CADDIS Volume 1: Stressor Identification
Step 3: Evaluate Data from the Case
On this page
- How do I analyze the data?
- What evidence would support or weaken the case for a candidate cause?
- How do I score the evidence?
- Helpful tips
Types of evidence
- Spatial/Temporal Co-occurrence
- Evidence of Exposure or Biological Mechanism
- Causal Pathway
- Stressor-Response Relationships from the Field
- Manipulation of Exposure
- Laboratory Tests of Site Media
- Temporal Sequence
- Verified Predictions
Evidence of Exposure or Biological Mechanism
Measurements of the biota show that relevant exposure to the cause has occurred, or that other biological mechanisms linking the cause to the effect have occurred.
Consider increases in an invasive predator as a candidate cause of decreased native fish abundance. What findings support or weaken the case for increased invasive predators as the cause, based on evidence of exposure or mechanism?
- Supporting evidence - Examination of the invader's gut contents shows that many of the invasive individuals have native fishes in their stomachs.
- Weakening evidence - Examination of the invader's gut contents shows that no native fishes are found in the invader's stomachs.
Other measurements which may provide evidence of exposure or mechanism include:
- Body burden measurements of toxic substances or parasites
- Biomarkers of exposure, such as cytochrome P450 levels
- Behavioral observations, such as avoidance or behaviors such as convulsive swimming), and
- Comparison of responses by organisms with different feeding or life history strategies, which may provide useful mechanistic evidence for causes that rarely leave internal evidence.
Data relevant to evaluating exposure or a particular mechanism are analyzed by comparing measurements from impaired versus unimpaired sites. Whereas spatial/temporal co-occurrence deals only with measures of the candidate causal agent, or proximate stressor, evidence of exposure or mechanism explicitly considers surrogate measures or measures of other steps in the causal pathway. The analytical challenges inherent in evaluating spatial/temporal co-occurrence also apply here.
- Example analysis worksheet for evidence of exposure or mechanism (from the Little Scioto River, Ohio, USA)
- Data showing that organisms at impaired sites have accumulated or had contact with the candidate cause, while organisms at unimpaired sites have not
- Data showing that a specific causal mechanism is acting on organisms at impaired sites, but not at unimpaired sites
- Data showing that exposure or a specific causal mechanism has not occurred at impaired sites
- Data showing, with a high degree of certainty, that exposure or a specific causal mechanism has not occurred at impaired sites
|Data show that exposure or the biological mechanism is clear and consistently present.||This finding strongly supports the case for the candidate cause, but is not convincing, because it does not establish that the level of exposure or mechanistic action was sufficient to cause the effect.||+ +|
|Data show that exposure or the biological mechanism is weak or inconsistently present.||This finding somewhat supports the case for the candidate cause.||+|
|Data show that exposure or the biological mechanism is uncertain.||This finding neither supports nor weakens the case for the candidate cause.||0|
|Data show that exposure or the biological mechanism is absent.||This finding strongly weakens the case for the candidate cause, but is not convincing because the exposure or the mechanism may have been missed.||- -|
|Data show that exposure or the biological mechanism is absent, and the evidence is indisputable.||This finding refutes the case for the candidate cause.||R|
- Evidence of exposure or biological mechanism considers intermediate steps between the proximate stressor and observed biological effect, whereas evidence of a causal pathway considers intermediate steps between sources and the proximate stressor.
- Mere spatial/temporal co-occurrence does not establish the occurrence of exposure.
Evaluate Data from the Case: In-Depth Look | Evaluate Data from Elsewhere: In-Depth Look | Step-by-Step Guide Introduction