Because most Djibouti-related scholarship has been published in French, English-language sources for the geography and history of Djibouti are limited. Two books, although dated, continue to serve as the classic English-language introductions to Djiboutian society, politics, and international relations. Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff, Djibouti and the Horn of Africa (1968), offers the standard history of Djibouti up to and including the 1960s. A second book that carries this history forward from 1967 until independence in 1977 is Robert Tholomier (under the pseudonym Robert Saint Véran), Djibouti: Pawn of the Horn of Africa, translated by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1981). Among the fairly accessible articles and monographs in English on politics and economics are Said Yusuf Abdi, “Independence for the Afars and Issas: Complex Background, Uncertain Future,” Africa Today, 24(1):61–67 (January/March 1977), a succinct discussion of regional and internal politics at the time of independence; Peter D. Coats, “Factors of Intermediacy in Nineteenth-Century Africa: The Case of the Issa of the Horn,” in Thomas Labahn (ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. 2 (1984), pp. 175–199, an excellent analysis of the impact of the Franco-Ethiopian railway on the traditional trading networks and economy of the Issa Somali; and Norman N. Miller, “The Other Somalia,” Horn of Africa, 5(3):3–19 (1982), focusing on unrecorded trade between Somalia and Djibouti. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Djibouti (annual), contains accurate, up-to-date information on the economy, resources, and industry. Jennifer N. Brass, “Djibouti’s Unusual Resource Curse,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 46(4):523–545 (2008), presents the case that Djibouti’s strategic location and ability to attract international aid have, in fact, negatively impacted the country’s economy.
Peter J. Schraeder, Djibouti (1991), is the first fully annotated bibliography of English-language literature devoted to the country and includes annotated references for more than 400 books, articles, and government reports. Daoud A. Alwan and Yohanis Mibrathu, Historical Dictionary of Djibouti (2000), provides a concise and accessible overview of the country’s people and history. The rising ethnic tensions and internal civil war in the 1990s are treated in Peter J. Schraeder, “Ethnic Politics in Djibouti: From ‘Eye of the Hurricane’ to ‘Boiling Cauldron,’” African Affairs, 92(367):203–223 (1993); and Mohamed Kadamy, “Djibouti Between War and Peace,” Review of African Political Economy, (70):511–521 (1996). Djibouti’s role in the global war on terrorism is explored in Robert I. Rotberg (ed.), Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa (2005).
1Constitutional amendments adopted in April 2010 call for a new Senate, yet to be established, in addition to the existing National Assembly, forming a bicameral parliament.
|Official name||Jumhūriyyat Jībūtī (Arabic); République de Djibouti (French) (Republic of Djibouti)|
|Form of government||multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly )1|
|Head of state and government||President: Ismail Omar Guelleh, assisted by Prime Minister: Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed|
|Official languages||Arabic; French|
|Monetary unit||Djibouti franc (FDJ)|
|Population||(2013 est.) 861,000|
|Total area (sq mi)||8,960|
|Total area (sq km)||23,200|
|Urban-rural population||Urban: (2011) 76.3%|
Rural: (2011) 23.7%
|Life expectancy at birth||Male: (2012) 59.2 years|
Female: (2012) 64.1 years
|Literacy: percentage of population age 15 and over literate||Male: (2007) 81.2%|
Female: (2007) 63.8%
|GNI per capita (U.S.$)||(2009) 1,280|