Individuals suffering from mood and anxiety disorders such as bipolar, panic and major depressive disorders may be more likely to abuse opioids, according to a new study led by researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, who found that such disorders are highly associated with nonmedical prescription opioid use. The results are featured in a recent issue of the Journal of Psychological Medicine.
For the study, researchers examined individuals with mood and anxiety disorders and their association with nonmedical prescription opioid use and opioid disorder.
“Lifetime nonmedical prescription opioid use was associated with the incidence of any mood disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and all anxiety disorders. Nonmedical opioid-use disorder due to nonmedical prescription opioid use was associated with any mood disorder, any anxiety disorder, as well as with several incident mood disorders and anxiety disorders,” said Silvia Martins, lead author of the study and an associate scientist in the Bloomberg School’s Department of Mental Health.
“However, there is also evidence that the association works the other way, too,” she said. “Increased risk of incident opioid disorder due to nonmedical use occurred among study participants with baseline mood disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia and panic disorder, reinforcing our finding that participants with mood disorders might use opioids nonmedically to alleviate their mood symptoms. Early identification and treatment of mood and anxiety disorders might reduce the risk for self-medication with prescription opioids and the risk of future development of an opioid-use disorder.”
Using data from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a longitudinal face-to-face survey of individuals ages 18 years and older between 2001–2002 and 2004–2005, researchers assessed participants for a history of psychiatric disorders.
Nonmedical use of prescription opioids was defined to participants as using a prescription opioid without a prescription or in greater amounts more often or longer than prescribed or for a reason other than a doctor’s instruction to use them. Logistic regression was used to determine whether lifetime nonmedical prescription opioid use and opioid disorders due to this use predicted incident mood and anxiety disorders and the reverse. Researchers say they believe that these findings provide support for a bidirectional pathway between nonmedical prescription opioid use and opioid-use disorder due to nonmedical use and several mood and anxiety disorders.
Carla Storr, author of the study and an adjunct professor in the Bloomberg School’s Department of Mental Health, said, “With the current increased use of nonmedical prescription drugs, especially among adolescents, the association with future psychopathology is of great concern. Using opioids, or even withdrawal from opioids, might precipitate anxiety disorders, suggesting that there is a subgroup of people who are vulnerable to future development of anxiety disorders.” Individuals using prescription opioids need to be closely monitored not only for the possibility of engaging in nonmedical use but also for the development of co-morbid psychiatric disorders, she said.
Added Martins, “Additional studies are needed to examine the relationship between nonmedical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid-use disorder with mood and anxiety disorders since they could co-occur due to shared genetic or environmental risk factors.”
The study was written by Martins, M.C. Fenton, K.M. Keyes, C. Blanco, H. Zhu and Storr.
Source: John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health – March 5, 2012