In trying to study a group , one way to proceed is to
look for a set of generating elements;
look for ‘relations’ between those elements.
The problem is partially how one is to interpret this second part. To do this we need to look at words in the generators and hence at the free group on the set of generators.
For example, if we have the symmetric group , or, isomorphically, the dihedral group (of symmetries of a triangle) which we will call (following the geometric convention (see the Wikipedia article on dihedral groups), then we have 6 elements, and they are all able to be got as products of a transposition and a three cycle (or alternatively as a reflection and a rotation). If we call the three cycle and the transposition , we have
What about the other words: for instance. If one calculates in and then looks up what you get you have , so that there is a relation between these two words. This however is not all. What about ? That is a word in the s and s so should represent something in . in fact if you think in the geometric interpretation of as being the dihedral group, , you can pick up a triangle and interpret that word as a list of instructions for moving the triangle. You then find out what this word is out of the 6 possible given forms.
For a presentation, you give a set of generators , so there will be an epimorphism from to , and then you try to find a description for the kernel of that epimorphism, which we will denote by . The description of this normal subgroup is as the normal closure of a set of relations, i.e. words in the generators or, equally validly, elements in the free group on .
A presentation of a group, , is a coequalizer diagram , where is the free group on a set of generators, and one on a set of relations (or relators, depending on how the relations are specified).
This is not quite the usual `classical' form of the definition, so we will take it apart to show the relationship.
A presentation is thus given by a pair of sets, and , written such that setting to be the free group on the set and the normal closure of the set of relators , there is a specified isomorphism from to .
The specified isomorphism is often omitted, as often the set of generators is chosen as a subset of the set of elements of . In this case, the universal properties of free groups and quotients, there is a unique map which restricts to the inclusion of , and thereby at most one map which does so; this map is then the one asserted to be an isomorphism.
In general it is necessary to proceed otherwise, however, and to give a specific function from a set to the set of elements of . This function then induces a group homomorphism from to , and if this is a surjection, then we can find some (generators for its kernel) to produce a presentation of . Without this extra data, certain of the manipulations of a group presntation look decidedly suspect, for instance a substitution which results in two copies of a generator being given. It is also much easier to work with morphisms of presentations if the full data is recorded.
a cyclic group, , of order has presentation . There are many different functions from the (singleton) set of generators to that will give a suitable presentation in the fuller sense.
has a presentation .
‘Relations’ and ‘relators’: In the discussion of above we had a relation . so we are relating two words of . It is often the case that instead of relations we use relators, in other words a relation of form , where is a word in the generators. In the example can be easily shown to imply and be implied by .
Given a group presentation as above, we have a short exact sequence,
where , the free group on the set , is a subset of and is the normal closure in of the set . The group acts on by conjugation: and the elements of are words in the conjugates of the elements of :
where each is or . One also says such elements are consequences of . Heuristically an identity among the relations of is such an element which equals 1.
Given a group presentation, it is natural to perform transformations using substitutions, say adding in one new symbol for a string of generators, and adjusting the presentation accordingly. The valid transformations that do not change the group being presented are formalised as the Tietze transformations.
The study of group presentations, their transformations etc. forms part of combinatorial group theory.
A basic introduction to the theory of group presentations can be found in some standard texts, both on group theory itself and on related areas of low dimensional topology, for instance,
For more elementary or introductory texts, see, for instance,
or his earlier:
which have some very useful material in them.
For a deeper treatment of the area, more specialised sources are needed: