- Marlene L Durand, MD
Marlene L Durand, MD
- Associate Professor of Medicine
- Harvard Medical School
- Section Editors
- Stephen B Calderwood, MD
Stephen B Calderwood, MD
- Editor-in-Chief — Infectious Diseases
- Section Editor — Bacterial Infections
- Professor of Medicine (Microbiology and Immunobiology)
- Harvard Medical School
- Jonathan Trobe, MD
Jonathan Trobe, MD
- Section Editor — Ophthalmology
- Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Professor of Neurology
- University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center
Endophthalmitis refers to bacterial or fungal infection within the eye, including involvement of the vitreous and/or aqueous humors. It is not caused by viruses or parasites; by convention, infections due to these organisms are included in the term "uveitis" (eg, cytomegalovirus [CMV] retinitis, toxoplasma chorioretinitis). Most cases of endophthalmitis are exogenous, resulting from inoculation of organisms from the outside, via trauma, eye surgery, or as an extension of keratitis (corneal infection). In such cases, the aqueous humor may be seeded first before extension into the vitreous. The remaining cases are endogenous, resulting from bacteremic or fungemic seeding of the eye. In endogenous endophthalmitis, organisms usually seed the highly vascular choroid first then extend anteriorly into the vitreous.
Most cases of endophthalmitis are due to bacteria and present acutely. Acute bacterial endophthalmitis is a vision-threatening condition and must be managed as an emergency. The clinical outcome depends upon both the virulence of the infecting organism and the speed with which appropriate therapy is initiated.
Bacterial endophthalmitis can be divided into six categories:
●Acute postcataract surgery
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- ACUTE POSTCATARACT ENDOPHTHALMITIS
- Risk factors
- Symptoms and signs
- Differential diagnosis
- Laboratory findings
- - Intravitreal antibiotics
- - Vitrectomy
- - Adjunctive systemic antibiotics
- - Approach to therapy
- Visual outcome
- CHRONIC PSEUDOPHAKIC ENDOPHTHALMITIS
- POST-INTRAVITREAL INJECTION ENDOPHTHALMITIS
- BLEB-RELATED ENDOPHTHALMITIS
- POSTTRAUMATIC ENDOPHTHALMITIS
- ENDOGENOUS BACTERIAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS
- FUNGAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS
- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Acute postcataract endophthalmitis
- Chronic pseudophakic endophthalmitis
- Post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis
- Bleb-related endophthalmitis
- Posttraumatic endophthalmitis
- Endogenous endophthalmitis