The invention relates to a DC-DC converter intended to convert electric power provided by an energy source delivering a first direct voltage and direct current having first respective values into output electric energy at a second direct voltage and with a second direct current having second respective values.
The invention also relates to an electricity distribution facility for consumers distributed in an artificial satellite.
DC-DC converters intended to provide strong currents at low voltages are already known the state of the art. They are in particular used to power satellites and other similar electricity-consuming devices and often comprise a magnetic regulating device called “magnetic postregulator” by specialists, provided to ensure switching of the current so as to deliver an output current with a regulated voltage and/or current.
In a technical bulletin no. SR-4, published in 1999 by the Company Magnetics, Butler, Pa. 16003, EUA, a DC-DC converter with a magnetic postregulator is described (see FIG. 1 of the appended drawings). It includes an input transducer T receiving, on its primary, a hashed direct current from a direct current source (not shown). The secondary of this transducer powers, by its respective ends, two saturable induction coils SC1 and SC2 connected using diodes D1 and D2 to a smoothing induction coil L also connected to the positive output terminal B+ of the converter.
The negative output terminal B− is connected to a middle connector PM of the transducer T. A regulator R producing a voltage reference on a reference point PR injects a correction signal on a line LC in the rectifier circuit CR formed by the induction coils SC1 and SC2 and the diodes D1 and D2 by means of two additional diodes d1 and d2 that are respectively connected to the junction points between the induction coil SC1 and the diode D1 on the one hand and the induction coil SC2 and the diode D2 on the other.
The assembly also includes a “free wheel” diode D3 connected between the node of the diode D1 and the induction coil L and the negative output terminal B− of the converter.
This known converter with a magnetic postregulator works suitably by switching due to the saturation of the induction coils SC1 and SC2, but has the drawback of requiring a transducer T with a relatively complex construction, as it is equipped with a secondary made up of two half-windings, and above all a “free wheel” diode D3. The latter introduces switching energy dissipation related to the charges accumulated by its parasitic capacity. Furthermore, the regulator R is intended to control the output voltage through a modification of the cyclic ratio of the switching done in the converter.
Known from Japanese patent JP2001 275 361 is another type of DC/DC converter, an overview diagram of which is shown in FIG. 2 of the appended drawings. In that case, an input transducer Ta is used whereof the secondary does not comprise a middle connector. This secondary powers two saturable induction coils SC1a and SC2a that are connected to a positive output terminal Ba+ by means of respective transistors TR1 and TR2. The terminals of the secondary of the transducer Ta are also connected to smoothing inductors La and Lb whereof the shared node is connected to the negative output terminal Ba− of the converter. The gates of the transistors TR1 and TR2 are respectively connected to switching control circuits CC1 to CC4 that receive their input signals from the terminals of the secondary.
This known converter constitutes a current doubler with a synchronous rectifier and uses active components to obtain the switching. The saturable induction coils SC1a and SC2a here serve to perform, by compensating spikes, gentle switching of the active components without themselves participating in the determination of the switching. Furthermore, the output voltage is equal to half the output voltage of the transducer Ta and this ratio is fixed and not regulated. This therefore involves a converter which, although having an input transducer with a single secondary, requires the use of active components and their control circuits such that this converter is ultimately more complex than that of the prior art document previously analyzed. Furthermore, in considering the preferred field of application of the present invention, the presence of active components introduces an operating insecurity factor due to the risks of breakdown that are inherent to the use of such components. The assembly is therefore less suitable for use in an application requiring faultless reliability, for example as a power supply for a satellite.
The invention aims to provide a DC/DC converter with a regulated output without active components, and in particular a “free wheel” diode, a transducer with a divided secondary.
The invention therefore relates to a DC-DC converter intended to convert the electricity provided by an energy source delivering a first direct voltage and a first direct current having first respective values into output electricity at a second direct voltage and a second direct current having second respective values, said converter including
an inverter powered by said energy source and intended to create alternative energy at a third voltage and with a third current,
a conversion unit intended to deliver said output energy, and
a regulator associated with said conversion unit to regulate said second voltage,
said conversion unit having a transducer powered by said inverter and feeding into a controlled rectifier intended to provide said second voltage,
said controlled rectifier including two serial circuits with opposite conduction directions each made up of a power diode and a saturable induction coil, said saturable induction coils magnetically controlling, during each cycle of the third voltage delivered by said inverter, the beginning- and end-of-conduction moments of said power diodes, and
said regulator being connected to analyze said second voltage of said output energy and, as a function of that analysis, to create a control voltage intended to regulate said second voltage,
said controlled rectifier also including two regulating diodes connected to inject said control voltage respectively into the connection nodes between the power diode and the saturable induction coil of said serial circuits of said controlled rectifier,
said converter being characterized in that it also includes a reactive serial circuit associated with said transducer and cooperating with said controlled rectifier to phase-shift said third voltage relative to said third current, and
in that said control voltage regulates the phase shift between them as a function of the alternatives of said second voltage.
Owing to these features, it becomes possible to design DC-DC converters without “free wheel” diodes or switching transistors, while having a completely controlled stable operation.
According to other advantageous features of the invention:
said reactive serial circuit comprises an inductance mounted between said inverter and said transducer;
said reactive circuit is realized in said transducer, which to that end has a significant leakage inductance between its primary and its secondary, weakly coupled to one another;
said reactive serial circuit has an inductance and a capacitance mounted in series between said inverter and said transducer;
at least part of said reactive serial circuit is formed by the cabling connecting said inverter to said transducer;
said transducer can include a secondary made from two half-windings strongly coupled to one another and each powering one of the serial circuits of a power diode and a saturable induction coil, said second voltage being taken between the middle point between the half-windings of said secondary and the node between said power diodes;
said controlled rectifier is mounted as a voltage doubler;
said transducer has a secondary whereof one of the terminal is connected to said serial circuits of a power diode and a saturable induction coil, and whereof the other terminal is connected to each of said diodes by means of a capacitor.
Furthermore, in the case where the rectifier is mounted as a voltage doubler,
said reactive serial circuit comprises an inductance mounted between the secondary of the transformer and said voltage doubler;
said reactive circuit comprises an inductance and a capacitance mounted in series between the secondary of said transducer and said voltage doubler; or
said reactive circuit is realized in said transducer owing to a distribution by construction between the primary and the secondary thereof.
The invention also relates to an electricity distribution facility, in particular for satellites, characterized in that it includes a DC-DC converter as defined above, built with a plurality of conversion units each connected to said inverter by means of an individual cabling, each of said conversion units comprising its own voltage regulator.
This facility can also be designed so as to include a DC-DC converter as defined above, built with a plurality of conversion units, said conversion units being distributed in groups of at least three units whereof the outputs are placed in parallel and which are connected to said inverter by a multi-line cable.
In that case, in each of said groups of conversion units, they may be connected in a triangle and/or in a star and/or may be regulated by a shared single regulator.
The electricity distribution facility can also be designed to include a converter as defined above and built with a plurality of conversion units powered by a shared transducer including a plurality of secondaries at a rate of one per unit. In that case, each of said conversion units may be provided with its own regulator.
Lastly, according to one advantageous embodiment, the electricity distribution facility, in particular for satellites, is characterized in that it includes a converter as defined above built with a plurality of conversion units arranged in at least one group of conversion units powered by means of a shared transducer connected by its primary to said inverter and including as many secondaries as there are conversion units in a group,
one of said conversion units of a group being a pilot conversion unit formed by a symmetrical rectifier with no phase shift means,
said inverter being adjustable,
the facility including an adjustment loop acting on said inverter to adjust it as a function of the difference signal between a voltage reference signal and a signal depending on the output voltage of said pilot conversion unit, and the other conversion units of a group being provided with their own regulator.
The invention is described in more detail relative to example embodiments and in reference to the drawings.
FIGS. 1 and 2, already described, show DC/DC converter diagrams of the state of the art;
FIG. 3 shows a diagram of one preferred embodiment of the DC/DC converter according to the invention;
FIGS. 4 and 5 show two alternatives of a conversion unit that can be used in the converter shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 illustrates the operation on the one hand of the converter of the prior art of FIG. 1 in diagrams a) and b), and on the other hand of the converter of FIG. 3 in diagrams c) and d);
FIG. 7 further illustrates the operation of the converter of FIG. 3;
FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 show three other alternatives of conversion units that can be used in the converter according to the invention, said units being designed according to the voltage doubler principle;
FIGS. 8a, 8b, 10a and 10b show alternative embodiments of the converters respectively shown in FIGS. 8 and 10;
FIG. 11 shows an electricity distribution facility, in particular for telecommunications satellites, including a converter according to the invention with a plurality of conversion units of the type shown in FIG. 3 or in FIG. 8, the conversion units being connected individually to the inverter of the converter;
FIG. 12 is a diagram similar to that of FIG. 11, and shows an electricity distribution facility in which the converter includes a polyphase, more specifically three-phase, inverter powering a plurality of groups of conversion units connected according to a three-phase diagram, here in a star;
FIG. 13 shows the diagram of an electricity distribution facility according to the invention, with three conversion units each provided with its own regulator for the output voltage; and
FIG. 14 is a diagram of an electricity distribution facility according to the invention, having three conversion units and provided with a global regulating device combined with individual regulators for the conversion units.
Reference will first be made to FIG. 3, which shows the preferred embodiment of the invention. In this case, the DC/DC converter is powered from a direct current source 1, for example the primary power bar in the case of a telecommunications satellite. This source 1 powers a symmetrical alternating voltage inverter 2 whereof the output is connected to an AC-DC conversion unit UCa sometimes called “symmetrical postregulator” by specialists. This conversion unit UCa includes a transducer 3 equipped with a primary 3a and a secondary 3, here having two half-windings 3b and 3, strongly coupled at a middle point 3d.
The primary 3a of the transducer 3 is connected to the output of the inverter 2 by means of a serial reactive circuit formed, in this example, by an inductance Lr. The resonance frequency of this circuit is preferably lower than the operating frequency of the converter. Ie will refer to the input current sent into the inductance Lr and Ve designates the input voltage applied to the conversion unit UCa connected to the inverter 2.
The terminals of the half-windings 3b and 3c opposite the middle point 3d are connected to respective saturable induction coils Lsat1 and Lsat2. These are connected to one another by means of a serial circuit with two head-to-tail power diodes D1 and D2 shunted by a serial circuit of two other head-to-tail regulating diodes d1 and d2 respectively mounted in opposite directions relative to the latter. The node 4 designates the junction point between the diodes D1 and D2, and node 5 designates the junction point between the diodes d1 and d2. The circuit described above forms a controlled rectifier, the control being done in the manner described below.
The node 4 is connected to the positive output terminal 6+ of the converter, the negative terminal 6− (here at 0 V) of the latter being connected to the middle point 3d of the secondary of the transducer 3. Output voltage Vs designates the voltage prevailing between the terminals 6+ and 6−.
A capacitor 7 is connected between the output terminals 6+ and 6−.
The converter also includes a regulator 8 intended to keep the output voltage Vs constant as a function of the charge applied to the converter.
This regulator 8 includes an operational amplifier 9 whereof the inputs respectively receive a voltage reference Vref established on a node 10 by a Zener diode 11, and an adjustment voltage Vaj coming from an adjustable voltage divider 12. The output of the amplifier 9 controls a transistor 13 setting, with another transistor in series 14, a control voltage −Vc appearing on the output terminal 15 of the regulator 8 connected to the node 5 between the regulating diodes d1 and d2. This point is also connected to the node 4 between the power diodes D1 and D2 by means of a capacitor 16. In this embodiment, the control voltage −Vc is referenced relative to the potential of the negative output terminal 6−. According to one alternative not shown, the control voltage may also be referenced at the positive terminal of the converter.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative of a conversion unit UCb according to the invention, the diagram of the regulator 8 not being shown. In that case, the functionality of the serial reactive circuit is realized in the transducer 3 itself, which then has a significant leakage inductance (obtained by a weak coupling symbolized by the arrow 17) between the primary 3a and the half-windings 3b and 3c of the secondary of said transducer. This leakage inductance serves as the inductance belonging to the reactive circuit.
FIG. 5 shows another alternative of a conversion unit UC, in which the transducer 3 is arranged like that of FIG. 3, the inductance Lr in that case being connected in series with a capacitive component Cr.
The assemblies according to the invention described above in reference to FIGS. 3 to 5 all perform a phase shift δ between the input current Ie and the input voltage Ve so as to allow the output voltage Vs to be regulated.
In order to illustrate the operation of the converter according to the invention and show the differences relative to the converters of the prior art, FIG. 6 shows two curves measured on the one hand on a traditional converter of the type commonly called symmetrical “push-pull” or “forward” with magnetic regulation by specialists (FIG. 1; diagrams a) and b) of FIG. 6), and on the other hand on a converter according to the invention, like that shown in FIG. 3 (diagrams c) and d) of FIG. 6).
In the case of diagrams a) and c), the input voltage Ve is 20 V, the output voltage Vs is +10 V, and the control voltage Vc is −10 V. In the case of diagrams b) and d), these values are respectively 15 V, +10 V and −10 V. In each diagram, the curves shown, read on experimental assemblies by the Applicant, are respectively, in decreasing order by shades of gray, the input current Ie, the input voltage Ve, the voltage VD1d1 on the node situated between the power diode D1 and the regulating diode d1, and the voltage VD2d2 on the node situated between the power diode D2 and the regulating diode d2.
In the traditional converter of FIG. 1, the conduction of the diodes D1 and D2 occurs with a delay relative to the increase in voltage due to the fact that only the saturable induction coils SC1 and SC2 must saturate. Furthermore, the end of conduction of the diodes D1 and D2 occurs when the voltage reverses. While the diodes conduct, the current traveling through them is constant (assuming that the induction coils are perfect) or nearly constant. When the voltage reverses, the current traveling through the diodes drops sharply to zero. It will also be noted that the regulation of the output voltage Vs is obtained by imposing a variation of the cyclic ratio of the input voltage Ve and the input current Ie. Lastly, in the case of FIG. 1, a “free wheel” diode D3 must be used so as to force the end of conduction of the diodes D1 and D2.
However, in looking at diagrams c) and d) of FIG. 6, which apply to alternatives of the circuit shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, the following operation can be observed.
The voltages VD1d1 and VD2d2 evolve between the voltage Vs and the voltage −Vc with a constant cyclic ratio close to 1/2 and having a phase shift δ relative to the voltage Ve, which means that the conduction of the power diodes is rigorously phase-shifted relative to the alternating voltage Ve, contrary to the traditional assembly, where it is the cyclic ratio that varies. The conduction period pcD1 of the diode D1 as well as the phase shift δ are indicated in diagram c) of FIG. 6. The conduction of the power diodes D1 and D2 also occurs with a delay relative to the voltage increase due to the saturation phenomenon of the saturable induction coils Lsat1 and Lsat2.
However, the end of conduction of the diodes D1 and D2 occurs when the current of the resonance induction coil disappears, that current beginning to reduce as of the moment when the voltage reverses. This operating difference relative to the traditional circuit is due to the presence of current phase shift means associated with the transducer 3, whether in the form of the resonant circuit (induction coil Lr, FIG. 3), the inductance transducer with significant leakage (reference 17, FIG. 4), or the induction coil Lr combined with the capacitance Cr (FIG. 5).
As a result of this operation of the converters according to the invention, the diodes naturally change from the conducting state to the non-conducting state without the help of a “free wheel” diode, which makes it possible to eliminate the latter and thereby eliminate the switching losses and transmission of parasites related to the operation of such a diode. Furthermore, the regulation of the output voltage Vs is done not by modifying the cyclic ratio of the currents, but by varying the phase shift δ thereof relative to the voltage initiated by the phase shift means associated with the transducer 3.
FIG. 7 uses stylized theoretical curves to show the evolution of the voltages at the terminals of the saturable induction coils Lsat1 and Lsat2 making it possible to deduce the positive and negative flows in those saturable induction coils, said flows F+ and F− having to be equal over a cycle respectively corresponding to the following two relationships:
F+−γT*(Ve−Vs) and F−=γT*(Ve−Vc)
in which γT represents the duration of the time interval during which the saturable induction coils conduct the coercitive current Icoer assuming that the transformation ratio is equal to 1. For other values of the transformation ratio, it naturally causes the size Ve to be multiplied by that ratio.
Here, the phase shift depends on the charge, as well as other parameters. However, the output voltage is theoretically related to the control voltage by the equation Vs=Vc, which remains globally verified in the real case where the discharge time of the capacitances of the diodes also comes into play and slightly modifies that behavior.
It should also be noted that in the cases of FIGS. 3 to 5, the maximum power that can be transmitted by the converter will be limited by the value of the serial impedance at the operating frequency according to the relationship: