Voiceless retroflex affricate
|Voiceless retroflex affricate|
|IPA number||105 (136)|
|Unicode (hex)||U+0288 U+0361 U+0282|
The voiceless retroflex affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʈ͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨ts`⟩.
The affricate occurs in a number of languages:
- Slavic languages: Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Old Czech, and some speakers of Russian and Serbo-Croatian may use it instead of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
- a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
- Mandarin and other Sinitic languages.
Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
|Asturian||Some dialects||ḷḷobu||[ʈ͡ʂoβu]||'wolf'||Corresponds to standard /ʎ/|
|Belarusian||пачатак||[paʈ͡ʂatak]||'the beginning'||Laminal. See Belarusian phonology|
|Chinese||Mandarin||中文 Zhōngwén||[ʈ͡ʂʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]||'Chinese language'||Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology|
|Khanty||Eastern + southern dialects||ҷӓңҷ||[ʈ͡ʂaɳʈ͡ʂ]||'knee'||Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in the northern dialects|
|Polish||Standard||czas||[ˈʈ͡ʂäs̪] (help·info)||'time'||Laminal. Transcribed /t͡ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology|
|Southeastern Cuyavian dialects||cena||[ˈʈ͡ʂɛn̪ä]||'price'||Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡s/ into [t͡s]|
|Northern Qiang||zhes||[ʈ͡ʂəs]||'day before yesterday'||Contrasts with aspirated and voiced form|
|Russian||лучше||[ˈɫ̪utʈ͡ʂɨ̞]||Laminal. It's the only word where this sound occurs. See Russian phonology|
|Serbo-Croatian||čokoláda / чоколада||[ʈ͡ʂo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠]||'chocolate'||Laminal. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology|
|Torwali||?||[ʈ͡ʂuwu]||'to sew'||Contrasts with aspirated form|
|Yi||ꍈ zha||[ʈ͡ʂa˧]||'a bit'||Contrasts with aspirated form|
- Unlike the palato-alveolar and alveolar affricates, there is no obsolete ligature.
- (Asturian) Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Page 14
- García Arias (2003:34)
- Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
- Jassem (2003:103)
- Hamann (2004:65)
- "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
- "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
- Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- Lunsford (2001:16–20)
- García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2003), Gramática Histórica de la Lengua Asturiana, Oviedo: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, pp. 34–36, ISBN 84-8168-341-8
- Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter; Wu, Zongji (1984), "Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates", Journal of Phonetics 11: 267–278
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan", M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington