How to Read a Book, v4.0
Paul N. Edwards
School of Information
University of Michigan
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COPYRIGHT 2000‐2008 PAUL N. EDWARDS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
How can you learn the most from a book — or any other piece of writing — when you're reading
for information, rather than for pleasure?
It’s satisfying to start at the beginning and read straight through to the end. Some books, such as
novels, have to be read this way, since a basic principle of fiction is to hold the reader in
suspense. Your whole purpose in reading fiction is to follow the writer’s lead, allowing him or
her to spin a story bit by bit.
But many of the books, articles, and other documents you’ll read during your undergraduate
and graduate years, and possibly during the rest of your professional life, won’t be novels.
Instead, they’ll be non‐fiction: textbooks, manuals, journal articles, histories, academic studies,
and so on.
The purpose of reading things like this is to gain, and retain, information. Here, finding out what
happens — as quickly and easily as possible — is your main goal. So unless you’re stuck in prison
with nothing else to do, NEVER read a non‐fiction book or article from beginning to end.
Instead, when you’re reading for information, you should ALWAYS jump ahead, skip around, and
use every available strategy to discover, then to understand, and finally to remember what the
writer has to say. This is how you’ll get the most out of a book in the smallest amount of time.
Using the methods described here, you should be able to read a 300‐page book in six to eight
hours. Of course, the more time you spend, the more you’ll learn and the better you’ll
understand the book. But your time is limited.
Here are some strategies to help you do this effectively. Most of these can be applied not only
to books, but also to any other kind of non‐fiction reading, from articles to websites. Table 1, on
the next page, summarizes the techniques, and the following pages explain them in more detail.
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1 How to Read a Book
Table 1. Summary of reading strategies and techniques
Strategies and techniques Rationale
Major arguments and evidence matter more than details.
Read the whole thing Grasping the structure of the whole is more important than
reading every word.
Real‐world time is limited. If you know exactly how long you
Decide how much time you
can actually spend on reading, you can plan how much time
will spend to devote to each item.
Have a purpose and a You'll enjoy reading more, and remember it better, if you
strategy know exactly why you're reading.
Never rely on the author's structures alone. Move around in
the text, following your own goals.
First time for overview and discovery. Second time for
Read it three times detail and understanding. Third time for note‐taking in your
Focus on parts with high Tables of contents, pictures, charts, headings, and other
information content elements contain more information than body text.
Use PTML (personal text Mark up your reading with your own notes. This helps you
markup language) learn and also helps you find important passages later.
Know the author(s) and Authors are people with backgrounds and biases. They
organizations work in organizations that give them context and depth.
Most academic writing is part of an ongoing intellectual
Know the intellectual
conversation, with debates, key figures, and paradigmatic
Leave time between reading sessions for your mind to
Use your unconscious mind
process the material.
Rehearse, and use multiple Talking, visualizing, or writing about what you've read helps
modes you remember it.
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2 How to Read a Book
Read the whole thing!
In reading to learn, your goal should always be to get all the way through the assignment.
It’s much more important to have a general grasp of the arguments or hypotheses,
evidence, and conclusions than to understand every detail. In fact, no matter how carefully
you read, you won’t remember most of the details anyway.
What you can do is remember and record the main points. And if you remember those, you
know enough to find the material again if you ever do need to recall the details.
Decide how much time you will spend
If you know in advance that you have only six hours to read, it’ll be easier to pace yourself.
Remember, you’re going to read the whole book (or the whole assignment).
In fact, the more directly and realistically you confront your limits, the more effective you
will be at practically everything. Setting time limits and keeping to them (while
accomplishing your goals) is one of the most important life skills you can learn. So never
start to read without planning when to stop.
Have a purpose and a strategy
Before you begin, figure out why you are reading this particular book, and how you are
going to read it. If you don’t have reasons and strategies of your own — not just those of
your teacher — you won’t learn as much.
As soon as you start to read, begin trying to find out four things:
• Who is the author?
• What are the book’s arguments?
• What is the evidence that supports these?
• What are the book’s conclusions?
Once you’ve got a grip on these, start trying to determine:
• What are the weaknesses of these arguments, evidence, and conclusions?
• What do you think about the arguments, evidence, and conclusions?
• How does (or how could) the author respond to these weaknesses, and to
your own criticisms?
Keep coming back to these questions as you read. By the time you finish, you should be able
to answer them all. Three good ways to think about this are:
a) Imagine that you’re going to review the book for a magazine.
b) Imagine that you’re having a conversation, or a formal debate, with the
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3 How to Read a Book
c) Imagine an examination on the book. What would the questions be, and how
would you answer them?
Don’t wait for the author to hammer you over the head. Instead, from the very beginning,
constantly generate hypotheses (“the main point of the book is that...”) and questions
(“How does the author know that...?”) about the book.
Making brief notes about these can help. As you read, try to confirm your hypotheses and
answer your questions. Once you finish, review these.
Read it three times
This is the key technique. You’ll get the most out of the book if you read it three times —
each time for a different purpose.
a) Overview: discovery (5‐10 percent of total time)
Here you read very quickly, following the principle (described below) of
reading for high information content. Your goal is to discover the book. You
want a quick‐and‐dirty, unsophisticated, general picture of the writer’s
purpose, methods, and conclusions.
Mark — without reading carefully — headings, passages, and phrases that
seem important (you’ll read these more closely the second time around.)
Generate questions to answer on your second reading: what does term or
phrase X mean? Why doesn’t the author cover subject Y? Who is Z?
b) Detail: understanding (60‐70 percent of total time)
Within your time constraints, read the book a second time. This time, your
goal is understanding: to get a careful, critical, thoughtful grasp of the key
points, and to evaluate the author’s evidence for his/her points.
Focus especially on the beginnings and ends of chapters and major sections.
Pay special attention to the passages you marked on the first round. Try to
answer any questions you generated on the first round.
c) Notes: recall and note‐taking (20‐30 percent of total time)
The purpose of your third and final reading is to commit to memory the
most important elements of the book. This time, make brief notes about the
arguments, evidence, and conclusions. This is not at all the same thing as
text markup; your goal here is to process the material by translating into
your own mental framework, which means using your own words as much
as possible. Cutting and pasting segments of text from the book will not do
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4 How to Read a Book
as much for you as summarizing very briefly in your own words. Include the
bare minimum of detail to let you remember and re‐locate the most
important things. 3‐5 pages of notes per 100 pages of text is a good goal to
shoot for; more than that is often too much. Use some system that lets you
easily find places in the book (e.g., start each note with a page number.)
Notebooks, typed pages, handwritten sheets tucked into the book, can all
work. However, notes will be useless unless you can easily find them again.
A very good system — the one I use — is to type notes directly into
bilbiography entries using software such as Endnote or Bookends (for Mac).
This way the notes and the citation information always remain together;
over time you accumulate a library of notes you can easily consult, even
when away from your paper files. You can also keep URLs and PDFs in these
On time and timing. First, because human attention fades after about an hour, you’ll get
more out of three one‐hour readings than you could ever get out of one three‐hour reading.
But be careful: to get one full hour of effective reading, you need to set aside at least one
hour and fifteen minutes, since distraction is inevitable at the beginning (settling in) and end
(re‐arousal for your next task) of any reading period.
Second, make a realistic plan that includes how much time you will devote to each of the
three stages. For a 250‐page book, I might spend 15 minutes on overview, 4 hours on
detailed reading, and 1 hour on taking notes, but I'd adjust these periods up or down
depending on how difficult the text is, how important it is to me, and how much time I have.
Focus on the parts with high information content
Non‐fiction books very often have an “hourglass” structure that is repeated at several levels
of organization. More general (broader) information is typically presented at the beginnings
and ends of:
• the book or article as a whole (abstract, introduction, conclusion)
• each chapter
• each section within a chapter
• each paragraph
More specific (narrower) information (supporting evidence, details, etc.) then appears in the
middle of the hourglass.
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5 How to Read a Book
The Hourglass Information Structure
Once you know this, you can make the structure work for you. Focus on the following
elements, in more or less the following order:
• Table of contents
• Index: scan this to see which are the most important terms
• Bibliography: tells you about the book’s sources and intellectual context
• Preface and/or Introduction and/or Abstract
• Pictures, graphs, tables, figures: images contain more information than text
• Section headings: help you understand the book’s structure
• Special type or formatting: boldface, italics, numbered items, lists
Use PTML (personal text markup language)
Always mark up your reading. Underlining and making notes in the margins is a very
important part of active reading. Do this from the very beginning — even on your first,
overview reading. When you come back to the book later, your marks reduce the amount
you have to look at and help you see what’s most significant.
Don’t mark too much. This defeats the purpose of markup; when you consult your notes
later, it will force you to re‐read unimportant information. As a rule, you should average no
more than two or three short marks per page. Rather than underline whole sentences,
underline words or short phrases that capture what you most need to remember. The
whole point of this exercise is to distill, reduce, eliminate the unnecessary. Write words and
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6 How to Read a Book
phrases in the margins that tell you what paragraphs or sections are about. Use your own
Page vs. screen
Printed material has far higher resolution (~600 dpi) than even the best computer screens
(~72 dpi). For this reason you will read more accurately, and with less fatigue, if you stick
with the paper version. Still, the advantages of portability and high‐volume storage mean
that we inevitably read much more screen‐based material now.
Figure 1. 300 dpi (left) vs. 600 dpi.
Using PTML on the screen: It is still quite difficult to mark up screen‐based materials
effectively; the extra steps involved are often distracting, as is the temptation to interrupt
reading to check email or web‐surf. However, if you’re disciplined, the most recent versions
of Adobe Acrobat, Apple Preview, and a few shareware PDF handlers such as PDFpen allow
you to add comments and highlighting to PDFs. If you don’t want to resort to printing
everything, I suggest investing in the (expensive) Acrobat software, but even that is far from
perfect. For example, even Acrobat still (2008) will not allow you to print your marked‐up
text in any really usable way.
It remains far easier to mark up a printed copy. An awkward but workable solution might be
to print; mark up the text; then scan it back in.
Note‐taking on the screen: When taking notes about something you're reading (as opposed
to marking up the text), you'll be tempted to cut and paste the original text in lieu of making
your own notes in your own words. Cut‐and‐paste can sometimes work well, especially for
things you might want to quote later. However: in general it defeats the two main purposes
of note‐taking: (a) learning and remembering (by rephrasing in your own terms), and (b)
condensing into a very short form. The same is true of hyperlinks: though useful for keeping
track of sources, keeping a URL will not by itself help you remember or understand what's
there, even though it may feel that way.
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7 How to Read a Book
Know the author(s) and organizations
Knowing who wrote a book helps you judge its quality and understand its full significance.
Authors are people. Like anyone else, their views are shaped by their educations, their jobs,
their early lives, and the rest of their experiences. Also like anyone else, they have
prejudices, blind spots, desperate moments, failings, and desires — as well as insights,
brilliance, objectivity, and successes. Notice all of it.
Most authors belong to organizations: universities, corporations, governments, newspapers,
magazines. These organizations each have cultures, hierarchies of power, and social norms.
Organizations shape both how a work is written and the content of what it says. For
example, university professors are expected to write books and/or journal articles in order
to get tenure. These pieces of writing must meet certain standards of quality, defined chiefly
by other professors; for them, content usually matters more than good writing. Journalists,
by contrast, are often driven by deadlines and the need to please large audiences. Because
of this, their standards of quality are often directed more toward clear and engaging writing
than toward unimpeachable content; their sources are usually oral rather than written.
The more you know about the author and his/her organization, the better you will be able
to evaluate what you read. Try to answer questions like these: What shaped the author’s
intellectual perspective? What is his or her profession? Is the author an academic, a
journalist, a professional (doctor, lawyer, industrial scientist, etc.)? Expertise? Other books
and articles? Intellectual network(s)? Gender? Race? Class? Political affiliation? Why did the
author decide to write this book? When? For what audience(s)? Who paid for the research
work (private foundations, government grant agencies, industrial sponsors, etc.)? Who
wrote “jacket blurbs” in support of the book?
You can often (though not always) learn about much of this from the acknowledgments, the
bibliography, and the author’s biographical statement.
Know the intellectual context
Knowing the author and his/her organization also helps you understand the book’s
intellectual context. This includes the academic discipline(s) from which it draws, schools of
thought within that discipline, and others who agree with or oppose the author’s viewpoint.
A book is almost always partly a response to other writers, so you’ll understand a book
much better if you can figure out what, and whom, it is answering. Pay special attention to
points where the author tells you directly that s/he is disagreeing with others:
“Conventional wisdom holds that x, but I argue instead that y.” (Is x really conventional
wisdom? Among what group of people?) “Famous Jane Scholar says that x, but I will show
that y.” (Who’s Famous Jane, and why do other people believe her? How plausible are x and
y? Is the author straining to find something original to say, or has s/he genuinely convinced
you that Famous Jane is wrong?) Equally important are the people and writings the author
cites in support of his/her arguments.
Paul N. Edwards
8 How to Read a Book
Use your unconscious mind
An awful lot of thinking and mental processing goes on when you’re not aware of it. Just as
with writing or any other creative thought process, full understanding of a book takes time
Like the body, the mind suffers from fatigure when doing just one thing for many hours.
Your ability to comprehend and retain what you read drops off dramatically after an hour or
so. Therefore, you should read a book in several short sessions of one to two hours apiece,
rather than one long marathon.
In between, your unconscious mind will process some of what you’ve read. When you come
back for the next session, start by asking yourself what you remember from your previous
reading, what you think of it so far, and what you still need to learn.
Rehearse, and use multiple modes
Reading is exactly like martial arts, baseball, or cooking in the sense that learning and
memory depend crucially on rehearsal.
So — after you’ve read the book, rehearse what you’ve learned. Quiz yourself on its
contents. Argue with the author. Imagine how you would defend the author’s position in
your own writing.
Reading, writing, speaking, listening, and visualizing all engage different parts of the brain.
For this reason, the best forms of rehearsal use multiple modes of thinking and action.
Don’t just contemplate privately. Instead, talk about the book with others. Bring it up in
classes. Write about it. Visualize anything that can be visualized about its contents. All of this
helps fix your memory and integrate your new learning into the rest of your knowledge.
Hang in there!
When I give presentations on these ideas, students often tell me a few weeks later that they
“tried it a few times and just couldn’t do it,” so they stopped. You will have to practice
these techniques for a considerable length of time — at least a few months — before they
come to seem natural, and they will never be easier than the comfortable, passive way
we’ve all been reading for many years.
But hang in there. The rewards of these techniques are great. Learning to read like this can
be key to a successful career as a student, scholar, or professional in almost any field.
Paul N. Edwards
9 How to Read a Book