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Ethinyl estradiol (EE) //, also sometimes written as ethinylestradiol, ethynyl estradiol, or ethinyl œstradiol, is a derivative of 17β-estradiol (E2), the major endogenous estrogen in humans. EE is an orally bioactive estrogen used in many formulations of combined oral contraceptive pills. It is one of the most commonly used medications for this purpose.
Transdermal ethinyl estradiol carries a greater risk of clot formation and venous thromboembolism than 17 beta estradiol, which some have theorized to be related to different amounts of hepatic metabolism after absorption. The same contraindications and precautions apply for EE as with other estrogen medications.
The first orally active semisynthetic steroidal estrogen, EE (17α-ethynylestradiol), the 17α-ethynyl analog of E2, was synthesized in 1938 by Hans Herloff Inhoffen and Walter Hohlweg at Schering AG in Berlin.
The FDA withdrew approval of Estinyl effective June 4, 2004 at the request of Schering, who had discontinued marketing Estinyl.
While E2 is readily absorbed when taken orally, it is also quickly inactivated by the liver. Substitution at C17 of the estrane steroid with an ethinyl group served to provide an estrogen that is much more resistant to degradation and paved the way for the development of oral contraceptives.
EE is absorbed in the small intestine and reaches a serum peak about 2 hours later. It undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver involving the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme. EE and its metabolites are excreted with the bile. Due to the effect of enterohepatic circulation a second peak is seen several hours later. Individually, wide variations exist in the overall absorption process, and can be further modified by drugs (i.e. antibiotics) that affect the enterohepatic circulation or liver enzymes. In circulation EE is almost fully bound to plasma albumin. It is metabolized by hydroxylation of the aromatic ring and excreted in both feces and urine, in part as glucuronide and sulfate conjugate.
EE is hormonally effective by activating the estrogen receptor and thus is an estrogen. It finds its most common use in the estrogen-progestin combination preparations of oral contraceptives. Over time, formulations have decreased the EE dose from as high as 100 μg to as low as 10 μg in LoLoestrin Fe.
- Hormonal contraception
- Oral contraceptive formulations
- Birth Control
- Hormone replacement therapy
- Estrogen ester
- ↑ RxList.com - Estinyl (ethynyl estradiol)
- ↑ (1938). Neue per os-wirksame weibliche Keimdrüsenhormon-Derivate: 17-Aethinyl-oestradiol und Pregnen-in-on-3-ol-17 (New female glandular derivatives active per os: 17α-ethynyl-estradiol and pregnen-in-on-3-ol-17). Naturwissenschaften 26 (6): 96.
- ↑ Maisel, Albert Q. (1965). The Hormone Quest, New York: Random House.
- ↑ Petrow, Vladimir (December 1970). The contraceptive progestagens. Chem Rev 70 (6): 713–26.
- ↑ Sneader, Walter (2005). "Hormone analogues" Drug discovery : a history, 188–225, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- ↑ Djerassi, Carl (January 2006). Chemical birth of the pill. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 194 (1): 290–8.
- ↑ FDA (2007). Drug details: Estinyl (ethinyl estradiol) NDA 005292. search: Estinyl
- ↑ FDA (May 5, 2004). Schering Corp. et al.; Withdrawal of Approval of 92 New Drug Applications and 49 Abbreviated New Drug Applications. Notice. Federal Register 69 (87): 25124–30.
- ↑ LoLoestrin Fe website. Warner Chilcott. URL accessed on 15 October 2011.
- ↑ (2009) Pharmaceutical Substances, 5, Thieme-Verlag Stuttgart.
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