Fresco ? A mural done with watercolors on wet plaster. Archaeology ? The branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures. Anthropology ? The social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings. ?study of man?. Cultural anthropology ? Primarily studies people living today, use participant observation. Physical anthropology ? The branch that deals with human evolutionary biology, physical variation, and classification. Linguistic anthropology ? Study of how language is used in various social contexts, focuses more on the interplay of language and culture. Material culture ? The physical remains of cultural activities. Body casts Tell ? A type of archaeological site in the form of an earthen mound that results from the accumulation of dirt over a site. Antiquarian ? Interested in collecting the objects as art and curiosities, as well as their value. Mummy trade Egyptomania- A concept that describes the Western fascination with ancient Egytia culture and history. Plinian eruption- Acidic magma mixed with the air forming a huge gas cloud which rose up to 20 miles. Scientific Method Pilgrim/Pilgrimage- A long journey or search of great moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred place or shrine of importance to a persons beliefs and faith. Bakshish- Tips for workers who found things as compensation, reduction of looting. Stele ? A tall slender stone monument, often with writing carved into its surface. Ziggurat- A type of step-pyramid temple first built by the Sumerians 5,000 years ago in southern Mesopotamia, made of sun-dried mud bricks. The peoples of Mesopotamia continued building ziggurats for thousands of years. Egyptian Hieroglyphs- A formal writing system used by ancient Egyptians that contained a combination of logographic and alphabetic elements. They used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood. Minoan Hieroglyphs- Representations from the animal world, from the human body, and from everyday life. Demotic- A late form of Egyptian hieroglyphs, very abbreviated. Cuneiform- Symbols formed by pressed a reed stylus into soft clay. Linear A- one of two linear scripts used in ancient Crete before Greek linear B. Official script for the palaces and the cult. Linear B- A script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek. Found in Knossos. Egypt Exploration Fund- Founded by Amelia Edwards and Reginald Poole in 1882. Their mission is to excavate and preserve sites of Ancient Egypt. Minotaur- King Minos was supposed to sacrifice bull and when he refused Poseidon caused Monos? wife Pasiphae, to fall in love with the bull, gives birth to Minotaur. Mesopotamia- ?Land between the Rivers?. In modern Iraq, parts of Syria and Turkey. Commonly known as ?cradle of civilization?. Babylon, Neneveh, Ur. Processual Archaeology- Archaeologists should be concerned with the processes that were going on in society, and how they changed societies and what was going on, rather that constructing histories. Explaining rather than describing. Post-Processual Archaeology- Critique of Processual Archaeology, archaeology cannot be purely objective, there will always be inherent biases. Processualism leaves out the individual, more interpretive approach, can never really reconstruct the past. Wheeler-Kenyon Method- Uncovers the dimension of time in an archaeological site, by digging through many layers, allowing archaeologists to determine chronology. Neolithic Revolution- Also known as the agricultural revolution. A time when people begin to first use agriculture as their preferred method of food production. People began to live in permanent settlements and animals and plants are domesticated. Urban Revolution- Period of time when people begin to form large cities. Increasing specialization of craft production, political and social hierarchies, and population. Seriation- A relative dating method in which assemblages or artifacts from numerous sites, in the same culture, are placed in chronological order. (relative dating?) Merenptah Stele- A stele with an inscription by the King Merneptah. The only Ancient Egyptian document generally accepted as mentioning Israel. Culture History- up till the time Binford was working (1960s) had primarily been concerned with constructing histories, what happened where. Binford believed this was not scientific and proposed a different paradigm. Culture Process- Archaeologists should be concerned with the processes that were going on in society, and how they changed societies and what was going on. Explaining rather than describing, ?processual archaeology?. Mask of Agamemnon- Discovered at Mycenae in 1876 by Heinrich Schliemann. Priam?s Treasure- Found in 1877 by workers, Schliemann ordered the workmen home, collected the treasure in Sophia?s shawl, smuggled it out of Turkey into garden shed in Greece. Battle of the Pyramids- Army of 24,000 French up against 21,000 Mamluks, resounding win for the French Rosetta Stone- July 1799, French army captain, unearths large stone with inscriptions in 2 different languages. Mount Vesuvius- Destroyed Pompeii in 79 AD. Pyroclastic flow- Cloud of superheated gas, ash, volcanic rock, and poisonous gases. Mudbrick- Most of the buildings in Babylon were made of mudbrick. Ishtar Gate- In Babylon St. Helena- Mother of Roman Emperor Constantine, Christian, pilgrimage to the Holy Land to identify sites in the Bible. Pliny the Younger ? Roman author, nephew of Pliny the Elder, wrote an eye-witness account to the eruption, written in two letters to Tacitus. Domenico Fontana- Italian architect who discovered Pompeii while digging a ditch for an aqueduct in 1592. Reburied what he dug and location remained unknown. (Pompeii) Emmanuel d?Elbeuf- Mason tried to sell colored marble to him, sent down into well, finds intact and broken statues. The well was directly above the theatre of Herculaneum. D?Elbeuf stripped the theatre of marble, and other valuables, then sealed the tunnels. (Pompeii) Giuseppe Fiorelli- In charge of excavations in the mid-late 1800?s. Devised numbering system dividing city into regions. Also devised the method for recovering body casts. (Pompeii) Napoleon- Emperor of France, planned to capture Egypt and dig a canal. Charged the commission with recording the antiquities of Ancient Egypt. Founds the Istitut de L?Egypte, where most of commission based. Vivant Denon- Head of Napoleon?s commission, and an accomplished artist. Sketches everything he could, many temples and buildings he sketched no longer exist. Homer- A Greek author, unknown when he lived and if at all. Wrote Iliad and Odyssey, wrote about the Trojan war. Heinrich Schliemann- Born in Germany, at age 8, declared he would discover Troy. Only had high school education, taught himself 13 languages. Learns of brother?s death in California, moves there, starts a bank, made millions. Went to the western coast of Turkey in search of Troy in 1868. Returns in 1870, digs trench in Hissarlik, the mound he thought was Troy. Discovers Troy in 7 layers, steals Priam?s treasure. Excavates Mycenae in Greece in 1874. Found Agememnon?s Mask. (Troy, Mycenae) Sir Arthur Evans- Appointed Director of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Evans was in Crete in 1894 examining seal stones and visited Knossos. Begins excavation in 1900, assisted by Duncan Mackenzie, determines site to be older than Mycenae, names civilization ?Minoan?. He reconstructed some parts of the palace. He didn?t use the discovery of Knossos to prove the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. (Knossos) Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie- Father of Scientific Archaeology. Began collection of Greek and Roman coins; hired by British Museum at age 15. Spent 6 months working at the Great Pyramid, disproved Smyth?s theories. He returns to Egypt and befriends Amelia Edwards and impressed by his scientific approach appoint Petrie as director of excavations after Naville?s resignation. Excavated Tanis in 1884. He noted and examined all types of artifacts, not just valuable things. Instituted a system of bakshish, or tipping for workers who found things. Excavated Fayyum from 1887-1890. Trained students in excavation techniques during the winter in Egypt. Developed a method called seriation, styles start out slow, become popular, then fade to be replaced by newer styles. Excavation in Thebes in 1896 produced the Merenptah Stele. Digs in Palestine. Gaston Maspero- The successor of Mariette. He made attempts to stop looting and export of monuments and artifacts from Egypt. Founded the new Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Austen Henry Layard- Became fascinated with the antiquities of Mesopotamia in 1841. Goes to the site of Numrud, finds remnants of a large city. Returned to the mound known as Kuyundjik, eventually came to prove it was Nineveh. Most important discovery was the Library of Ashurbanipal II, recounts of everyday life. Sir C. Leonard Wooley- Recommended by Sir Arthur Evans to direct work at a Roman site in Britain, where he learned and refined archaeological methods. Appointed director of the expedition to Ur. He concentrated on the cemetery, of the 1850 tombs he excavated, 16 were spectacular. Herodotus- Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC, regarded as the ?Father of History?. The first historian to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative. Pausanias- A Greek traveler and geographer of the 2nd century AD. Famous for his IDescription of Greece. Described ancient Greece from firsthand observations, and is a crucial link between classical literature and modern archaeology. Amelia Edwards- Visited monuments of Egypt and was appalled by their state. Founded the Egypt Exploration Fund. Colin Renfrew- Important for his advances in using scientific methods in archaeology. Used scientific sourcing methods to determine the source of obsidian found on Melos in Mesolithic levels. Ian Hodder- Chief pioneer of processual archaeology. Excavations at Catal Huyuk, Turkey beginning in 1993. Lewis Binford- Proposed culture process, archaeologists should be concerned with the processes that were going on in society, and how they changed societies rather than constructing histories, explaining rather than describing. ?processual archaeology?. Kathleen Kenyon- Directed an excavation at the site of Samaria in Palestine from 1931-1934. She dug a section through the tell, and through analysis of the strata, refined the ceramic chronology of the later periods of the area. Then was invited to excavate at Jericho where a wall and tower had been found and argued to be proof of the events in the book of Joshua, she proved otherwise. Wheeler-Kenyon Method- uncovers the dimension of time in a site, by digging through many layers. V. Gordon Childe- Excavated a number of sites in Britain, most famously Skara Brae, Orkney. Known more for his analysis and theories rather than his excavations, preferred to examined results of published excavations to tie them into a more regional approach. Cultural diffusion, argued saying that development can happen indigenously, concluded that history of mankind is punctuated by a variety of revolutions. Queen Puabi- Important person in the Sumerian city of Ur. She was an important figure among the non-Semitic Sumerians, this indicates a very high degree of cultural exchange and influence between the ancient Sumerians and their Semitic neighbors. What should you know from each lecture and reading? Early History of Archaeology - The four subdisciplines of anthropology- Cultural anthropology, Archaeology, Physical Anthropology, Linguistics. - Academic departments that may host an archaeologist- Classics, art history, area studies, history, religious studies, Judaic studies - Why is archaeology important? What can we learn from it? Strong connection to ones past, completely understand the world and human experience, learn from the past. - The difference between an archaeologist and an antiquarian- An antiquarian is interested in collecting the objects as art and curiosities, as well as their value. Archaeologists are interested in what the objects can tell us about people in the past. From reading? Early excavation techniques. The three goals of archaeology- Chronology, reconstruction, and explanation) What Pitt-Rivers contributed to the field of archaeology- All about records and detail, everything is important, documented everything. Wheeler's philosophy on "digging"- ?There is no right way of digging but there are many wrong ones.? Pompeii and Herculaneum - Location Details of eruption ? when did it happen, who documented the eruption?- Pliny the Younger wrote account of the eruptions, Aug 24, 79 A.D. Came in two phases, phase one: 18-20 hrs, huge gas could formed 20 miles in the air ?Plinian Eruption?, a dense ash cloud feel mostly to the southeast of the volcano. Phase two: collapse of the magma dome, resulting in huge pyroclastic flows to the south, west, and east of the volcano. Who are some of the people who did early work at these sites?- Emmanuel d?Elbeuf, Giuseppe Fiorelli, Rocque Joachim Alcubierre. What is important about this site? What is remarkable about what was found there? Napoleon and Egypt - Understand the development of accuracy through time of travelers? accounts of Egypt mostly through drawings. Vivant Denon- Skethced everything he could, many temples and buildings, head of the Commission. Commission on the Arts and Sciences- Napoleon brought scholars, artists, and technicians to record the antiquities of Ancient Egypt. Description de l?Egypte- Napolean founds the Istitiut de L?Egypte, most of the Commission is based here and studies anything and everything Egyptian. Schliemann at Troy and Mycenae Myth of the Trojan War- Aphrodite rewards Paris by making Helen, Queen of Sparta, fall in love with him. She was already married to Menelaus, but willing left for Paris. Menelaus gets help from his brother King Agamemnon who assembles a massive army against Troy, war rages for 10 yrs. Mycenae- The city where Agamemnon ruled. Details on the dig to find Troy and Mycenae- All graves at Mycenae were very rich in gold. What were Schliemann?s goals?- To find Troy? Sir Arthur Evans and Knossos - Myths regarding Crete - Linear A, Linear B, and Minoan hieroglyphs - Decorative themes at Knossos- Labyrinth, - Evan's ideas about Minoans -What is the connection between myth and reality, regarding what was found at Knossos? -Know the theory for the origin of the story of Atlantis Sir W.M. Flinders Petrie-Father of Scientific Archaeology Who founded the Cairo Museum?- Gaston Maspero Petrie's excavation techniques- He noted and examined all types of artifacts, not just luxury items and pieces of art. He believed that these everyday items, such a shards of pottery, would give more information on the lives of people in ancient times. Created bakshish and seriation, a method used by Petrie to date by style, start slow, gain popularity, fade and replaced. Why did he have such a great influence on the way archaeology was practiced?- He trained a generation of archaeologists in a more scientific, careful approach to archaeology. He invented a number of methods which are still used by archaeologists today, emphasis on small everyday items rather that objects of value or art. Wooley and Ur How is the context of what was found at Ur important? Know why Mesopotamia hasn?t produced as many impressive stone buildings as Egypt, and know why many that were there aren?t anymore. Archaeology and the Scientific Method -How was the moundbuilder mystery solved? -Know the details of each of the 4 archaeologists? ideas about how archaeology should be practiced Cyprus ?information will be presented in Tuesday, February 17 General information about Politiko-Troullia (name of the time period of occupation, approximate location, Main research goals of the project directors (i.e. Steven Falconer and Pat Fall) Type of archaeological work conducted (surface survey, geophysical survey, excavation) Types of artifacts recovered (ceramics, stone tools, ground stone, gaming stones, animal bone, botanical remains, evidence of metallurgy)
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