US 8031342 B2
Embodiments are generally described that include lasers having two mirrors, at least one of which has a reflectivity related to a presence or concentration of a target analyte. Output radiation generated by the laser may be related to the presence of the target analyte.
1. A sensor configured to receive energy from an excitation source, the sensor comprising:
a first mirror, the first mirror having a reflectivity related to a presence of a target analyte;
a second mirror; and
a gain medium between the first and second mirrors, the gain medium configured to amplify the energy received from the excitation source wherein the cooperative operation of the first mirror, the second mirror and the gain medium is arranged to generate output radiation in response to the energy received from the excitation source, the output radiation related to the presence of the target analyte; and
a detector positioned to receive the output radiation transmitted through the second mirror.
2. The sensor according to
3. The sensor according to
4. The sensor according to
5. The sensor according to
6. The sensor according to
7. The sensor according to
8. The sensor according to
9. The sensor according to
10. The sensor according to
11. A sensor system comprising:
an array of lasers supported by the substrate, each laser comprising:
a first mirror, the first mirror having a reflectivity related to a presence or concentration of a respective target analyte;
a second mirror; and
a gain medium between the first and second mirrors;
an excitation source coupled to at least one of the lasers of the array, the excitation source configured to excite the respective laser to generate output radiation, an amount of output radiation based in part on the presence or concentration of the respective target analyte; and
a detector coupled to at least one of the lasers, wherein the detector is configured to receive the output radiation transmitted through the second mirror and also configured to generate a detection signal based on the output radiation.
12. The sensor according to
13. The sensor according to
14. The sensor according to
15. A method for detecting a target analyte, the method comprising:
exciting a laser to produce an amount of output radiation related to a presence or concentration of the target analyte, wherein the laser includes a gain medium between a first mirror having a reflectivity related to a presence of a target analyte and a second mirror;
detecting the amount of output radiation transmitted through the second mirror; and
indicating the presence or concentration of the target analyte based on the amount of output radiation.
16. The method according to
17. The method according to
18. The method according to
19. The method according to
detecting the respective amounts of output radiation; and
indicating the presence of one or more target analytes based on the respective amount of output radiation.
Chemical and biological sensors may be used to sense the presence of a particular chemical or biological agent. It may be difficult to integrate sensing capability for chemical or biological agents with sensing electronics and other supporting systems.
Optical sensors for chemical and biological agents have utilized a material whose optical properties change in the presence of the chemical or biological agent. A light source is used to illuminate the material through a transmission path such as an optical fiber or other waveguide. A change in the transmission of light through the material when the chemical or biological agent is present may be used to detect the agent. Such a system may be bulky, cumbersome and expensive due to the need to provide a length of material through which the light can be transmitted, and the optical path between the light source and the material.
The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several examples in accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings, in which:
The following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative examples described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other examples may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are implicitly contemplated herein.
Certain details are set forth below to provide a sufficient understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. However, it will be clear to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without various of these particular details. In some instances, well-known electrical components, circuits, control signals, software operations, analytes, materials, and fabrication techniques have not been shown in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the described embodiments of the invention.
Embodiments of the present disclosure include lasers whose output is related to the presence of a target analyte. Accordingly, embodiments of sensors according to the present disclosure include lasers having one or more mirrors whose reflectivity properties change in the presence of a target analyte. Embodiments of mirrors useful with embodiments of the present disclosure include those formed from materials that are themselves sensitive to the presence of a target analyte, and those having a coating or other sensitive layer applied to at least one surface. For example, as shown in
Although shown coupled directly to the surface of the mirror 110 in
Sensors according to embodiments of the present disclosure may respond to any of a variety of target analytes. Target analytes may accordingly include any chemical or biological compound of interest including chemicals, toxins, proteins, DNA or RNA molecules, gasses, liquids, or combinations thereof.
In operation, the excitation source 140 may be coupled to the laser 105 to initiate the reflection within the gain medium 120 and produce the output radiation 125. The excitation source 140 may be any suitable source for the laser used. Excitation sources usable with embodiments of the present disclosure include radiation sources, voltage sources, current sources, or combinations thereof. For example, in the embodiment shown in
Output radiation 125 may be detected by a detector 150. The detector 150 may be implemented by any type of detector suitable for detecting the output radiation 125, including a photodiode or other photo-sensitive electronics. As generally described above, the presence of the target analyte 135 may alter the output radiation 125 of the laser 105. Accordingly, the presence of the target analyte 135 may be detected by monitoring the output radiation 125 for a change indicative of the presence of the target analyte 135, such as an increase or decrease in output power of the laser 105. In some embodiments, the mirror 115 closest to the detector 150 is fabricated or treated to have a lower reflectance than the mirror 110 so that more light is received by the detector 150. In other embodiments, however, continuous monitoring may not be necessary. In some embodiments one or more threshold values of laser output power may be stored, for example in a memory (not shown). The excitation source 140, detector 150, and combinations thereof, may not operate continuously, but may monitor at periodic or other intervals the output radiation 125 of the laser 105 and compare the output radiation 125 to a level known to be indicative of a target analyte, or of the lack of a target analyte in order to determine the presence of the target analyte. In some embodiments, the presence of the target analyte may be detected by comparing the output radiation 125 of the laser 105 sensitive to the presence of the target analyte with output radiation of a second laser that is not sensitive to the presence of the target analyte. That is, a calibration laser may be provided without the antibody coating 130, and the output of the calibration laser compared with the output radiation 125 to determine the presence of the target analyte. In still other embodiments, a laser output may be calibrated such that a concentration of target analyte could be determined based on the output radiation of the laser. Output radiation levels corresponding to different target analyte concentrations may be stored in a memory, or the output radiation of a sensor may be compared with a calibration sensor having a known concentration of target analyte present.
In some embodiments, all or portions of the excitation source 140, detector 150, or both, may be integrated with the laser 105.
Briefly, each VCSEL includes two mirrors and gain medium between a p-n diode. For example, the VCSEL 205 includes a mirror 220, a p-type contact material 240, a gain medium 235, and an n-type mirror 230. When the p-n junction formed by the material 240 and the mirror 230 is forward-biased, optical energy is reflected within the gain medium, and output radiation 245 is produced. An antibody coating 260 is coupled to the mirror 220, as described above. The antibody coating 260 may be coupled to all or a portion of the surface of the mirror 220. The presence of the antibody coating 260 may allow binding of a target analyte to the mirror 220 resulting in an amount of output radiation 245 that is based on the presence or amount of the target analyte. While the mirror 220 and the p-type contact material 240 are shown as separate materials in
The substrate 250 has been removed from the n-type mirror 230 in
Further, in some embodiments, as generally described above, one or more of the VCSELs in the sensor 300 may be used as a calibration sensor and may not be sensitive to the presence of a particular target analyte. In this manner, output radiation from the calibration sensor and another of the VCSELs may be compared to determine a presence of the target analyte.
Sensors according to embodiments of the present disclosure may find use in a variety of applications, including but not limited to security applications for sensing the presence of a chemical or biological agent present in the atmosphere. Sensors, such as the sensor 300 in
The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular examples described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and examples can may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and examples are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular examples only, and is not intended to be limiting.
With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.).
It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to examples containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations).
Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”
In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.
As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 items refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 items. Similarly, a group having 1-5 items refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 items, and so forth.
While various aspects and examples have been disclosed herein, other aspects and examples will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and examples disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.