Community<br />Garden<br />A Case Study<br />June 2004<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />i<br />Contents<br />1 Summary iii<br />2 Introduction 1<br />2.1 Structure of the Report 1<br />2.2 Background to the Case Study 1<br />2.3 Objectives of the Case Study 2<br />2.4 Key Research Questions 2<br />2.5 Research Methodology 3<br />3 Community Gardens in Australia 5<br />3.1 Summary 5<br />3.2 What is Community Gardening? 5<br />3.3 History of Community Gardening 6<br />3.4 The Australian Community Gardens Network 7<br />3.5 Benefits of Community Gardening 8<br />4 The Gilles Plains Community Garden 11<br />4.1 Summary 11<br />4.2 Social and Geographic Context 12<br />4.3 Project Origin, Scope and Scale 12<br />4.4 Objectives of the Community Garden 13<br />4.5 Chronology 15<br />5 How does your Garden Grow? 16<br />5.1 Summary 16<br />5.2 How the Community Garden Works 16<br />5.3 Achievements of the Community Garden 21<br />5.4 Articulating a Program Theory for the Community Garden 26<br />5.5 Looking Ahead: Sustainability, Replication & Other Lessons 30<br />6 References 32<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />ii<br />Acknowledgments<br />This evaluation report would not have been possible without the assistance and input of<br />a number of individuals and groups. Many thanks to the South Australian Family and<br />Community Services Office in Adelaide, and in particular the Stronger Families and<br />Communities Strategy Project Officer, Meredith Lee, who kindly gave of her time to<br />participate in the study.<br />Julie Coulls and Liz Hetzel from the Adelaide Central Community Health Service helped<br />to facilitate the site visit and group interview held at the community garden in Gilles<br />Plains. They also contributed their valuable time to be interviewed and went beyond the<br />call of duty to make me feel welcome. Many of the early photos contained in this report<br />were provided by Julie, and for that I thank her. They provide a valuable ‘before and<br />after’ view of the project.<br />Finally, and most importantly, to the many and various individuals from the garden group<br />who took part in this study I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude for the<br />enthusiasm and vigour with which you approached the task. It is not always easy to talk<br />with a complete stranger about your perceptions and experiences of a project you hold<br />dear, but you were able to express your thoughts with honesty and clarity -thankyou.<br />Brad Astbury<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />iii<br />1 Summary<br />The Australian Government’s Stronger Families and Communities Strategy is funding<br />over 600 projects to help build family and community capacity to deal with challenges<br />and take advantages of opportunities.<br />Capacity, at a community level, refers to the potential for action arising out of the<br />interplay between human capital (levels of skills, knowledge and health status), social<br />and institutional capital (leadership, motivation, networks) and economic capital (local<br />services, infrastructure and resources).<br />The Gilles Plains Community Garden, a<br />project that received funding under the<br />Strategy, provides insights into how this<br />capacity can be developed, and then used<br />for a series of activities. These insights<br />are relevant to a broad range of capacity<br />building projects, not just to community<br />gardens. In this project, some of the<br />capacity was very tangible – the physical<br />infrastructure of the garden- but some<br />was less tangible but equally important –<br />the human capital of skills and knowledge; and the developing social capital of networks<br />and trust.<br />The case study describes how the project was developed and implemented, its shortterm<br />outcomes, and the potential for further outcomes through further use of the capacity<br />developed in the program. It analyzes the factors that are seen to have been important<br />in its success, including significant time and attention to planning and consultation,<br />appropriate physical location, the development of effective partnerships, and building on<br />previous developments.<br />The case study also analyses the contribution of the Strategy to the observed outcome.<br />In projects such as these involving multiple activities and funders, support from the<br />Strategy (through funding and assistance during project development and<br />implementation) has been a necessary component, and effective in combination with<br />others’ efforts.<br />A garden provides a useful metaphor for other capacity-building projects. Successful<br />gardens and projects require thorough preparation and durable infrastructure. Once the<br />initial construction has been<br />completed, it creates opportunities for<br />a range of new activities and<br />involvements.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />1<br />2 Introduction<br />2.1 Structure of the Report<br />This introductory chapter provides an overview of the evaluation framework for this case<br />study, including: a brief review of the background to the case study and its relationship to<br />the national evaluation of the Stronger Families and Communities Strategy; a discussion<br />of the evaluation objectives, questions and methodologies; and finally, an overview of<br />the structure and content of this report.<br />Chapter Three discusses previous conceptual and empirical work on community<br />gardens, while Chapter Four describes the Gilles Plains community garden in<br />northeastern Adelaide. Chapter Five brings these together to analyse how the garden<br />works to achieve the intended outcomes.<br />Chapter Six brings together the themes identified in previous chapters of the report to<br />highlight key implications for the Stronger Families and Communities Strategy, and for<br />the following stages in the evaluation.<br />2.2 Background to the Case Study<br />Through the $225 million Stronger Families and Communities Strategy, the Australian<br />Government is providing funding and support for projects to strengthen families and<br />communities, with particular focus on those at risk of social, economic and geographic<br />isolation. A national evaluation of the Strategy is being conducted by a consortium of<br />organisations led by RMIT University Collaborative Institute for Research, Consulting<br />and Learning in Evaluation (CIRCLE), including BearingPoint, Performance<br />Improvement, and Curtin University Consulting Services (which is responsible for the<br />Indigenous component of the evaluation).<br />The Strategy, which was launched in 2000, represents a new and groundbreaking policy<br />direction that focuses on prevention, early intervention and capacity building initiatives to<br />help support and strengthen Australian families and communities. The Strategy includes<br />funding over 600 projects across Australia. The Strategy represents an innovation in<br />government policy that focuses on assisting local communities to work together in<br />addressing factors that impact on the healthy development of Australian families and<br />communities.<br />The Strategy is underpinned by a set of eight key principles<br />!"
working together in partnerships<br />!"
encouraging a preventative and early intervention approach<br />!"
supporting people through life transitions<br />!"
developing better integrated and coordinated services<br />!"
developing local solutions to local problems<br />!"
building capacity<br />!"
using the evidence and looking to the future, and<br />!"
making the investment count.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />2<br />2.3 Objectives of the Case Study<br />As part of a larger evaluation of the Strategy a number of case studies of specific<br />projects or communities are being conducted. This report presents the results from a<br />case study of the Gilles Plains Community Garden in South Australia (‘the Community<br />Garden’). Field work including interviews and site visits were undertaken over two days<br />between 31st July and 1st August 2003.<br />The objectives of this case study of the Gilles Plains Community Garden were:<br />!"
To document the processes and outcomes of a project seen to have been<br />particularly successful, and analyse the factors influencing outcomes, particularly<br />the sustainability of these outcomes;<br />!"
To explore particularly the issues of combined funding from multiple sources and<br />causal attribution in such circumstances; and<br />!"
To work with evaluation audiences to develop a form of case study report that will<br />be most useful for informing future policy and practice.<br />Within this framework of objectives for the evaluation, emphasis was placed on the<br />question of ‘what works for whom and why in relation to strategic interventions designed<br />to strengthen families and communities’- focussing on the mechanisms acting in context<br />that generate particular outcomes for families and communities.<br />2.4 Key Research Questions<br />The following key research questions for the Community Garden project were derived<br />from information available in program documentation, a review of the literature on<br />community gardens and documents concerning the national evaluation of the Stronger<br />Families and Community Strategy. The evaluation questions, with further elaboration in<br />brackets, are as follows:<br />!"
What are the major features of the Community Garden project and how does it<br />‘work’? (The activities and processes)<br />!"
In what way is the Community Garden benefiting individuals, families,<br />organisations and communities in the short term, and how likely are these to be<br />sustained in the medium and long term? (The outcomes)<br />!"
How has the Community Garden produced these outcomes? (Causal<br />mechanisms)<br />!"
In what ways does the context in which the Community Garden operates<br />encourage or undermine its impact on families and communities? (The<br />relationship between the mechanism, outcome and context)<br />!"
What role has the Stronger Families and Communities Strategy played in the<br />development, implementation and impact of the Community Garden? (The<br />attribution of outcomes to the Strategy)<br />!"
In particular, how has the Strategy contributed to a project with multiple funding<br />sources and partnerships?<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />3<br />!"
How, where and for whom could the effects of the Community Garden be<br />replicated? (The transferability and other implications for the Stronger Families<br />and Communities Strategy).<br />2.5 Research Methodology<br />A qualitative approach to data collection was undertaken to address the evaluation<br />objectives outlined previously. Three data sources were relied upon in this case study:<br />document review; site visit; and interviews.<br />Document Review<br />The case study was informed by: the literature on community gardens; Australian<br />Bureau of Statistics census data on the Gilles Plains region; FaCS project files, policy<br />and strategic documents held in the Adelaide office and on the FaCS project database<br />including informal reports to FaCS; and data from the project questionnaire.<br />Documentary sources were used to:<br />!"
Identify relevant groups and individuals to interview;<br />!"
Provide background information about the region;<br />!"
Provide specific data about the Community Garden and other Strategy projects,<br />as originally planned and as actually implemented;<br />!"
Provide relevant information about Strategy policy at a local and national level;<br />!"
Triangulate (confirm) data collected from other sources; and<br />!"
Identify particular issues and concerns for individual and group discussion (see<br />below).<br />Site Visit<br />With the consent of the auspicing organisations, a site visit to the South Australian State<br />Office in Adelaide and the Community Garden in Gilles Plains (a northern suburb of<br />Adelaide) was undertaken between 31st July and 1st of August, 2003.<br />The primary purpose of the site visits was to conduct group and individual interviews<br />with stakeholders (see below) and take photographs of project activities for inclusion in<br />the case study report.<br />The site visit to the Community Garden was also important for understanding how the<br />geography and architecture of the site has potentially influenced project developments<br />and it provided an opportunity to observe the use of the garden by various groups.<br />A research journal was kept to record important observations and experiences whilst<br />undertaking the field work for the evaluation. These notes facilitated data triangulation<br />and formed an important part of the overall body of data collected and analysed for<br />inclusion in this report.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />4<br />Interviews<br />In-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face individual and group interviews were conducted<br />with a range of key stakeholders involved in the planning, support and operation of the<br />various activities around the Community Garden. The interviews and consultations were<br />largely undertaken during the site visits, although there was some initial planning and<br />consulting work with key informants prior to the fieldwork in South Australia.<br />Overall, approximately 25 to 30 people, all adults, participated in this case study.<br />Participants were drawn from the following agencies, services and groups who have<br />played a role in the planning and implementation of the Community Garden:<br />!"
The Adelaide Central Community Health Service;<br />!"
South Australian FaCS Office;<br />!"
The Gilles Plains Community Campus incorporating the Health Service, Anglican<br />Church (Anglican Nunga Ministry), Child Care Centre, Community House and<br />Primary School.<br />!"
Representatives from the Gilles Plains Community Garden Group including the<br />Community Campus (above), Aboriginal Reference Group, North Eastern<br />Community Assistance Program and the Domestic Violence Support Group.<br />The interviews were conducted with the informed consent of participants and when<br />practicable tape-recorded to facilitate analysis. The interviews typically last one to two<br />hours and were structured to explore in detail issues associated with: the history,<br />development and implementation of the Community Garden; perceptions of the short,<br />medium and long term impact of the Community Garden on individual, family,<br />organisational and community strength and well-being; relationship to the overall<br />Strategy; and finally, recommendations for program replication and ongoing<br />sustainability of outcomes.<br />Participation in the interviews was entirely voluntary and participants were required to<br />sign a consent form prior to the interview. To ensure anonymity and confidentiality,<br />participant comments are not attributed to particular individuals.<br />Data Analysis and Reporting<br />Analysis of qualitative data was ongoing before, during and after the data collection<br />phase. This approach allows data and theory to interact in an iterative way so that theory<br />can emerge through induction rather than traditional deductive processes such as a<br />priori hypothesis testing.<br />The reporting of participant data has given priority to the voices and experiences of<br />those who took part in this study. Quotations (without attribution to specific individuals)<br />are used to add depth, richness and authenticity to the analysis contained in this report.<br />Recorded observations from the field journal, photographs and other documentary<br />sources are used either as supporting evidence, or where necessary to contest the<br />views expressed by participants during individual and group discussions.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />5<br />3 Community Gardens in Australia<br />3.1 Summary<br />This chapter discusses the specific features of community gardens, and their different<br />intended outcomes. It begins by defining what is meant by the term ‘community garden’<br />then discusses the history, development and current status of community gardens in<br />Australia and closes with a discussion of the reported benefits of community gardening.<br />In the past community gardens were seen as an important way to alleviate food<br />shortages in times of depression and war. Interest in community gardening declined<br />during the post-war boom period where economic prosperity reduced the necessity for<br />gardens, although environmental concerns helped to ensure their survival.<br />In the past 15 years there has been renewed attention directed towards community<br />gardening projects with support from governments (particularly local government) who<br />have begun to recognise the potential value and benefits of using gardens as a costeffective<br />tool for individual, family and community building (Grayson & Campbell, 2000).<br />This shift in focus from food supply and environmental benefits to a range of medium<br />and longer term health, psycho-social and economic benefits has helped to boost the<br />number of community gardens currently operating in Australia from one in 1977 to over<br />forty today (Phillips, 1996).<br />However, because these changes have occurred only recently there has been little work<br />undertaken to better understand how community gardens work to achieve positive<br />outcomes for individuals, families and communities. The case study of a community<br />garden located at the Gilles Plains Community Campus in Adelaide focuses to some<br />extent on these particular issues to do with community gardens, and to some extent<br />serves as a more general examples of a capacity-building project.<br />3.2 What is Community Gardening?<br />The Australian Community Gardens Network (2003) provides a useful starting point for<br />exploring the concept of community gardening. They define community gardens as<br />‘places where people come together to grow fresh food, to learn, relax and make new<br />friends.’<br />Community gardens can be further classified on the basis of how the gardening is<br />conducted – either on a shared basis (communal garden) or on an individual basis<br />(allotment garden).<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />6<br />However, this broad description does not account for the range of different ways in<br />which community gardens manifest in local neighbourhoods1. Projects vary considerably<br />in range and size from large-scale urban farms that occupy significant areas of land and<br />offer a plethora of activities to small-scale community allotments on restricted areas of<br />vacant or unused public or private land (Eliott, 1983).<br />Crabtree (1999) examined eight community gardens in and around Sydney and found<br />significant variations in ‘complexity, diversity and overlap in their members, structures,<br />philosophies and interactions’ (p. 66). For example, the Women’s Community Garden in<br />Marrickville is a 0.25 hectare communal site with a small group of around ten members<br />who manage the garden on an ad hoc basis. In contrast, the Angel Street Permaculture<br />Garden is a 1 hectare site with a well established management structure. New members<br />must undertake an initial process involving a tour by a core gardener and the provision<br />of the five-year plan for the garden. Gardeners meet on Saturday mornings and harvests<br />are shared communally.<br />It is clear though, that community gardening is simply one form of urban agriculture. The<br />common feature of urban agriculture is the production of living vegetation (food, flowers,<br />herbs and so on) within an urban (usually city) setting. This process is experienced<br />through local networks which encompass not only the practical aspects of cultivation,<br />harvest and distribution but more importantly, the social dimension of collective<br />interaction. (Brisbin, 2002).<br />3.3 History of Community Gardening<br />The idea of community gardening originated in Britain during the 18th, and in particular<br />19th centuries, where plots of land referred to as allotments were made available under<br />the Allotments Act (1887) to the labouring poor for the production of vegetables and<br />flowers (Gelsi, 1999; Hunt, 2002; Eliott, 1983).<br />The practice of community garden among urban working class spread throughout<br />industrial countries including much of Europe and the United States in the 1800s (Coe,<br />1978). In comparison, the history of community gardens in Australia has no legislative<br />foundation, but can be traced back to the Second World War when food shortages and<br />economic depression prompted the government to encourage families to work together<br />in ‘Victory Gardens’ to produce fruits and vegetables for the table (Hunt, 2002).<br />Despite an initial post-war decline, growing public awareness of environmental issues<br />coupled with an escalation of high-density housing in Western cities re-fuelled the<br />demand for community gardens. Over the last three decades, many neglected vacant<br />lots in the modern urban environment have been transformed into thriving gardens. For<br />example, a 1996 survey reported that over 6,000 community gardens are operating in<br />the United States (Hunt, 2002; Schukoske, 2000).<br />1 Community gardens have been defined in a variety of different ways. For a review see Schukoske (2000,<br />p. 355).<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />7<br />The first Australian community garden was established in 1977 in Nunawading,<br />Melbourne2. The development of the garden was driven by Dr Gavan Oakley, then a<br />local councillor who felt that the garden would benefit both older and younger members<br />of the community by reducing social isolation and providing unemployed young people<br />with something to do. Management of the garden is the responsibility of a voluntary<br />users’ committee and both communal and individual plots are provided at a small cost to<br />members (Eliott, 1983; Hering, 1995).<br />The Nunawading garden is seen to be an extremely successful and innovative<br />community development project that has provided a working model on which many<br />subsequent gardens in Australia have based their ventures.<br />3.4 The Australian Community Gardens Network<br />The Australian Community Gardens Network3 (ACGN) was established in 1994 by<br />Darren Phillips as a result of a study he conducted on community gardens in Australia<br />which identified a lack of communication among various gardens, who were acting<br />independently of each other rather than sharing information and providing support<br />(Crabtree, 1999).<br />The role of the ACGN has evolved over time to encompass a range of activities other<br />than simply making connections. According to information on the website, the ACGN is<br />an informal, community-based organisation linking people interested in community<br />gardening across Australia that aims to promote the benefits of community gardening<br />and facilitate the development and maintenance of gardens through information<br />dissemination and advice.<br />State coordinators help to facilitate interaction and communication among various<br />community gardens as well as advocate and mediate in negotiations on behalf of<br />gardens (e.g. to local regulatory bodies) and provide advice to those interested in<br />developing a community garden in their area.<br />The ACGN maintains a website that includes information about the network, the history<br />of community gardens in Australia, tips on how to plan and start a community garden, a<br />list of contacts and stories about the community garden experience as well as useful<br />links to research, policy and practice in the area of community gardening.<br />Increased involvement by State governments in facilitating community garden<br />development in and around housing estates and development of state community<br />garden organisations has implications for the future of the ACGN as a central coordinator4.<br />2 Although there is some confusion here, as another source identities the Collingwood Community Garden<br />(est. 1979) as being the first (Hunt, 2002, p. 153).<br />3 Formerly the Australian City Farms and Community Gardens Network<br />4 See the notice on the ACGN website http://www.magna.com.au/~pacedge/garden/index.html (Accessed<br />on 23/7/03).<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />8<br />3.5 Benefits of Community Gardening<br />The community garden literature is replete with examples of the environmental, health,<br />psychological, social and economic benefits that community garden can provide across<br />a range of individual, family and community domains.<br />Environmental<br />Research has found that a significant proportion of land in the average city lies vacant<br />and unused because of population and residential shifts due to de-industrialisation,<br />irregular, undeveloped or small land size and changing perceptions of desirable housing<br />(Schukoske, 2000).<br />Community gardens can directly contribute to improving the urban environment because<br />they ‘bring derelict land into productive use, regreen streetscapes and increase wildlife<br />habitat’ (Grayson & Campbell, 2000, p. 2). They also help to promote awareness of<br />organic gardening and permaculture principles that aim to encourage sustainable use of<br />the environment (Crabtree, 1999).<br />Health<br />Community gardening is an active pursuit that brings a range of physical health benefits.<br />There is evidence, for example, to suggest that by growing some of their own fresh fruit<br />and vegetables individuals and families increase their consumption of nutritious food and<br />decrease their consumption of sweet foods and drinks (Blair, Giesecke & Sherman,<br />1991).<br />In Australia, gardening remains one of the most popular leisure pursuits and is a<br />recommended form of physical activity. The exercise associated with gardening has<br />been found to provide significant benefits to individual health such as reduced<br />cholesterol and blood pressure (Hunt, 2002; Armstrong, 2000).<br />One study found that characteristics of community gardens such as social support, an<br />emphasis on informal networks and community organising through empowerment offer<br />an important mechanism for public health promotion in social and economically<br />disadvantaged communities (Armstong, 2000).<br />Psychological<br />There is an extensive history of the use of community gardens to improve psychological<br />well-being, often through horticulture therapy which has been used in prison and mental<br />health settings as a form of rehabilitation. A number of studies have explored the<br />psychological benefits of gardening and found that it has the potential to relieve anxiety,<br />depression and promote relaxation through nature-based activity (see for example, Coe,<br />1978; Kaplan, 1973; McBey, 1985).<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />9<br />Other important psychological aspects of community gardens are the ability to<br />encourage learning and growth among individuals as well as facilitate community<br />education. It has been suggested that learning to grow plants stimulates the mind and<br />adds to an individual’s knowledge and skill base. Community gardening can also assist<br />in community education about waste management, composting, recycling water<br />reduction and organic gardening. A number of community gardens have been used as<br />learning venues by local schools, TAFE and universities.<br />Social<br />Research on community gardening suggests that it acts as an important trigger for<br />releasing mechanisms such as social interaction and cooperation that produce a variety<br />of positive outcomes for individuals and communities.<br />Both Grayson & Campbell (2000) and Brisbin (2002) have found that community workers<br />in Australia are increasingly using community gardens as a community development tool<br />rather than for simply improving access to food or nutritional health5.<br />In a review of the social benefits of community gardening, Schukoske (2000) notes that<br />community gardens have the potential to transform vacant lots which pose a hazard to<br />the community and attract antisocial behaviour into places which foster a spirit of<br />community co-operation and improve ‘social capital’6.<br />Schukoske (2000) identifies a range of social objectives that community gardens might<br />help to achieve. These can be grouped into the following four categories:<br />!"
An increase in community cohesiveness and capacity;<br />!"
Foster collaboration and interaction among local residents from a diverse range<br />of backgrounds, thereby reducing discrimination;<br />!"
The promotion of self-respect in residents of low-income neighbourhoods; and<br />!"
A reduction in the levels of criminal activity by reducing opportunity and creating<br />defensible space7.<br />Kuo & Sullivan (2001), who investigated public housing development in Chicago found<br />that apartment buildings surrounded by vegetation reported significantly lower personal<br />and property crime, and concluded:<br />Greenery helps people to relax and renew, reducing aggression. Green spaces<br />bring people together outdoors. Their presence increases surveillance and<br />discourages criminals. The green and groomed appearance of an apartment<br />building is a cue that owners and residents care about a property, and watch<br />over it and each other (p. 343).<br />5 This reflects trends in the use of community gardens in the Unites States (see for example The American<br />Community Gardening Association, 2003).<br />6 The term ‘social capital’ refers to aspects of social organisation such as networks, norms, an social trust<br />that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit (Putman, 1993).<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />10<br />Community gardens are social venues where people can gather and meet new people,<br />establish new partnerships and work together toward a common goal. Clearly then,<br />community gardening needs to be conceived as an inherently social activity that involves<br />processes of negotiation, shared decision-making, interaction and problem-solving.<br />These processes can help to build and strengthen family and community relations<br />(Phillips, 1996).<br />Economic<br />Community gardens have been traditionally used as a means for low-income, urban<br />families (often newly arrived migrants) to increase access to food supplies, particularly<br />during periods of economic depression and war. One study estimated that savings of<br />between $50 and $250 dollars (US) per season in food costs could be made for people<br />who participated in community gardens (Hlubik, Hamm, Winokur & Baron, 1994 as cited<br />in Anderson, 2000).<br />Another economic benefit of community gardens is their potential to provide a base for<br />job creation and job skill training opportunities. For example, many TAFE institutes utilise<br />gardens for conducting classes on horticulture that may lead to future employment in the<br />area for students (Eliott, 1983).<br />Through promoting local, sustainable food systems and improving job skills through<br />training, community gardens may have a positive impact on local and national<br />economies.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />11<br />4 The Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />4.1 Summary<br />This chapter provides a background and context to the Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />initiative. The project is examined along several key dimensions that can be grouped into<br />the following categories: social and geographic context, project origin, scope and scale,<br />project objectives and a chronology of the project.<br />The Community Garden is located in Gilles Plains, which is a culturally diverse suburb of<br />Adelaide that has traditionally been disadvantaged in economic terms. The garden has<br />been built on a small area of land (40 square metres) that was previously an asphalt car<br />park. It is centrally placed within a collection of services known as the Gilles Plains<br />Community Campus.<br />[Before March 2000]<br />The project emerged from the community, which saw the potential for doing something<br />productive with the car park to strengthen links between local residents, the services<br />around the campus and local government. Broad objectives focus on promoting cultural<br />awareness, building community capacity and improving social interaction and<br />connectedness.<br />The project is typical of many small-scale, communal gardens that operate in Australia. It<br />is reported that a diverse and growing range of groups use the garden including some<br />regular groups such as the primary school, child care centre and health outreach<br />service. There is continual use by local residents, both families and individuals.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />12<br />4.2 Social and Geographic Context<br />The community garden is a 40 square metre area located in the middle of a community<br />campus, which incorporates a health outreach service, a church, a community house, a<br />childcare centre and a primary school. The land is owned by the South Australian<br />Department of Education, Training and Employment, but leased by the health service.<br />The garden is situated in Gilles Plains a north eastern suburb of Adelaide that occupies<br />an area of 1.8 square kilometres. Gilles Plains is a low SES area with a significant<br />amount of high-density housing and despite recent redevelopments remains highly<br />disadvantaged in economic terms. The project falls within the Strategy Targeting<br />Framework for South Australia for areas considered to be in most need of assistance.<br />According to 2001 census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2002) there are<br />3,108 persons living in Gilles Plains with a sizeable proportion (3%) identifying that they<br />are of Aboriginal descent. Around 23% of residents were born overseas from countries<br />such as United Kingdom, Vietnam, Germany, Philippines and the Republic of South<br />Korea.<br />A little over 14% of residents are aged 65 years and over and most residents earn less<br />than $400 a week, with around 4% indicating negative or nil income. Approximately 13%<br />of households were single-parent families with children under 15 years of age and over<br />23% of residents live in State Housing Authority dwellings.<br />4.3 Project Origin, Scope and Scale<br />The project evolved as a result of discussions over the years by various individuals and<br />local groups who saw the potential for doing something productive with the car park to<br />strengthen links between the services around the campus and promote reconciliation. It<br />was seen to be a practical way of involving service groups, the Aboriginal community<br />and local residents in a non-threatening environment – ‘all the groups were there but noone<br />was really talking’ because there was not common ground to interact.<br />The Adelaide Central Community Health Service played a key role in mobilising and<br />engendering feedback from the community through various workshops, letterbox drops<br />to local residents and attendance and community events. In particular, the health service<br />had experience in applying for funding. The Garden was 18 months in the planning from<br />conception to commencing Garden construction.<br />In addition to Stronger Families and Communities Strategy funding through the<br />Strategy’s ‘Local Solutions to Local Problems’ Initiative, the garden was also funded<br />through numerous other sources including the Port Adelaide-Enfield Council and the<br />South Australian Housing Trust. In-kind support was also provided from local businesses<br />and research was undertaken by the Urban Forest Biodiversity Group.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />13<br />Total initial funding of the Garden was $37,260 with the SFCS portion being $20,470.<br />The bulk of the SFCS funding was used for establishing the garden infrastructure which<br />involved bitumen removal and dumping, garden loam, irrigation, paving, equipment<br />community education and training.<br />[June 2000]<br />The target group for the project includes disadvantaged families and community<br />members in the Gilles Plains area including older people, school children and<br />Indigenous persons, although the garden is open to all members of the community.<br />The potential number of recipients to be assisted through the Garden project is<br />estimated to be at least 100 to 200 people, chiefly comprising the groups who utilise the<br />services of the campus as well as local residents.<br />In the process of developing and implementing the community garden project,<br />considerable effort was made to form and involve multiple partners. Significant links<br />were established with local Indigenous groups, various community agencies and<br />businesses to facilitate the planning of the garden. Allowing sufficient time for planning,<br />the formation of partnerships and community mobilisation was identified as a critical<br />ingredient in the achievement of intended outcomes.<br />4.4 Objectives of the Community Garden<br />The community garden aims to improve the local community through greater<br />understanding of each other and the environment, and to provide an important<br />opportunity to explore the relationship between personal well-being and the<br />environment.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />14<br />More specifically, the stated objectives of the garden include:<br />!"
To create a practical reconciliation project where local Indigenous and non-<br />Indigenous people can work together<br />!"
To create a beautiful and productive community garden which acts as a focus for<br />cultural and educational activities – a place for people to meet, rest, reflect and<br />play<br />!"
To encourage local people to work together on community projects and thereby<br />strengthening community connections<br />!"
To provide community members with opportunities to train in garden<br />development and maintenance<br />!"
To enhance local knowledge of native plants and how they are traditionally used<br />by Indigenous people<br />!"
To give local school children the opportunity to learn about plants and gardening,<br />particularly in relation to their Indigenous and Italian cultural studies programs,<br />and<br />!"
To provide a focus for the school’s Gardening Club and Environmental Club.<br />During interviews with program staff and<br />community garden participants these formal<br />objectives were elaborated to include the<br />following:<br />!"
breaking down barriers and sharing<br />Aboriginal culture with the community;<br />!"
getting rid of an eyesore and creating a<br />lovely, peaceful place to be in;<br />!"
learning about gardening, the plants and<br />good food;<br />!"
encouraging others to garden as well –<br />especially the school children;<br />!"
to create space and remove an eyesore<br />that was hot in the summer and cold in the<br />winter; and,<br />!"
people coming together regardless of<br />race.<br />[Laying paving July 2002]<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />15<br />4.5 Chronology<br />The following chronology shows clearly how Strategy funding built on previous work, and<br />helped to create a basis for further activities.<br />Stages Key Project Events Comments<br />2000<br />Before funding<br />under the<br />Strategy<br />Local community garden<br />in the community garden<br />at the North Eastern<br />Community House (later<br />demolished during<br />building redevelopment)<br />provided a precedent<br />example<br />Community mobilisation<br />and planning<br />Support and some<br />funding secured from<br />local agencies<br />Formation of Community<br />Garden Working Group<br />Considerable time and resources were<br />invested into planning the garden prior<br />to funding being sought and received<br />from FaCS. This has been identified as<br />a critical factor in the achievement of<br />outcomes.<br />There is an element of continuity<br />between the previous and the new<br />community gardens with the North<br />Eastern Community House forming part<br />of the Gilles Plains Community Campus<br />within which the new Gilles Plains<br />Community Garden has been located.<br />In addition, the Tool Bank from the<br />previous community garden was<br />transferred to the Gilles Plains<br />Community Garden.<br />2001<br />August<br />Project<br />approved<br />October<br />Contract created<br />December<br />First Payment<br />Earthworks completed<br />Blessing Ceremony<br />Garden planted<br />This project experienced delays in<br />receiving its first payment due to<br />difficulties at the contract stage.<br />They were able to maintain momentum<br />due to support from local partners, who<br />underwrote costs while the project<br />waited for payment. Without this<br />practical support, this could have<br />significantly delayed and jeopardised<br />the project.<br />2002<br />March<br />Receipt of final<br />report<br />April<br />Final payment<br />Continued development<br />of various sections of the<br />garden<br />Weekly gathering and<br />formal monthly meetings<br />to plan activities and<br />events<br />Funding sought for future<br />developments<br />Effective management of community<br />support is needed for project<br />maintenance to ensure that initial<br />enthusiasm does not diminish.<br />It may be necessary to monitor project<br />developments following the injection of<br />FaCS funding.<br />2003<br />Beyond Strategy<br />funding<br />Consolidation of program<br />successes through<br />implementation of<br />community arts project &<br />meeting/performance<br />space<br />The ongoing commitment to further<br />development of the garden<br />demonstrates that sustainable capacity<br />has been developed.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />16<br />5 How does your Garden Grow?<br />5.1 Summary<br />This chapter provides an outline of the major inputs, activities and components of the<br />Community Garden to illustrate how the project works to achieve intended outcomes.<br />This process is represented diagrammatically in a program logic model.<br />Overall, it can be seen from the evidence presented that the project has and should<br />continue to enjoy considerable success. To a large extent this can be attributed to the<br />dedication, forward thinking and enthusiasm of both the community and a number of key<br />professionals who were able to draw on their skills in community development to bring<br />people together, harness community energy and secure funding from various sources to<br />implement a community garden that benefits individuals, families, organisations and the<br />local community.<br />The chapter is divided into four sections, including: a description of how the project<br />works; project outcomes and impact; an articulated program theory; and finally, issues<br />relating to replication and the future sustainability of the Garden. The results presented<br />below seek to address the objectives and questions of the case study and are based on<br />interview data, documentary sources and the site visit.<br />5.2 How the Community Garden Works<br />Components of the Garden<br />The community garden has been named ‘Kurruru Pingyarendi’ which translates to<br />Turning Circle. The name symbolises ‘themes of reflection, looking at things from<br />different angles, coming together and harmony’ (Community Garden Evaluation Report,<br />2002, p.1).<br />There are six main aspects of the community garden: an Indigenous section; a herb<br />garden; a vegetable patch and fruit trees; a sensory garden, community artworks and a<br />meeting area/performance space. These areas provide a focal point for the various<br />activities conducted at the garden and are connected by a paved brick pathway which<br />winds throughout.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />17<br />The Indigenous section has been constructed to reflect both the strong cultural heritage<br />of the local Kaurna people and original<br />biodiversity of the area prior to<br />European settlement. This area of the<br />garden includes a frog pond, provides<br />a habitat for native fauna and helps to<br />conserve water. It also serves to<br />promote awareness of and respect for<br />the traditional culture of the<br />Indigenous people who live in the<br />area. For example, reeds planted in<br />the section were harvested and used<br />to conduct a basket weaving class.<br />The herb garden is laid out into the shape<br />of a wheel and includes herbs used by a<br />wide range of cultures. As an example of<br />how this section has been used, children<br />at the local primary school have<br />experimented with growing, cultivating<br />and preparing various Italian herbs for use<br />in home economics.<br />The vegetable garden and fruit tree<br />section is chiefly used by the primary<br />school and the community garden group.<br />The area also comprises a small nursery<br />and three compost bins. Some of the<br />trees are still developing and not yielding<br />much fruit as yet. The small amount of<br />vegetables and fruit produced from the<br />garden are shared communally among<br />those affiliated with the garden. For<br />example, watermelon was distributed<br />among the school children in summer and<br />excess vegetables are provided to low-income families and other individuals in need.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />18<br />The sensory garden contains<br />a variety of fragrant and<br />scented plants such as<br />lemon balsam. Many<br />different groups utilise this<br />section, wandering through<br />and taking in the variety of<br />smells that emanate. For<br />example, the domestic<br />violence support group use<br />the fragrant plants to make<br />scented things for their<br />homes.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />19<br />The final two sections of the garden– the community artworks and meeting/performance<br />space – are currently being developed. Funding has been successfully secured from<br />ARTS SA and the Port Adelaide/Enfield Council ($10, 000) to involve the local<br />community in creating mosaic, sculpture and art. Nunga women from the new Aboriginal<br />Community Centre (under development) have also expressed a strong interest in<br />becoming involved in the art project8. When completed, the meeting space will provide a<br />focus for social events.<br />Management Structures<br />The garden is managed on an inclusive philosophy by a 15 to 20 member Gilles Plains<br />Community Garden Group comprising representatives from the Adelaide Central<br />Community Health Service, the local Primary School, Child Care Centre, Aboriginal<br />Reference Group, Anglican Church, Community House, Domestic Violence Support<br />Group and local residents. The group has been meeting regularly since early 2000 to<br />plan the creation of the garden.<br />The garden group currently meets every Friday at the Gilles Plains Community Campus<br />health outreach building to plan activities, communicate news, work in the garden and<br />evaluate the project. A more formal meeting is held on the first Friday of each month.<br />These meetings are open to all interested individuals and groups.<br />A set of guidelines for bottom-up decision-making has been developed by the group as<br />well as a set of principles for the garden concept that focus on local ownership,<br />inclusiveness, tolerance, cultural awareness, equality and respect. The direction of the<br />garden is driven by local needs and interests.<br />Extensive consultation with the community is a significant part of the management<br />process. Strong links to the community and relevant agencies has been ongoing. For<br />example, the Gilles Plains Primary School has been involved in the development of a<br />worm farm, a food growing area at the old toilet blocks, a quilt based on the Turning<br />Circle concept of the garden, a display about the garden in the school, and the linking of<br />class curricula to the garden (e.g. science, maths and history). Parents from the school<br />community also take part in garden activities on a regular basis.<br />Research and evaluation to support the garden has included a survey of participants, a<br />resource library at the Community Health Outreach Centre, a large journal which<br />comprises photos and sketches of the process of developing the garden, visits to local<br />and interstate community gardens to learn about effective gardening techniques and the<br />involvement of various individuals who have provided advice and training.<br />8 The community arts project has been widely promoted in the local press and among groups associated<br />with the garden. The first session was held on Saturday the 2nd August – the day after the site visit was<br />conducted by the author (see attached flier).<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />20<br />Communication and Promotion<br />A range of strategies to raise awareness of the garden have been employed. A brochure<br />describing the garden and the principles underpinning the garden has been developed<br />by the working group members and disseminated in the local community. Several<br />articles have also been published in the local newspaper and community newsletters<br />(see appendix).<br />Members of the working group actively promote the garden at community events and<br />meetings of various service agencies. These occasions are also used to engender<br />feedback from stakeholders and local residents. The forums and consultations help to<br />inform current and future activities at the garden and ensure the sustainability of the<br />project by maintaining the number and extent of participant involvement.<br />Specific events are also held to promote awareness of the garden and its objectives. For<br />example, in August 2001 a Blessing Ceremony was attended by around 200 local<br />residents. The ceremony was used to formally open the garden and acknowledge<br />traditional ownership of the land.<br />Due to the gardens’ central proximity to a local residents and service groups, a<br />substantial amount of information also travels via word-of-mouth.<br />Training and Education Strategies<br />A diverse group of individuals and agencies have been involved in the design and<br />delivery of various training and education programs to promote sustainability of the<br />garden. The training programs are advertised through local networks and print media<br />and open to all interested parties.<br />Examples of training and educational programs that have been delivered include:<br />!"
A workshop on the history and significance of local Indigenous plants;<br />!"
A four week garden course aimed at equipping gardeners with practical skills in<br />garden development and maintenance;<br />!"
A workshop on back care in the garden run by a local physiotherapist;<br />!"
A four week course on irrigation design and practice; and<br />!"
A workshop on Occupation Health and Safety.<br />Additionally, the primary school has been able to successfully incorporate the garden<br />into curriculum. For example, teaching children about various plants and vegetables,<br />their history, uses and how they grow. Links have also been established with the local<br />high school and in the past training institutions have used the garden as an educational<br />venue for students to learn about horticulture.<br />On a more informal level, experienced gardeners have been able to impart their<br />knowledge about successful cultivation of plants, composting, irrigation and so on to less<br />experienced garden group members.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />21<br />5.3 Achievements of the Community Garden<br />This section draws on the perceptions and experiences of key stakeholders and garden<br />group members to understand the major outputs and outcomes that have emerged as a<br />result of community garden processes.<br />Intended Outputs<br />The SFCS Funding Agreement states that the SFCS funds would be used to achieve the<br />following outputs:<br />!"
To transform the identified area into a community garden which will become a<br />focus for local cultural, Indigenous, educational, artistic, environmental and<br />recreational activities.<br />!"
Training and support will be provided to community members in garden<br />development and maintenance, OH&S, landscaping, environmental and<br />conservation management.<br />!"
Community connections will be strengthened through local people working<br />together on the development of the garden, by exchanging knowledge, building<br />respect, awareness and understanding, creating tolerance, harmony and social<br />cohesion.<br />!"
The garden will be a practical reconciliation project where local Indigenous and<br />non-Indigenous can work together.<br />!"
The garden will be a site for Indigenous cultural education, including the<br />provision of information on local native plants, their healing properties and how<br />they have been utilised by Indigenous people.<br />!"
School children will have the opportunity to learn about plants and gardening,<br />particularly in relation to their Indigenous and Italian cultural studies programs.<br />Individual classes will tend to their own allotments creating a sense of ownership<br />and improving the children’s abilities to learn, interact and play. The garden will<br />enhance the school’s Gardening Club and Environmental Club.<br />!"
Local people with disabilities and children attending the Childcare Centre will be<br />involved with the interactive aspect of the gardening by taking part in planning,<br />design, planting and maintenance activities. (SFCS Funding Agreement, 2002).<br />It is clear from an examination of program documentation and discussions with<br />individuals involved in the garden that these basic ‘outputs’ have clearly been achieved.<br />A basic assessment of the community garden against the literature on successful<br />program implementation (e.g. Gunn, 1978; Hill, 1997; Sabatier & Mazmanium, 1979)<br />further suggests that the project effectively applied a bottom-up approach whereby<br />professional community development workers from the local health service engaged the<br />community who then played an active role in both developing and planning the garden<br />as well as putting the policy into practice (i.e. constructing the garden).<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />22<br />This helped to engender a sense of ownership in the project, ensure a clear<br />understanding and agreement upon aims and objectives and build a consensus among<br />relevant stakeholders. The context in which the garden was implemented was also<br />conducive, being well located among a group of committed service providers and<br />gaining the support of local government and business groups.<br />As a result of the energy and community enthusiasm devoted to the development and<br />implementation of the garden, individuals and key stakeholders were able to report a<br />range of positive outcomes. Many of the perceived benefits espoused by participants in<br />this study are reflected in the principles underpinning the SFCS (see Chapter One) as<br />well as the literature on community gardens (see Chapter Two).<br />Perceptions of Impact: What the Garden Means to Participants<br />Participants in the study were asked to comment on who the garden has benefited and<br />in what ways it has impacted on family and community capacity. The reported benefits<br />and impact can be discussed in relation to two broad outcome categories:<br />!"
Individual and family;<br />!"
Community and organisational.<br />Participants described a variety of benefits to individuals and families as a result of the<br />community garden in the areas of employment, education and training, personal and<br />social well being and health and nutrition.<br />The garden has provided an important educational and teaching resource for individuals<br />to improve their knowledge and skills in gardening and other related areas. For example,<br />the school principal explained that students are actively involved in the garden and<br />teachers use it as an effective tool to learn about the history and culture of the area,<br />biology and science of plant growth and practical aspects of food production and<br />preparation.<br />There are also possible individual<br />benefits of using the garden as a base<br />for job skills training. A worker from the<br />community health service recounted that<br />in the past there has been some<br />involvement from the local TAFE and<br />high school with further work planned for<br />the future. It is possible that for some<br />individuals and volunteers who work at<br />the garden the skills they acquire may<br />increase their likelihood of obtaining<br />employment in occupations such as<br />horticulture or landscaping.<br />A few participants spoke about the garden in a therapeutic sense. They mentioned how<br />the garden has helped in their personal development and given them a sense of wellbeing<br />and satisfaction by getting back to nature and working together to accomplish<br />something. The school counsellor finds that the garden is a non-threatening location to<br />bring children when they are in need of assistance as it can have a calming effect.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />23<br />Another young female respondent was effusive in her comments about the garden and<br />how it has given her a sense of belonging. She recalled that since being involved in the<br />garden group she has been able to overcome personal difficulties in her life including<br />depression – ‘the garden is now helping me to raise my own family’.<br />Many local families use the garden as an alternative form of recreation on the weekends.<br />For example, one respondent mentioned that she regularly takes here family to the<br />garden when they come to visit as it is a pleasant environment for them to relax and<br />share in each others company.<br />Health benefits were also reported by some participants, mainly in relation to the<br />exercise they obtain through working at the community garden rather than the fresh food<br />supply and nutrition benefits (unlike some allotment gardens, the Gilles Plains garden<br />does not produce high quantities of vegetables and fruit). There is potential though, for<br />the garden to change individual and family knowledge and attitudes that could modify<br />eating patterns toward more nutritious meals.<br />The second cluster of possible benefits raised by participants can be grouped into<br />outcomes for the community and organisations, including: enhancement of partnerships,<br />building capacity and social capital, improving the urban environment and reducing<br />antisocial behaviour.<br />In accordance with the<br />principles underpinning<br />the SFCS the garden has<br />reportedly facilitated both<br />the establishment of new<br />links to agencies and<br />individuals as well as<br />strengthened existing<br />partnerships. Much like<br />the plants that have been<br />cultivated in the garden<br />these partnerships have<br />taken considerable time<br />and nourishment to<br />develop. In most cases<br />they have been built<br />around principles of<br />reciprocity and good will.<br />The project has forged a<br />strong social coalition<br />and ‘brought all the<br />agencies at the campus<br />together when previously<br />they were acting rather<br />separately’.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />24<br />The advantage of working together to address complex social problems is illustrated well<br />in the following quote by a garden group member:<br />‘When I look back at the bare nothing out there and to see today that there is<br />something very special for all of us here it really makes me think that we can do<br />things if we work together’.<br />The above quote is also indicative of how<br />the garden has helped to achieve another<br />related function - building community and<br />organisational capacity and social capital.<br />The project has purportedly helped to<br />engage the community and foster<br />interaction, collaboration and<br />understanding among local residents<br />regardless of race, age, ethnicity or sociodemographic<br />background. As one<br />participant made clear during an<br />interview:<br />‘it has certainly helped to break<br />down barriers between Aboriginals<br />and non-Aboriginals…they are just<br />people like everyone else and it<br />doesn’t matter what colour your<br />skin is’.<br />One person who had been involved with<br />the project during its development said<br />‘there is community interaction that might<br />not have happened if the garden wasn’t<br />there’ and for this reason the project ‘was<br />a good example of what I thought building<br />community capacity meant’.<br />[May 2003 –Reconciliation Day]<br />Organisations also appear to have been aided as a result of participation in the project.<br />One key informant described that for some agencies it has helped to demystify<br />government processes such as applying and securing funding and another mentioned<br />that it has helped attract people to their organisation due to the beauty and uniqueness<br />of the garden.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />25<br />Participants said that there had been a surprisingly low number of incidents of vandalism<br />and theft reported at the garden site. Vacant lots can be a hazard to the community and<br />although not directly indicated by participants as an outcome attributable to the garden,<br />a reduction in antisocial behaviour and activity (as indicated in the literature) could have<br />occurred due to the creation of ‘defensible space9’ and increases in community<br />ownership.<br />Another positive outcome for the community has been the environmental aspect of<br />‘greening the area’ and encouraging flora and fauna back to the neighbourhood by<br />reclaiming unused urban space and turning it into a thriving community garden. There<br />has also been a greater consciousness among local residents of principles of organic<br />gardening, composting, waste management and water conservation that might not have<br />occurred without the garden project. One member of the garden group summed things<br />up well: ‘…it was nothing before, just bitumen, nothing just horrible. It used to be very<br />ugly, awful and dangerous [now] people come to admire the natural beauty of the place’.<br />[June 2000]<br />9 As defined by Newman (1972) defensible space is ‘a model for residential environments which inhibits<br />crime by creating the physical expression of a social fabric that defends itself’ (p. 3).<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />26<br />5.4 Articulating a Program Theory for the Community Garden<br />‘Program theory’ is an articulation of the intended causal chain of a program. The Gilles<br />Plains Community Garden provides a useful example of the very different program<br />theory underpinning capacity building projects compared to direct service delivery<br />projects.<br />For direct service delivery projects, it is possible and useful to specify particular outputs<br />and outcomes, and the links between project activities and outcomes.<br />For capacity building projects, while there are some short-term outcomes for<br />participants, the most important result is building some capacity for future activity, which<br />can then be used to achieve broader outcomes for a wider range of participants.<br />For example, there is evidence that the Gilles Plains community garden has already<br />contributed to social, economic, environmental, psychological and health outcomes for<br />participants:<br />Types of outcomes for<br />participants in community<br />gardens<br />Examples from the Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />Social Sense of working together to accomplish something<br />Sense of belonging<br />Shared recreation with family<br />Economic Development of skills and knowledge related to gardening<br />and plants<br />Environmental Improved attractiveness of physical environment<br />Increased awareness of water conservation, waste<br />management, organic gardening, composting.<br />Psychological Sense of well-being and satisfaction<br />Calming atmosphere<br />Health Improved mental health<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />27<br />More importantly, the garden has built capacity for further projects and development. It<br />has contributed to the development of:<br />Types of capital Examples from the Gilles Plains<br />Community Garden<br />Human capital Secondary and TAFE students’ knowledge<br />of history and culture of the area, biology<br />and science of plant growth, food<br />production and preparation<br />Horticulture skills development of<br />volunteers<br />Economic (including environmental) capital Physical infrastructure of the garden which<br />allows further developments<br />Social capital Co-operation between individuals<br />Encouraging participation in organisations<br />Institutional capital Development of working group<br />membership, processes and principles.<br />Co-operation between organisations<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />28<br />The program theory diagram which follows shows the project and its outcomes in a<br />cyclic form – both directly contributing to outcomes for the community, and building<br />capacity of various types for further activities10. This diagram shows a number of<br />features of the garden that may have relevance for other capacity building projects:<br />!"
Capacity consists of several different types of capital – human, economic, social<br />and institutional<br />!"
Application of capacity depends on both having capacity developed and an<br />opportunity to deploy it<br />!"
Some projects focus on identifying and using existing capital and opportunities,<br />some begin by developing capital, and some work on both of these strategies at<br />the same time<br />!"
Some activities directly lead to enhanced well-being; others are focussed on<br />building capacity or on increasing opportunities to deploy capacity<br />!"
There is a cycle of deploying capacity and then undertaking further activities<br />10 This diagram has been further developed from the issue paper on ‘Community Capacity<br />Building’ which has been completed as part of the national evaluation.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />29<br />Figure 1: Program theory for the Gilles Plains community garden (as an exemplar<br />of a community capacity building project)<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />30<br />5.5 Looking Ahead: Sustainability, Replication & Other Lessons<br />Sustainability is a concept that means different things to different people in different<br />situations. The lack of agreement upon what is meant by sustainability can lead to<br />confusion about what constitutes program sustainability. As a consequence there is the<br />danger that unrealistic expectations can be placed on some projects to perform beyond<br />the initial injection of funding.11<br />Sustainability was understood by participants in this study as the capacity of the<br />community garden to become self-maintaining in some sense so that long-term<br />achievement of desired benefits can be achieved into the future.<br />A traditional concern with community gardens is the potential for them to become<br />neglected due to loss of interest and an inability to attract new gardeners to replace<br />those who leave:<br />Low levels of participation threaten the continued existence of community<br />gardens because it sets up a positive feedback loop – too few participants leads<br />to poor maintenance which discourages potential gardeners, exacerbating low<br />participation and an unkempt garden (Russ & Grayson, 2000, p. 9).<br />The participants in this study cited a number of factors that would help ensure that the<br />community garden is sustainable into the future, including:<br />Social capital<br />!"
A wide range of partnerships that have helped to increase the number of<br />individuals and agencies who have a stake in the project;<br />Economic and physical infrastructure<br />!"
The location of the garden in the middle of a collection of services means that ‘it<br />is very noticeable and not something that is easily forgotten’;<br />!"
The garden has been designed to be low-cost and low maintenance. For<br />example the planting of Indigenous plants that require little attention and<br />watering;<br />Organisational and economic capital<br />!"
The involvement of agencies (such as the health service) who are skilled in the<br />management of community projects and with expertise in attracting future<br />funding to build on the successes achieved so far (e.g. for the community arts<br />project).<br />!"
Building in to the operation of the garden some non-gardening activities such as<br />community social events, arts and craft, cooking and training workshops.<br />11 An issue paper on sustainability which examines these issues is being developed as part of the national<br />evaluation of the Strategy.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />31<br />On the basis of the factors presented above it appears unlikely, at least into the<br />foreseeable future that the community garden will become neglected. It has been a<br />community initiated and driven project that will continue to provide a focus for social<br />interaction and enhance family and community capacity over many years to come.<br />Drawing on the experiences of this project and guidelines on the development of<br />community gardens from the literature (see for example Grayson and Campbell, 2003)<br />the following observations can be made in relation to planning and developing a garden<br />in other locations:<br />!"
The most common way to approach the development of a community garden is<br />from the bottom-up where local residents work together with the support of a few<br />community professionals who play a constructive role in assisting and guiding the<br />project.<br />!"
Some of the key challenges that can be overcome by allowing sufficient time for<br />planning (at least one year) and community consultation include: finding land;<br />building credibility and applying for funding; public liability insurance; managing<br />the site; training gardeners and maintaining interest.<br />!"
The planning phase should be well coordinated and encompass activities such<br />as: raising community support through letterbox drops and promotion in local<br />press and at community events; research into how other successful gardens<br />operate; agreeing upon the philosophy, purpose and objectives of the project;<br />articulating timelines; applying for funding; designing the garden (e.g. location,<br />soil testing and layout); and developing a management plan.<br />The results from this case study evaluation indicate that communities can take charge,<br />work together to mobilise existing resources and act strategically to access other<br />resources to help maintain and enhance individual and collective well-being.<br />There is also some data to suggest that other groups and organisations in and around<br />the Gilles Plains area have as a result of the successes and attention given to the<br />garden project become enthused to try out the community development approach used<br />by the garden and espoused in the SFCS framework themselves.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />32<br />6 References<br />Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2002). Gilles Plains Basic Community Profile, SSC<br />4156: Catalogue No. 2001.0. Australian Bureau of Statistics: Canberra.<br />Australian Community Gardens Network. (2003). Community Gardening: The Benefits.<br />Available at: http://www.magna.com.au/~pacedge/garden/about/benefits.html. Accessed<br />on 14/7/03.<br />Armstrong, D. (2000). A survey of community gardens in upstate New York: Implications<br />for health promotion and community development. Health and Place, 6(4), 319-327.<br />Blair, D., Giesecke, C. & Sherman, S. (1991). A dietary, social and economic evaluation<br />of the Philadelphia Urban Gardening Project. Journal of Nutrition Education, 23, 161-<br />167.<br />Brisbin, J. (2002). Urban Agriculture in Australia: Local Food, Global Communities.<br />Available at: http://www.communityfoods.com.au/resources. Accessed on 23/7/03.<br />Coe, M. L. (1978). Growing with community gardening. The Countryman Press,<br />Taftsville, Vermont.<br />Crabtree, L. A. (1999). Sustainability as seen from a vegetable garden. Unpublished<br />Honours thesis, Department of Human Geography, Macquarie University.<br />Eliott, C. (1983). Growing in the City: Employment, Education and Recreation in<br />Australian City Farms and Community Gardens. Social Impacts Publications: Armidale,<br />NSW.<br />Gelsi, E. J. (1999). Gardening in the street: sociality, production and consumption in<br />Northy Street City Farm. Unpublished Masters thesis, Department of Sociology and<br />Anthropology, The University of Queensland.<br />Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for<br />Qualitative Research. Aldine: New York.<br />Grayson, R., & Campbell, F. (2000). About Community Gardens: An Evaluation.<br />Available at: http://www.magna.com.au/~pacedge/garden/about/e_print.html. Accessed<br />on 14/7/03<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />33<br />Grayson, R., & Campbell, F. (2003). Getting Started: Planning and Starting Your<br />Community Garden. Available at:<br />http://www.magna.com.au/~pacedge/garden/start/print.html. Accessed on 23/7/03<br />Gunn, L. (1978). Why is implementation so difficult? Management Services in<br />Government, 33, 169-176.<br />Hering, I. (1995). Gardens that nourish a community. Whitehorse Gazette, 18/10.<br />Hill, M. (1997). The Policy Process in the Modern State. Prentice Hall: Harvester<br />Wheatsheaf.<br />Hunt, S. (2002). Community gardens. In R. Aitken and M. Looker. The<br />OxfordCompanion to Australian Gardens. Oxford University Press: South Melbourne,<br />Victoria.<br />McBey, M. A. (1985). The therapeutic aspects of gardens and gardening: an aspect of<br />total patient care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 10, 591-595.<br />Patton, C. V. (1986). Policy analysis with implementation in mind. In B. Checkoway (ed.)<br />Strategic Perspectives on Planning Practice. Lexington: Massachusetts.<br />Phillips, D. (1996). Australian City Farms, Community Gardens and Enterprise Centres:<br />Inventory. Symbioun Australia: Hobart.<br />Putman, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton<br />University Press: Princeton.<br />Kaplan, R. (1973). Some psychological benefits of gardening, Environment and<br />Behavior, 5(2), 145-161.<br />Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city: does<br />vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behaviour, 33(3), 343-367.<br />Sabatier, P. & Mazmanian, D. (1979). The conditions of effective implementation: a<br />guide to accomplishing policy objectives. Policy Analysis, 5, 481-504.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />34<br />Schukoske, J. E. (2000). Community development through gardening: state and local<br />policies transforming urban open space, Legislation and Public Policy, 3, 351-392.<br />The Gilles Plains Community Project Evaluation Report (2002). Document accessed<br />through the SFCS database.<br />Photographs<br />The photographs on pages iii, iv, 11, 12, 14, 15 and 26 the captions of which detail some<br />of the history of the garden were provided by Ms Julie Coulls, Community Development<br />Worker, Adelaide Central Community Health Service.<br />All other photographs were taken by the author, Mr Brad Astbury.<br />Gilles Plains Community Garden<br />35<br />