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Dry to moist woods. Swamps.
New England south to PA, west to IN, MN, and south in mountains to NC.
Small, irregular shrub. Branches glabrous, solid with white pith. Leaves opposite, ovate to oblong. Flowers in pairs from leaf axils; corollas pale yellow, regular.
Flowers April to May.
Wetland indicator: Facultative Upland
Seems very shade tolerant.
Gleason, Henry A.
and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States
and Adjacent Canada. Second Ed.
The New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, NY.
Swink, F. and G.
Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of the Chicago Region.
Indiana Academy of Science. The Morton Arboretum. Lisle, Illinois.
Michael Hough © 2009