|5902696||Separator for nonaqueous electrochemical cells||1999-05-11||Smesko et al.||429/142|
|5756230||Fluoropolymer blends for polymeric electrolyte and electrodes||1998-05-26||Gao et al.||429/192|
|5739234||Epoxy group-containing vinylidene fluoride copolymer and its application to secondary battery||1998-04-14||Hidetora|
|5631103||Highly filled solid polymer electrolyte||1997-05-20||Eschbach et al.|
|5618642||Battery separator with sodium sulfate||1997-04-08||Samii et al.||429/247|
|5587253||Low resistance rechargeable lithium-ion battery||1996-12-24||Gozdz et al.|
|5571634||Hybrid lithium-ion battery polymer matrix compositions||1996-11-05||Gozdz et al.|
|5464707||Electrically-conducting adhesion-promoters||1995-11-07||Moulton et al.|
|5436093||Method for fabricating carbon/lithium-ion electrode for rechargeable lithium cell||1995-07-25||Huang et al.|
|5429891||Crosslinked hybrid electrolyte film and methods of making and using the same||1995-07-04||Gozdz et al.|
|5401596||Hermetically sealed dry accumulator||1995-03-28||Stoilov et al.|
|5384685||Screen printing of microprotrusions for use as a space separator in an electrical storage device||1995-01-24||Tong et al.|
|5350645||Polymer-lithium batteries and improved methods for manufacturing batteries||1994-09-27||Lake et al.|
|5336573||Battery separator||1994-08-09||Zuckerbrod et al.|
|5325601||Method for drying and curing a coated metal substrate||1994-07-05||Brownewell et al.|
|5194341||Silica electrolyte element for secondary lithium battery||1993-03-16||Bagley et al.||429/189|
|5158844||Battery separator||1992-10-27||Hagens et al.||429/249|
|4857600||Process for grafting diacid anhydrides||1989-08-15||Gross et al.|
|4810755||Adhesive resin composition, laminated material using it and resin composition containing it||1989-03-07||Akazawa et al.|
|4731310||Cathodic electrode||1988-03-15||Anderman et al.|
|4683264||Hardenable coating composition for polypropylene resins||1987-07-28||Urata et al.|
|4681750||Preparation of amorphous, precipitated silica and siliceous filler-reinforced microporous polymeric separator||1987-07-21||Johnson et al.|
|4624902||Coatings for electrochemical electrodes and methods of making the same||1986-11-25||DeNeufville et al.|
|4529677||Battery separator material||1985-07-16||Bodendorf||429/252|
|4367271||Storage battery separator||1983-01-04||Hasegawa et al.||429/252|
|4363856||Battery separator material||1982-12-14||Waterhouse||429/143|
|4237083||Process of manufacturing a microporous sheet material||1980-12-02||Young et al.|
|4228228||Electrode structure for energy cells||1980-10-14||Beauchamp|
|4226926||Flexible, microporous rubber base articles||1980-10-07||Goldberg et al.|
|4018971||Gels as battery separators for soluble electrode cells||1977-04-19||Sheibley et al.|
|3696061||N/A||1972-10-03||Selsor et al.|
disposing a solution of separator precursor on said electrode wherein said solution comprises a solid particulate material and a chlorinated polyolefin binder; and
transforming said solution of separator precursor so that said solution of separator precursor forms a porous composite separator that adheres to said electrode.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to electrochemical cell design and fabrication and, more particularly, to techniques for forming electrically insulating separator elements between two electrically conductive surfaces.
2. Description of the Related Art
In microelectronics technology, the continuing trend of ultra large scale integration is driving the electronics industry to explore new materials and processes for fabricating devices having smaller size and better qualities. This is particularly relevant to the manufacture of electrochemical power supplies of high energy and power density for portable electronic devices such as portable computers, telephones, audio, video devices, pacemakers, etc.
Increasing power per unit volume and improving discharge characteristics depends on the ability to fabricate thinner electrochemical cells, of which thinner separator layers are a necessary ingredient. As such, the integrity and reliability of thin separators (<50μ) are of great importance and, consequently, have received increasing attention in the last decade.
The separator within an electrochemical cell has the primary function of physically and electrically separating the anode from the cathode thus preventing a short circuit within the cell. The separator may be an electrical insulator which permits ions to flow between the anode and the cathode. Typically, separators consist of mats, pellets, papers, cloths or polymer sheets that contain an electrolyte within their pore structures. The ionic conduction occurs through the electrolyte phase contained in the contiguous pores of the separator when the separator is placed in intimate contact with the anode and cathode and the cell is charged or discharged. Therefore, the separator should preferably be dimensionally stable and porous, with high electrolyte absorption and retention and a low ionic resistance.
The separator should preferably also be flexible. It should accommodate electrochemical expansion and contraction of the anode and cathode during discharge and/or charge, and it should accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of the cell. The separator should also preferably be resistant to oxidation and reduction. It should preferably be insoluble in the electrolyte and it should resist corrosion by the other components of the cell and by the reaction products that are generated within the cell. The physical and chemical properties of the separator should be compatible with the equipment and processes which are used to manufacture the electrochemical cell. The separator should preferably be thermally stable during the manufacture, storage, and use of the electrochemical cell. Finally, to minimize the ionic resistance of the separator, the separator should be made as thin as practical in consideration of the manufacturing process and the desired performance of the electrochemical cell.
In the prior art, these characteristics have been achieved in part by the use of silicon oxide compounds such as fumed silica, silica gel, silica aerogel, silica xerogel, silica hydrogel, silica sol, and colloidal silica. Other materials such as alumina, magnesia, kaolin, talc, diatomaceous earth, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate have also been used as inert fillers, extenders, or pore formers in separators.
In the prior art, various applications of these materials have led to the development of various types of electrochemical cell separator/electrolyte structures. In general, such prior art structures have been constructed in the form of an ionically conductive gel, a pellet, an ionically conductive solid or a liquid electrolyte filled porous separator element.
In one prior art application, for example, fumed silica is used as a gelling agent for hydrochloric acid electrolytes. The silica-hydrochloric acid gel can be impregnated into a polymeric foam to form an ion selective separator membrane for redox cells where the transport of chloride ions is desired. Similarly, in another application, silica gel is used to immobilize sulfuric acid electrolytes and thereby provide a method for making hermetically sealed dry accumulators.
In thermal battery technology, for example, a rather different approach is taken to form the separator element. Here, the separator element is fabricated by pressing blended and fused mixtures of fumed silica and an electrolyte salt into a pellet. Such prepared pellet separators are subsequently placed between the cathode and the anode electrodes of the thermal battery cell. With the application of heat, the electrolyte salt in the pellet becomes molten and ionically conductive, and thereby activates the battery cell. At elevated temperatures, the thermal battery separator element is held together by the capillary forces of the molten salt in the porous fumed silica matrix and does not require any separate binding material to retain the shape of the separator.
However, this technology has not been successfully applied to the manufacturing of ambient temperature battery cells. This is due to the weak capillary forces of most ambient temperature battery electrolytes which are not sufficient to maintain the integrity of the unbounded silica-electrolyte structure. Therefore, the separators for ambient temperature applications are thick, and provide a limited range of size and shape for design considerations.
Further, in thin film battery technologies, salinized fumed silica or alumina are used as inorganic filler materials to manufacture solid electrolytes. Such electrolyte films are formulated with a combination of a polymer matrix material, an electrolyte salt, a compatible solvent (plasticizer), a crosslinking agent, and a finely divided filler material. The resulting structure is a flexible and self-supporting polymer electrolyte film without porosity. In this film, the conduction of ions occurs in solid state within the electrolyte plasticized polymer. Particularly, the addition of inorganic fillers enhances the physical strength of the electrolyte film and substantially increases the subsequent level of electrolyte absorption, and subsequent substitution of the plasticizer. As a consequence, a separator is not required and the solid electrolyte serves the purpose of separating the anode from the cathode.
In thin film battery technology, the solid electrolyte films can be readily printed onto a surface of the electrode elements using screen printing and stencil printing processes. However, in the absence of a distinct separator element, compression of the electrolyte leads to short circuits and/or displacement of the electrode material. In fact, this condition is improved by the use of screen printed or stencil printed "stud" elements or "standoff" elements to strengthen the electrode elements and solid electrolyte elements against compression. Nevertheless, the low ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes severely limits the use of these thin film batteries, particularly when high rate charge and/or discharge is required. Similarly, "studs" or "standoff" elements can be screen printed or stencil printed onto the surface of electrode elements in electrochemical capacitors. In such applications, the standoff elements are made of silica reinforced epoxy polymers to increase their strength.
However, in the prior art, much effort has been devoted to the production of silica incorporated microporous separator structures which use liquid electrolytes. Examples of such structures may include microporous silica separators from organosilicon polymers and composite separators comprising a silica filler material and a polymer binder.
In secondary battery technologies, for example, an ultrathin layer of microporous silica separator material can be formed on a lithiated ternary transition metal oxide electrode by decomposition of an organosilicon polymer solution. During the manufacturing process, a thin layer of an organosilicon polymer solution is coated on the surface of the battery electrode. After drying to remove the solvent, the coating is cured to a glassy film and then subjected to plasma oxidation to form micropores within the film. The resulting ridged, fenestrated silicate film serves as the separator. However, precautions must be taken to prevent unwanted oxidation of the active electrode by the plasma.
In the prior art, many of the aforementioned silica or non-silica filler materials are used to fabricate microporous battery separators having a composite structure. These filler materials are produced as finely divided solid particulates, and used as a vehicle for introducing porosity into the microporous separator and for reinforcing the polymeric binder material utilized to fabricate the separator. In fact, this composite nature of the separator element renders separators with high strength and flexibility. During an exemplary manufacturing process, the solid particulate material is blended with a binder material of choice and then this blend is loaded with a suitable solvent to form a paste. The separator element is formed by extruding this paste into a sheet form, and subsequently curing this sheet material to remove solvent and impart porosity to the separator structure.
In an early prior art application, silica gel was used as an inorganic filler and extender for such microporous separators comprised of high molecular weight polyolefin binders. Similarly, in another application, precipitated amorphous silica was used to manufacture microporous polymeric battery separators. In these separators, the silica was used in small proportions (typically <30%) to reinforce the polymeric material and to introduce porosity.
However, yet another prior art application includes a battery separator consisting of a polymer and silica filler in which the silica filler comprises up to 97% of the composite matrix. In this application, the preferred filler is precipitated silica or fumed silica.
Unfortunately, such high filler content adversely affects the mechanical properties of the separator and lowers its strength and flexibility. In order to overcome these limitations, in the prior art, such composite separator elements were extruded and laminated onto both sides of a fibrous polymeric sheet to improve the strength and flexibility of the separator element, i.e., to make it self supporting.
Although such prior art processes yield functional composite separators, these processes provide relatively thick separator layers which can cause excessive separation between the electrodes and thus increase the overall resistance of the separator.
Additionally, material handling during the manufacturing process presents serious problems due to very small product dimensions which increase the production cost and labor. Similarly, lack of a conformal bonding between the electrodes and the separator element prevents the precise and secure positioning of the separator element in the electrochemical cell structure and wastes valuable cell volume. Furthermore, such inefficient packaging of the electrochemical cell increases the distance between the electrodes, thus further lowering the efficiency of the cell.
Thus, silicas and polymers have been used to make separators for electrochemical power supplies; and printing processes have been utilized to make solid electrolytes for printed electrochemical power supplies and microprotrusion separators for electrical charged storage devices.
In a patent issued to the assignee of the present invention, U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,721, a separator was disclosed which is formed by printing a thin layer of a separator precursor solution on the surface of one of the electrochemical cell electrodes, and curing the thin layer of separator precursor solution so that it transforms into a microporous composite separator element on the electrode. That patent application is hereby incorporated by reference, in its entirety, in this application.
Specifically, in that application, a separator precursor solution is formulated as an ink comprised of a solid particulate material dispersed in a solution of a polymer binder which is dissolved in a suitable solvent. In the preferred embodiment the solid particulate material is silica aerogel material which constitutes the major component of the printed separator. In the separator precursor solution, the ratio of the binder to the solid particulate material is selected between 5/95 and 50/50. The polymer binder of the ink solution may preferably comprise Ethylene-Propylene-Hexadiene Monomer (EPDM). The ink solution also comprises 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene (THN) solvent to dissolve Ethylene Propylene Hexadiene Monomer (EPDM). The solvent content of the ink solution ranges from 60% to 95% by mass.
Hence, in that application, a separator body is formed on an electrode plate comprising intermeshed networks of pore spaces between a solid particulates bonded together by a polymer binder. That process results in separator structures in the form of a porous composite layer on an electrode of an electrochemical cell. These structures are non-self supporting, ultra-thin, flexible and conformally bonded to the underlying electrode surface.
That application also discloses the use of that separator in an electrochemical cell which includes, in addition to the layer of porous composite separator material disposed on the first electrode, a second layer of electrode material superjacent to the porous composite layer and a liquid electrolyte. The liquid electrolyte is contained within the plurality of pores of the porous composite separator material so that the electrolyte provides a conducting medium between the first and second electrode layers.
Ethylene Propylene Hexadiene Monomer (EPDM) is an elastomer, and electrodes formulated with EPDM are advantageously calendared under high pressure to assure good particle-to-particle contact. It would be advantageous to form a separator using a binder which does not require pressure during fabrication to achieve high performance.
In addition, EPDM may be electrochemically unstable at high positive potentials, and is used as a binder in anodes, but not cathodes. It would be advantageous to form an electrochemical cell having a separator formed with a binder which is common to the binder in both the anode and cathode.
The present invention also utilizes a process which comprises printing a thin layer of a separator precursor solution on the surface of one of the electrochemical cell electrodes, and curing the thin layer of separator precursor solution so that it transforms into a microporous composite separator element on the electrode.
Specifically, a separator precursor solution is formulated as an ink comprised of a solid particulate material dispersed in a solution of a polymer binder which is dissolved in a suitable solvent. In the preferred embodiment the solid particulate material is silica aerogel material which constitutes the major component of the printed separator. In the separator precursor solution, the ratio, by weight, of the binder to the solid particulate material is selected between 5/95 and 50/50. The polymer binder of the ink solution preferably comprises a chlorinated polyolefin formulated by grafting at least one unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride of said acid onto the polyolefin backbone, and partially crosslinking the carboxyl groups or acid anhydride groups with an epoxy group of a compound which has at least two epoxy groups per molecule. Polymeric material of this type is sold under the trade name SUPERCHLON®, by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. This material is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,264 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The ink solution also comprises 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene (THN) solvent to dissolve the SUPERCHLON®. The solvent content of the ink solution ranges from 60% to 95% by mass.
This precursor ink may be formed into a high performance, thin separator. Because of the adhesion characteristics of this binder, it will bond to an electrode without the use of high pressures during fabrication. Moreover, this binder has very low solubility in electrolyte solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (monoglyme), 1,2-diethoxyethane, y-buterolactone, γ-valerolactone, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, proprionitrile, diglyme, triglyme, methyl formate, trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, or mixtures thereof.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary electrochemical cell structure;
FIG. 2 is a highly magnified schematic illustration of the structure of the separator of this invention;
FIG. 3 is a measurement of the complex impedance of the cell described in Example 2;
FIG. 4 shows the discharge energy from the cell described in Example 2 when it is cycled according to the profile described in Example 2;
FIG. 5 shows the voltage of the cell of Example 2 as a function of time during 30 mA charging and 300 mA discharging; and
FIG. 6 shows the voltage of the cell of Example 2 as a function of time during 300 mA discharging, as in FIG. 5, but on an expanded scale.
As will be described hereinbelow, the process of the preferred embodiment provides a method to form a micro-porous bonded silica separator by selectively printing a separator-precursor, formulated as an ink, onto an electrode plate and subsequently curing it into a microporous structure which is capable of holding the electrolyte of the electrochemical cell. One such example of a process that forms a microporous separator from an ink solution is disclosed in copending application to the Applicant, U.S application Ser. No. 08/767,468, entitled "Process of Manufacturing Porous Separator for Electrochemical Power Supply". The entire contents of this copending application are hereby incorporated by reference. However, the ink solution in that process is formulated by dispersing silica aerogel in BEEA solvent (2(2-Butoxy Ethoxy)Ethyl Acetate) containing PVDF binder (Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene copolymer). Another such example of a process that forms a microporous separator from an ink solution is disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/847,098, previously incorporated herein by reference. The ink solution in that application differs from the previous disclosure in that it is formulated by dispersing silica aerogel in THN solvent (1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene) containing EPDM (Ethylene-Propylene-Hexadiene Monomer). In the present invention, silica aerogel is dispersed in THN solvent containing a chlorinated polyolefin formulated by grafting at least one unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride of said acid onto the polyolefin backbone, and partially crosslinking the carboxyl groups or acid anhydride groups with an epoxy group of a compound which has at least two epoxy groups per molecule, such as SUPERCHLON®.
Reference will now be made to the drawings wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout. FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary electrochemical cell structure 10 comprising a laminated array of three separate stacks including a cathode electrode stack 29, a separator/electrolyte stack 24 and an anode electrode stack 19. Each electrode stack may also comprise an electrode substrate 20, 30 and an active material 15, 16 (electrode) formed on the substrates 20, 30. The substrates 20, 30 function as current collectors for the electrodes 15,16 and permit current flow during the charge and discharge cycles of the electrochemical cell 10. The separator stack comprises a separator element 25 placed in intimate contact with the anode active material 15 and the cathode active material 16.
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the separator element 25 of the electrochemical cell 10 is comprised of a porous composite material. The separator layer 25 prepared in accordance with the principles of the present invention, exhibits enhanced performance in a very thin thickness regime, thereby allowing cell scalability to dimensions previously unattainable and performance surpassing that of prior separators that contain particulate reinforcements.
The porous composite-matrix structure of the separator element 25 of the present invention is shown schematically on a microscopic level in FIG. 2, and may comprise a suitable mixture of a solid particulate 32 and a polymer binder 34 which may be formed by curing a separator precursor solution. The separator precursor solution is formulated as an ink comprised of a solid particulate material dispersed in a solution of the polymer binder which is dissolved in a suitable solvent. This separator ink is printed onto the surface of the active electrode element 15, 16 (anode and/or cathode) and the solvent is removed by evaporation to form the separator element. The thin, porous, flexible structure of the separator 25 of the instant invention occurs as a result of the printing process and the ink formulation from which the separator 25 is printed. The solid particulate material which constitutes the major component of the printed separator 25 is preferably lyophilic with respect to the electrolyte of the intended electrochemical cell 10, and it should preferably be dispersed in the solvent of the ink from which it is printed.
Examples of common materials used as the solid particulate material include, but are not limited to, silica aerogel, fumed silica, silica gel, silica hydrogel, silica xerogel, silica sol, colloidal silica, alumina, titania, magnesia, kaolin, talc, diatomaceous earth, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, or possible combinations thereof.
A presently preferred particulate material is silica aerogel which can be wetted by most electrochemical cell electrolytes. Silica aerogel is easily dispersible in preferred ink solvents. In this respect, the preferred particulate size range is from about 0.01μ to about 3.0μ. Several well known surface modifications can be made to the aerogel to improve its dispersion. In addition, it is inexpensive, and it is available in high purity and in particle sizes suitable for the preferred printing processes.
As described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,264, which was previously incorporated herein by reference, the SUPERCHLON® polymeric binder may vary in composition as to the molecular weight, nature, and mix of the chlorinated polyolefinic backbone (polyethylene or polypropylene) and to the overall degree of chlorination and the degree of crosslinking. Specific ranges of composition yield different properties and are thereby designated by different trade designations. In particular, the chlorine content controls the solubility of the polymer and its softening temperature. As such, SUPERCHLON® 822S contains about 25% chlorine by weight, SUPERCHLON® 803MWS contains about 30% chlorine by weight and SUPERCHLON® 814S contains about 43% chlorine by weight. Of these materials, the SUPERCHLON® 822S is preferred as a binder in separators for nonaqueous electrochemical cells because it is the most stable against electrochemical reduction and electrochemical oxidation, and it is the least soluble in typical carbonate electrolytes used in such electrochemical cells. The solubility of SUPERCHLON® 822S in carbonate electrolytes can be further reduced by crosslinking with epoxy resin or poly(bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin).
In the process of the preferred embodiment, a separator ink solution is formed by dissolving the binder polymer in the solvent and then dispersing the solid particulate material in the binder-solvent solution. Various facilitating instruments such as blenders may be used to blend the solid particulate material and the binder polymer to create a more uniform separator element 25. Preferably, the separator ink is formulated to contain a ratio of polymer binder to solid particulate material ranging from about 5/95 to 50/50, more preferably 20/80 to 40/60. Other materials may also be present in the ink formulation. For example, it may be advantageous to use a material which modifies the surface of the solid particulate for better wetting qualities. Such materials are well known in the art and may include magnesium silica fluoride or surfactants such as TRITON X-100™ (Union Carbide, Danbury Conn.), SURFYNOL™ (Air Products, Trenton, N.J.) or FLUORAD™ (3M, St. Paul, Minn.). So long as compatibility exists with the materials of the electrochemical cell and the materials of the ink formulation, mixtures of such compatible solids may also be used to formulate the separator ink of the instant invention.
The solvent to be utilized in the present invention can be any agent or mixture of agents which will dissolve the polymer binder. The solvent may consist of toluene, xylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, ethyl cyclohexane, methyl isobutyl ketone, n-methyl pyrrolidone or other aromatic hydrocarbon, or chlorinated hydrocarbon or mixtures thereof. The solvent may also contain ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate or methyl ethyl ketone. Esters and alcohols may also be used as diluents with the above solvents. In particular, a preferred solvent is THN (1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene) solvent such as that available from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Typically, the solvent content of the separator ink ranges from 60% to 95% by mass. However, this range is determined by the quantity of binder that is used, the particular silica, and the printing process. Once the ratio of polymer binder to solid particulate is established, the solvent composition and proportion is adjusted to optimize the ink viscosity for subsequent printing processes. In the preferred embodiment, the separator ink solution has a relatively low viscosity when agitated, but a relatively high viscosity when at rest. Thus, the solution has the features of being fluid, allowing printing processes, and also being less fluid when printed over the electrode surface. Therefore, during the printing process, the ink solution can be easily applied over the electrode surface by using any conventional screen or stencil printing technique. However, once applied over the electrode surface, the ink solution stays over and adheres to the application area.
Following preparation of the separator ink, this precursor is printed onto the surface of an active electrode element (anode and/or cathode) by using any known painting or printing process. It will be appreciated that screen and stencil printing methods are widely used in the electronics and the graphic arts industry to print thick film inks and/or solder paste. Typically, a squeegee traverses a patterned screen or stencil forcing ink through openings to provide a printed pattern. Equipment commonly used includes screen printing machines which are available from MPM Corp. of Franklin, Mass. or DeHaart of Burlington, Mass. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the printing process of the preferred embodiment can be performed using any of well known techniques in the art including other printing and painting techniques.
In the preferred embodiment, the separator ink is first printed onto the electrode plate. The separator ink is then cured in a vacuum oven at a temperature range of 90-130° C. and a pressure range of 1-200 Torr for about 8 to 15 hours. Both the removal of the solvent and the curing of the binder are advantageously achieved in this temperature range. Therefore, the thermal processing is facilitated within a single process step. The thickness of the separator element on the electrode is controlled by the viscosity of the separator ink and by the printing process.
By the application of curing processes, a separator body on an electrode plate is constructed of intermeshed networks of pore space and a solid separator body comprising solid particulates bonded together by the polymer binder, as shown schematically in FIG. 2. In fact, the solid body of the separator forms a composite structure which is disposed on and conformally bonded to an electrode plate. In this respect, the composite structure has the rigidity of the solid particulates and the flexibility of the polymer binder. Consequently, a thin and non-self supporting composite separator element can be formed since the high mechanical strength of the electrode is used for mechanical support.
The thin film separator 25 of the present invention (FIG. 1) is bonded conformally to the surface of the active electrode element 16 to form a porous, grafted, laminated structure, thereby substantially avoiding material handling problems and permitting an ultra-thin separator which is not self-supporting. Because of the printing process, the composite separator element of the present invention can be aligned, positioned and grafted to any suitable electrode structure whose geometric shape is consistent with the printing process. It will be appreciated that a substantial manufacturing advantage is further achieved when the separator is printed onto the surface of an electrode having an active surface material 15, 16 which is, in turn, printed according to a similar printing process.
In fact, it is particularly advantageous to utilize the same solvent and same polymer binder in the separator ink as is used to print the active portion 15, 16 of the electrode elements. Under these circumstances, the resulting laminated separator/electrode structures share the same binder with no binder composition gradient at the separator/electrode interface. This interface is less likely to delaminate due to thermal or electrochemical expansion or contraction occurring during manufacturing steps and operation conditions. One example of the utilization of SUPERCHLON® binder in anode and cathode formulations is disclosed in a copending application filed on the same date as this application and assigned to the assignee of this application, entitled "Binder for Electrochemical Power Supplies." The entire contents of this copending application are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
In addition, the placement and grafting of the separator element to the electrode element substantially strengthens both elements and simplifies the assembly of the electrochemical cell. Hence, this process eliminates the labor intensive procedures of the prior art that are involved in the formation, alignment and assembly of separate and discrete separator and electrode elements. In fact, the lamination process disclosed here permits separators of 5-100μ thickness which would not be possible if the separator element of the same composition had to be separately handled. In this respect, ultra thin separators which are delicate, and would thus be incapable of being manufactured separately, can be manufactured directly on the adjoining electrode, so that the electrode imparts the strength needed to support the separator.
The separator of the instant invention may be printed onto the surface of the cathode element, the anode element, or both electrodes of the electrochemical cell so long as the separator ink solvent is compatible with the electrode components. These electrode elements may consist of oxides, sulfides, carbon compounds, metals, alloys, and intermetallics. The separator may also be printed onto the carbon anodes of lithium-ion cells. Active electrode elements may consist of a single active material or a mixture of active materials such as manganese-oxides, cobalt-oxides, vanadium oxides or nickel oxides. Inert fillers, conductive additives and binders are also often incorporated into the electrode element. The separator of the instant invention may also be printed onto such composite structures.
After the formation of the porous separator element, the electrolyte is dispersed into the separator and subsequently the other electrode is pressed firmly against the separator to form an electrochemical cell.
Within the context of this invention, electrochemical cells refer to: electrochemical capacitors which are sometimes referred to as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors; electrolytic capacitors; primary and secondary batteries; fuel cells, electrochemical sensors; and electrolysis cells which are used for the electrochemical synthesis and/or electrochemical decomposition of compounds. As certain formulations of the instant invention yield optically transparent separators when flooded with electrolyte, these selected formulations may also be used in electrochemical cells which utilize photon assisted redox reactions.
It will be understood that this invention is susceptible to modification in order to adapt it to different uses and conditions. The following examples are given for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to impose limitations on the subject invention.
A separator ink was formulated by dissolving SUPERCHLON® 822S in THN (1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene) to yield a 20% solution of SUPERCHLON® 822S by weight. This solution was added to a weighed quantity of silica aerogel (SilCRON® G-130, 300 m2 /g, SCM Corporation, this aerogel was surface modified to improve dispersion in the ink solvent). Enough solution was added to the silica aerogel to yield a binder to silica ratio of 35/65 by weight. This paste was blended on a three roll mill. During the milling operation, the solvent composition was adjusted to optimize the ink viscosity for subsequent printing. Typically, the solvent content of the ink ranges from 60% to 95%.
The above ink was screen printed in rectangular patterns onto aluminum foil current collectors. The ink deposits were then dried in a vacuum oven at 110° C. for 10 hours. After this heating process, the thickness of the separator was measured with a micrometer. The separator was 30 μm thick. Electrolyte (1.0 M LiClO4 in a solvent mixture consisting of 1 part by volume ethylene carbonate and one part dimethyl carbonate) was dispersed into the separator and an aluminum counter electrode was pressed against the separator to form an Al/separator/Al cell. The specific ionic resistance of the electrolyte filled separator was computed from the measured complex impedance (at zero reactance) of the Al/separator/Al cell. The efficiency for ionic conduction in the separator is represented as the ratio ρ0 /ρ, where ρ0 is the specific resistivity of the electrolyte and ρ is the measured specific resistivity of the electrolyte filled separator. For this cell ρ0 /ρ=0.15.
A separator ink was formulated by dissolving SUPERCHLON® 822S into THN (1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene) to yield a 20% solution of SUPERCHLON® 822S by weight. This solution was added to a weighed quantity of silica aerogel (SilCRON® G-130, 300 m2 /g, SCM Corporation, this aerogel was surface modified to improve dispersion in the ink solvent). Enough solution was added to the silica aerogel to yield a binder to silica ratio of 35/65 by weight. This paste was blended on a three roll mill. During the milling operation, the solvent composition was adjusted to optimize the ink viscosity for subsequent screen printing. Typically, the solvent content of the ink ranges from 60% to 95% by mass.
The above ink was screen printed in a rectangular pattern (3.4 cm×5.4 cm) onto a rectangular LiMn2 O4 cathode (3.0 cm×5.0 cm). The separator overlapped the cathode on all sides by 0.2 cm. The cathode consisted of 82% by weight LiMn2 O4 (EM Industries Inc., Hawthorne, N.Y.), 10% by weight carbon (Shawinigan Black®, Chevron Chemical Co., Houston, Tex.), and 8% by weight SUPERCHLON® 822S. The cathode was bonded to an aluminum foil current collector. The separator ink was then dried in a vacuum oven at 110° C. for 16 hours.
After this heating process, the thickness of the separator was measured with a micrometer. The separator was 41μ thick. The anode consisted of 84% by weight coke carbon (XP calcined coke, Conoco Inc., Ponca City, Okla.), 8% by weight carbon (Shawinigan Black®, Chevron Chemical Co., Houston, Tex.), and 8% by weight SUPERCHLON® 822S. The anode was bonded to a copper foil current collector. The complete electrochemical cell was placed into a laminated plastic envelope (Class PPD, Shield Pack Inc., West Monroe, La.). The aluminum foil cathode collector, and the copper foil anode current collector each extended beyond the outer edge of the plastic envelope so that these current collectors served as positive and negative terminals, respectively, of the cell once the envelope was sealed. Electrolyte (1.0 M LiClO4 in a solvent mixture consisting of 2 parts by volume ethylene carbonate and one part dimethyl carbonate) was injected into the plastic envelope, and the envelope was thermally sealed. The specific ionic resistance of the electrolyte filled separator was computed from the measured complex impedance (at zero reactance) of the Al/cathode/separator/anode/Cu cell. The complex impedance of this cell is shown in FIG. 3. The efficiency for ionic conduction in the separator is represented as the ratio ρ0 /ρ, where ρ0 is the specific resistivity of the electrolyte and ρ is the measured specific resistivity of the electrolyte filled separator. For this cell ρ0 /ρ=0.19. The cell was charged at a constant current of 30 mA to a cutoff voltage of 4.15 Volts, and was then discharged at a constant current of 300 mA to a cutoff voltage of 3.2 volts, all as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. This charge/discharge cycle was repeated for 22,000 cycles. The discharge energy delivered for each cycle is shown in FIG. 4. For the period of this test, no deterioration in performance was observed.
Hence, although the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention has shown, described and pointed out the features of the invention, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form of the detail of the apparatus and method as illustrated as well as the uses thereof, may be made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Consequently, the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the foregoing discussions, but should be defined by the appended claims.