February 28, 2007
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Global Climate Change Digest
A Guide to Information on Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion
Published July 1988 through June 1999
FROM VOLUME 7, NUMBER 8, AUGUST 1994
PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS... GLOBAL MODELING
"Radiative-Convective Model with an Explicit
Hydrologic Cycle. 1. Formulation and Sensitivity to Model
Parameters," N.O. Rennó (Lawrence-Livermore Natl. Lab., POB
808, Livermore CA 94550), K.A. Emanuel, P.H. Stone, J.
Geophys. Res., 99(D7), 14,429-14,441, July 20, 1994.
A 1-D radiative-convective model, which differs from others in
that the moisture profile is interactively computed by the
cumulus convection scheme, is used to evaluate several cumulus
convection schemes currently in use. Climate equilibrium is very
sensitive to cloud microphysical processes; the convection
schemes currently in use in GCMs are inadequate for climate
change studies in this respect.
"Simulation of the Modern Arctic Climate by the
NCAR CCM1," D.H. Bromwich (Byrd Polar Ctr., Ohio State
Univ., 108 Scott Hall, 1090 Carmack Rd., Columbus OH 43210),
R.-Y. Tzeng, T.R. Parish, J. Clim., 7(7), 1050-1069, July
Compares a five-year seasonal cycle simulation with ECMWF
global analyses, in terms of sea level pressure, storm tracks,
total energy budget, and moisture and cloud distributions. The
model has serious problems in simulating the present Arctic
climate, throwing into question its simulations of past and
future climate change for this region.
"Antarctic Climate Modeling with General
Circulation Models of the Atmosphere," C. Genthon (Lab.
Glaciol. & Geophys. l'Environ., BP 96, F-38402
St.-Martin-d'Heres Cedex, France), J. Geophys. Res.,
99(D6), 12,953-12,961, June 20, 1994.
Evaluates the abilities of the GISS and METEO-FRANCE Arpège
GCMs to simulate climate variables that affect the mass balance
of the Antarctic ice sheet. Deficiencies in reproducing the
surface temperature and other deficiencies are identified. A
barrier to evaluation is the lack of reliable observations for
Three items relating to ocean eddies in Nature,
264(5162), May 20, 1994:
"Representing Ocean Eddies in Climate Models," J.D.
Neelin (Dept. Atmos. Sci., Univ. California, Los Angeles CA
90024), J. Marotzke, 1099-1100. Gives a research perspective on
the following paper.
"The Role of Mesoscale Tracer Transports in the Global
Ocean Circulation," G. Danabasoglu (NCAR, POB 3000, Boulder
CO 80307), J.C. McWilliams, P.R. Gent, 1123-1126. Although
routine ocean simulations in climate models have not included
mesoscale eddies, presented here is a new parameterization of
these eddies that has been implemented in a widely used model. It
leads to significant improvements in the global temperature
distribution, poleward and surface heat fluxes, and the location
of deep-water formation.
"Estimates of Diapycnal Mixing in the Abyssal
Ocean," J.M. Toole (Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst., Woods Hole MA
02543), K.L. Polzin, R.W. Schmitt, 1120-1123. Profiles of
diapycnal eddy diffusivity to a depth of 4000 meters were derived
from measurements in the northeast Pacific and northeast Atlantic
Oceans. Results suggest that basin-averaged mixing rates may be
dominated by processes occurring near the ocean boundaries.
"Diagnostic Study of Climate Feedback Processes
in Atmospheric General Circulation Models," M.H. Zhang
(State Univ. New York, Stony Brook NY 11794), J.J. Hack et al.,
J. Geophys. Res., 99(D3), 5525-5537, Mar. 20, 1994.
Proposes a method to diagnose climatic feedbacks of water
vapor, temperature lapse-rate, and cloud variations in GCMs, and
uses it to compare several versions of the NCAR climate model
"Sea Level Changes Under Increasing Atmospheric
CO2 in a Transient Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM
Experiment," J.M. Gregory (Hadley Ctr., Meteor. Off., London
Rd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SY, UK), J. Clim., 6(12),
2247-2262, Dec. 1993.
Global and local sea level changes due to thermal expansion
and changes in ocean dynamics and atmospheric pressure patterns
were diagnosed from a 75-year experiment with the UKMO model.
Over the final decade, the mean global sea level rise is 90 mm,
but there are considerable local variations, with the largest
rise in the northwest Atlantic. Illustrates how this local
variation makes it difficult to estimate global sea level rise
from a limited number of coastal stations.
"GCM Simulations of Volcanic Aerosol Forcing.
Part I: Climate Changes Induced by Steady-State
Perturbations," J.B. Pollack (NASA-Ames, Moffet Field CA
94035), D. Rind et al., ibid., 6(9), 1719-1742, Sep. 1993.
(See GCCD, p. 7, June.)
Three items in J. Clim., 7(8), Aug. 1994:
"Sensitivity of a GCM Simulation of Global Climate to the
Representation of Land-Surface Hydrology," J.F. Stamm, E.F.
Wood, D.P. Lettenmaier (Dept. Civil Eng., Univ. Washington,
Seattle WA 98195), 1218-1239. Results argue for representation of
the surface hydrology with two-layer soil models.
"A Multivariate Analysis of Arctic Climate in GCMs,"
D.L. McGinnis (CIRES, Univ. Colorado, Boulder CO 80309), R.G.
Crane, 1240-1250. Shortcomings in four GCMs show a need for
improvements in several areas.
"Snow Hydrology in a General Circulation Model," S.
Marshall (Dept. Geog., Univ. N. Carolina, Charlotte NC 28223),
J.O. Roads, G. Glatzmaier, 1251-1269. Compares atmospheric and
surface hydrologic budgets and the surface energy budget in the
U.S. and Canada.
Two items in J. Geophys. Res., 99(D7), July
"Evaluation of a GCM Cirrus Parameterization Using
Satellite Observations," B.J. Soden (GFDL, POB 308,
Princeton NJ 08542), L.J. Donner, 14,401-14,413.
"A Simple Hydrologically Based Model of Land Surface
Water and Energy Fluxes for General Circulation Models," X.
Liang (Dept. Civil Eng., Univ. Washington, Seattle WA 98195),
D.P. Lettenmaier et al., 14,415-14,428.
"The Significance of Detailed Structure in the
Boundary Layer to Thermal Radiation at the Surface in Climate
Models," W. Zhao (Appl. Res. Corp, NASA-Goddard, Code 913,
Greenbelt MD 20771), W.R. Kuhn, S.R. Drayson, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 21(15), 1631-1634, July 15, 1994.
"Diurnal Temperature Range for a Doubled Carbon
Dioxide Concentration Experiment: Analysis of Possible Physical
Mechanisms," M. Verdecchia (Dip. Fisica, Univ. Studi,
L'Aquila, Italy), G. Visconti et al., ibid., 21(14),
1527-1530, July 1, 1994. (See GCCD, p. 3, July 1994.)
"Radiative Characteristics of the Canadian
Climate Centre Second-Generation General Circulation Model,"
H.W. Barker (Atmos. Environ. Serv., 4905 Dufferin St., Downsview
ON M3H 5T4, Can.), Z. Li, J.-P. Blanchet, J. Clim., 7(7),
1070-1091, July 1994.
"Examination of Tracer Transport in the NCAR
CCM2 by Comparison of CFCL3 Simulations with ALE/GAGE
Observations," D.E. Hartley (Ctr. Global Change Sci., Mass.
Inst. Technol., Cambridge MA 02139), D.L. Williamson et al.,
J. Geophys. Res., 99(D6), 12,885-12,896, June 20, 1994.
"Continental-Scale River Flow in Climate
Models," J.R. Miller (Dept. Marine & Coastal Sci., Cook
College, Rutgers Univ., POB 231, New Brunswick NJ 08903), G.L.
Russell, G. Caliri, J. Clim., 7(6), 914-928, June 1994.
The scheme presented allows water to return to the ocean at the
correct location with proper magnitude and timing.
"Sensitivity Properties of a Biosphere Model
Based on BATS and a Statistical-Dynamical Climate Model," T.
Zhang (Dept. Geol. & Geophys., Yale Univ., POB 6666, New
Haven CT 06511), J. Clim., 7(6), 890-913, June 1994.
Two items from J. Geophys. Res., 99(D5), May
"Comparison of the Land Surface Climatology of the
National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model
2 at R15 and T42 Resolutions," G.B. Bonan (NCAR, POB 3000,
Boulder CO 80307), 10,357-10,364.
"The Interrelationship Between Temperature Changes in the
Free Atmosphere Microwave Sounding Unit and Sea Surface
Temperature Changes in a 10-Year Atmospheric Model
Intercomparison Project Climate Simulation," J.S. Boyle
(PCMDI, Lawrence-Livermore Natl. Lab., L-264, POB 808, Livermore
CA 94550), 10,365-10,375.
"Simulation of Streamflow in a Macroscale
Watershed Using General Circulation Model Data," G.W. Kite
(Natl. Hydrol. Res. Inst., 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon SK S7N
3H5, Can.), A. Dalton, K. Dion, Water Resour. Res., 30(5),
1547-1559, May 1994.
"Carbon Uptake Experiments with a
Zonally-Averaged Global Ocean Circulation Model," T.F.
Stocker (Phys. Inst., Univ. Bern, 3012 Bern, Switz.), W.S.
Broecker, Tellus, 46B(2), 103-122, Apr. 1994.
"A One-Dimensional Study of Possible Cirrus
Cloud Feedbacks," A. Sinha (Dept. Meteor., Univ. Reading, 2
Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AU, UK), K.P. Shine,
J. Clim., 7(1), 158-173, Jan. 1994. Results imply that models
with coarse vertical resolution may not properly represent cirrus
Two items from Global Biogeochem. Cycles,
7(2), June 1993:
"Ecosystem Behavior at Bermuda Station "S" and
Ocean Weather Station "India": A General Circulation
Model and Observational Analysis," M.J.R. Fasham (Chilworth
Res. Ctr., Southampton SO1 7NS, UK), J.L. Sarmiento et al.,
"A Seasonal Three-Dimensional Ecosystem Model of Nitrogen
Cycling in the North Atlantic Euphotic Zone," J.L. Sarmiento
(Prog. Atmos. & Ocean. Sci., Princeton Univ., Princeton NJ
08540), R.D. Slater et al., 417-450.
"Chemistry of the 1991-1992 Stratospheric
Winter: Three-Dimensional Model Simulations," F. Lefèvre
(Ctr. Natl. Res. Meteor., F-31057 Toulouse, France), G.P.
Brasseur et al., J. Geophys. Res., 99(D4), 8183-8195, Apr.
20, 1994. (See GCCD, p. 9, July 1994.)
Guide to Publishers
Index of Abbreviations