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|WO1998057161A1||1998-12-17||DEVICE FOR REHYDRATION AND ELECTROPHORESIS OF GEL STRIPS AND METHOD OF USING THE SAME|
|WO1998057162A1||1998-12-17||DEVICE AND METHOD FOR APPLYING POWER TO GEL ELECTROPHORESIS MODULES|
|WO/1999/033550||July, 1999||APPARATUS FOR ELECTROPHORESIS|
|WO1999033550A1||1999-07-08||B01D057/02||APPARATUS FOR ELECTROPHORESIS|
This invention relates to an electrophoresis apparatus and to a method of using the same for separating biomolecules by electrophoresis.
Two-dimensional electrophoresis is the preferred method for separating proteins from complex mixtures such as tissue samples, bacteria or plant material. Typically the proteins are separated in the first dimension using an electrophoresis gel with an immobilised pH gradient (IPG). These gels are commercially available and are usually supplied as dry gel strips bonded to a plastic backing sheet. Before the separation takes place the gel must be rehydrated with an appropriate liquid, in which it is ideal to have the protein sample dissolved. The most common embodiment of this approach is to allow the rehydration to occur passively, in a tray comprising a plurality of troughs, until the liquid in each trough has fully rehydrated the IPG gel strip in that trough. This requires that care is taken in selecting the correct volume of rehydration liquid to match the capacity of the IPG gel strip. If too little rehydration liquid is added the IPG will under-rehydrate and the separation will be compromised. Similarly, if too much rehydration liquid is added and some of that liquid is not taken up by the IPG gel strip then proteins are lost in the liquid which is not taken up into the gel. Typically, high molecular weight proteins are preferentially lost in this process.
To overcome this drawback with passive rehydration some groups have advocated the use of rehydration trays with electrodes embedded in the troughs. The electrodes are used to provide a voltage (˜50 V) during the rehydration process. This electric field causes ‘active’ uptake of the proteins into the IPG gel matrix and results in more proteins entering the gel, especially high molecular weight proteins. However, if the rehydration solution comes in contact with both electrodes during the rehydration process, then the dissolved proteins may undergo electrophoretic transport to the electrodes in the free solution. If this occurs, a significant proportion of the proteins of the sample do not separate in the IPG because the sample proteins are transported to the electrode and then precipitate there. The proteins which are lost in this process represent all molecular weights, not only high molecular weight proteins.
The present invention aims to provide an IPG gel strip rehydration tray that allows active rehydration to be done without the free rehydration solution coming into contact with the electrodes, thus preventing the electrophoretic transport of the proteins to the electrodes.
In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for rehydrating and for performing electrophoresis on a gel strip including:
Existing apparatus for rehydrating IPG gel strips all have troughs with flat bases or floors. Indeed the provision of a flat floor in troughs for rehydrating IPG gel strips is taught as being necessary for satisfactory rehydration. In contrast the inventors of the present invention have realised that having a floor or base in which the dehydration area is delimited from the electrode area by for example having a stepped floor or a wall or both. In such a manner active rehydration can be carried out without the rehydration solution coming into contact with the electrodes, thus preventing the electrophoretic transport of the proteins to the electrodes in free solution. In a preferred embodiment a means of preventing the rehydration solution from contacting the electrodes include small walls extending across the width of the trough and a relatively small air gap between the electrodes and the walls.
In a further preferred embodiment the gel in the rehydration area of the trough contacts a conducting/current carrying, electrode bridge which completes the circuit to contact point of the electrodes.
The electrode bridges may comprise filter paper or the like wetted with an electrically conducting liquid.
It is preferred that the electrode area is deeper than the rehydration area.
Typically the tray will define a plurality of substantially parallel troughs.
The trays may be designed to allow electrodes to contact the gel/electrode bridge assembly from above, thus eliminating the need for embedded electrodes in the troughs.
This arrangement lends itself to a disposable IPG gel strip rehydration and running tray. The ability to use a disposable, combined IPG gel strip rehydration and running tray overcomes a number of drawbacks with other commercially available systems.
The trays may be supplied with the dry IPG gel strips and dry electrode bridge material already in place in the grooves, thus eliminating the major handling step of setting up the trays. In addition, with disposable trays there is no problem with carryover from one sample to the next, whereas the current commercial trays require careful washing between uses.
The electrode assembly may include moulded pressure points, which rest on the gel strip where it overlaps the electrode bridge to ensure a good electrical contact between the gel strip and the electrode bridge.
The invention also encompasses a method of rehydrating and performing electrophoresis on a gel strip using the apparatus according to the present invention and/or its preferred embodiments.
In a related aspect the invention provides a method of rehydrating and performing electrophoresis on a gel strip comprising the steps of:
Typically the sample will be a mixture of macromolecules such as proteins, although other samples containing DNA, RNA, amino acids or other components which can be separated by electrophoresis may be used.
The invention will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:—
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an apparatus for active rehydration of IPG gels;
FIG. 2a shows an enlarged view of an electrode bridge area of the apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2b is a schematic side view of walls which delimit a rehydration area of the apparatus;
FIG. 3 illustrates an electrode assembly inserted into the electrode bridge area of the apparatus;
FIGS. 4 and 4a are schematic sectional views along the length of grooves of further embodiments of the invention; and
FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a yet further embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 shows a gel image where the rehydration liquid containing a sample has been loaded passively, ie while not subject to an electric current; and
FIG. 7 shows a gel image where the rehydration liquid containing a sample has been loaded actively, while subject to an electric current.
Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of an apparatus 10 for rehydrating dry IPG gels with the aid of an applied electric field. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 the tray has ten elongate parallel grooves or troughs 12. However the tray could have more or less than ten grooves. The grooves shown in FIG. 1 are 6 mm wide, however in other embodiments the grooves they may be relatively narrower or relatively wider than 6 mm.
FIG. 2a shows an expanded view of one end of the tray in FIG. 1 also shown schematically in FIG. 2b. Each groove 12 has a base or floor 14 which is stepped at each end. FIG. 2a shows only one end of each groove however both ends of each of the grooves are substantially identical. Each groove 12 defines a central rehydration area 16 at each longitudinal end of which there is a wall 18 which serves to contain the rehydration fluid within the designated rehydration area 18. The wall is about 1 mm above the floor of the rehydration area. There is an electrode bridge region 20 on the opposite side of each wall 18. The electrode bridge region is 1 mm below the floor of the rehydration area. The electrode bridge area may typically be 20 mm long and in use, as is discussed below, is sufficiently long to define an air gap 22 (FIG. 2b) between a piece of filter paper 23 or the like forming part of the bridge and the wall 18 which retains the rehydration solution. This prevents capillary movement from the rehydration area onto the electrode bridge region 20. The dimensions given above are however exemplary only and might be varied.
The grooves which are typically 6 mm wide allow room for loading the rehydration solution when an IPG gel strip is already in place in the groove, such as in the disposable tray format discussed above. Standard commercially available IPG gel strips are 3.3 mm wide, thus the 6 mm wide grooves will also allow for the use of relatively wider non-standard IPG gel strips up to approximately 5 mm wide.
The length of the grooves/trays may vary depending on the length of commercially available IPG gel strips which are to be used in the tray. Commercially available IPG gel strips are usually 7, 11, 13, 17 or 18 cm long.
The rehydration area may be approximately 5 mm shorter than the respective IPG gel strip to be rehydrated, to allow overlap of the IPG gel strip 29 (refer to FIG. 2b) into the electrode bridge area. The length of the electrode bridge area is 20 mm. In a preferred embodiment the electrode bridge area contains a 6 mm×20 mm piece of 2 mm thick filter paper 23 which fills the electrode bridge area except for a small air gap 22. A piece of filter paper that size requires between 50 and 200 μL of water to become slightly hydrated. The quantity of water in the electrode bridge area requires precise control, to allow electrical contact without excessive wetness, which would cause a disturbance in the separation.
In other embodiments of the design the electrode bridge area and/or the rehydration area could be scaled up or down in size to accommodate different requirements.
FIG. 3 shows an expanded view of one end of the tray in FIG. 1 illustrating an external electrode assembly 24 being lowered into the electrode bridge areas of the grooves.
The external electrode assembly 24 consists of a series of pressure blocks 26 (which are dark grey in FIG. 3) which rest/press on the IPG gel strip to ensure good contact between the IPG gel strip and the electrode bridge material and an electrode itself 28 (which is shown in light grey in FIG. 3). The electrode element comprises a series of electrode elements 30 located at the end of each pressure block which are integral with a joining element 32 linking the electrode elements together. The electrode elements are located near the outer edge of the trough to make full use of the length of the electrode bridge material.
The apparatus of the present invention allows for active loading of a rehydration liquid containing a biological sample to be separated into the gel strip for electrophoresis, ie loading while the current is running. Further it allows the use of filter paper or the like as an electrode bridge while the active loading is happening without getting the rehydration liquid onto the paper.
FIG. 4a illusrates an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the base of the groove is curved along its length and in its centre, measured along the longitudinal direction or length of the groove defines a laterally extending loading channel 43 having a depth of 0.5 mm and a width w, measured in the longitudinal direction of the groove, of 2 mm. The curved base allows the maximum depth of the groove at its longitudinal centre to be 2 mm, so it can contain more rehydration liquid. The curved floor of the rehydration area supports the IPG strip well. The height h of the end walls 43 is 0.5 mm.
FIG. 4b shows a variant of the design of FIG. 4a in which the floor of the rehydration are is flat and there are two sloping end sections 44 at the ends of the rehydration are which slope at about 30 degrees. The channel 42 is identical to that of FIG. 4b.
FIG. 5 illustrates a yet further variant of the invention in which two parallel walls 18 delimit the ends of the rehydration area 16 of the grooves. This helps to maintain an air gap between the rehydration solution and the electrode bridge area.
FIG. 6 shows a gel image where the rehydration liquid containing a sample of Human red blood cells has been loaded passively, ie while not subject to an electric current. The sample was prepared according to the method of Beutler, E., West, C., Blume, K-G., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1976, 88, 328-333. The membrane samples were then solubilised in a solution containing 7M urea, 2M thiourea, 1% C7Bz0 (a detergent) and 3 mM tributyl phosphine. The solubilised protein was then loaded (passively) onto the dry IPG strip by rehydration in the case of the example shown in FIG. 6 without active rehydration.
FIG. 7 shows a gel image where the rehydration liquid containing a sample of Human red blood cells prepared according to the example set out above has been loaded actively, while subject to low voltage of about 50 volts. As can be seen in comparison with the gel shown in FIG. 6 the final gel strip shown in FIG. 7 is better than the passively loaded strip because there are more distinct protein spots resolved. Also the large amount of smearing which is apparent in FIG. 6 is not present on FIG. 7. Further high molecular weight proteins are better resolved on the active gel. It is possible to identify “spectrin” (50) a very large 250 kDa prtein on the gel of FIG. 7. Spectrin is a signature protein of RBC membranes and is very difficult to resolve.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.