Pressure exerted via the fluid in the catheter is the _____. This is connected to a transducer or ___ ____ that changes the signal. This results in an electrical expression, ___, of the force exerted and is displayed as ___.
Input, wheatstone bridge, output, waveforms
CVP or ____ _____ ______ i the pressure within the SVC. It reflects the amount of blood ____ to the hrart. It is often read via catheter inserted into the ____ vein.
Central venous pressure, returning, subclavian
Because there are no valves between the RA and SVC or IVC, the CVP and pressure of the RA should be ___.
RA pressures are often reported as a ___ pressure because of the small difference between ___ and ___ measurements.
Mean, systolic, diastolic
Elevated RA pressures could mean:
RV failure, tricuspid disease (TR or TS), cardiac tamponade, pulmonary hypertension, chronic LV failure, Volume overload
RV pressures are expressed as ___, ___, and ___ ___. Those number ranges are ___, ___, and ___. The O2 saturation is ___.
Systolic, diastolic, end diastolic, 15-28 mmHg, 0-8 mmHg, 2-6 mmHg, 65-80%
High RV pressures can indicate
Pulmonary congestion, pulmonary HTN, PV stenosis, L-R shunt, COPD, peripheral PA stenosis
During ventricular ____ the blood that is in the PA is distributed throughout the ___ ____.
Diastole, pulmonary vasculature
In the PA, the ranges for systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure are . . . And o2 sat is:
15-18 mmHg, 5-16 mmHg, 10-22 mmHg, 65-80%
Elevated pressures in the PA can indicate:
Pulmonary emboli, mitral valve stenosis, COPD, pulmonary HTN, LV failure, PA stenosis
PCWP or PAWP pressures are obtained using a ____-____ ____ floated in the ___ ___.
Swan-Ganz catheter, pulmonary artery
High PWCP can indicate
LV failure, mitral stenosis, tamponade, hypervolemia, ischemia, cardiomyopathy, valve disease
Left ventricular pressure is measured ___ with a catheter placed in the ___ ___.
Directly, left ventricle
Gradients are pressure differences caused by an ______. They occur with ___ or ____ ____ ____.
Obstruction, stenosis, valve function problem
Calculation of the size of the opening of a valve helps ...
Determine the level of stenosis in the valve
There are 2 primary methods to calculate AoV and MV stenosis. These are . . .
Gorlin formula and Haaki formula
Cardiac index is CO that takes into account ____. Its formula is _____ or ____.
BSA, CO/BSA, (SV x HR)/BSA
There are 3 primary ways to obtain cardiac output:
All three are _____ ______ calculations
Fick formula, thermodilution, angiographic, forward motion
shunts can be either _-_ or _-_. They can be caused by congenital defect: ___, ___, ___, ___
L-R, R-L, ASD, PFO, VSD, anomalous venous return