Table of contents
AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER…….1
NON DIRECTIONAL BEACON…………..2
VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RADIO
DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT.4
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM…….5
TRAFFIC COLISION AVOIDANCE
AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER (ADF)
Many general aviation-type airplanes are equipped with automatic direction finder (ADF) radio
receiving equipment. To navigate using the ADF, the pilot tunes the receiving equipment to a ground
station known as a NONDIRECTIONAL RADIOBEACON (NDB). The NDB stations normally operate in a low
or medium frequency band of 200 to 415 kHz.
One of the older types of radio navigation is the automatic direction finder (ADF) or nondirectional beacon (NDB). The ADF receiver, a "backup" system for the VHF equipment, can be used
when line-of-sight transmission becomes unreliable or when there is no VOR equipment on the ground
or in the aircraft. It is used as a means of identifying positions, receiving low and medium frequency
voice communications, homing, tracking, and for navigation on instrument approach procedures
ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) is the radio signals in the low to medium frequency band of
190 Khz. to 1750 Khz. It was widely used today. It has the major advantage over VOR navigation in the
reception is not limited to line of sight distance. The ADF signals follow the curvature of the earth. The
maximum of distance is depend on the power of the beacon. The ADF can receives on both AM radio
station and NDB (Non-Directional Beacon). Commercial AM radio stations broadcast on 540 to 1620 Khz.
Non-Directional Beacon operate in the frequency band of 190 to 535 Khz.
NON DIRECTIONAL BEACON
A non-directional (radio) beacon (NDB) is a radio transmitter at a known location, used as an
aviation or marine navigational aid. NDB signals follow the curvature of the earth, so they can be
received at much greater distances at lower altitudes, a major advantage over VOR.
Non Directional Beacon (NDB) is used in conjunction with Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) in
The NDB equipment is installed at en-route areas as well as on the airports to provide
navigational guidance to the pilot.
It must be used together with ADF-Automatic Direction Finder
VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RADIO RANGE
VOR, short for VHF omnidirectional radio range, is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft.
A VOR ground station broadcasts a VHF radio composite signal including the station's identifier, voice (if
equipped), and navigation signal. The identifier is morse code.
VOR is the primary navigational aid (NAVAID) used by civil aviation in the National Airspace
VOR ground installations are strategically located along air routes and airport to ensure
continuity of guidance.
When military tactical air navigation (TACAN) equipment is installed with the VOR, it is known as
DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT
Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio navigation technology that
measures distance by timing the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals.
The DME system is to provide continuous and accurate indication of the slant range distance
(expressed in nautical miles) of an equipped ground reference point (i,e ground DME facility).
The DME system is composed of a UHF transmitter/receiver (interrogator) in the aircraft and a
UHF receiver/transmitter (transponder) on the ground.
A low-power DME can also be co-located with an ILS glide slope or localizer where it provides an
accurate distance function.
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM
An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system that
provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of
radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing .The first
scheduled passenger airliner to land using ILS was in 1938.
To guide the pilot during the approach and landing.It is very helpful when visibility is limited and
the pilot cannot see the airport and runway.To provide an aircraft with a precision final approach.
ILS consists of Ground Installations and Airborne Equipments
• There are 3 equipments for Ground Installations, which are:
1. Ground Localizer (LLZ) Antenna – To provide horizontal
2. Ground Glide path (GP) Antenna – To provide vertical
3. Marker Beacons – To enable the pilot cross check the
• There are 2 equipments for Airborne Equipments, which are:
1. LLZ and GP antennas located on the aircraft nose.
2. ILS indicator inside the cockpit
To increase safety and situational awareness.
TRAFFIC COLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
A traffic collision avoidance system or traffic alert and collision avoidance system (both
abbreviated as TCAS) is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of midair collisions between aircraft. It monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft equipped
with a corresponding active transponder, independent of air traffic control, and warns pilots of the
presence of other transponder-equipped aircraft which may present a threat of mid-air collision.
The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System, or TCAS, is an instrument integrated into other
systems in an aircraft cockpit. It consists of hardware and software that together provide a set of
electronic eyes so the pilot can "see" the traffic situation in the vicinity of the aircraft.