Print version ISSN 1516-1439
Mat. Res. vol.13 no.4 São Carlos Oct./Dec. 2010
Sirlei Jaiana KleinübingI,*; Rodrigo Silveira VieiraI; Marisa Masumi BeppuI; Eric GuibalII; Meuris Gurgel Carlos da SilvaI
ISchool of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6066, CEP 13081-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
IIEcole de Mines d'Alès, Laboratoire Gènie de l'Environnemental Industriel, 6 avenue de Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
The marine algae Sargassum filipendula was collected from São Paulo seashore (Brazil) and submitted to treatment with acid. The biosorption mechanisms of Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions onto acidic algae Sargassum filipendula were examined using various analytical techniques: Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and potentiometric titration (pHZPC). The effect of acidic treatment on algae by hydrochloric acid (pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) was evaluated for Cu2+ and Ni2+ adsorption. Alginate was extracted from raw algae and the two types of acids present in the biomass (β-D-mannuronic (M) and α-L-guluronic (G) acid) were characterized by 13C NMR. The M/G ratio was found to be 0.50. According to the pHZPC analysis, at a pH higher than 5.5 the acidified algae surface presents a negative charge. The FT-IR analyses showed that the main chemical groups involved in the biosorption were carboxylic, alcoholic, sulfonate and amino groups.
Keywords: 13C NMR, FT-IR, MEV/EDX, alginate, acid treatment
Environmental biotechnology studies have been conducted using alternative materials in order to eliminate heavy metal ions from industrial effluents. Biosorption is a cost effective process that uses inactive biosorbents for decontamination of pollutants, such as heavy metal ions1. This process consists in using materials of biological origin, more specifically living or dead microorganisms, to accumulate solute on the surface of the sorbent2. Many different kinds of biomass can effectively uptake heavy metals (algae, moss, fungi, bacteria, chitosan and zeolite)2-11, but recent research has shown that marine algae are very effective8,12 for metal binding.
Seaweed cells have a large superficial area with sites that are able to provide fast and reversible bonding with cations13. Sargassum sp. is a widespread and common kind of marine brown algae that has been used for metal recovery, due to the high content of polysaccharides in the cell wall, which are responsible for the high sorption capacity14.
This material presents a high organic leaching when used for metal waste treatment. The consequences of the organic leaching can be many and would hinder its industries applications. This can lead to a secondary pollution and also to a decrease in the adsorption performance in water and wastewater treatment14. Therefore, it is important to modify the material before its application in biosorption processes. This modification can be done by using acid, base, calcium, or aldehyde14-16.
Chen and Yang14, studied the surface modification by formaldehyde or glutaraldehydes can result in a significant reduction of organic leaching in cationic biosorption and the biosorption capacity is enhanced due to the modifications and the biosorption kinetics is not affected.
There are several important functional groups in marine algae, such as carboxyl, sulfonic, and amino, which interact with metal ions through different mechanisms, including ion exchange, surface complex formation, micro precipitation, chelation, and coordination17.
Raize et al.18, using XPS analysis showed that cadmium cations bind to chemical groups possessing oxygen and carbon (carboxyl groups in the alginic acid), nitrogen (amino/amido groups in the peptidoglycans and proteins), and sulfur (sulfonate, thiol in the sulfate polysaccharides and amino acids).
The carboxylic groups are the most abundant acidic functional group and the adsorption capacity of algae is directly related to the presence of these sites in alginate. Alginic acid occurs in all brown algae and corresponds to 45% of the dry weight, corresponding to 2.25 mmol of carboxyl groups/g of biomass19. It is located in the intracellular matrix as a gel containing Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ ions20. Its main function is believed to be skeletal, giving both strength and flexibility to the algal tissue.
Mannuronic and guluronic acid residues have carboxylic and hydroxyl functional groups that take part in metal binding to alginate18,21-23 studied the Sargassum metal (Cd2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+) binding capacities, before and after partial extraction of sulfate polysaccharides (fucoidan) and alginic acid. After extraction, the metal binding capacities decreased by 25, 55, and 75% for lead, cadmium, and nickel, respectively.
These carboxylic groups can be found in a linear (1→4)-linked-copolymer of β-D-mannuronic (M) and α-L-guluronic (G) acids. These two acids can be arranged in homopolymeric (MM) and (GG) or heteropolymeric (MG) sequences (blocks)24.
Both the polymer conformation (M and G in the alginate matrix) and the respective proportion of these groups may change with the a) kind of algae; b) the part of the plant where the polysaccharide is extracted; and c) the age or stage in algae growth.
Information about the sequential structure of alginates was obtained early by Haug et al.24, and Haug and Smidsrod25. They concluded that alginate is a true block copolymer composed of homopolymeric regions of M and G. They found marked differences among the M/G ratios of alginates from different brown algae.
Variation in the affinity of some divalent metals to alginates with different M/G ratios was demonstrated early on by Haug et al.24, and Haug and Smidsrod25. He showed that the affinity of alginates for divalent cations such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, etc. increased with the guluronic acid content. The selectivity coefficients for the ion-exchange reaction between sodium and divalent metals were determined for two alginates25 and confirmed the higher affinity of guluronic acid rich alginates for divalent metals.
Brown algae are an abundant source for alginate extraction and this biopolymer is commercially available23. Commercial alginates are produced mainly from Laminaria hyperborea, Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria digitata, Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria japonica, Eclonia maxima, Lessonia nigrescens, Durvillea Antarctica, and Sargassum sp.26.
The quality of the alginate extracted from Sargassum species found along the Brazilian coast is inferior and cannot be compared with the quality of the alginate extracted from species of Ascophyllum, Laminaria and Macrocustis27. However, the authors point to the possibility that the alginate extracted from Sargassum species found in the Brazilian southwest region may be enough to supply part of the domestic market demand.
A complete chemical characterization of brown algae substrate is necessary to emphasize the advantages of biosorption in relation to the conventional technique of ion-exchange using resins and other materials1. This work presents the characterization of Sargassum filipendula algae by solid state13C NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in order to determine the M/G ratio in the alginate extracted from algae matrix. This M/G ratio is important to choose a biosorbent for heavy metal treatment. This study also investigated the influence of acid treatment on algae for copper and nickel adsorption. Techniques such as FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and pHZPC analysis were used to characterize the biomass, in its raw form, after acidic treatment and metal Cu2+, Ni2+ binding.
2.1. Sargassum filipendula marine algae
The Sargassumfilipendula marine algae was collected in São Paulo seashore (São Sebastião, Brazil) by the Biology Institute of São Paulo University (CebiMar). The samples were washed and rinsed in distilled water and stored at -20 ºC. Algae samples were dried at 60 ºC overnight and stored in a dry cabinet. The biomass was ground and sieved and fractions measuring from 0.71 to 1.0 mm were collected for further experiments.
2.2. Extraction of alginate from marine algae
The method described by Percival and McDowell28 was used for the alginate extraction. The dry algae was soaked in formaldehyde for 24 hours at 60 ºC, washed with water and dropped into HCl solution (0.2 mol.L-1) for 24 hours. After this time the samples were washed again in distilled water before extraction in 2% solution of sodium carbonate. In the presence of an excess of Na2CO3, the alginic acid is converted to a sodium alginate causing polymer dissolution29. Alginate extraction was carried out at 60 ºC by soaking for 3 hours. The samples were centrifuged and the supernatants were labeled as crude extracts. The alginate samples were then obtained from the crude extract by precipitation with ethanol. The precipitate was washed twice with acetone and freeze-dried.
2.2.1. Solid state MAS 13C NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
After the alginate extraction procedure the presence of the two types of acids (i.e. guluronic acid (G) and mannuronic acid (M)), were determined using Solid state13C NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, recorded with a Bruker Avance DRX 500 spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany).
Solid state NMR of alginate samples (MAS 13C NMR) is a technique that brings the advantage that sodium alginate powder can be examined directly, without need of partial hydrolysis. Normally this partial hydrolysis is used to decrease viscosity of high-molecular-weight alginate solutions prior to recording their proton NMR spectra. This step that can induce precipitation of a portion of alginate may significantly distort the experimental results30.
2.3. pHZPC analyses
The procedure described by Davranche et al.,31 was used to determine the pH of zero point charge of Sargassum filipendula algae. It was determined according to the surface complexation model, as described by Stumm32. Two algae solutions were prepared by immersing 5 g of algae samples in 100 mL of CH3COONH4 (0.1 mol.L-1) as the supporting electrolyte. Both solutions were titrated with CH3COOH (0.3 mol.L-1) and NH4OH (0.25 mol.L-1).
The titrations were carried out over a wide range of pH. The total surface charge, Q, was calculated as a function of pH by Equation 1.
CA and CB are the acid and base concentrations (mol.L-1), respectively, [H+] and [OH-] are the equilibrium concentrations of these ions (mol.L-1), and Ws is the solid concentration (g.L-1).
The pHZPC of the solid concentration can be estimated by drawing a curve of the total surface charge as function of pH. The pHZPC is the pH value where the curve crosses the x-axis (Q = 0).
2.4. Cu2+ and Ni2+ speciation
Diagrams of Cu2+ and Ni2+ species distribution as pH functions were simulated using HYDRA (Hydrochemical Equilibrium-Constant Database) software33. These diagrams were made for metal at equilibrium concentration (4 mmol.L-1) that corresponded to the maximum copper and nickel adsorption.
2.5. Acid treatment of Sargassum filipendula marine algae and copper and nickel bioadsorption
A significantly high amount of organic leaching has been observed in the treatment and recovery of heavy metals by raw biosorbents, with a consequent elevation of pH. The pH elevation can cause a) metal precipitation; b) metal complexation by soluble ligands released from the algae, which may reduce the metal binding ability of biosorbents.
In this study, biomass particles were pre-treated with hydrochloric acid (pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) and pH was continuously adjusted, maintaining it close to the required values, until stabilization was achieved.
Algae samples, 0.5 g of raw or acid samples, were loaded with 100 mL of copper and nickel ions (250 mg.L-1), pH 4.5. The solubility of metal ions, under selected experimental conditions, was systematically checked. The suspensions were kept in a rotary shaker at 175 rpm for 6 hours. The heavy metal ions concentration was measured by inductive coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES).
2.6. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
FT-IR spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence of the functional groups in samples of Sargassumfilipendula and to observe the chemical modification after heavy metal adsorption in raw and acidified algae. Infrared spectra were recorded in the 4000-600 cm-1 region using a Thermo Nicolet instrument, model IR-200. The ATR (attenuated total reflection) device allows getting information about the surface.
The surface morphology of algae was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). After drying, the samples (0.71 to 1.0 mm) were covered with a thin layer of gold (10 nm) using a sputter coater (SCD 0050 - Baltec, Liechenstein) and observed using the JEOL JXA-840A scanning electron microscope (20 kV) under vacuum of 1.33 × 10-6 mBar (Jeol, Japan). To determine the chemical composition, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was performed on algae after metal adsorption and acidic treatment. The samples were prepared as for SEM analyses. The objective of this analysis was qualitative, not quantitative.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Alginate extraction and characterization (Solid state MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy)
To characterize the relation M/G in alginate matrix, this material was initially extracted from algae. The complex spectral pattern can be represented as a sum of individual symmetric signals corresponding to the C(2) - C(5) atoms of both uronic residues34, enough to estimate the M/G ratio with high accuracy30, assuming that the stronger, downfield peak is due to the main constituent, the α-L-guluronic acid.
The alginate composition can be determined by using the relation of total area: G-4+G-2+G-3+G-5 (guluronic) for M-4+M-2+M-3+M-5 (mannuronic) (Table 1). The M/G ratio was found to be 0.50.
This relation is a very important parameter to choose an alga for application in heavy metal treatments. It varies according to the extraction methodology and the location from which the algae was collected29, as well as according to seasonal and growth conditions35. The comparison of the M/G ratio from other Sargassum species is given in Table 2.
Table 2 indicates different M/G rations for S. fluitans: 0.19, 0.52 and 1.18. For S. filipendula: 0.19 and 0.50 (This study). These differences can be attributed due to changes in geographical locations and season of algae collect.
It has been reported40 that most Sargassum alginates have M:G ratios ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. This will be discussed in more detail below and, as indicated in preceding sections of this review, low M:G ratios (i.e. < 1.0) are indicative of higher G content and are, therefore, deemed highly advantageous for the implementation of the biosorption process. This reflects the established selectivity for divalent cations of the guluronic block sections, in accordance with the ''egg-box'' model1.
Many studies show high affinity of the Sargassum species, from different locations, in the removal of copper and nickel heavy metals: for copper values of 0.93 and 0.89 mmol.g-1 for S. vulgare and S. filipendula, respectively41, of 0.99 and 1.062 for Sargassum sp., had been found. For nickel, values of 0.75, 0.41 and 0.09 mmol.g-1 for S. fluitans, S. natans, and S. vulgare respectively44 and 0.61 for Sargassum sp.16; and 0.32 for S. wightii45. There are few published papers that compare brown algae regarding the presence of mannuronic and guluronic (M/G ration) acids with the removal capacity of heavy metals, which makes comparison difficult.
Considering that the main responsible for metal biosorption from brown seaweed species is biopolymer alginate, the determination of relation M/G in this biopolymer can be a basic factor in the election of the material for application as biosorbent in the heavy metals biosorption process.
3.2. pHZPC analysis
Carboxylic, amino and sulfate groups are the main binding sites in brown algae for metal adsorption. These groups can be ionized when pH varies. At low pH values, surface sites are protonated and the surface becomes positively charged, whilst the ionizable groups lose their protons and the surface becomes negatively charged at high pH values. Figure 1 depicts the charge variation in function of pH for in natureand acidified (pH 5.0)algae. For the in nature algae the pHZPC values were within the range of pH 6.0 and 7.0, and for the acidified algae (pH 5.0) the pHZPC values were within the range of pH 5.5 and 6.0. This means that at pH higher than 7.0 and 6.0, algae surface bears negative charges, for in nature and acidified algae, respectively. This difference is decurrently of the composite leaching gifts in the biomass (with consequent increasing of pH) before the acid treatment. This explains why the binding of many metals increases with increasing pH.
The pH dependence of metal biosorption can be explained by the fact that there is a competition among H+ with heavy metal ions through a combination of mechanisms: ion exchange and the formation of surface metal complexes14. At low pH, this competition is strong, hence the metal uptake is lower. When pH is increased, the competitive effect becomes less important and more heavy metal ions are removed.
However, the adsorption mechanism is determined not only by the functional groups on the sorbents but also the characteristics of metal solutes. Both metal speciation in the solution and the functional groups on the biosorbents are relevant to metal binding mechanisms1.
3.3. Cu2+ and Ni2+ speciation
It was observed that Cu2+ precipitate occurs above pH 5.0 with formation of CuO(cr). In the case of Ni2+, precipitation occurs above pH > 6 with formation of Ni(OH)2(c). In order to perform the adsorption study of these metals, it is necessary to keep the pH below 5.0 for copper ions and about 6.0 for nickel ions.
3.4. Pre-treatment of Sargassum filipendula marine algae and biosorption of Ni2+ and Cu2+
Marine algae contain a high amount of organic substances, such as carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and pigments. Some of these compounds may be leached from the biomass and can be released to the aqueous phase during the biosorption operation46,47. It is common to observe that after biosorption water changes to a yellowish or green color.
The effect of acidic treatment on algae by hydrochloric acid (pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) was evaluated for copper and nickel adsorption (Figure 3a and b). A slight variation in copper and nickel removal was observed when compared to raw algae, indicating a decrease of pH from 5.0 to 4.0. For a pH variation from 3.0 to 2.0, an average decrease of 30% was observed for both copper and nickel.
The highest effect in adsorption properties at low pHs can be explained by the chemical modification in the active sites, resulting from the treatment with acid. A weight loss of 27 and 26% was observed at pH 2.0 and 3.0 and 23 and 22% at pH 5.0 and 4.0, respectively.
It is interesting to observe that the decrease in sorption efficiency is not correlated to weight loss. Almost the same weight loss occurred at pH 5 and 2, while the sorption capacity remained unchanged at pH 5, whereas it decreased by 40-50% at pH 2 and 3. This probably means that this weight loss is not responsible foe the decrease in sorption capacity. This may be explained by the pH effect on the interaction of metal ions with binding groups (both on the sorbent and or the compounds leached).
At lower pH, the concentration of H+ ions is higher, leading to a lower sorption of metals ions. These ions may compete with metal ions for the cell wall ligands.
For copper ions, the pH should be lower than 5.0 to avoid precipitation of these species, as shown on copper speciation diagrams (Figure 2a). In this way, an acid treatment at pH 5.0 can allow the treated biomass to be used for metal recovery without significantly affecting biomass adsorption capacity. This fact is especially important when using a large sample amount, where the leaching and pH increase are both maximized.
3.5. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
FTIR spectroscopy has been frequently used to detect vibration frequency changes in seaweeds14,16,48-50. This technique has been used to evaluate the presence of heavy metals in the biomass algae. The extension of band shifting indicates the degree of interaction of functional groups with metal cations50.
In this study, FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the changes in vibration spectra of raw and acidic algae (pH 5.0). The same evaluation was performed after copper and nickel loading on raw and acidic algae.
3.5.1. Identifying the peaks on raw algae
For raw Sargassumfilipendula algae a broad band centered at 3430 and at 3284 cm-1 can be attributed to stretching modes of amino (-NH2) and alcohol groups (-OH), respectively. According to Svecova et al.51, the presence of amine groups is usually confirmed by the presence of a shoulder around 3265 cm-1, this peak is frequently hidden by vibrations of -OH groups. The signal at 2928 cm-1 is related to C-H stretching modes, and the asymmetric stretching of carboxylate O-C-O vibration at 1640 cm-1.The band at 1411 cm-1 may be due to C-OH deformation vibration with contribution of O-C-O symmetric stretching vibration of carboxylate group52. The bands at 1530-1560 cm-1 can be assigned to amino groups (NH stretching)16. A band at 1531 cm-1 was found for algae. The bands at about 1235cm-1 representing -SO3 stretching are mainly present in sulfonic acids of polysaccharides, such as fucoidan49. The band at 1022 cm-1 is assigned to the C-O stretching of alcohol groups49.
3.5.2. Changes promoted by treatment acid at pH 5.0
Table 3 shows the changes observed after biomass acidification were: from 1640 to 1612 cm-1, 1531 to 1533 cm-1, 1411 to 1417 cm-1, 1235 to 1250 cm-1 and 1022 to 1039 cm-1. That is, the carboxylic, alcoholic, and sulfonate groups were significantly influenced by the biomass acidification.
In accordance with Sheng et al.49, a strong peak at 1640 cm-1 is due to the carboxylate salt COO-M, where M can be Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ metals, which are naturally present in marine algae. This band changes to 1612 cm-1 after acid treatment, that is, with acid treatment metal species (M) naturally present in marine algae were replaced by hydrogen ion.
After the treatment with acid, the presence of new peaks was observed in the region of 950-750 cm-1. This region is most discussed in carbohydrates52,53. The treatment of algae with HCl can have caused the lyses of alginate and fucoidan polysaccharide, presents in the algae.
3.5.3. Changes promoted by Cu2+ and Ni2+ loading in raw and acidified algae
Table 4 shows that after Cu2+ binding, in raw algae, the asymmetric carboxyl stretching band shifted from 1640 change to 1636 cm-1, and after Ni2+ binding, it shifted to 1632 cm-1. The band attributed to the symmetric stretching of these same groups at 1411 cm-1, changed to 1415 cm-1 for Cu2+ and to 1370 cm-1 for Ni2+.
According with the Table 5, for treated algae, the band at 1612 cm-1 changed to 1635 and 1627 cm-1 after copper and nickel binding, respectively, while the band at 1417 cm-1 moved to 1398 and 1421 cm-1 after copper and nickel binding, respectively.
This shift can be explained by the associations of the carbonyl groups with metal ions49. The large variation for copper ions can be attributed to the largest affinity of these species and the algae.
Raize et al.,18 observed that during the biosorption process the metal ions in solution can also be exchanged with biomass protons. Copper biosorption with F. vesiculous was estimated to be 77% due to ion exchange with Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ ions54.
Studies using Sargassum stated that cadmium biosorption occurred by the formation of ionic bridges between the metal and two carboxyl groups or a bidentate chelating complex with one carboxyl group19.
Regions of the alginate polymer that are rich in "G" residue, provide a multi-dentate environment for complexation, whereas in regions that are rich in mannuronic acid, complexation would be predominantly monodentate and therefore, weaker. In guluronic acid, the ring oxygen and the axial O-1 form a spatially favorable environment with -COO, as opposed to the equatorial O-1 which occurs in mannuronic acid residues1,38.
The analysis of spectra obtained before and after copper and nickel binding indicated that the -NH group was involved in biosorption process. For raw algae, the band at 1531 cm-1 disappears after copper adsorption and moves to 1535 cm-1 after nickel adsorption, while for treated algae the band at 1533 cm-1 changes to 1543 cm-1 after copper adsorption. The changes in intensity of the bands in the 3430 cm-1 region also suggested changes in the amino groups present in the biomass.
The infrared frequency at 1235 cm-1 represents SO3 stretching. For raw algae, Table 4, this band changes to 1220 and 1213 cm-1 in the presence of Cu2+ and Ni2+, respectively. Analyzing Table 5 for the band at 1250 cm-1 (acidic algae), nearly the same frequency was observed for Ni binding (1248 cm-1), while for Cu binding, it changed to 1226 cm-1. This fact can be explained by copper complexation on fucoidan groups present in the algae, either for raw or acid algae. For nickel ions, after acid treatment, metal complexation was not observed.
The band at 1022 cm-1 was assigned to the C-O stretching of hydroxyl groups. In raw algae, this band shifts to 1037 and 1033 cm-1 after Cu2+ and Ni2+ sorption,respectively.
According to Mackie55, alginates showed two characteristic bands at 808 and 787 cm-1 in the IR spectra, assigned to mannuronic and guluronic acids, respectively. Here, the band identified at 824 cm-1 (Table 5) moved to 822 cm-1 after Cu2+ binding and to 852 cm-1 in the presence of Ni2+. After Cu2+ sorption the band at 740 cm-1 slightly moved to 743 cm-1.
3.6. SEM/EDX - Sargassum filipendula
The morphology of algae surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy before and after the acidic treatment and after copper and nickel loading. The presence of diatom shells in the outer algae surface was systematically observed. In diatoms, the cell wall is composed of silica, to which protein and polysaccharide are added. Even after the diatom dies and the organic materials have disappeared, the external structure remains, showing that the siliceous component is indeed to decay of these diatom frustules, they remain intact for long periods of time and constitute some of the best algal fossils ever found56. Diatoms outer shells are fixed on algae surface. There was a high variability of these shell quantity, with regions with large amounts and regions where diatoms are not observed, (Figure 4a-e).
Figure 4(b-e) shows the effect of treatment with acid. These changes were probably caused due to strong cross-linking between the H+ and negatively charged chemical groups in the cell polymer. In the raw algae are high concentrations of calcium, sodium, magnesium, etc. (Table 6) and these bind to alginic acid monomers. This binding creates a net of cross-linking.
When the Sargassumfilipendula samples were exposed to heavy metal solution, the cations replaced some of the cation initially present in the cell wall matrix and created stronger cross-linking18.
In order to characterize the chemical composition and the location of the diatom outer shell on algae surface scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used, Figures 5a and b. High silicon amounts were observed in the regions where the diatom outer shells were present, due to the fact that silicate groups are the principal components of these microorganisms.
The Figure 6 and 7, presents scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), when the algae (treated pH 5.0) it is saturated with the heavy metals copper and nickel, respectively. Again the presence of diatoms is observed and the quantity of metals copper and nickel did not suffer variation in locations with or without the presence of diatoms.
The cell walls of brown algae generally contain three components: cellulose, the structural support; alginic acid, a polymer of mannuronic and guluronic acids and the corresponding salts of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium; and sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan matrix)56.
Table 6 shows qualitative results of chemical distribution on algae surface at different pHs. The objective is to compare between the chemical distributions of metals at different pHs for all samples. The chemical quantification was performed in regions where diatom outer shells were present. It was observed that the acid treatment resulted in the removal of metals such as: Mg, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Fe and K from algae biomass.
This fact can be related to FTIR results, where the absorption in 1640 cm-1 represents the carboxylate salt COO-M, where M can be the naturally found metals in the algae. The spectra showed alterations after the acid treatment and that was justified by the elimination of these ions. This behavior was more significant in algae acidified in smaller pH values.
In this work the characterization and evaluation of copper and nickel biosorption was studied on acidic Sargassum filipendula algae. The following conclusions were drawn from the study:
A controlled acid treatment, at the appropriate pH (pH 5.0), prevents the release of organic material during metal sorption and keeps the sorption capacities in the same order of magnitude of raw algal material. Additionally, this pre-treatment allows limiting pH variation during the sorption process (especially for column application).
Depending on the algal species used for the extraction of alginic acid its M/G ratio presents great variations. In this work the M/G ratio found was 0.50.
The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis demonstrates similar chelating characteristics of copper and nickel coordination to the functional groups in the cell wall of Sargassum filipendula algae. The presence and participation of carboxylic and alcoholic groups in the alginate biopolymer, sulfonate group in the sulfate biopolymer (fucoidan) and amino groups in amino acids are responsible for copper and nickel adsorption.
The morphology of algae surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and the presence of diatom outer shells was observed, though the presence of this diatom did not have a significant impact in copper and nickel binding.
The authors would like to acknowledge CNPq and FAPESP for the financial support and CEBIMar (USP) for collection and identification of the algal material.
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Received: September 28, 2010; Revised: November 22, 2010