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Print version ISSN 0034-7094
Rev. Bras. Anestesiol. vol.59 no.5 Campinas Sept./Oct. 2009
Síndrome de compartimiento abdominal durante pinzamiento por vía endoscópica de perforación intestinal secundaria a la colonoscopia
Magda Lourenço Fernandes, TSA, M.D.I; Kleber Costa de Castro Pires, TSA, M.D.II; Paulo Henrique Baumgratz Chimelli, M.D.III; Márcia Rodrigues Neder Issa, M.DIV
ITítulo de Especialista em Terapia Intensiva; Anestesiologista da Santa Casa de BH e do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG; Responsável pelo CET da Santa Casa de BH
IIChefe do Serviço de Anestesiologia da Santa Casa de BH; Anestesiologista do Hospital da Unimed BH; Corresponsável pelo CET da Santa Casa de BH
IIIAnestesiologista da Santa Casa de BH; Intensivista do Hospital Socor - BH
IVAnestesiologista da Santa Casa de BH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Colonoscopy is widely used for diagnosis, treatment, and control of intestinal disorders. Intestinal perforation, although rare, is the most feared complication. Perforations can be treated by endoscopic clamping. The objective of this report was to alert specialists for the development and treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome during endoscopic clamping of an intestinal perforation secondary to colonoscopy.
CASE REPORT: This is a 60 years old female, physical status ASA II, who underwent colonoscopy under sedation. During the exam, an accidental intestinal perforation was observed, and it was decided to attempt the endoscopic clamping of the perforation. The patient developed abdominal pain and distension, pneumoperitoneum, abdominal compartment syndrome, dyspnea, and cardiovascular instability. Emergency abdominal puncture was done with clinical improvement until urgent laparotomy was performed. After exploratory laparotomy and stitching of the perforation, the patient presented good clinical evolution.
CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic clamping of an intestinal perforation secondary to colonoscopy can contribute for the development of hypertensive pneumoperitoneum and abdominal compartment syndrome with severe clinical repercussions that demand immediate treatment. Capable professionals and adequate technical resources can be determinant of the prognosis of the patient.
Keywords: COMPLICATIONS: intestinal perforation, pneumoperitoneum, compartment syndrome; DIAGNOSTIC TESTS: colonoscopy; SEDATION: intravenous.
JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La colonoscopia es un examen utilizado muy a menudo en la actualidad para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y el control de las enfermedades intestinales. La perforación intestinal, aunque sea rara, es la más temida complicación de ese examen. La corrección de la perforación puede ser hecha a través del uso de clips introducidos por vía endoscópica. El objetivo de este relato de caso, fue avisarles a los expertos sobre el aparecimiento y el tratamiento del síndrome de Compartimiento Abdominal durante el pinzamiento endoscópico de perforación intestinal secundario a la colonoscopia.
RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, 60 años, estado físico ASA II, sometida a la colonoscopia bajo sedación. Durante el examen se comprobó la perforación accidental del intestino y se optó por tratar de pinzar la perforación por vía endoscópica. La paciente evolucionó con dolor y con una distensión abdominal, neumoperitoneo, síndrome de Compartimiento Abdominal, disnea e inestabilidad cardiovascular. Se realizó la punción abdominal de emergencia, lo que determinó la mejoría clínica de la paciente hasta que se hiciese la laparotomía de urgencia. Después de realizarla con exploración y con sutura de la perforación, la paciente evolucionó bien clínicamente.
CONCLUSIONES: El pinzamiento por vía endoscópica de perforación intestinal secundaria a la colonoscopia, puede contribuir a la formación de neumoperitoneo hipertensivo y el síndrome de Compartimiento Abdominal, con repercusiones clínicas graves que exigen un tratamiento inmediato. Los profesionales capacitados y los recursos técnicos adecuados, pueden ser factores determinantes del pronóstico del paciente.
Flexible colonoscopy is widely used for diagnosis, treatment, and control of intestinal disorders especially neoplastic tumors1. It is performed under sedation with the assistance of an anesthesiologist. It is a relatively safe procedure with a low incidence of severe complications recorded in approximately 5/1,000 procedures1. Among them, intestinal perforation should be mentioned due to the high morbidity and mortality2. Fecal peritonitis, sepsis2, pneumoperitoneum, abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, cardiovascular collapse, and cardiac arrest3 have been reported in association with intestinal perforation. Correction of the perforation can be conservative, surgical, or endoscopic2. Here we report a case of ACS with respiratory distress and cardiovascular instability during endoscopic clamping of an intestinal perforation secondary to colonoscopy.
This is a 60 years old female patient weighing 59 kg, physical status ASA II, with hypothyroidism and depression, treated with levothyroxine and clonazepam. She had a history of two laparotomies, the first for appendicitis with peritonitis and the second for intra-abdominal adherences. She underwent elective diagnostic colonoscopy under sedation in a specialized clinic. Monitoring consisted of electrocardiograph, pulse oximeter, and non-invasive blood pressure. The patient was sedated with 100 µg of fentanyl and 380 mg of propofol administered as a bolus. She maintained spontaneous respiration with oxygen (3 L.min-1) via a nasal catheter. During the procedure accidental intestinal perforation was observed and the procedure continued in an attempt to clamp the perforation endoscopically. After approximately 20 minutes the patient developed pain, abdominal distension, cyanosis, and hypoperfusion of the lower limbs which were followed by sweating, tachycardia (120 bpm), arterial hypotension (70 x 50 mmHg), and moderate dyspnea and reduction in O2 saturation (90%). Emergency abdominal puncture was performed, introducing two 14G catheters on the right abdominal flank. The patient showed partial improvement with increase in blood pressure (110 x 70 mmHg) and recovered respiratory pattern, and she was transferred to the hospital for an urgent laparotomy. On abdominal exploration, a perforation of the sigmoid colon that was repaired and abdominal adhesions were observed. The postoperative period was unremarkable and the patient was discharged from the hospital after two days.
Although rare, iatrogenic abdominal perforation during colonoscopy is seen in approximately 0.9/1,000 procedures, ranging from 0.14 to 0.65%, for diagnostic exams, and 0.15 to 3%, for therapeutic exams1,2. Perforations are triggered by mixed mechanisms, including trauma, and mechanical, pneumatic, and therapeutic factors3,4. Inflammatory disease, diverticulum, history of pelvic radiotherapy, prior abdominal surgery3, advanced age, male gender, and polypectomy or endoscopy performed by a physician with little experience5 are some of the risk factors for perforations described in the literature. The sigmoid and cecum are affected more oftenly4,6. Abdominal pain and distension are the symptoms mostly seen4.
Intestinal perforation might not be associated with immediate clinical repercussions; however, the presence of large amounts of air in the peritoneal cavity can lead to fast and progressive increase in intra-abdominal pressure characterizing hypertensive pneumoperitoneum6. Abdominal compartment syndrome is used to describe clinical situations with abdominal distension, increased in abdominal pressure, inadequate ventilation, and renal dysfunction7. Although iatrogenic insufflation of the peritoneal cavity is not the main event in those situations, it can result in a clinical condition similar to that of ACS, and it has been described as such8. Besides respiratory changes, hypertensive pneumoperitoneum and ACS result in severe hemodynamic repercussions, such as decreased venous return, systolic volume, cardiac output, increased systemic vascular resistance, and increased intrathoracic pressure9. The air can also invade other cavities causing pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema in the face, neck, and thorax3,10.
A similar case to the one presented here, with severe hemodynamic repercussion, low cardiac output, and pulseless electrical activity was described in the postoperative period of an intestinal surgery8. However, the patient presented here did not have a history of recent surgery, but a history of intestinal adhesions and two surgeries. As mentioned before, prior abdominal surgery is a risk factor for intestinal perforation, which can result in the escape of air into the abdominal cavity and hypertensive pneumoperitoneum6. The endoscopic clamping of the perforation probably contributed for the development of pneumoperitoneum and its deleterious consequences since insufflation of air should be maintained during clamping11. Although recent studies suggest that endoscopic clamping of the perforation is a good therapeutic decision2,12, its technique and indications should be defined within rigid criteria2,11.
Abdominal compartment syndrome due to iatrogenic intestinal perforation evolving with respiratory distress and cardiovascular instability is a medical emergency and requires immediate measures. Treatment consists on abdominal decompression, and hemodynamic and respiratory support8. The procedure should be interrupted immediately and abdominal puncture with a large bore catheter should be performed. Depending on the severity of the case, tracheal intubation, volume infusion, and inotropic support might be necessary. In the case presented here, the patient showed immediate improvement after abdominal decompression and an immediate tracheal intubation or the use of amines were not necessary, but clinical vigilance and monitoring were maintained until laparotomy.
Adequate material resources, emergency equipment, and support hospital, as required by Resolution CFM number 1886/200813 of the (Brazilian) medical federal board, are fundamental to guarantee a favorable outcome. Professionals involved should be attentive to risk factors and able to treat complications secondary to accidental intestinal perforation during a colonoscopy.
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13. Brasil. Conselho Federal de Medicina. Resolução nº 1886, de 13 de novembro de 2008. Dispõe sobre as Normas mínimas para o funcionamento de consultórios médicos e dos complexos cirúrgicos para procedimentos com internação de curta permanência. Diário Oficial da União; Poder Executivo, Brasília, DF, 21 nov. 2008. Seção I, p. 271-273. [ Links ]
Correspondence to: Submitted em 19 de fevereiro de 2009
Dra. Magda Lourenço Fernandes
Rua Padre Marinho, 480/1206, Santa Efigênia
30140-040 Belo Horizonte, MG
Accepted para publicação em 15 de junho de 2009
Submitted em 19 de fevereiro de 2009