The Adamites, or Adamians, were adherents of an Early Christian sect (later considered heretical by the Catholic Church) that flourished in North Africa in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th centuries, but knew later revivals.
The obscure sect, dating probably from the 2nd century, professed to have regained Adam's primeval innocence. Various accounts are given of their origin. Some have thought them to have been an offshoot of the Carpocratian Gnostics, who professed a sensual mysticism and a complete emancipation from the moral law. Theodoret (Haer. Fab., I, 6) held this view of them, and identified them with the licentious sects whose practices are described by Clement of Alexandria. Others, on the contrary, consider them to have been misguided ascetics, who strove to extirpate carnal desires by a return to simpler manners, and by the abolition of marriage.
St. Epiphanius and Augustine of Hippo mention the Adamites by name, and describe their practices. They called their church "Paradise", claiming that its members were re-established in Adam and Eve's state of original innocence. Accordingly, they practiced "holy nudism", rejected the form of marriage as foreign to Eden, saying it would never have existed but for sin, lived in absolute lawlessness, holding that, whatever they did, their actions could be neither good nor bad and stripped themselves naked while engaged in common worship.
Practices similar to those just described appeared in Europe several times in later ages. During the Middle Ages the doctrines of this obscure sect, which did not itself exist long, were revived: in the 13th century in the Netherlands by the Brethren of the Free Spirit and the Taborites in Bohemia, and, in a grosser form, in the fourteenth by the Beghards in Germany. Everywhere they met with firm opposition from the mainstream churches.
The Beghards became the Picards of Bohemia, who took possession of an island in the river Nežárka, and lived communally, practicing social and religious nudity, free love and rejecting marriage and individual ownership of property. Jan Žižka, the Hussite leader, nearly exterminated the sect in 1421. In the following year, the sect was widely spread over Bohemia and Moravia, and especially hated by the Hussites (whom they resembled in hatred toward the hierarchy) because they (the Adamites) rejected transubstantiation, the priesthood and the Supper. The strife between the Adamites and the Taborites is dramatized in Proti Všem ("Against All"), the third part of Otakar Vavra's Hussite film trilogy (1958).
A brief revival of these doctrines took place in Bohemia after 1781, owing to the edict of toleration issued by Emperor Joseph II. The Austrian government suppressed the last remnants of the Neo-Adamites in Bohemia by force in 1849.
In the Modern Age some English Dissenters practiced the Adamite doctrine. An English sect was active c1641-1650. The sect probably bears antecedents to the Brethren of the Free Spirit, a medieval heretical sect sharing many of the same views. The Adamites were viewed on a contemporary basis as the archetypical radicals of the 1640s. Thomas Edwards (1599–1647) used the term in his monumental work Gangraene (1646). Adamites, as were other radicals of the period, were often portrayed as Antinomians.
The "Children of God" cult or Family International, founded by David Berg in 1968, may be categorized as Adamites, and polygamists. It holds an Antinomian theology of "God's love" interpreted as sexual permissiveness, "free sex", "free love", or akin to religious pornography, child pornography, and ritual prostitution, like the Baalism religion in the Old Testament.
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- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Adamites". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Adamites". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Hames, Peter (2009). Czech and Slovak Cinema: Theme and Tradition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-8683-4.