|The Ponca Agency|
PAWNEE NATION OF OKLAHOMA
George E. Howell, President
PO Box 470
Pawnee, OK 74058
The Pawnee extended south to include some
of the lands ceded by the Creeks. The Pawnee reservation was the largest within the
limits of the Ponca Agency. These Indians had formerly lived in Nebraska, but in 1876 were
removed from their reservation to the new one in Oklahoma. At that time they numbered
about two thousand, but within a few years, diseases had reduced them to less than half
that number; in spite of the fact that their new home was a beautiful and healthful
region of over three hundred thousand acres.
The Poncas, whose old home had been in Dakota, occupied the second reservation. From Dakota they had been moved to Nebraska, and in 1877 were brought to Oklahoma and given more than a hundred thousand acres.
The Otoes and Missouris reservation was to the south of the Ponca lands consisting of about one hundred thirty thousand acres. Their former reservation lay partly in Kansas and partly in Nebraska. They were moved to their new home in 1882 in Oklahoma. The two tribes were small and numbering about three hundred. [ more ]
The Tonkawa tribe was given the fourth reservation. These Indians were placed north and west of the Poncas on a reservation that had formerly been given to Chief Joseph and a band of Nez Perces (nez pursez) from Idaho. The Nez Perces were not happy there, however, and after a few years they were allowed to return to the hills and mountains of their former home. The Tonkawa's where were then given the lands, were a poor and uneducated people numbering fewer than a hundred. They had formerly lived in Texas, but during the War Between the States, they came to Oklahoma and encamped on the Washita River near Anadarko. Here, in December 1862, other Indians attached them, and a large part of them were killed. The remainder fled, and after living in Texas for a time, was brought to the Oklahoma reservation in 1884.
The Ponca Agency, which controlled these
tribes, was located on the Ponca reservation. The agents complained bitterly of their
troubles with these Indians. The agents tried to induce them to plant crops and raise
livestock, but with little success.
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The name Pawnee comes from the term pariki, which means "horn," and refers to the typical hair style. The Pawnee called themselves Chahiksichahiks, "men of men"
Source: http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7864 March 1999 [June 2000 - link not working]
The last fluent speakers of Ioway-Otoe-Missouria passed away in the winter of 1996, both in their 90s. There are approximately a half dozen semi-fluent speakers that remain, all born during or prior to WWII.
The existing tribal entities are usually called Otoe, or Otoe-Missouria, and Ioway. The Missouria were absorbed by the Otoe in 1850s and ceased to be autonomous.
The Otoe-Missouria have their tribal offices at Red Rock, Oklahoma (Noble County). The Iowa of Oklahoma offices are located several miles south of Perkins, Oklahoma (Payne County), while the Iowa of Kansas & Nebraska have their tribal complex several miles west of White Cloud, Kansas (Doniphan County).
Source: http://spot.colorado.edu/~koontz/tracks/jgtiombib.htm [March 1999]
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