by Chris Woodford. Last updated: June 30, 2014.
If you hate having to carry a jangling bunch of jailer's keys wherever you go, imagine how cool it would be if you could unlock your door just by staring at it for a couple of seconds! Iris scanning technology could soon make this kind of thing completely routine. It's already being used in airports and military bases where fast, reliable identification is vitally important. Iris scans are the most accurate form of biometrics (identity checking based on sophisticated body measurements)—far superior as a form of identification to fingerprints (which can wear out in time) or DNA profiling (which isn't instant). What exactly are iris scans and how do they work? Let's take a closer look!
Photo: The eyes have it: computerized security systems can recognize you by decoding the unique patterns in your irises (the colored parts of your eyes). This handheld scanner is made by SecuriMetrics Inc. for the US military. Photo by Jason T. Bailey courtesy of US Army.
Why use biometrics?
There are more people on Earth than ever before, owning more things, and swapping more information every single day. Security has never been more important but—ironically, thanks to the computing power at everyone's disposal—never easier to crack. Traditionally, security relies on things that are difficult to do quickly: locks are physically difficult to bust open without the correct metal keys, while information secured by encryption (computerized scrambling) is hard to access without the right mathematical keys. But this kind of security has a basic flaw: with the right key, even the wrong person can quickly gain access.
Most security experts think biometrics (body measurement) is the answer. Instead of restricting access to things through arbitrary locks and keys, we grant access to people if we can positively identify them by measuring some unique pattern on their body. If you think about it, an ordinary passport photo is a crude example of biometrics. When the border guards look at your face and compare it with your passport photo, what they're doing is intuitively comparing two images. Is one nose bigger than another? Are the eyes further apart? That's simple biometrics. The trouble is that our faces change all the time and lots of people look very similar. Fingerprints are a more reliable form of biometrics, but even they're not infallible: illnesses and injuries, as well as basic wear-and-tear, can alter the pattern of ridges on our fingers in time. Iris scans are a much more reliable way of identifying people—simplying by taking quick photographs of their eyes!
Photo: Our brains are constantly using biometrics to recognize people: we know one person is taller than another, has longer arms, or whatever. The trouble is, many people look quite similar to one another and we can no longer rely on simple visual impressions in our high-security, modern world.
What makes an iris scan unique?
The iris is the colored ring of muscle that opens and shuts the pupil of the eye like a camera shutter. The colored pattern of our irises is determined genetically when we're in the womb but not fully formed until we're aged about two. It comes from a pigment called melanin—more melanin gives you browner eyes and less produces bluer eyes. Although we talk about people having "blue eyes," "green eyes," "brown eyes," or whatever, in reality the color and pattern of people's eyes is extremely complex and completely unique: the patterns of one person's two eyes are quite different from each other and even genetically identical twins have different iris patterns.
Photo: The iris is the colored part of your eye around the dark pupil in the center. A "blue eye" like this has less melanin (brown pigment).
How does iris scanning work in practice?
To get past an iris-scanning system, the unique pattern of your eye has to be recognized so you can be positively identified. That means there have to be two distinct stages involved in iris-scanning: enrollment (the first time you use the system, when it learns to recognize you) and verification/recognition (where you're checked on subsequent occasions).
First, all the people the system needs to know about have to have their eyes scanned. This one-off process is called enrollment. Each person stands in front of a camera and has their eyes digitally photographed with both ordinary light and invisible infrared (a type of light used in night vision systems that has a slightly longer wavelength than ordinary red light). In iris recognition, infrared helps to show up the unique features of darkly colored eyes that do not stand out clearly in ordinary light. These two digital photographs are then analyzed by a computer that removes unnecessary details (such as eyelashes) and identifies around 240 unique features (about five times more "points of comparison" as fingerprint systems use). These features, unique to every eye, are turned into a simple, 512-digit number called an IrisCode® that is stored, alongside your name and other details, in a computer database. The enrollment process is completely automatic and usually takes no more than a couple of minutes.
Once you're stored in the system, it's a simple matter to check your identify. You simply stand in front of another iris scanner and have your eye photographed again. The system quickly processes the image and extracts your IrisCode®, before comparing it against the hundreds, thousands, or millions stored in its database. If your code matches one of the stored ones, you're positively identified; if not, tough luck! It either means you're not known to the system or you're not whom you claim to be.
Photo: Scanners can be made handheld and easily portable, like this one being used by the US Army, or wall-mounted for convenience in places like airports. Photo by Adaecus G. Brooks courtesy of US Army.
Advantages and disadvantages of iris scans
The biggest advantage of iris scanning is its accuracy and reliability: it's estimated to be ten times more accurate than fingerprinting (claimed to produce around 1 in 1–2 million false matches, compared to fingerprints, which produce around 1 in 100,000). While fingerprints are constantly exposed and susceptible to damage, the iris is naturally protected by the cornea (the eye's transparent front coating) and its pattern seems to remain reliably unchanged for decades (though not necessarily for life). Unlike fingerprint scanners, which need direct contact and have to be kept spotlessly clean, iris scans can be performed safely and hygienically at some distance from the eye.
The drawbacks of iris scanning include greater initial cost and the fact that it's still a relatively untried technology (some trials, for example, have found a much greater rate of false matches than originally claimed). Civil liberties campaigners have also voiced privacy concerns—that future iris-scanning technology could be developed that will allow people to be tracked covertly (at a distance of some meters) without either their knowledge or cooperation.
Who invented iris scans?
Here's a quick history of how iris scanning technology has developed.
- 1936: US opthalmologist Frank Burch suggests the idea of recognizing people from their iris patterns long before technology for doing so is feasible.
- 1981: American opthalmologists Leonard Flom and Aran Safir discuss the idea of using iris recognition as a form of biometric security, though technology is still not yet advanced enough.
- 1987: Leonard Flom and Aran Safir gain US patent #4,641,349 for the basic concept of an iris recognition system.
- 1994: US-born mathematician John Daugman (currently a professor of computer science at Cambridge University, England) works with Flom and Safir to develop the algorithms (mathematical processes) that can turn photographs of irises into unique numeric codes. He is granted US patent #5,291,560 for a "biometric personal identification system based on iris analysis" the same year. Daugman is widely credited as the inventor of practical iris recognition since his algorithm is used in most iris-scanning systems.
- 1996: Lancaster County Prison, Pennsylvania begins testing iris recognition as a way of checking prisoner identities.
- 1999: Bank United Corporation of Houston, Texas converts supermarket ATMs to iris-recognition technology.
- 2000: Charlotte/Douglas International Airport in North Carolina and Flughafen Frankfurt Airport in Germany become two of the first airports to use iris scanning in routine passenger checks.
- 2006: Iris-scanning systems are installed at British airports, including Heathrow, Gatwick, Birmingham, and Stansted. Privacy concerns notwithstanding, hundreds of thousands of travelers voluntarily opt to use the machines to avoid lengthy passport-checking queues.
Find out more
On this website
On other websites
- Biometrics.gov: The official, central source of information on all the US government's biometrics activities.
- Prof John Daugman: Web page belonging to the inventor of iris recognition. Includes a definitive and detailed explanation of how iris recognition works (PDF format) and lots of other useful background.
- Biometric Comparison Guide: A good introduction to iris recognition, face recognition, fingerprint, and other biometrics from leading manufacturer Iridian Technologies.
- Iris Recognition: An Emerging Biometric Technology by Richard P. Wildes, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 9, September 1997. An excellent, if slightly dated, technical introduction (PDF format).
Selected news articles
- Your eyes can tell no lies: A short biographical profile of John Daugman by Sally Donnelly from TIME, Sunday, Nov 18, 2001.
- Questions over eye scan plan: by Mark Ward, BBC News, 7 May 2003. A critical look at some of the drawbacks of iris scanning, including assessments of its accuracy and reliability.
- Iris scans to protect your photos: BBC News, 19 Feb 2008. Iris-scan pioneer John Daugman explains how the technology can be used to watermark photographs.
- Security on the (Eye)Ball: Hands-Free Iris Biometrics to Keep Bad Guys at Bay by Larry Greenemeier, Scientific American, 28 Jul 2009. How iris scanners can now detect people at a distance of 12m.
- Ageing eyes hinder biometric scans by Duncan Graham-Rowe. Nature, 25 May 2012. Research suggests iris patterns do change slowly over time, potentially undermining the security of iris scanning systems.
- Biometrics: Identity Assurance in the Information Age by John D. Woodward (Jr.), Nicholas M. Orlans, and Peter T. Higgins. McGraw Hill, 2003. A fairly practical introduction covering all forms of biometrics.
- Biometrics For Dummies by Peter Gregory and Michael Simon. Dummies, 2008. A good overview to different types of biometrics with a practical feel (one part of the book is devoted to "getting started with biometrics").
- Iris Recognition: An Identification Biometric System by Abdul Basit. LAP Lambert, 2010. A good overview to different types of biometrics with a practical feel (one part of the book is devoted to "getting started with biometrics").
- US Patent #4,641,349: Iris Recognition System by Leonard Flom and Aran Safir, February 3, 1987. Explains the general principle of scanning an eye to recognize its features.
- US Patent #5,291,560: Biometric personal identification system based on iris analysis by John Daugman, March 1, 1994. Describes the general process used in modern iris recognition systems.