versão impressa ISSN 1806-3713
J. bras. pneumol. v.33 n.3 São Paulo maio/jun. 2007
Association between paracoccidioidomycosis and tuberculosis: reality and misdiagnosis*
Reynaldo Quagliato JúniorI; Tiago de Araújo Guerra GrangeiaII; Reinaldo Alexandre de Carvalho MassucioII; Eduardo Mello De CapitaniI; Sílvio de Moraes RezendeI; Alípio Barbosa BalthazarIII
and Assistant Professor in the Department of Pulmonology of the Universidade
Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP, State University at Campinas
School of Medical Sciences, Campinas (SP) Brazil
IIResident in Pulmonology at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, State University at Campinas School of Medical Sciences, Campinas (SP) Brazil
IIIAttending physician in the Department of Pulmonology of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP, State University at Campinas School of Medical Sciences, Campinas (SP) Brazil
evaluate the frequency of the real association between paracoccidioidomycosis
(PCM) and tuberculosis (TB) as well as the rate of previous TB misdiagnosis
in individuals with PCM among the patients treated in the Pulmonology Division
of the State University of Campinas Hospital das Clínicas, Campinas,
METHODS: A retrospective study of 227 adult patients with PCM (chronic form) treated between 1980 and 2005.
RESULTS: Of the 227 patients studied, 36 (15.8%) had been previously treated for TB. However, only 18 (7.9%) presented positive sputum smear microscopy results. The remaining 18 (7.9%) neither presented positive sputum smear microscopy nor showed improvement after receiving specific anti-TB treatment.
CONCLUSION: Although the existence of an association between PCM and TB has been documented in the literature, misdiagnosis is common due to the superimposition of and the similarity between their clinical and radiographic presentations, thereby warranting the need for bacteriological diagnosis before initiating specific treatment.
Keywords: Paracoccidioidomycosis; Tuberculosis, pulmonary; Diagnosis, differential.
The combination of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) and tuberculosis (TB) has long been recognized by clinicians. The diseases can occur simultaneously or sequentially. Data in the literature indicate that the frequency of this combination ranges from 5.5 to 19%.(1,2) A drop in cellular immunity seems to be the principal trigger for both diseases.(3,4) Deficient production of certain cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23, and interferon gamma (IFN-g), as well as of their receptors, predisposes patients to TB and to PCM.(5)
Since the clinical presentation of these diseases can be similar, it has been observed that several patients definitively diagnosed with PCM had been previously treated for TB, although without sputum smear microscopy confirmation. Most of those patients did not respond to specific anti-TB treatment and only improved after drug treatment for PCM had been started.
Misdiagnosis is rare in patients treated at tertiary care teaching hospitals, being more common in patients initially treated at basic health clinics and in whom the clinical/radiological presentation does not allow a clear distinction to be made between the two diseases.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the true frequency of the combination of the two diseases as well as the rate at which PCM has previously been misdiagnosed as TB.
A retrospective study was conducted through a review of the medical charts of the patients with PCM treated in the Pulmonology Outpatient Clinic of the Clinical Medicine Department of the State University of Campinas School of Medical Sciences Hospital das Clínicas between 1980 and 2005. We included 227 adult patients diagnosed with the chronic form of PCM, in whom the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis had been identified directly in the sputum culture or indirectly in the Grocott staining of the bronchial lavage fluid.
The variables analyzed were as follows: age, gender, clinical complaints, chest radiological alterations, and diagnostic confirmation of TB. The results of direct testing and sputum culture for Koch's bacillus were obtained from the patient medical chart or from results obtained in the public health facilities of origin where the previous treatment for TB had been performed.
Of the 227 patients with PCM, 215 (95%) were male, and only 12 (5%) were female. In all of the patients, the diagnosis of PCM was confirmed through the identification of P. brasiliensis in the sputum or in the bronchial lavage fluid. All were being treated or had already been treated with itraconazole, amphotericin B, or the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination.
Of the 227 patients, 36 (15.8%) reported having been previously treated for TB. However, only 18 (7.9%) presented positive sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli or positive sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of those 18 patients, 17 were Caucasian males, presenting a mean age at the time of diagnosis of 43.3 years (range, 3056 years). The remaining 18 patients, all of whom were Caucasian males, presented a mean age at the time of diagnosis of 49 years (range, 3569 years), presented negative results, and did not present clinical improvement after the anti-TB treatment had been started. However, all 18 responded to the anti-PCM treatment (Figure 1).
Of the 36 patients with a history of previous treatment for TB, 28 (77.7%) had been diagnosed with TB (or had been suspected of having TB) prior to being diagnosed with PCM, 4 (11.1%) had been diagnosed with PCM prior to being diagnosed with TB, and 4 (11.1%) had been diagnosed with both diseases simultaneously.
In most cases, the clinical complaints, the physical examination data, and the radiological alterations presented by these patients did not allow a clear distinction to be made between the two diseases in most cases (Figures 2-4).
One case in particular seems to be illustrative of a true combination of PCM and TB. Eight years ago, the patient was definitively diagnosed with PCM through positive sputum smear testing for P. brasiliensis and was treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for two years. The treatment was then suspended due to clinical improvement and negative serology. This patient again presented respiratory complaints five years after the end of the anti-PCM treatment, at which point he was diagnosed with TB (through positive sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli) and treated with Regimen I (rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide). There was a good clinical response, and the patient was considered cured. Four months after the end of the anti-TB treatment, the patient again complained of fever, weight loss, mild productive cough, and dyspnea, Recurrence of PCM was confirmed (Figure 5), and the treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was restarted.
In the state of São Paulo, PCM and TB are common diseases. The incidence of TB is 45 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. However, neither the incidence nor the prevalence of PCM have been well-defined, since it is a disease for which reporting is not compulsory. Nevertheless, the prevalence of PCM is estimated to be 1 to 3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in endemic areas.(6-8)
In patients presenting a drop in cellular immunity, PCM and TB both occur in a more severe form, and such patients can present the two diseases concomitantly. Deficient production of certain cytokines, such as IFN-g, IL-12, and IL-23, as well as of their receptors, predisposes patients to TB and to PCM.(5) The pattern of cytokine production by CD4+ T lymphocytes can determine the severity of the clinical profile of these two diseases. The predominance of IFN-g (produced by CD4+ T lymphocytes known as T helper 1 cells) is generally associated with a more favorable clinical evolution, whereas the predominance of IL-4, IL-5, and IL10 (produced by CD4+ T lymphocytes designated T helper 2 cells) results in a more severe disease progression.(9,10)
The majority of individuals with PCM are male (15:1) and are farm laborers or former farm laborers between 30 and 50 years of age. Although such individuals are often oligosymptomatic, with few physical examination findings, they can present pronounced alterations on simple chest X-rays and on high-resolution computed tomography scans of the chest.(11-15)
Pulmonary alterations are typically bilateral, predominantly in the middle lobes and spinal cord regions.(16,17)
In contrast, TB affects males and females of all ages, the majority of whom are symptomatic and present abnormal physical examination findings, as well as radiological alterations, which can also be bilateral but are typically most pronounced in the superior and posterior segments.
Despite these differences, it is not uncommon for the differential diagnosis between the two diseases to be difficult. There have been various reports of the PCM/TB combination. In a study of 338 cases of PCM,(12) 46 (13.65%) of the patients were found to have also been diagnosed with TB. The patients were divided into 3 groups: a) 19 cases, 10 of which were inactive (latent TB), and 9 of which were active (symptomatic TB at the time of the PCM diagnosis); b) 17 cases of patients with PCM who later developed TB; and c) 10 cases in which the two diagnoses were made simultaneously.
In another study,(1) 422 cases of PCM were studied. Of those, 23 (5.5%) were also diagnosed with TB. Another group of authors studied 147 patients with PCM and determined that 28 (19%) had concomitant TB.(2)
In a study involving 159 patients with PCM,(16) 24 patients (15.09%) were found to have concomitant TB.
These results, however, do not differentiate between the cases in which there was bacteriological confirmation of TB and those with a history of previous treatment for TB without bacteriological confirmation.
Another study showed that, of 43 patients with PCM, 8 (18.6%) had a history of previous treatment for TB, but only 3 (6.99%) presented positive sputum smear microscopy results.(18) Even within the indigenous population in Brazil, 2 cases that were treated as TB were reported to have later been definitively diagnosed as PCM.(19)
In the present study, we found that, of the 227 cases evaluated, 36 (15.8%) had been previously treated for TB, but only 18 (7.9%) had had bacteriological and laboratory test confirmation had been obtained in only 18 (7.9%). Those 18 patients benefited from the specific anti-TB medication, being referred to our facility, some years later, with clinical complaints and radiological alterations that culminated in the diagnosis of PCM. The remaining 18 patients sought treatment at our facility because the treatment they had received provided no clinical improvement.
It should be borne in mind that, although the combination of PCM and TB has been documented in the literature, misdiagnosis is common due to the superimposition of and the similarity between their clinical and radiological presentations. In addition, most of the patients initially sought treatment at basic health clinics, where health care workers have more experience in dealing with TB, due to its high incidence, and are less likely to make a diagnosis of PCM. This has rarely happened at tertiary-care teaching hospitals, where these diseases are commonly encountered and diagnoses are typically confirmed prior to the initiation of treatment.
The PCM/TB combination is uncommon, and it can be difficult to make the differential diagnosis on the basis of clinical and radiological data. Incorrect treatment increases the chances of pulmonary sequelae, such as fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and chronic respiratory failure. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out exhaustive bacteriological investigation prior to instituting a specific therapeutic regimen for TB, as well as to increase the accuracy of and the emphasis on testing for fungi in sputum, especially at basic health clinics.
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Reynaldo Quagliato Jr.
Rua Alfredo Calil, 187, Jardim das Palmeiras
CEP 13094-070, Campinas, SP, Brasil
Phone 55 19 3251-4675/55 19 3788-7097
Fax 55 19 3788-7097
Submitted: 4 May 2006. Accepted, after review: 25 August 2006.
* Study carried out in the Department of Pulmonology of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP, State University at Campinas School of Medical Sciences, Campinas (SP) Brazil.