The primary role of the forward air controller is to direct combat strike aircraft onto enemy targets in support of ground troops.
The simplicity of this statement masks the complexity of operation. Many factors act to disrupt the link between pilot and air controller, a link that is essential to enable the accurate delivery of fire.
In its simplest form the act of controlling an aircraft onto a target is done verbally using strict disciplines designed to negate any ambiguity as to the position of the target.
Clearly in the heat of an engagement the perception of the pilot and the perception of the ground controller may differ. Where the difference exists there is a risk of engaging the wrong target.
To reduce this risk a number of high-tech solutions have been developed which allow the ground controller to accurately identify the target to the pilot.
Using this equipment, if the ground controller accurately highlights a target, the pilot’s chance of correct acquisition is greatly improved.
A number of variables act to make each attack unique.
The environment plays a major role; is the attack day or night, weather conditions, enemy activity, battlefield obscuration by smoke or dust?
Approaching the target, probably at low level, means the pilot has a high workload, not only in terms of aircraft management but also in relating to the ground situation.
Under severe physical pressure the pilot must ensure he survives to the target area, acquires the target with his weapon control system and then engages it accurately.
While the aircraft approaches the target area the ground controller experiences his own set of problems.
By definition he is close to the forward troops and probably exposed to enemy fire. They must gather information on the enemy positions in order that the correct ordnance can be used to maximise the effect on target.
The ground situation will change on a minute by minute basis. As such the controller’s plans have to be adjusted to keep step with the developing battle.
The exact task of an aircraft (requested some time before) may change as the situation changes.
These changes have to be managed within the tight constraints of the battlespace management plan where the air strike has to be coordinated with all other ground and air units of the friendly combat force.
The fluid coordination required to successfully engage an enemy position by fast moving aircraft should not be underestimated. The risk of using the formidable capability of strike aircraft has to be balanced against the possibility of mistakes being made.