2010 Annual Report
1a.Objectives (from AD-416)
Project objectives are:.
1)Measure and model the impact of agricultural systems (animal and cropping) on air quality components to identify and develop potential mitigation strategies,.
2)Measure and model the impact of agricultural systems on greenhouse gas emissions and develop and evaluate potential mitigation strategies, and.
3)Measure and model soil and atmospheric factors limiting water, nitrogen, and light use efficiency of annual and perennial cropping systems to determine how they can become more resilient to climate change.
1b.Approach (from AD-416)
Studies across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in this project will develop new methods for quantifying emission and dispersion (particulates, NH3, VOC’s) from animal and cropping systems, improve methods for measuring different compounds in the air to provide increased quantitative capability to measure impacts of CAFO’s on air quality, determine greenhouse gas emissions (N2O, CH4, CO2) from cropping systems, and quantify effects of changing climate on water, light, and nitrogen use by crops. The initial development of a lidar-based approach to measure plume dynamics from animal facilities will be evaluated to produce a remote-sensing approach that will be used to guide sampling methods that use point-based samplers. These data will be collected over a range of facilities and throughout the day to capture the range of atmospheric stability conditions. Air sampling methods for volatile organic compounds will be accomplished with a range of methods from sorbent tubes and canisters. These will also be coupled with methods to measure the volatile organic compounds attached to particulates. These observations will be collected in different livestock facilities. Greenhouse gas emissions will be quantified using soil chambers for a range of soil management and nitrogen management studies to quantify the emissions throughout a year. Measures of water, nitrogen, carbon accumulation, and light use efficiency will use an integrated approach that blends micrometeorological with physiological measurements. These experiments will be conducted using field-scale environments and will integrate all efficiency factors into a combined assessment. The energy balance approach used in these studies blends the fast response of CO2 and H2O vapor signals with sonic anemometers, net radiation components, soil heat flux, and surface temperature along with remote sensing to obtain growth characteristics of the crop. Studies will be conducted in the rhizotron to assess the impact of rapidly induced temperature changes on crop physiological responses under a range of soil water conditions. Accomplishing these three objectives will result in the development of agricultural practices and mitigation strategies that reduce environmental impact, while maintaining or increasing productivity. Mitigation strategies to reduce GHG emissions will balance agricultural production efficiency and increased carbon capture and nitrogen use efficiency. Climate change and its impact on cropping systems raise additional concerns regarding resilience of current production practices and plant adaption to those changes. Methods are needed to quantify plant-climate interaction to link field observations with simulation models for corn, soybean, wheat, and native prairie systems. Developing a long-term program to quantify plant response to climate anomalies will also establish a database for developing more resilient crop production systems. This research will enhance scientific knowledge and provide information for producers and policymakers to maintain the viability of agricultural systems.
Progress is underway for the objectives of the project. Since the project commenced in June 2010 the initial data has been collected but has not been fully summarized.
Kim, D., Isenhart, T.M., Parkin, T.B., Schultz, R.C., Loynachan, T.E. 2010. Methane Flux in Cropland and Adjacent Riparian Buffers with Different Vegetation Covers. Journal of Environmental Quality. 39:97-105.
Kim, D., Isenhart, T.M., Parkin, T.B., Schultz, R.C., Loynachan, T.E., Raich, J.R. 2009. Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Riparian Forest Buffers, Warm-Season and Cool-Season Grass Filters, and Crop Fields. Biogeosciences. 6:607-650.
Jarecki, M.K., Parkin, T.B., Chan, A.S., Kaspar, T.C., Moorman, T.B., Singer, J.W., Kerr, B.J., Hatfield, J.L., Jones, R. 2009. Cover Crop Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission from a Manure-Treated Mollisol. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 134(1-2):29-35.
Parkin, T.B., Hatfield, J.L. 2010. Influence of nitrapyrin on N2O losses from soil receiving fall-applied anhydrous ammonia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 136:81-86.
Amer, K.H., Midan, S.A., Hatfield, J.L. 2009. Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Fertilization on Cucumber. Agronomy Journal. 101:1556-1564.
Marchant, C., Wilkerson, T.D., Bingham, G.E., Zavyalov, V.V., Anderson, J., Wright, C., Martin, R., Silva, P., Hatfield, J.L. 2009. AGLITE Lidar: A Portable Elastic Lidar System for Investigating Aerosol and Wind Motions at or Around Agricultural Production Facilities. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing (JARS). 3(1):033511.
Hernandez Ramirez, G., Hatfield, J.L., Parkin, T.B., Prueger, J.H., Sauer, T.J. 2010. Energy Balance and Turbulent Flux Partitioning in a Corn-soybean Rotation in the Midwestern U.S. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 100:79-92.
Karl, T.A., Melillo, J., Peterson, T.C., Anderson, D.M., Boesch, D.F., Burkett, V., Carter, L.M., Grimm, N.B., Hatfield, J.L., Hayhoe, K., Janetos, A.C., Kaye, J.A., Lawrimore, J.H., Mccarthy, J.J., Mcquire, A.D., Miles, E.L., Mills, E., Patz, J.A., Pulwarty, R.S., Santer, B.D., Savonis, M.J., Schwartz Jr., H.G., Shea, E.L., Stone, J.M., Udall, B.H., Walsh, J.E., Wehner, M.F., Wilbanks, T.J., Wuebbles, D.J. 2010. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press. 188 p.
Zavyalov, V.V., Marchant, C.C., Bingham, G.E., Wilkerson, T.D., Hatfield, J.L., Martin, R.S., Silva, P.J., Moore, K.D., Swasey, J., Ahlstrom, D.J., Jones, T.J. 2009. AGLITE Lidar: Calibration and Retrievals of Well Characterized Aerosols from Agricultural Operations using a Three-wavelength Elastic Lidar. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing (JARS). 3(1):033522. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3122363.