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A water slide (also referred to as flumes, water chutes, or hydroslides) is a type of slide designed for warm-weather or indoor recreational use at water parks. Water slides differ in their riding method and therefore size. Some slides require riders to sit directly on the slide, or on a raft or tube designed to be used with the slide.
A typical water slide uses a pump system to pump water to the top which is then allowed to freely flow down its surface. The water reduces friction so sliders travel down the slide very quickly. Water slides are run into a swimming pool (often called a plunge pool) or a long run-out chute.
Traditional water slides
As the name suggests, body slides feature no mat and require the person to sit directly on the surface of the slide. There are a variety of types of body slides including simple flumes, speed slides, bowls and AquaLoops - the latter three are explained below.
Inline tube slides
Some slides are designed to be ridden with a tube which typically seats between 2 and 3 riders inline. Similar to a traditional body slide, these slides include many twists and turns and come in a variety of types including bowls, funnels and half-pipes.
21st Century water slides
The first known existence of a looping water slide was at Action Park in Vernon, New Jersey in the mid-1980s. Their water slide featured a vertical loop but was repeatedly closed due to safety concerns. In the late 2000s, Austrian manufacturer Aquarena developed the world's first safe looping water slide, known as the AquaLoop. Their engineering featured an inclined loop rather than a standard vertical one. The slide is currently licensed and distributed by Canadian water slide manufacturer WhiteWater West. There are nearly 20 AquaLoop installations around the world. The first installation was in Croatia in 2008. The largest collection is located at Wet'n'Wild Water World in Australia which houses 4 AquaLoops that opened in 2010. Wet'n'Wild Water World was also the first to install more than one AquaLoop at a single location. The AquaLoop uses a trap-door to release riders down a 17|m|adj=on near-vertical decent at a speed of up to 60|km/h. Riders experience 2.5 Gs in less than 2 seconds. The whole ride is over within 7 seconds.
A bowl is a type of water slide where riders descend a steep drop into a round bowl. They then circle the outer area of the bowl before exiting down through the middle. This style of water slide comes in various styles and is manufactured by ProSlide, WhiteWater West and Waterfun Products. The different variations can be ridden on a 4 person cloverleaf tube, 2 person inline tube, single person tube or as a body slide.
Family rafting water slides have the largest capacity of all the different types of tubing water slides averaging between 4 and 6 riders per dispatch. Riders hop in a circular raft and travel down long, twisted 4.5|m|adj=on channels to the ground. This type of water slide is manufactured by Australian Waterslides and Leisure, ProSlide, Waterfun Products and WhiteWater West. All of these companies manufacture open-air slides while ProSlide also manufactures an enclosed version.
A funnel water slide requires riders to sit in a 2 or 4 seater round tube. Riders drop from inside a tunnel out into the ride's main element shaped like a funnel on its side. Riders oscillate from one side to the other until they exit through the back of the funnel and into a splash pool. The most common type of funnel is ProSlide's Tornado which is installed a almost 60 locations around the world dating back to 2003. In 2010, WhiteWater West began developing a competitor product known as the Abyss.
Similar to a funnel, a half-pipe features a slide in which riders oscillate back and forth. However, this style of ride does not feature any enclosed sections. On a Waterfun Product Sidewinder or Sidewinder Mini, riders oscillate several times before coming to a rest at the base of the slide. Riders then need to walk off the slide returning their tube to the next riders. On a WhiteWater West Boomerango or Family Boomerango, riders are sent down a steep drop and up a steep hill on the other side, before sliding backwards down another path to the end of the slide.
A multi-lane racer is a ride where between 4 and 8 riders dive head-first onto a mat and down a slide with several dips. As an additional component of this ride, both some offer an additional enclosed helix at the top of the ride. ProSlide offer ProRacers and Octopus Racers, while WhiteWater West have designed the Mat Racers and Whizzards. Australian Waterslides and Leisure have also manufactured a standard multi-lane racer.
A speed slide is a type of body slide where riders are sent down steep, free-fall plunges to the ground. Almost all water slide manufacturers offer a variation of this type of slide.
A water coaster is a water slide that mimics a roller coaster by providing not only descents, but ascents as well. There are three different ways water coasters operate: conveyor belts, linear induction motors and water jets. The first of its kind was installed at Kalahari Resort in Sandusky, Ohio. Known as the Zip Coaster, the ride powers riders up hills using high speed conveyor belts. The second incarnation of the water coaster utilised linear induction motors and specially designed magnetic rafts. The first installation to use this technology was Typhoon which opened in 2005 at Six Flags New England's Hurricane Harbor. The longest water coaster utilising this magnetic system is Wildebeest at Splashin' Safari in Santa Claus, Indiana. This technology has been installe
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Answers:Dry friction (also known as Coulomb friction) is the kind of friction to which we refer with the formula "F = mu*N". This involves two interacting surfaces, which are basically "dry". I.e. not involving any significant lubricating fluid. Dry friction can be both a force of constraint (static friction or traction), or a force which dissipates heat due to the sliding (sliding friction or kinetic friction). Dry friction is only dependent on if the surfaces are static or sliding. The force doesn't depend on how fast the sliding occurs. This is one big difference between dry friction types and friction involving fluids. To discuss further: 1. Static friction. The coefficient is mu_s. F=mu_s*N gives you the maximum value of the static friction force. The force of static friction will oppose what ever motion is induced by the other forces, until it reaches its maximum value. Static friction NEVER dissipates energy as heat. 2. Kinetic friction. The coefficient is mu_k. Typically mu_k is smaller than mu_s. Both coefficients only depend on the roughness nature of the surfaces in contact, not on velocity or normal force. F=mu_k*N tells you the actual value for what friction opposes the sliding. Sliding friction is the type of dry friction which dissipates energy as heat. ---------------------- Now to discuss fluid drag. Fluid drag is the general term. Air drag, air resistance, air friction are all phrases which mean the same, with one condition that the fluid involved is air (as opposed to water or oil and other options). Fluid drag does depend on velocity. It is proportional to either the square of velocity or directly proportional to velocity, depending on flow conditions. For laminar flow conditions, it is proportional to velocity relative to the fluid, and is named "Stokes Drag". For turbulent flow conditions, it is proportional to the square of velocity relative to the fluid and is named "Newton Drag". To discuss further: 1. Stokes drag occurs at slow speeds, where viscosity effects dominate (typically fluids such as oil). Stokes drag can be given by the formula F = -b*v, where b is a constant depending on geometry and fluid viscosity. 2. Newton drag occurs at fast speeds or in less viscous fluids (such as water or air), where impacting pressure effects dominate. Newton drag can be given by the formula F=1/2*Cd*rho*A*v^2, where Cd is the drag coefficient (depending on shape), rho is the fluid density, and A is the effective cross sectional area. BOTH regimes of drag are forces which dissipate energy into heat. Never does the drag force act as a force of constraint on stationary objects.
Answers:Both xylem and phloem are vascular tissues found in a plant. Xylem is a tubular structure which is responsible for water transport from the roots towards all of the parts of the plant. Phloem is also a tubular stucture but is responsible for the transportation of food and other nutrients needed by plant. Xylem: Hard wall cells transport water and mineral nutrients in a kind of tissue called Xylem. Phloem: Relatively soft -walled cells transport organic nutrients in a kind of tissue called Phloem. way I remembered it, was Xylem inside, near the center, Phloem near the outside.
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