron absorption inhibitor, phytic acid, a thermo-tolerant phytase is also transformed into rice.Finally, they intend to increase the amount of cysteine peptides, which are iron absorptionenhancer, by over-expressing a cysteine-rich protein. The iron rich rice contains higher amountof iron along with higher amount of iron absorption enhance and lower amount of ironabsorption inhibitor.
Iron rich rice in Potrykus’s lab.Sources“Nutrient data for 20058, Rice, white, steamed, Chinese restaurant” Nutrition Data Laboratory,United States Department of Agriculture. <http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6360>Potrykus, I. et al., J. Nutr. , 2002, 132, 3, 506.Potrykus, I. et al., J. Nutr. , 2002, 21, 3, 184.“Science about rice.” Oct.9, 2006. <http://www.orecinternational.org/science-about-rice>Whitman, Deborah. “Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?” CSA DiscoveryGuides. Apr. 2000. Web. 15 Apr. 2012.
Week 3 blog Although I have never had any pets, I have worked with lab rats when I volunteered in aresearch lab. To handle the lab rats (just handle, not performing surgeries, injections, or anyprocedures), I had to take a few trainings. The lab focused on the study of traumatic brain injury,so I had to say that the treatment to those lab rats were very invasive. I would help theresearchers transport the lab rats to the lab and hold the lab rat while they injecting anestheticinto the rat abdomen (surgical procedures must be performed on anesthetized animals). Later, theresearchers would open up the rat’s skull, destroy certain brain tissues, and close it using surgicalstaples. To test if a drug was helpful to traumatic brain injury, the researchers would inject thedrugs into the rats and perform some tests. Nowadays, people become more and more concernedwith the ethics in experiments with animals. The lab inspection on animal handling became morefrequently in that research facility. When I was volunteering last year, I heard that a whole lab inanother department got shut down because the lab inspectors found undead lab rats in a fridgethere. All the employees in that lab had to undergo animal handling training again. Lab rats. Transgenic animals are used in research, and they are also used for entertaining. For instance,GloFish is a type of genetically modified fluorescent zebrafish, which is sold as pet. Thetechniques used to create such fluorescent zebrafish is quite simple. The scientists can insert thegenes that code for fluorescent proteins into the zebrafish embryos, and after the gene isintegrated into the zebrafish genome the zebrafish will be fluorescent.
GloFish. “Strange Culture” tells the story of Steve Kurtz, whose work dealt with genetically modifiedorganism. He and his colleagues tried to alert people about the risks of GMO using their artwork.When his wife died, the paramedics suspected him had something to do with his wife’s deathafter they found petri dishes. I think it is reasonable suspicion. However, the situation becameridiculous after that. Kurtz’s wife’s body was autopsied, and people found out that her death wasnot related to the bacteria he worked with. The bacteria he worked with were available onlineand harmless. The FBI still charged him of bioterrorism. The movie suggests that Kurtz wastargeted because his work questioned government industry policies. I think Kurts is innocent,and I am glad to know that he was set free in 2008. The poster of Strange Culture.
Sources:Bell, Mark. “Film Threat-Strange Culture” Nov. 4, 2007 <http://www.filmthreat.com/reviews/9553/>Carr, David. “M dot Strange Finds a Way at Sundance” Jan. 22, 2007. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/business/media/22carr.html?_r=2&ref=business&oref=slogin&oref=slogin>“GloFish, Experience the Glo” <http://www.glofish.com/>“Medical tests on lab rats Right or wrong,” Sep. 9, 2011 <http://www.selfdiscipline.com/2011/09/who-will-live-longer/medical-tests-on-lab-rats-right-or-wrong/>“Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.” Office ofLaboratory Animal Welfare, August 7, 2002 <http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm#USGovPrinciples>
Week 4 blog: Noa Kapan and Medical Technology Noa Kaplan’s work explores the relationship between texture and structure. Her works alsoinvolve the relationship between nanoscale images and macroscopic images. I think the mostinteresting piece is “Pollen.” The part that stands on the ground is an enlarged sculpture of agrain of pollen. I like the idea that she did not simple take a picture of a grain of pollen and letthe computer do all the work. She created several pieces of the pollen and put them together byherself. The part that suspends right above that grain of pollen is a bottle of honey, which isdripping honey onto that grain of pollen. With the light above the bottle of honey shining upon it,it creates a gradient of color from light orange at top to pink at bottom. It is difficult to visualizethat a drop of honey is composed of millions of grains of pollens, but Kaplan has managed todemonstrate such a relationship for us using this piece of work. Another interesting piece of workis the wool jacket she made based on the wool fiber under a microscope. We are so accustomedto the daily mundane clothes we wear, but Kaplan showed us the magnified the image of a fiber.Using the jacket that resembles the interwinding of the fibers, Kaplan successfully demonstratedthe relationship between microscopic and macroscopic materials. The lower part of “Pollen.” Stelarc has been performing using his body, and his theme is "enhancing the body both in aphysical and technical manner.” Some of his works involve some surgeries with artificial bodyparts. I think one of the most interesting work is called “The Ear On Arm.” He had two surgeries.In the first surgery, he had an ear implanted into his left arm, which he claimed could hear and
transmit the sound. The second surgery was done in Europe because it was illegal in the U.S. assome part of the ear lobe was grown from Stelarc’s own stem cell. A microphone was insertedinto the ear so that it could connect to the Internet in hope that people in different places coulduse that ear to listen. Also, it could act like a Bluthtooth. The idea that our body can beengineered into some devices for communication is really interesting. Stelarc commented thatthe project aimed to replicate and relocate a body part and invented some new function at thatnew location. He further commented that through these medical technology we could reengineerourselves so that our organs are better suited for the media technology world. Our organ, in thiscase the ear in the arm, can facilitate the devices that we are using. The surgery of “The Ear On Arm.” “The Ear On Arm”
Sources:Kaplan, Noa. <http://www.noapkaplan.com/Pollen>Kaplan, Noa. <http://www.noapkaplan.com/Clothes-Up-Wool>Paolo Atzori and Kirk Woolford. “Extended-Body: Interview with Stelarc” Sep. 9, 19995 <http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=71>Stelarc. <http://stelarc.org/?catID=20214>“This is Benjamin: Interview with Sterlac” <http://www.benjaminteicher.com/contact/interview-with-stelarc/>
Week 6: Going Gray Kathy Brew’s exhibit challenges the social attitude towards aging. She started to dye her hairsince 20 years old when her hair started to go gray. She accepted aging and stopped dying herhair when she was 50. Although most people would admit that dying hair is time consuming andthe chemicals are carcinogenic, people would still do it since they live in an ageist society.People have come up with all types of “euphemisms” to refer to old people, such as old goat,fossil, and past one’s prime. These words are full of humiliations. Our society is an ageistsociety. For instance, employers want to hire young people instead of older people. Our society isalso a sexist society as a woman with gray hair will be considered as old and a man with grayhair will be considered as mature. I think Brew’s work has successfully addressed people’sefforts and attitude on anti-aging, and she has challenged this attitude and called for a differentone towards aging. I like her exhibit, and I think it’s easier for me to accept this type of art formthan Orlan’s performance. I think Orlan didn’t have to record the process of the surgery to raisethe issues regarding plastic surgery since Brew didn’t use any extreme measures to address theissue of aging.These are the photos of Kathy Brew herself when she stopped to dye her hair.
The euphemisms to describe old people. Bio art is always controversial and hard to define. It also raises many ethic issues about theuse of animals in art and issues about the definition of property. For instance, the GloFish wasintended for sale as a fluorescent fish at pet store, but protesters were worried about if theGloFish were set free in nature. An artist named Larry Miller designed a legal document, whichintended to claim his own DNA. It raised the questions like, whether the genetic materials belongto an individual. Also, if the genetic materials are modified, does the individual still have theclaim. It can be related to the issue of HeLa cells. The video about the HeLa cells and the interview with Rebecca Scoot talks about theimmortal cell lines. Henrietta Lacks was an African American women who had cervical cancer.When she was receiving treatment, some of her cancerous tissues were removed by her doctorwithout her consent. The doctor had good intention, and he wanted to study the cells so that hecould find a way to cure the disease. After a few years, Lacks died, and her cells ended up inresearch labs all over the world, but her family members was unaware of it. The cell line isknown as HeLa cell line. Rebecca Skloot wrote about the life and family members of HenriettaLacks in her book “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks.” It was shocking to know that theirfamily no benefit from the immortal cell lines, and they could not afford medical insurance.Since these cells were the cell lines of the cells taken from Henrietta Lacks’s body, can HenriettaLacks’ family claim to be the owner of the cells and gain benefit from them?
Book cover of “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks.”Sources:“Genetics & Aging Symposium + "Going Gray", Kathy Brew Exhibition Opening,” <http://artsci.ucla.edu/?q=events/genetics-aging-symposium-going-gray-kathy-brew-exhibition-opening>Biotechnology Lecture <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQROn5YDA_Y&feature=youtu.be>Levy, Ellen K. “Defining Life: Artists Challenge Conventional Classification” <http://nanobioart.artscicenter.com/hybrid/sites/default/files/Ellen_Levy_BioArt.pdf>Skloot, Rebecca, 5-8-2012, <http://rebeccaskloot.com/>“The IMMORTAL BLACK WOMEN.” 12-5-2009,<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amJcqYOJKbU&feature=related>
Extra Credit: The Biotech to Biopunk Lejla Kucukalic talked about biopunk and different types of science fictions on Thursday.The illustration on the Genetics and Society website is from Wildseed by Wayne Barlowe.Science fictions reflect the popular interested in biotechnology and biomedicine. At the sametime, science fictions also have influenced biomedical research. One of the earliest sciencefictions is Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley in 1818. Kuckalic discussed about Frankenstein,and she believed that it represented a tormented scientist and the rewards and dangers resultedfrom science. Kuckalic summarized four types of science fictions of genetics, and they aremonster narratives, human being narratives, GMO narratives, and biopunk. Examples formonster narratives are “Tarantula,” “The Deadly Mantis,” “Splice,” and so on. In Human beingnarratives science fictions, there is usually an empathy towards the humans that are manipulatedand critical assessment about the significance of new technology. Examples of this type ofscience fiction are “Never Let Me Go,” “Problems of Creativeness,” “Screwfly Solution,” and soon. A typical GMO narratives science fiction is “The Windup Girl.” It is set in 23rd century whenbiotechnology is dominant and controls food production, and the novel blames businessmen andpoliticians because they use biotechnology to seize power. Biopunk is the last type of novel thatincludes all the first three categories. It emerged in 1980s, and it has elements of traditionalscience fiction, urban-industry, gothic fiction, and extreme violence. Examples are “Gene Wars”“Neurolution” “Necrosis”, and so on. Biopunk as a movement holds the belief that the publicshould not rely on institutes for results, and it advocates open access of genetic information, suchas the genetic information of influenza. The illustration is from Wayne Barlowe.
“Frankenstein,” First edition.“The Windup Girl”
Sources:Lejla Kucukalic, "The Biotech to Biopunk: Science Fictions Visions of Genetics" <http://socgen.ucla.edu/events/?event_id=85>Newitz, Annalee, “Biopunk” 8-8-2001 <http://web.archive.org/web/20021220190353/http://www.sfbg.com/SFLife/tech/71.html>Roberts, Adam. “The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi – review” 12-17-2010. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/dec/18/windup-girl-paolo-bacigalupi-review>Wade, Phillip, “Shelley and the Miltonic element in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein” <http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/Articles/wade.html>Waynebarlowe. <http://waynebarlowe.wordpress.com/>
Week 7 Alan Turing and “Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis” Alan Turing was the first scientist to use computer simulation to study the mechanismsbehind the development of pattern in living organisms. When Manchester Electronic Computer,also called Ferranti Mark I, was installed in Manchester University, Turing wrote to hiscolleague, “I am hoping as one of the first jobs to do something about ‘chemical embryology.’ Inparticular I think one can account for the appearance of Fibonacci numbers in connection with fircones.” A Fibonacci series is a series of number in which each number is the sum of the twoprevious number, except the first two numbers. For instance, it is 1, 3, 4 ,7, 11, 18,... Turing wasinspired by zoologist Thompson’s work “On Growth and Form.” Thompson observed that thescales of a fir cone and the florets of a sunflower are grouped in the numbers in Fibonacci series.Turing formulated his reaction-diffusion model from those observation. He believed thatdiffusing chemicals react with each other and causes the development of forms of livingorganisms. Modern computer has simulated Turing’s reaction-diffusion mechanism, and it hassuccessfully produced leopard-like, cheetah-like, and giraffe-like stripes. In his paper “Chemicalbasis of morphogenesis,” he called these interacting chemicals morphogens. Turing believed thatgenes catalyzed the production of morphogens and might influence the rate of the reaction todetermine the pattern. To be honest, I didn’t understand the maths in “Chemical basis of morphogenesis,” so I readquite a few articles that summarized Turing’s reaction-diffusion system. ∂c/∂t=f(c)+D∇2c can beused to describe such a system. f(c) represents the local chemical reaction that differentchemicals are reacted and formed. D is the diffusion constants. Simply put, the equation statesthat the distribution of a chemical is determined by the chemical reaction that generates thischemical and the diffusion of this chemical.
Program sheet written by Alan Turing during his study in fir cone pattern formation.The computer output. Turing wrote "How did this happen? Presumably ODE" on it.Turings numbering on the florets of a sunflower.Sources:Charvoin, J. and Sadoc, J-F. “A Phyllotactic Approach to The Structure of Collagen Fibrils”2011. <http://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.2359v2.pdf>
Copeland, B.J.(2004) “The Essential Turing, Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy,Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life plus The Secrets of Enigma.” Oxford: Clarendon Press.Engelhardt, R. “Modeling Pattern Formation in Reaction-Diffusion System.” 1994. <http://www.robinengelhardt.info/speciale/main.pdf>Maini, P. K. “The impact of Turings work on pattern formation in biology.” 1-17-2007.<people.maths.ox.ac.uk/maini/PKM%20publications/172.pdf>Swinton, J. “Watching the Daisies Grow: Turing and Fibonacci Phyllotaxis.” 2003.<user29459.vs.easily.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/swinton.pdf>Turing, A. M. “The Chemical Basis of Morphogensis.” 8-14-1952. <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4622%2819520814%29237%3A641%3C37%3ATCBOM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I>
Week8: Turing Symposium--Extra Credit On Friday, I went to the Turing symposium and heard the talk from Jon Beaupre. The title is“Some Speculations on the Effects of Machine Language on News Delivery Credibility.”Beaupre first introduced us the concept of avatar, which is a virtual representation of the user.Avatar can be two dimensional in online communities or three dimensional in online gaming.Avatars can also be embodied with artificial intelligence. For instance, many websites providecustomers with services from artificial assistant with AI. Avatar also has commercial useanimated if we can create a face with recorded voice. People can make virtual stars who neverexist, and these virtual stars are just what we think as attractive. Beaupre introduced his audiencethe talking machine--Evie. It is a virtual artificial intelligence created by Existor. On thatwebsite, visitors can type questions or words, and the artificial intelligence will respondaccordingly although it takes the AI a while to respond. Next, he talked about speech to texttechnology, which can translate spoken words into text. Microsoft Word is equipped with suchtechnology, which can reproduce the flow of human sentences from speech. Beaupre alsomentioned artificial intelligence in science fictions, such as Cylons in Battlestar Galactica.Cylons are robots, and when they have human appearance and human personality they start tothink that they are human and they want to produce human and cylon hybrid.The idea ofartificial intelligence is related to Alan Turing because he was the first to work on this concept.He developed the computing machine in 1935. Turing wanted to developed machine that couldlearn from experience and solve problems by searching possible solutions. In 1950, he developedTuring test, which could test the computer intelligence, and so far no artificial intelligence couldpass that test.
Evie--the talking machine.Sources:Beaupre , Jon. Turing Symposium. 5-25-2012. <http://turing.artscicenter.com/participants.html#jon>Existor. <http://www.existor.com/>“Avatar(computing).” 3-16-2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_%28computing%29>“Humanoid Cylon.” <http://en.battlestarwiki.org/wiki/Humanoid_Cylon>Copeland, John. “What is artificial intelligence?” 5-2000. <http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/reference%20articles/What%20is%20AI.html>Copeland, John. “Alan Turing and the Origin of AI.” 5-2000. <http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/reference%20articles/what_is_AI/What%20is%20AI03.html>
Summary This class focused the relationship between biotechnology and art and the relationshipbetween scientists and artists. The class also examined several controversial issues. Throughtaking this class along with attending the events and listening to the guest lecturers, I have gainedsome insight about how art could inspire scientific invention, and how science could in turninspire art work. At the beginning of the course we were introduced with the concept of two cultures, whichsuggested that societies tended to split into scientists and artists. Charles Percy Snow was thefirst one to come up with this concept, and he believed that modern university system reinforcedthis split by dividing all courses into different subjects. However, literary intellectuals cancommunicate with scientists and work together. Art work inspired by science could be used toeducate the public. Next, Paul Thomas gave us a lecture regarding his art piece. He used automatic forcemicroscope to study how our touch or breath could affect the world. He also showed an art piecewhich showed that skin cells started to die after they touched gold. In the blog, we examined thefood we consumed regularly. I studied rice since it is a staple for Chinese. There were researchgroups who developed genetically modified rice so that it could contain high level of vitamin Aand iron. The genetically modified food could be beneficial, and in this case the modified ricecould alleviate the vitamin A and iron deficiencies, especially in developing countries. However,the side effect of GMO on our body was quite unclear. Christina Agapakis gave us a lecture regarding smell and taste and the commercial potentialbehind them. She also suggested that it was hard to define the line between enhancing the flavorof the food and tricking ourselves into eating junk food which tasted good. In the blog, Idiscussed my relationship to lab animals since I never had pets. Through genetically engineering,we could put fluorescence genes into animals, such as fish, so that we could keep them forenternaintment. We were introduced with a movie named “Strange Culture,” which introducedthe tragic story of Steve Kurtz, and how the government targeted artists who questionedindustrial policies. Noa Kaplan delivered a wonderful speech about her art work, which mainly dealt with therelationship between microscopic and macroscopic materials. Her art pieces examined dailymaterials, such as pollen and honey, wool fiber and jacket. In that week’s blog, I did someresearch on medical technology and the artists who used it to create art. One of the artists namedStelarc planted artificial ear in his arm, and he intended to present enhanced human body withhis art. After the midterm, we went to Kathy Brew’s art exhibition, which dealt with aging. Shepresented all the advertisements of dying hair to argue that people’s attitude toward aging waswrong and unjust for women. Brew used her own photos to call for a different attitude towardaging. I like her art work, and I think it is more acceptable than performer like Orlan, whorecorded the process of her plastic surgery as her “art” to raise the awareness of plastic surgery.In the class, we were introduced with the controversial problem of the ownership of transgenicorganisms. For instance, we discussed whether the artists could claim that they owned
fluorescent animals. In the case of HeLa cells, whether the family of Henrietta Lacks had theright to be benefited from her immortal cancer lines. My portion of Alan Turing project focused maths and morphogenesis along with Turing’spaper “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis.” He was inspired by the discovery of Fibonacciseries in plants. He used maths to describe his diffusion reaction model, which stated that thelocal concentration of morphogen depended on the rate of the synthesis and the diffusion. Theconcept of diffusion was related to my physical biochemistry class, so I enjoyed reading andresearching the materials about that topic. For the extra credit events I attended, one of them was biopunk and biotech and the other wasAlan Turing symposium. In “Biotech to Biopunk,” Kucukalic talked about different types ofscience fictions, and how they influenced people’s view about scientists and inspired scientists.In Alan Turing symposium, I attended Beaupre’s speech about avatar. Turing was the first towork on artificial intelligence, and avatar could embody artificial intelligence for commercialuse. The class taught me that art and science were intercorrelated. I was surprised to find out that Icould apply my knowledge from science classes to these art work. Artists and scientists couldwork together to raise the public awareness of many controversial issues.