The term for an abnl cell population that is no longer regulated by controlling factors that govern growth, cell division, organization and differerentiation is ____. Robbins notes that the change "persists...after cessation of the stimuli which evoked [it]."
If recorded natural Hx predicts small to no risk that neoplasm will metastasize nor extensively infiltrate into adjacent tissue, it is termed ____.
If the recorded natural Hx is that neoplasm has the potential to metastasize and/or grow relentlessly into adjacent tissue and there is significant risk for aggressive behavior, it is termed ____.
If the recorded natural Hx is that a neoplasms behavior cannot be predicted, it is termed ___.
Some "benign neoplasms are ____ or ____: pre-invasive and have the potential to remain stable or progress to malignancy, such as tubular adenomas of the colon or intraepithelial neoplasms of cervix or bladder.
• in situ
• intraepithelial neoplasms
Some neoplasms, like a follicular neoplasm of the thyroid, can be benign when ____ and malignant when ____.
• in situ
• infiltrating outside their space
A _____ is a nl, unmodified gene that promotes entrance into or progression through the cell cycle and cell replication. RAS is an example.
A ____ is a mutated gene that has acquired the ability to promote autonomous cell replicated unregulated by the usual gene product suppressors. Mutated RAS is an example.
RAS is a ____gene, but can be mutated and trapped in its active state. Such mutations are dominant, and one mutated allele is sufficient for this effect.
A ____ is a gene that fn to limit cell entry in cell cycle or progression into S or G2M phase or insure repair or destruction of damaged DNA. Rb is an example.
tumor suppressor gene
Rb is ____ gene, which regulares progression into S-phase of the cell cycle. This effect is recessive, and BOTH alleles must be disrupted for the effect of the gene's loss occur.
To be cancerous, cells must achieve characeristics of stem cells, avoid tumor suppressor gene proteins, nourish themselves and acquire the ability to ___.
____ and overexpression of growth factor receptors enable cancer cells to have self-sufficiency in growth signals.
____ allows cancers to invade basement membranes, blood vessels, adhere to foreign tissue, and metastasize.
E-cadherin inactivation, proteases, and homing signals to other organs
Promotion of marked cell replication, commandeering of nl cell proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, or production of _____ set the stage for neoplasia.
free radicals or chemicals that can damage DNA
Chronic inflammation, such as that caused by chronic burns, osteomyelitis, chronic viral hepatitis, and H. pylori gastritis, causes upregulation of growth factors, angiogenetic factors, and suppression of apoptosis (often mediated by ____)
Chronic burns, osteomyelitis, chronic viral hepatitis, and H. pylori gastritis are examples of ____.
HPV, polyoma, and EBV all have the ability to induce cancer because they ____.
commandeer cells' regulatory genes
Genomic instability indicates that a cell population is in a state of high susceptibility to persistence of gene mutation. ___ is the most important checkpoint in the cell cycle.
At the G1S checkpoint, DNA must be checked for defects, because once the cell enters the _____ phase, there is "no turning back."
Methylation is an epigenetic mechanism for alteration of gene expression without alteration of DNA base pairs. It works by ___.
compacting chromatin, leading to transcription repression
Hypermethylation can suppress expression of anti-tumor genes, while ____ can result in unwanted expression of pro-tumor genes.
p53 mutation or lass impairs ____. It is an example of enabling genomic instability.
DNA repair and apoptosis
___ "gives a cell a job," but then it can no longer reproduce. Cancers can be immortal because they eschew this process.
The growth and development of epithelial cells is highly dependent on _____, which tell the cells to replicate and differentiate.
paracrine signals from stroma
Carcinomas can stimulate ____ that secrete factors that aid in tumor progression and possibly invasion and metastasis
carcinoma-associated (myo)fibroblasts (aka CAFs)
Malignant cells have mutant p53 that act as ____, essentially inactivating wild type p53.
dominant negative gene
Non-malignant neoplasms, especially epithelial ones, tend to have a ___ wall surrounding them.
Non-neoplastic cells are regulated by molecs that effect good cell-to-cell ____ and organize them into tissues.
Uniform nuclei, maintenance of nuclear polarity, orderly cell arrangement, cell-to-cell cohesion, relatively uniform nuclear heterochromatic distribution, and absence of mitoses containing abnl spindle apparatuses are findings of ____.
benign, non-neoplastic cells
The more dangerous types of neoplasms have chromosomal abnl and abnl DNA content, known as ____, which is biologic evidence fo genomic instability.
____ can be manifest morphologically as variations in nuclear size and shape, irregularities in nuclear membrane, and ∆ in heterochromatin/euchromatin content.
Abnormal mitotic figures are indicative of genomic instability. High risk HPV proteins have been found to _____, which induces abnl centriole synthesis. This can cause the appearance of tri- or quadri-polar mitotic figures.
uncouple centrosome duplication from the cell division cycle
Squamous metaplasia of the lower resp tract is (physiologic/pathologic).
• due to chronic irritation (e.g. tob use)