The present invention relates to the use of certain perfume ingredients as an insect repellent, to compositions containing the perfume ingredients and to a method of repelling insects.
Insects have long been known as a nuisance and, for some insect genera, as a health hazard. Mosquitoes, for instance, are a proven vector of diseases, and the genus Aedes in particular is associated with yellow fever, dengue, encephalitis and malaria (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Although the problems may be reduced at source with the use of DDT and other chemical sprays in the breeding areas, fears over the persistence of chlorchemicals combined with increasing mosquito resistance to control chemicals (e.g. insecticides) have led to a reappraisal of the magnitude of the nuisance and the hazard. Physical barriers to the insects are not always possible, e.g. in the open air, where some form of personal repellent is necessary.
It is also a feature of recent times that the more environmentally-aware public tend to question the safety of many chemicals which were formerly taken for granted. One of these is the well-known personal insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (abbreviated as DEET, and commercially available as Delphone™). This was originally seen as the natural successor to the parent molecule, N,N-diethylbenzamide which was found to be strongly insect repellent but also irritating to human skin (McCabe et al., (1954), J. Org Chem. 19, 493-498). Fears over possible allergenicity, disclosed in European Patent Application EP-A-0 167 266 (Angus Chemical Company), as well as aversion to some of the physical properties of this compound such as oiliness and odour, have led to the search for less hazardous and more aesthetically acceptable methods of repelling insect pests, particularly mosquitoes.
Certain compounds have long been known to possess insect deterrent properties, some of this information coming from what might be termed "folk knowledge". These materials include widely-known substances such as Citronella, Tolu and Peru Balsams, Eucalyptus oils, Huon Pine and other similar oils [M. Bouvier, International Frag. Co-ord. 29 October 1976]. Other materials known for their deterrent properties include those having camphoraceous odours, such as Camphor itself, Cypress oils, Galbanum etc. [H&R Contact, 36, 1984].
Perfume ingredients with insect repellent properties used either alone, or in a perfume composition, and/or in some form of carrier or base overcome many of the problems highlighted above.
Many common types of household insects such as American cockroaches (periplaneta americana) are classified as pests and significant effort has been made to control or eradicate them. A variety of chemicals that are effective in repelling cockroaches has been discovered. These chemicals are used in the household by applying or spraying them to surfaces of walls, floors, cabinets, containers, rugs, upholstery and carpeting, and in potential nesting places for insects, such as inside walls and between floors. They have been used together with hardsurface cleaners (EP-A-0 619 363) and wax floor polishes (US-A-3 018 217).
It is known in the art that organic materials and essential oils can be repellent against insects. In the art this has been measured in a variety of ways with different insects. The majority of the prior art has been directed towards mosquitoes and in particular the species aedes aegyptii. The results of these studies has led to a list of preferred materials. Surprisingly we have found that additional perfume ingredients, preferably when used above certain limits in perfume compositions can lead to enhanced insect repellency.
PCT Application WO 96/08147 discloses the use of a number of different compounds as insect repellents and also a method by which the repellency of compounds to insects can be reliably tested.
Chemical Abstracts, Vol 123, No. 7, 14 August 1995, JP 07 112907 relates to specified terpene molecules as insect repellents.
Chemical Abstracts, Vol 110, No. 9, 27 February 1989, JP 63 188603 relates to a cockroach repellent containing a 1-propenyl benzene derivative as the active ingredient.
Ngoh S.P. et-al, Pestic. Sci., 1998, 54, pp261-268 describes experimentation conducted to investigate the toxic and repellent properties of nine constituents of plant essential oils comprising benzene derivatives and terpenes, against the cockroach species, Periplaneta americana (L.).
JP 10 087407 relates to a moth proofing agent comprising (a) terpene type compounds and (b) paradichlorobenzene, naphthalene or pyrethroid compounds.
JP 10 087409 relates to a composition suitable for repelling or controlling indoor mites.
It has now been surprisingly found that a number of perfume ingredients are effective insect repellents.
Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of at least one perfume ingredient selected from the group consisting of
Tricyclodecenyl allyl ether (also known as 8-(allyloxy)tricyclo [22.214.171.124.2,6]dec-3-ene) [Fleuroxene*],
2,2,7,7-tetramethyltricyclo[126.96.36.199 1,6]undecan-5-one [Isolongifolanone*],
alpha iso methyl ionone (also known as 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-3-buten-2-one),
10-isopropyl-2,7-dimethyloxaspiro [4.5] 3,6-decadiene [Neocaspirene*],
tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-4-en-8-yl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate (Pivacydene*),
2-phenylethyl pivalate (also known as phenylethyl-2,2-dimethylpropanoate) [Pivarose*]
and 2,4-dimethyl-4-phenyltetrahydrofuran [Rhubafuran*]
as an insect repellent. (*trade marks)
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of repelling insects from an object or an airspace, comprising application to the object or into the airspace, of an effective amount of at least one perfume ingredient selected from the group consisting of the aforementioned perfume ingredients. Typically, the object is a human body or a solid surface such as a wall or floor.
The perfume ingredients from the aforementioned list which are more effective as insect repellents are those which have an octanol-water partition coefficient such that "log P" has a value in the range from 1.0 to 6.0, more preferably 2.0 to 5.0, and particularly 2.5 to 4.5. "log P" is the common logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient and is well known in the literature as an indicator of hydrophobicity and water solubility (see Hansch and Leo, Chemical Reviews, 526 to 616 (1971), 71 and Hansch, Quinlan and Lawrence J. Organic Chemistry, 347 to 350 (1968), 33). Where such values are not available in the literature they may be measured directly or approximately estimated using mathematical algorithms. Software providing such estimates is available commercially, for example 'LogP' from Advanced Chemistry Design Inc.
In addition, those perfume ingredients which are more effective as insect repellents have a "Kovats" index value in the range from 1150 to 1650, more preferably 1250 to 1600, and particularly 1300 to 1560. Kovats indices are calculated from the retention time in a gas chromatographic measurement referenced to the retention time for alkanes (see Kovats, Helv. Chim. Acta 41, 1915 (1958)). Indices based on the use of a non-polar stationary phase have been used in the perfumery industry for some years as a descriptor relating to the molecular size and boiling point of ingredients. A review of Kovats indices in the perfume industry is given by T Shibamoto in "Capillary Gas Chromatography in Essential Oil Analysis", P Sandra and C Bicchi (editors), Huethig (1987), pages 259 to 274. A common non-polar phase which is suitable is 100% dimethyl polysiloxane, as supplied, for example, under a variety of trade names such as HP-1 (Hewlett Packard), CP Sil 5 CB (Chrompak), OV-1 (Ohio Valley) and Rtx-1 (Restek).
A further property of the aforementioned perfume ingredients which confers good performance as an insect repellent is a capability of forming hydrogen bonds of greater than 60 on the Koppel Pal'm scale (J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1976, pp 1628).
The insect repellent perfume ingredients described herein are preferably used in a composition, more preferably in a perfume composition, preferably at a concentration of at least 10%, more preferably at least 30%, and particularly at least 50% by weight. The composition used in the invention comprises at least one, and, more preferably, 3 or 4 of the perfume ingredients described herein. The individual perfume ingredients are preferably present at a concentration in the range from 0.1% to 40%, more preferably, 0.5% to 20% by weight. The perfume composition may contain other known insect repellents, preferably of previously known insect repellent perfume ingredients, preferably at a concentration of at least 10%, more preferably at least 30%, and particularly at least 50% by weight.
Compositions containing more than one of the aforementioned insect repellent perfume ingredients preferably contain at least one such perfume ingredient having a "log P" value in the range 1.0 to 6.0 or at least one such perfume ingredient having a Kovats index in the range 1150 to 1650, as hereinbefore defined, or at least one such perfume ingredient capable of forming hydrogen bonds of greater than 60 on the Koppel Pal'm scale.
Preferably, the perfume ingredients described herein are used to repel insects, such as mosquitoes, particularly members of the genus Aedes and cockroaches.
Compositions used in accordance with the invention preferably constitute, or comprise, personal products or cosmetics for use on the skin and/or hair. Examples of such products include fine fragrances, colognes, skin creams, skin lotions, deodorants, talcs, bath oils, soaps, shampoos, hair conditioners and styling agents.
Alternatively, compositions used in accordance with the invention may constitute, or be comprised in, household products such as: air fresheners (including "heated" air fresheners in which insect repellent substances are released upon heating, e.g. electrically, or by burning [e.g. joss-sticks, candles]); hard surface cleaners; or laundry products (e.g. laundry detergent-containing compositions, conditioners).
Preferably the cosmetics, personal products and household products defined above comprise between 0.1% and 20%, more preferably 0.2% to 10% by weight of a composition used in accordance with the invention.
The compositions used in the invention may comprise additional materials to produce desired products such as pleasing perfumes with useful repellent activity. Other materials which may be present in the compositions (at concentrations from 0 to 99.95 % w/w) include fragrances, solvents, diluents and fixatives known in the art, such as:
Compounds are obtainable from the suppliers as indicated below: for those compounds labelled "(Q)", - Quest International, "(IFF)" - International Flavours & Fragrances, Inc., "(GIV)" - Givaudan, "(HER)" - Hercules B.V.
Other active and non-active materials may be present, such as:
The perfume ingredients used in the present invention can be used as the sole insect repellent in a composition or may be used in combination with other compounds which are effective insect repellents, including previously known insect repellent perfume ingredients.
Known insect repellents which are suitable for use in a mixture with at least one perfume ingredient used in the present invention include N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET); N,N-diethylbenzamide; citronella; Tolu balsam; Peru balsam; Eucalyptus oil; Huon pine oil; camphor; cypress oil; galbanum; diethyl phthalate; dimethyl phthalate; dibutyl phthalate; 1,2,3a,4,5,5a,6,7,8,9,9a,9b-dodecahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylnaphtho[2.1-b] furan; 4-(tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decylidene-8)butanal; 1-ethoxy-1-(2'-phenylethoxy)ethane; acetyl cedrene and propylidene phthalide.
A further composition useful in the invention comprises a mixture of at least one of the aforementioned perfume ingredients and a further compound, said further compound being present in an amount which is sufficient to ensure that said further compound contributes to said composition an insect repellent effect equivalent to a repellency of at least 10% as determined by the insect repellency test defined in Example 1. Preferably, the further compound is present in said composition in an amount which is sufficient to ensure that said further compound contributes an insect repellent effect equivalent to a repellency of at least 20% as determined by said insect repellency test. More preferably, the insect repellent effect contributed by the further compound is equivalent to a repellency of at least 30%.
The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples and by reference to Figure 1, which is a schematic representation of an apparatus suitable for testing compounds as insect repellents.
The effectiveness of the perfume ingredients as an insect repellent was tested using an apparatus similar to that disclosed in PCT Application WO 96/08147 and illustrated in Figure 1. The method is described for testing of citral diethyl acetal but can be adapted to test any other compound in place of citral diethyl acetal.
Four test chambers were prepared using 300 mm 200 gauge layflat tubing. The synthetic plastics tubing was attached to oblong stainless steel frames (150 mm by 150 mm by 900 mm) using double-sided adhesive tape. 200 mm squares of cotton netting were used to cover the ends of the chambers and were secured using adhesive tape.
Mosquitoes (naive insects of the species Aedes aegypti, 4 to 7 days old) were introduced into each chamber 8 and the chambers 8 were kept in a separate room until the test was ready to begin.
The exhaust fan which vents the room in which the test was performed was switched on.
Four targets 5 (only two shown) were prepared as follows: double layers of semi-porous membrane were stretched over the open ends of four open ended glassware bulbs (diameter of open end 43 mm) and secured using elastic bands. Testing was carried out at 27° C. The membranes were kept moist and warmed above the ambient temperature throughout the test by passing a supply of water (at 34° C) through the glassware bulbs, so as to contact the inner surface of the membranes.
Citral diethyl acetal (30 microlitres) was applied to a membrane and spread as evenly as possible across the membrane surface. This was repeated with two other membranes and the fourth membrane was left untreated as a control.
The chambers 8 containing the mosquitoes were positioned so that each chamber had one netting end pressed against one of the targets 5. Glass partitions in the form of a cross 6 were used to separate each target 5 and chamber end from its neighbour.
600 mm 200 gauge layflat tubing was used to connect the various elements as shown in Figure 1. Air was forced by an inlet fan (not shown) over the filters 2, 3, over the targets 5, and through the test chambers containing the mosquitoes. The separation of the membranes ensured that air passing over a particular membrane would pass through only one test chamber 8.
The filters 2, 3 were used to remove volatile elements from the air passing over the mosquitoes; filter 2 contained activated charcoal and filter 3 contained a molecular sieve (Union Carbide type 5A zeolite). The material in each filter 2, 3 was held within the cells of a 25 mm thick sheet of aluminium honeycomb sandwiched between two sheets of stainless steel mesh held in an aluminium frame. The filters 2,3 were bolted by their frames to the inside of an aluminium tunnel such that air passing along the tunnel passed through the filters 2, 3.
Four cameras 9 (only two shown) positioned downwind of the test chambers 8 were each focused onto a particular target 5, and the images produced by the cameras displayed on a single monitor 15 by means of a quad splitter 13. An electronic timer was used to project the date and time onto the screen, and the video recorder 14 was used to record the data.
The mosquitoes in the test chambers 8 were activated by introduction of a human breath stimulus upwind of the targets 5 and the number of insects attempting to bite each target 5 over the next ten minute period was recorded. After ten minutes, the recording was stopped and the test chambers 8 removed from their position immediately downwind of the targets 5.
The targets 5 were left untouched (although still warmed and moistened) for one hour with the fans switched on, after which time the test chambers 8 were re-introduced and the test repeated to determine the repellency of the citral diethyl acetal one hour after application.
The numbers of mosquitoes attempting to bite each of the targets 5 was noted every 10 seconds throughout each ten minute recording period. The 60 readings were used to produce a figure for the mean number of insects biting each target 5 during the ten minute test periods. The reading obtained for the untreated target 5 was used to give a measure of the basic avidity of the mosquitoes used in the test and this was taken into account when analysing the results.
A set of ten containers was prepared, each approximately 300 mm x 150 mm x 100 mm. Each contained two refuges made from small plastic plant pots approximately 40 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm with a doorway approximately 20 mm x 15 mm. The inside of one refuge was treated with gpc base (formulation below) containing the test material. The second refuge was treated with unperfumed gpc base. A small quantity of food and water was placed in each container. A single cockroach (periplaneta americana) was placed into each of the ten containers and the normal daily light/dark cycle followed for 24 hours. The cockroaches were of mixed age and gender. At the end of the cycle, when the lights were on, the positions of the cockroaches were noted.
0 or 1 cockroaches in the test refuges was classified as good repellent,
2 cockroaches in the test refuges was classified as moderate repellent, and
3 or more cockroaches in the test refuges was classified as not repellent.
If 2 or fewer cockroaches were in the test refuge and more than 2 were outside either refuge the test was repeated.
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