1960s non-violent insurgents at a Woolworth's lunch counter.
I have been attending numerous sessions during Gettysburg College's annual Civil War Institute this week. As usual, the lineup of historians and scholars presenting and sharing their research and knowledge has been extremely insightful. On Friday evening, professor and military historian Mark Grimsley of the Ohio State University offered a lecture entitled Race and the American Military Tradition. At the heart of his discussion was the notion of racial formation--an idea which situates race as a social construct and that race (and the divides therein) will perhaps always be present in society. Naturally, this has often been the case in the history of the American military as well. In the military hierarchy, the subjugation of African Americans and non-Caucasian races were frequently reinforced rather than discouraged. This pattern can be seen in the unequal pay of United States Colored Troops in the Civil War and the segregation of black troops up through World War II.
Even the desegregation of the United State Military in 1948 did not fully reconcile old divides. While white and black troops often shared great camaraderie in the jungles and rice paddies of Vietnam, most found themselves socializing with fellow soldiers of their own race while they were on leave or R&R. A racial divide remained even though the "official" divide was no longer enforced.