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Emission and absorption line fitting
Spectro1D fits spectral features at three separate stages during the pipeline. The first two fits are fits to emission lines only. They are done in the process of determining an emission line redshift and these are referred to as foundLines. The final fitting of the complete line list, i.e. both emission and absorption lines, occurs after the object's classification has been made and a redshift has been measured. These fits are known as measuredLines. In all cases a single Gaussian is fitted to a given feature, therefore the quality of the fit is only good where this model holds up.
The first line fit is done when attempting to measure the object's emission line redshift. Wavelet filters are used to locate emission lines in the spectrum. The goal of these filters is to find strong emission features, which will be used as the basis for a more careful search. The lines identified by the wavelet filter are stored in the specLine table as foundLines, i.e., with the parameter category set to 1. They are stored without any identifications, i.e., they have restWave = 0.
Every one of these features is then tentatively matched to each of a list of candidate emission lines as given in the line table below, and a system of lines is searched for at the position indicated by the tentative matching. The best system of emission lines (if any) found in this process is used to calculate the object's emission-line redshift. The lines from this system and their parameters are stored in the specLine table as foundLines, i.e., with the parameter category set to 1. These lines are identified by their restWave as given in the line table below.
The final line fitting is done for all features (both emission and absorption) in the line list below, and occurs after the object has been classified and a redshift has been determined. This allows for a better continuum estimation and thus better line fits. This latter fit is stored in the specLine table with the parameter category set to 2.
For almost all purposes we recommend the use of the measuredLines (category=2) since these result from the most careful continuum measurement and precise line fits.
Details of continuum fitting and line measurements
All of the line parameters are measured in the observed frame, and no correction has been made for the instrumental resolution.
The continuum is fit using a median/mean filter. A sliding window is created of length 300 pixels for galaxies and stars or 1000 pixels for quasars. Pixels closer than 8 pixels(560km/s) for galaxies and stars or 30 pixels (2100 km/s) for QSOs to any reference line are masked and not used in the continuum measurement. The remaining pixels in the filter are ordered and the values between the 40th and 60th percentile are averaged to give the continuum. The category=1 lines are fit with a cruder continuum which is given by a fifth order polynomial fit which iteratively rejects outlying points.
Reference Line List
The list of lines which are fit are given as an HTML line table below. Note that many times a single line in the table actually represents multiple features. Since the line fits are allowed to drift in wavelength somewhat, the exact precision of the lines are not important. The wavelength precision does become important for the emission line determination. To improve the accuracy of the emission-line redshift determination for QSOs, the wavelength for many of the lines listed here are not the laboratory values, but the average values calculated from a sample of SDSS QSOs taken from Vanden Berk et al. 2001 AJ 122 .
Every line in the reference list is fit as a single Gaussian on top of the continuum subtracted spectrum. Lines that are deemed close enough are fitted simultaneously as a blend. The basic line fitting is performed by the SLATEC common mathematical library routine SNLS1E which is based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Parameters are constrained to fall within certain values by multiplying the returned chi-squared values by a steep function. Any lines with parameters falling close to these constraints should be treated with caution. The constraints are: sigma > 0.5 Angstrom, sigma < 100 Angstrom, and the center wavelength is allowed to drift by no more than 450 km/sec for stars and galaxies or 1500 km/sec for QSOs, except for the CIV line which is allowed to be shifted by as much as 3000 km/sec.
Testing the results
There are a number of ways that the line fitting can fail. If the continuum is bad the line fits will be compromised. The median/mean filtering routine will always fail for white dwarfs, some A stars as well as late-type stars. In addition is has trouble for galaxies with a strong 4000 Angstrom break. Likewise the line fitting will have trouble when the lines are not really Gaussian. The Levenberg-Marquardt routine can fall into local minima, which can happen when there is self-absorption in a QSO line or both a narrow and broad component for example. One should always check the chi-squared values to evaluate the quality of the fit.