US 3598887 A
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United States Patent Qlfice Us. (:1. 260879 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A chemical process for making block copolymers, which includes the steps of preparing a living block copolymer by anionic polymerization, e.g. usingalithium hydrocarbyl as initiator, and reacting thejliving bloc-k copolymer with either carbonv 'dioxide,fcarbonyl sulphide or carbon disulphide to, couple the block copolymer molecules through their live ends.
This invention relates to a process for the preparation of block copolymers.
Block copolymers and polymers in which the macromolecules comprise discreet polymeric segments, each segment being joined at one oreach linear end to another discreet polymeric segment. Each segment may be a homopolymer or may be a random copolymer of two or more ditferent monomeric units. Different segments may be polymers of the same monomer, and diifer from each other only in the microstructure of the monomeric units.
Block copolymers, of two or more monomers have recently assumed importance, as they exhibit properties which are different from the homopolymers of the monomers of which they are composed and from the conventional random copolymers of the same monomers. In some cases, the block copolymers exhibit properties which are a combination of or intermediate between those of homopolymers of the individual monomers.
Of particular interest among block copolymers are those which comprise three blocks, the centre block being composed of a rubbery polymer and each terminal block being composed of a plastic polymer, for example block copolymers of form polystyrene-polybutadiene-polysty-,
rene. Such block copolymers have some properties characteristic of a plastic and some properties characteristic of a rubber. Thus the materials are thermoplastic and can be moulded at elevated temperatures. The materials are also rubbery and do not require vulcanization or curing, as is the case with natural rubber and conventional synthetic rubbers, beforeexhibiting their rubbery properties such as high elasticity, high elongation at break and high tensile strength.
Such block copolymers are normally prepared by the,
living polymer or step-wise-addition technique. This technique involves the polymerization of a first monomer -by. anionic'polymerization in solution, using a suitable initiator of anionic polymerization such as .sodiumnaphthalene or butyl lithium, until complete conversion of monomer to polymer has been achieved. When a mono- I functional initiator such as butyl lithium is employed, the
result is a living polymer so called because it has a terminal atom carrying a negative charge or live end. Then, without killing the living polymer so, formed, the second monomer is added to the reaction solution, and polymerization of this second monomer onto the live end of the previously formed living polymer is initiated by the 70 living polymer itself. After complete. polymerization of the second monomer, aitwo-block copolymerhas.been
Patented Aug. 1Q, 1971 formed, and a copolymer having the desired number of blocks can be prepared by repeating the steps as necessary, provided only that the preformed polymer is not killed at any stage of the process. A When a di-functional initiator such as dilithio-diisoprene is used, the living polymer produced after the first step of the process has two live ends. Subsequent additions of the second monomer to this living polymer will cause polymerization onto both of these live ends, forming a three-block copolymer. The process can of course be repeated, in this case to produce five, seven, etc., block copolymers.
There are however certain disadvantages in such a process. For example, the process is time-consuming, as after each addition of monomer suflicient time must elapse for the complete polymerization of the addedmonomer to form a block. Further, when preparing high molecular wieght'block"copolymers by this method, the solution attains a high viscosity, which makes thorough mixing of the solution during the later stages, such as an addition of the last monomer, difiicult. This problem is accentuated when, as is usual, the process is carried out in a non-polar solvent, due to the tendency of living polymer molecules to dimerize in such solutions. Moreover, each addition of monomer to the solution entails the risk of introducing impurities which may kill the living polymers, and it is therefore desirable that the number of such additions be kept down to a minimum.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process of preparing block copolymers which overcomes or reduces these disadvantages.
From its broadest aspect, the present invention provides a process for preparing mnlti-block copolymers which comprises the steps of polymerizing to substantial completion a first monomer by anionic polymerization in solution in an inert organic solvent, adding to the living homopolymer so formed a second monomer and allowing said second monomer to polymerize to substantial completion onto the end of the said homopolymer, and
coupling the living block copolymer formed by reacting the live ends thereof with a coupling reagent comprising carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulphide or carbon disulphide.
Preferably the process of the invention is used to prepare three-block copolymers of form polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene, the first monomer being styrene and the second monomer being butadiene. After the first step of the process a live polymer of styrene is' formed,
and after the second step of the process a living twoblock copolymer of form polystyrene-polybutadiene* (where denotes a live polymer end) is formed. It appears that subsequent treatment of the solution of such living two-block copolymers with a coupling reagent of the group hereinbefore defined causes coupling of the polymer molecules by reaction of the live ends with the reagent. The final product is thus a three-block copolymer .of form polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene. The polybutadiene block may contain a residue of the reagent used somewhere along its length. Such polymers show remarkable strength and elastic properties in the uncured 01. green state, as well as thermoplastic properties.
other thermoplastic-forming monomers such as vinyl tolably carried out in a non-polar hydrocarbon solvent. Paruene may be substituted for styrene.
The intermediate formation of living polymers is preferticularly suitable such solvents are benzene, toluene, xylene, pentane, hexane, cyclohexane and heptane. Inert polar organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran may also be used, but are inferior in certain respects. The amount of solvent used depends upon the amount of monomer to be polymerized, and is chosen to give a suitable solution viscosity. The suitable initiators of anionic polymerization for preparing the living polymers will be well known to those skilled in the art, and include generally organo-metallic compounds of alkali metals. Preferred initiators are lithium hydrocarbyls such as methyl lithium, isopropyl lithium, n-butyl lithium, sec-butyl lithium, tertiary octyl lithium, n-decyl lithium, phenyl lithium, naphthyl lithium, 4-butyl phenyl lithium, cyclohexyl lithium, 4-phenyl butyl lithium, l-tolyl lithium, 4-butyl cyclohexyl lithium, and 4-cyclohexyl butyl lithium. Sodium compounds such as sodium alkyls, sodium-naphthalene and sodium-alpha methyl styrene tetramer are also useful.
Alternatively, dialkali metal compounds such as dilithiodiisoprene, dilithium-stilbene, dilithio-methane and 1,4-dilithiobutane may be used. When Working with such di-functional initiators it appears that each polymer chain has two live ends. Thus, after polymerizing the first monomer, which may be butadiene, a polymer of form *(polybutadiene)* is formed. Subsequent addition of second monomer such as styrene will lead to polymerization of the second monomer onto each end of the polybutadiene, to give a block copolymer of form *polystyrenepolybutadiene-polystyrene*. However, the results when working with di-functional initiators appear to be complicated by other factors, one of which may be the effect of the organic fragment of the initiator, which is liable to attach to one live end of the polymer thereby making the two live ends somewhat different in chemical nature. Thus, for simplicity and ready reproductibility of results, it is preferred to use mono-lithium compounds, especially n-butyl lithium or sec-butyl lithium.
The amount of initiator used per unit of monomer may vary over a wide range, and may be selected on the basis of the desired molecular weight of the first polymer block. Thus assuming that each organometallic molecule added causes initiation of one polymer chain, and that initiation can occur only by the use of an organo-metallic molecule, the mole ratio of alkali metal to monomer determines the molecular weight of the polymer. First polymer blocks of molecular weight about 1,000 to about 500,000 or higher can be produced by this method. Theoretically, to obtain a polymer of butadiene of molecular weight of 1,000 using a convenient experimental charge of monomer, such as one mole (54 grams), one thus requires 54x10- moles of monofunctional initiator. Theoretically, to obtain a polymer of butadiene of molecular weight 500,000 from the same amount of monomer, one would require 10.3X10- moles of mono-functional initiator.
The formation of the two-block copolymer must be carried out in an inert atmosphere. This is conveniently accomplished by sweeping out the reaction zone with an inert gas such as nitrogen, and carrying out the reaction in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Water should of course be excluded from the reaction zone, otherwise the initiator will be wholly or partially deactivated, and the living polymer will be killed. Thus all reagents used should be anhydrous and the reaction vessels thoroughly dried before the process commences. Precautions should also be taken to prevent ingress of water into the reaction zone during the process.
The temperature of polymerization to form the twoblock copolymer may vary over a wide range. Factors to be considered when choosing the reaction temperature are the rate of reaction, which varies with the chosen initiator and monomer system as well as with temperature, and the nature of the solvent, which must be kept in liquid form. When a solution of benzene or toluene is used and the monomers are butadiene and styrene, a temperature of between about 20 C. and 70 C. is satisfactory. Depending upon the other factors detailed above however, temperatures as low as 40 C. and as high as 100 C. may be used.
After the second monomer has been polymerized substantially to completion, the solution containing the living two-block copolymer is treated with the coupling reagent, either carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulphide or carbon disulphide or mixtures of these. The effect of such a reagent appears to be the coupling of living polymer molecules through their live ends, as shown by an increase in intrinsic viscosity (i.e. molecular weight of the polymer).
When the coupling reagent is a gas it may be injected into the solution of live polymer or it may be introduced into the space above the living polymer solution. When the coupling agent is a liquid it is added .di-
rectly to the living polymer solution.
The amount of reagent required is best expressed in relation to the amount of initiator used, which theoretically corresponds to the number of live polymer ends present in the solution. It has been found that ratios as low as reagent:lithium of 0.25:1 and as high as 5:1 are effective in producing useful products by the process of the invention. For best results, the reagent should be added slowly to the polymer solution, to minimize the incidence of undesirable side reactions.
Preferably, the coupling reaction is carried out at or near room temperature, although this does not appear to be critical, provided that the temperature is above about l0 C. Lower temperatures and the use of coupling reagents in the solid form such as Dry Ice should be avoided, otherwise undesirable side reactions seem to occur.
Best results are obtained when the coupling reaction is carried out with the living polymer dissolved in a nonpolar liquid hydrocarbon solvent. It is believed that the reason for this is that the living polymer molecules associate into pairs with their living ends in juxtaposition in such solvents, thus making the coupling of two molecules by the coupling reagent easier. The coupling reaction with these reagents is extremely rapid and is accompanied by a discoloration of the polymer solution.
The invention will now be more fully described by means of practical examples.
EXAMPLE I In this example a three-block copolymer of general form polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene was prepared in Bottle A, using gaseous carbon dioxide as the coupling reagent. Bottle B was a control bottle which differed only from Bottle A in that no carbon dioxide was added. All reagents were carefully dried before use and the process was carried out in an atmosphere of nitrogen.
Into each carefully dried, 30-ounce polymerization bottle the following recipe was charged in the following order:
Benzene: 500 mls. Styrene: 20 mls. N-butyl lithium: 2.3 millimoles The styrene was polymerized substantially to completion (one hour) at 50 C., the polymerization bottles during this time being rotated end over end in a water bath maintained at this temperature.
Sixty mls. of butadiene was then added by means of injection with a hypodermic needle through the self-sealing rubber cap of the polymerization bottle. Polymerization was allowed to proceed in the same manner and at the same temperature until all the butadiene had polymerized (1 /2 hours). The bottles were then cooled to room temperature (235 C.) and 35 mls. of carbon dioxide gas was injected into Bottle A. This bottle was then vigorously shaken. The polymers from each bottle were then killed and extracted with a methanol mixture, dried and pressed into films.
For testing purposes microdumbells of thickness 0.025 inch and width 0.10 inch were prepared from the dried polymer films, and subjected to strength tests. The results are recorded in Table I.
TABLE I Bottle e A B Amount of CO2 added (mls.) 35 Molar ratio Cog/L1 0.60 Intrinsic viscosity after 002 addition- 0. 951 0.553 Estimated molecular weight 115, 000 52, 000 Percent solubllit r. 100 98. 7 Tensile strength, p.s.i. (25 0.). 3, 780 Elongation at break (percent)- 960 100% modulus (p.s.i.) 300% modulus (p.s.i.)
The sample from Bottle B broke at about 20% elongation. However, the tests on the sample from Bottle A indicate that it is suitable for use as an elastomer without curing.
EXAMPLES II TO VIII Benzene: 400 mls. Styrene: 20 mls. N-butyl lithium: 1.85 millimoles After substantially complete polymerization of the styrene (one hour) at 50 C., 60 mls. of butadiene was added to each bottle. Polymerization was allowed to proceed at the same temperature until all the butadiene had polymerized (1 hours). The bottles were then cooled to room temperature (26.5 C.) and a measured quantity of carbon dioxide gas was fed into the polymer solution. After the addition of carbon dioxide and subsequent vigorous shaking, the resultant polymer was killed, extracted and test samples prepared, as in Example I. The results of the tests performed on the samples are recorded in Table II.
TABLE III Example IX X XI XII Amount of CO2 added (mls.) 40 30 20 0 Molar ratio COz/Li 0.94 0. 77 0. 46 5 Intrinsic viscosity after 002 addition. 1. 09 0. 92 0. 89 0.56
Estimated molecular Weight 130, 000 110, 000 110, 000 52, 000
Percent solubility 97. 8 99. 4 98. 96. 4
Tensile strength, p.s.i. (25 C.) 2,995 3, 030
Elongation at break, percent 875 1, 000
100% modulus (p.s.i.) 270 275 300% modulus (p.s.i.) 360 375 Once again the control bottle, Example XII, yielded a polymer having very little strength, and which was too weak to give results to the physical tests.
EXAMPLES XIII AND XIV In these examples, three-block copolymers of form polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene were prepared on a larger scale, by coupling with carbon dioxide as in the previous examples. In Example XIV a large excess of carbon dioxide was used. The amount of ingredients used and the physical test results are recorded in Table IVo The procedure was the same as that described for Example I.
TABLE IV Example XIII XIV Benzene (mls.) 1, 500 1, 500 Styrene (mls.) 75 75 N-butyl lithium (millimoles) 6. 9 6. 9 Butadione (mls.) 200 180 Carbon dioxide (mls.) 150 CO /Li molar ratio 0. 9 5 Intrinsic viscosity after CO2 addition 0. 89 0.85 Estimated molecular Weight 85, 000 85, 000 Percent solubility 99. 7 100 Tensile strength (p.s.i.) at 25 C. 3, 520 2,500 Elongation at break, percent 875 995 100% modulus, p.s.i 335 360 540 395 TABLE II Intrinsic Tensile Molar viscosity Estimated strength, Elongation 100% 30 ratio after 00 molecular Percent p.s.i. at break, modulus, modulus, CO /Li addition weight solubility (25 0.) percent p.s 1 p.s.i
Example VIII is a control polymer to which no carbon 5 EXAMPLE XV dioxide was added and was run for purposes of comparison. As can be seen from the table of results the sample from this bottle had extremely low strength properties.
EXAMPLES 1X TO XII Benzene: 400 mls.
Styrene: 15 mls.
N-butyl lithium: 1.85 millimoles Polymerize Butadiene: 45 mls.
Tests were carried out as previously described, and the results are recorded in Table III.
In this example, three-block copolymers of form poly-- styrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene were prepared, by forming a living two-block copolymer as in Example I and then adding carbon disulphide to effect coupling. The
60 charge recipes in each run and the strength properties of the polymers produced (measured as in Example I) are given in Table V.
TABLE V Run A B Benzene (mls.) 300 300 83. 5 83. 5 4 4 62. 5 62. 5 Use/111131710 0. 25/1 0. 5/1 Intrinsic viscosity before coupling 0. 34 0. 34 Estimated molecular weight before coupling. 29,000 29, 000 Intrinsic viscosity after coupling 0. 52 0. 60 Estimated molecular wt. after coupling. 51, 000 54, 000 Tensile strength at 25 C. (p.s.i.) 2, 2, 885 Elongation at break, percent 695 300% modulus, p si 705 875 7 EXAMPLE XVI In this example three-block copolymers of general form TABLE VI Run Benzene (mls.)
Amount of COS added (millimoles) 1. 2.0 2.8 Molar ration COS/Li 0.25/1 0. 5/1 0. 7/1 Intrinsic viscosity before COS addition 0.36 0.32 0. 33 Estimated molecular wt. before COS addi n 30,000 28,000 29, 000 Intrinsic viscosity after COS addition 0.59 0. 54 0. 50 Estimated molecular wt. after COS addition 54, 000 52, 000 50, 000 Tensile strength (p.s.i.) 4, 195 3, 450 3, 845 Elongation at break, percent 840 710 780 The products of all the above examples were found to have physical strength properties in the uncured state, as shown in the various tables of results, high enough to make then useful as elastomers without the need for curing. Also, the products were sufficiently thermoplastic to be capable of being moulded into various shapes at elevated temperatures, in conventional moulding equipment. The products were white, generally translucent solids, and had the appearance and feel of normal thermoplastic polymers.
It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that block copolymers having 5, 7 or even more blocks may be produced by the process of the invention, by further additions of monomers after the formation of living two-block copolymers and substantially complete polym- 'erization of such monomers before reaction with the coupling reagent.
What is claimed is:
1. A process of preparing multi-block copolymers, which comprises the steps of polymerizing to substantial completion a mono-alkenyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomer by means of a monofunctional sodium or lithium hydrocarbyl initiator in solution in an inert organic solvent, adding to the solution of monofunctional living homopolymer so formed a conjugated diolefinic monomer and allowing the conjugated diolefinic monomer to polymerize to substantial completion onto said homopolymer, and coupling the monofunctional living block copolymer so formed with carbonyl sulphide, the mole ratio of carbonyl sulphide to sodium or lithium added in the polymerization initiator being from 0.25 :1 to 5:1, said coupling being effected at a temperature of from 10 C. to C. while said living block copolymer is dissolved in a substantially non-polar liquid hydrocarbon solvent.
2. The process'of claim 1 wherein the initiator is selected from n-butyl lithium and sec-butyl lithium, and said solvent is selected from n-hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, benzene and toluene.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the mono-alkenyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomer is styrene and the conjugated diolefinic monomer is butadiene.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,135,716 6/1964 Uraneck et al. 260880B 3,150,209 9/1964 Short 6161. 260-880B 3,231,635 1/1966 Holden et al. 2608716B 3,349,071 10/1967 Strobel 26094.7 3,427,364 2/1969 Shaw et a1. 260879 JAMES A. SEIDLECK, l- 'rimary Examiner US. 01. X.R.