Use dmy dates|date=July 2012
'''Cyanoacrylates''' are a family of strong fast-acting adhesive+s with industrial, medical, and household uses. Cyanoacrylate adhesives have a short shelf life+ if not used, about one year from manufacture if unopened, one month once opened. They have some minor toxicity+.
Cyanoacrylates include methyl 2-cyanoacrylate+, ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate+ (commonly sold under trade names such as "Super Glue" and "Krazy Glue"), n-butyl cyanoacrylate+ and 2-octyl cyanoacrylate+ (used in medical, veterinary and first aid applications). Octyl cyanoacrylate was developed to address toxicity concerns and to reduce skin irritation and allergic response. Cyanoacrylate adhesives are sometimes known generically as '''instant glues''' or '''superglues''' (although "Super Glue" is a trade name).Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. The abbreviation "CA" is commonly used for industrial grades.
The original cyanoacrylates (the chemical name for the glue) were discovered in 1942 in a search for materials to make clear plastic gun sights+ during World War II+, when a team of scientists headed by Harry Coover+ Jr. stumbled upon a formulation that stuck to everything that it came in contact with; it was rejected for the application. In 1951 cyanoacrylates were rediscovered by Eastman Kodak+ researchers Harry Coover+ Jr. and Fred Joyner, who recognized their true commercial potential; "Eastman #910" (later "Eastman 910") was the first cyanoacrylate adhesive to be sold, in 1958.
During the 1960s, Eastman Kodak sold cyanoacrylate to Loctite+, which in turn repackaged and distributed it under a different brand name "Loctite Quick Set 404". In 1971 Loctite developed its own manufacturing technology and introduced its own line of cyanoacrylate, called "Super Bonder". Loctite quickly gained market share, and by the late 1970s it was believed to have exceeded Eastman Kodak's share in the North American industrial cyanoacrylate market. National Starch and Chemical Company purchased Eastman Kodak’s cyanoacrylate business and combined it with several acquisitions made throughout the 1970s forming Permabond. Other manufacturers of cyanoacrylate include LePage (a Canadian company acquired by Henkel+ in 1996), the Permabond Division of National Starch and Chemical, Inc., which was a subsidiary of Unilever+. Together, Loctite, Eastman and Permabond accounted for approximately 75% of the industrial cyanoacrylate market. Permabond continued to manufacture the original 910 formula.
In its liquid form, cyanoacrylate consists of monomer+s of cyanoacrylate molecules. Methyl-2-cyanoacrylate (CH2=C(CN)COOCH3 or C5H5NO2) has a molecular weight equal to 111.1, a flashpoint+ of 79 °C, and a density of 1.1 g/ml. Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (C6H7NO2) has a molecular weight of 125 and a flashpoint of >75 °C. To facilitate easy handling, a cyanoacrylate adhesive is frequently formulated with an ingredient such as fumed silica+ to make it more viscous+ or gel-like. More recently, formulations are available with additives to increase shear strength, creating a more impact resistant bond. Such additives may include rubber, as in Loctite's ''Ultra Gel'', or others which are not specified.
In general, cyanoacrylate is an acrylic+resin+ that rapidly polymer+ises in the presence of water (specifically hydroxide ion+s), forming long, strong chains, joining the bonded surfaces together. Because the presence of moisture causes the glue to set, exposure to normal levels of humidity in the air causes a thin skin to start to form within seconds, which very greatly slows the reaction. Because of this cyanoacrylate is applied thinly, to ensure that the reaction proceeds rapidly and a strong bond is formed within a reasonable time.
The reaction with moisture can cause a container of glue which has been opened and resealed to become unusable more quickly than if never opened. To minimise this reduction in shelf life+ cyanoacrylate, once opened, can be stored in an airtight container with a package of silica gel+ desiccant. Another technique is to insert a hypodermic needle into the opening of a tube. After using the glue, residual glue soon clogs the needle, keeping moisture out. The clog is removed by heating the needle (e.g., by a lighter) before use.
Cyanoacrylates are mainly used as adhesives. They require some care and knowledge for effective use: they do not bond some materials; their shelf life+ at room temperature is about 12 months unopened and one month once opened; they do not fill spaces, unlike epoxies, and a very thin layer bonds more effectively than a thicker one that does not cure properly; they bond many substances, including human skin and tissues, almost instantly and can cause harm to people. They have an exothermic+ reaction to natural fibres: cotton, wool, leather, see reaction with cotton+ below.
Cyanoacrylate glue has a low shearing+ strength, which has led to its use as a temporary adhesive in cases where the piece needs to be sheared off later. Common examples include mounting a workpiece to a sacrificial glue block on a lathe+, and tightening pins and bolts.
Cyanoacrylate is not resistant to friction, if applied on a smooth surface. Using both Sugar and Sandpaper can remove a good amount of Cyanoacrylate from one's fingertips.
Cyanoacrylate glue's ability to resist water has made it popular with marine aquarium+ hobbyists for fragging+ corals. The cut branches of hard corals+ such as Acropora+ can be glued to a piece of live rock+ (harvested reef coral) or Milliput+ (epoxy putty) to allow the new frag to grow out. It is safe to use directly in the tank, unlike silicone, which must be cured to be safe. However, as a class of adhesives, traditional cyanoacrylates are classified as having "weak" resistance to both moisture and heat although the inclusion of phthalic anhydride+ reportedly counteracts both of these characteristics.
Most standard cyanoacrylate adhesives do not bond well with smooth glass, although they can be used as a quick, temporary bond prior to application of an epoxy or cyanoacrylate specifically formulated for use on glass. A mechanical adhesive+ bond may be formed around glass fibre+ mat or tissue to reinforce joints or to fabricate small parts.
When added to baking soda (sodium bicarbonate+), cyanoacrylate glue forms a hard, lightweight adhesive filler (baking soda is first used to fill a gap then the adhesive is dropped onto the baking soda). This works well with porous materials that the glue does not work well with alone. This method is sometimes used by aircraft modelers to assemble or repair polystyrene foam parts. It is also used to repair small nicks in the leading edge of composite propeller+ blades on light aircraft. The reaction between cyanoacrylate and baking soda is very exothermic+ (heat-producing) and also produces noxious vapors. See Reaction with cotton+ below.
Cyanoacrylate is used as a forensic+ tool to capture latent fingerprint+s on non-porous surfaces like glass, plastic, etc. Cyanoacrylate is warmed to produce fumes that react with the invisible fingerprint residues and atmospheric moisture to form a white polymer (polycyanoacrylate) on the fingerprint ridges. The ridges can then be recorded. The developed fingerprints are, on most surfaces (except on white plastic or similar), visible to the naked eye. Invisible or poorly visible prints can be further enhanced by applying a luminescent or non-luminescent stain.
Thin CA glue has application in woodworking. It can be used as a fast-drying, glossy finish. The use of oil (such as boiled linseed oil+) may be used to control the rate at which the CA cures. CA glue is also used in combination with sawdust (from a saw or sanding) to fill voids and cracks. These repair methods are used on piano soundboards, wood instruments, and wood furniture.
Some rock climbers+ use cyanoacrylate to repair damage to the skin on their fingertips. Similarly, stringed-instrument players can form protective finger caps (in addition to calluses) with cyanoacrylates.
While standard "superglue" is 100% ethyl cyanoacrylate, many custom formulations (''e.g.,'', 91% ECA, 9% poly(methyl methacrylate)+, <0.5% hydroquinone+, and a small amount of organic sulfonic acid+ and variations on the compound N-butyl-cyanoacrylate's for medical applications) have come to be used for specific applications.
Cyanoacrylate is used in archery+ to glue fletching+ to arrow shafts. Some special fletching glues are really cyanoacrylate repackaged in special fletching glue kits. Often these tubes have a long thin metal nozzle to aid in better accuracy in the application of the glue to the base of the feather or plastic fletching to ensure a good bond to the arrow shaft.
Cyanoacrylate is used in the cosmetology/beauty industry as a "nail glue" for some artificial nail enhancements such as nail tips and nail wraps, and is sometimes mistaken for eye drops+ causing accidental injury.
CA adhesives may glue skin and eyelids together within seconds. In the course of separating the glued body parts, injuries may occur by ripping off parts of the skin. However, when left alone, the glue will separate from the skin over the course of time (up to four days). The separation process can be accelerated by applying vegetable oil near on and around the glue. In the case of glued eyelids, a doctor should be consulted.
The fumes from CA are a vaporized form of the cyanoacrylate monomer that irritate sensitive membranes in the eyes, nose, and throat. They are immediately polymerized by the moisture in the membranes and become inert. These risks can be minimized by using CA in well ventilated areas. About 5% of the population can become sensitized to CA fumes after repeated exposure, resulting in flu-like symptoms+. It may also act as a skin irritant and may cause an allergic skin reaction. The ACGIH+ assign a Threshold Limit Value+ exposure limit of 200 parts per billion+. On rare occasions, inhalation may trigger asthma+. There is no singular measurement of toxicity for all cyanoacrylate adhesives as there is a wide variety of adhesives that contain various cyanoacrylate formulations.
The United States National Toxicology Program and the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive have concluded that the use of ethyl cyanoacrylate is safe and that additional study is unnecessary. 2-octyl cyanoacrylate degrades much more slowly due to its longer organic backbone that slows the degradation of the adhesive enough to remain below the threshold of tissue toxicity. Due to the toxicity issues of ethyl cyanoacrylate, the use of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate for sutures is preferred.
Applying cyanoacrylate to some natural materials such as cotton+, leather+ or wool+ (cotton swab+s, cotton ball+s, and certain yarns or fabrics) results in a powerful, rapid exothermic+ reaction. The heat released may cause serious burns, ignite the cotton product, or release irritating white smoke. Material Safety Data Sheet+s for cyanoacrylate instruct users not to wear cotton or wool clothing, especially cotton gloves, when applying or handling cyanoacrylates.
Cyanoacrylate adhesives have a short shelf life. Date-stamped containers help to ensure that the adhesive is still viable. One manufacturer supplies the following information and advice: when kept unopened in a cool, dry location such as a refrigerator at a temperature of about 55 °F (13 °C), the shelf life of cyanoacrylate will be extended from about one year from manufacture to at least 15 months. If the adhesive is to be used within six months, it is not necessary to refrigerate it. Cyanoacrylates are moisture-sensitive, and moving from a cool to a hot location will create condensation; after removing from the refrigerator, it is best to let the adhesive reach room temperature before opening. After opening, it should be used within 30 days. Open containers should not be refrigerated. Another manufacturer says that the maximum shelf life of 12 months is obtained for some of their cyanoacrylates if the original containers are stored at . User forums and some manufacturers say that an almost unlimited shelf life is attainable by storing unopened at convert
As cyanoacrylates age they polymerize, become thicker, and cure more slowly. They can be thinned with a cyanoacrylate of the same chemical composition with lower viscosity. Storing cyanoacrylates below will nearly stop the polymerization process and prevent aging.