VOLGOGRAD, Russia: The city of Volgograd was renamed Stalingrad for a day as Russia marked the 70th anniversary of the brutal battle in which the Red Army defeated Nazi forces and changed the course of World War II.
The President, Vladimir Putin, called the battle ''one of the greatest examples of world heroism'' during a stirring address to veterans on Saturday that played up the nationalist themes of his third Kremlin term.
''Stalingrad will forever remain the symbol of the unity and invincibility of our people,'' Mr Putin said. ''It is a symbol of true patriotism - a symbol of the great victory of the Soviet soldier-liberator.''
Ceremony ... Vladimir Putin recalls the battle of Stalingrad. Photo: AFP
Commuter buses emblazoned with pictures of the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin ran across the southern city as patriotic Russians honoured what many view as the Soviet people's greatest achievement.
''I remember the sadness of the war and the victory of the Soviet soldiers,'' said a World War II veteran, Alexander Kudlyayev, as he joined 10,000 others at a wreath-laying ceremony at Volgograd's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
''I came to honour my friends who died here,'' said an 89-year-old Stalingrad survivor, Pyotr Chabarov.
The half-year battle in 1943 - much of it fought in close-quarters combat in the ruined streets - claimed the lives of 2 million people and eventually led to the surrender of the German troops.
The battle marked Hitler's first big defeat and led to a Nazi retreat from Soviet territory after the lightning invasion in June 1941 that had caught Stalin unaware.
The pulverised city was renamed Volgograd in 1961 after Soviet leaders admitted the extent of Stalin's tyranny during his decades in power. But the old name has remained synonymous with the battle and Volgograd politicians decided to revive it for the anniversary and five other days of the year.
Mr Putin has never denied Stalin's murderous purges of innocent citizens and deadly forced collectivisation. But he and other modern leaders have preferred to overlook the disastrous errors in military strategy Stalin made during the war.
Mr Putin has preached a patriotic message since returning to the presidency in May after serving four years as prime minister.
He told the veterans that ''no country can live without [patriotism] because otherwise it will simply dissolve like a lump of sugar in a cup of tea''.
But not everyone was pleased the memory of the battle now appeared to be once again firmly associated with Stalin's name.
''This was a mistake,'' said a woman, who agreed to only give her first name, Larisa.
''We are overestimating Stalin's role in the war,'' she said. ''He was bloodthirsty.''