March 12, 2012
Understanding substrates and coatings, and how the coated surface interacts with tube or pipe during the bending process, is necessary to finding a cost-effective, capable combination.
When considering which tools used in rotary draw bending are high-wear consumables, you probably think of mandrels and wiper dies first. During the bending process, these tools are in a fixed position, under substantial load and pressure, which leads to considerable friction.
Of course, no two bends are alike. As the severity of the bend increases—larger OD, thinner wall, or tighter radius—the pressure exerted on the tools increases exponentially. Likewise, the interaction between tooling and tubing varies from application to application. As the tubing material changes, the tooling material, lubricant, and lubrication system should change too.
Unfortunately, in many cases, especially high-production environments, a one-size-fits-all approach prevails. This is based on a common misconception: “If we use a soft material for the tools, they won’t scratch the tube, so it’s the best solution.” In a hectic workplace where some decisions are made to satisfy the production department but not the engineering or accounting departments, this effectively becomes, “If we use a soft material for the tools, they won’t scratch the tube, regardless of the material type, or even if the lubrication selection or quantity is inadequate, intermittent, or omitted altogether.”
Enter the old stand-by alloy, aluminum bronze. There is no question that this material works for wipers and mandrels, and in fact is preferred for forming tubular components made from titanium and nickel alloys, but it rarely is the most cost-effective material.
This material does have additional advantages. For example, it requires no postmachining heat treating, which cuts the time needed to get replacement tools. On the other hand, the raw material cost fluctuates wildly, which affects profit margins, and aluminum bronze mandrels are usually unsalvageable after wear makes them too undersized to support the tube.
A harder material that will hold up longer is potentially a better choice, especially hardened steel plated with an appropriate coating. Among the more common coatings used for bending tube are titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbon nitride (TiCN). A drawback common to both materials is that several aspects of their manufacture add cost and time.
For example, generally the best base material for proper adhesion is D2 tool steel. The raw material is machined and heat-treated to RC 68-70 (Vickers 1076), the OD is ground and polished, then the tooling is coated. It is not uncommon for an average-size, multiball mandrel with TiN coating to require five weeks to make. A tooling failure can be devastating in a high-production shop if no backup tool is available. This is compounded by this tool’s higher potential for breakage; the heat-treating process, which increases the tool’s resistance to wear, also makes it more brittle.
In most cases, a simple solution is the best. A plating process known as industrial hard chrome, which uses hexavalent chromium, has been used for bending tooling almost since the advent of ball mandrels. Hard chrome should not be confused with decorative chrome, which is trivalent chromium.
Hard chrome, when properly applied, has a uniform thickness between 0.001 and 0.002 inch.
The Coating Process. Fabricators should be aware that many factors affect the chrome’s adhesion and finish. For a consistent, high-quality finish, the plater must practice good housekeeping and monitor the plating process continually, maintaining the correct chemical balance.
The Substrate. Hard chrome can be applied to most types of steel, but it is pointless if the base metal is not hardened first. Industrial hard chrome has a hardness of RC 68-70 (Vickers 1076). A common base material is 8620 carburized to RC 48-54 (Vickers 513), which provides a strong base with good adhesion properties. Case-hardened steel also provides a suitable base for thin mandrel ball segments without the brittleness of fully hardened tool steel.
Because the plated surface is intended to be the wear surface, preserving the substrate, the tools can be stripped and replated numerous times if they are stripped and replated before the friction wears away the coating and starts to eat away at the base material, thereby changing the tool’s dimensions.
The downside to industrial hard chroming is that it’s a costly process. The plater invests in expensive equipment and must comply with strict government regulations that stipulate air quality and wastewater disposal. If you bring this responsibility in-house, you also take on substantial liability. The regulations are many, and the consequences of noncompliance are severe. Most fabricators elect to have this process done by a company that specializes in plating.
An Additive. Controlled cavitation of the coating creates a surface with increased porosity, which can improve lubricant retention. This process lends itself to a secondary operation which impregnates the chromium with Teflon® and uses heat to bond the two together (see Figure 1). The process is effective for bending many alloys, such as mild steel, aluminized 400-series stainless steel, and nickel alloys. Furthermore, it can be replated to increase the tool’s service life.
All types of mandrels and wiper dies require proper lubrication, in type and amount. The correct lubrication increases the tooling’s functionality and longevity. This is a rule, and there are no exceptions—no material type, plating, or coating precludes the need for lubrication. Omitting lubrication sacrifices the tooling prematurely.
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