CELTIC. (Outside of place names the influence of Celtic on Old English is negligible.) Place Names: Thames, Kent, York, Avon, Dover, Cumberland. Loan Words: binn 'basket, crib,' crag, cumb 'valley,' torr 'projecting rock,' dun 'dark-colored,' etc. LATIN. I. The Period of Continental Borrowing. (First to fifth centuries A.D. Around fifty words came into the language through Germanic contact with Rome before the invasion and settlement of Britain.) a. War: camp (L. campus) 'battle,' pil (L. pilum) 'javelin,' straet (L. strata) 'road,' mil (L. milia) 'mile;' b. Trade: ceap (L. caupo) 'bargain,' pund (L. pondo) 'pound,' win (L. vinum) 'wine,' mynet (L. moneta) 'mint, coin;' c. Domestic Life: cuppe (L. cuppa) 'cup,' disc (L. discus) 'dish,' pyle (L. pulvinus) 'pillow,' cycene (L. coquina) 'kitchen,' linen (L. linum) 'linen,' gimm (L. gemma) 'gem;' d. Foods: ciese (L. caseus) 'cheese,' butere (L. butyrum) 'butter,' pipor (L. piper) 'pepper,' senep (L. sinapi) 'mustard,' cires (L. cerasus) 'cherry,' pise (L. pisum) 'pea,' minte (L. mentha) 'mint.' e. Other: mul 'mule,' pipe 'pipe,' cirice 'church.' II. The Period of Celtic Transmission. (Latin words held over from the Roman occupation of Britain which ended in 410 A.D. Almost nothing remains outside a few elements found in place names: ceaster (L. castra 'walled encampment') found in names such as Dorchester, Winchester, Manchester, Lancaster, and wic (L. vicum) 'village,' found in Greenwich, etc. III. The Period of the Christianizing of Britain. (Seventh to tenth centuries A.D. Examples below are given in modern form since most of these words have altered only slightly in form.) a. Religion: abbot, alms, altar, angel, anthem, candle, collect, creed, deacon, demon, disciple, hymn, martyr, mass, nun, offer, organ, palm, pope, priest, prime, prophet, psalm, relic, rule, sabbath, temple, tunic. b. Domestic Life: cap, sock, silk, purple, chest, sack. c. Foods: lentil, pear, oyster, lobster, mussel, millet. d. Plants: coriander, cucumber, fennel, ginger, periwinkle, pine, aloes, balsam, cedar, cypress, fig, savory, plant. e. Learning: school, master, Latin, verse, meter, circe, history, paper, title, grammatical, accent, brief (vb). f. Other: fever, cancer, paralysis, plaster, place, sponge, elephant, scorpion, camel, tiger, giant, talent. SCANDINAVIAN. (Mid-ninth to mid-eleventh centuries. The initial influence was in the Danelaw, or the northern and eastern areas of England settled by the Danes. Examples below are in modern form.) a. Nouns: band, bank, birth, booth, bull, calf (of leg), dirt, egg, fellow, freckle, guess, kid, leg, race, root, scab, score, scrap, seat, sister, skill, skin, skirt, sky, steak, trust, window. b. Adjectives: awkward, flat, ill, loose, low, meek, muggy, odd, rotten, rugged, sly, tattered, tight, weak. c. Verbs: bait, call, cast, clip, cow, crave, crawl, die, droop, gasp, get, give, glitter, lift, raise, rake, scare, screech, take, thrive, thrust.