of Power from Wind Turbines"
The power spectral density of the output of wind turbines can provide
information on the character of fluctuations in turbine output. Here both
one second and one hour samples are used to estimate the power spectrum of
several wind farms. The measured output power follows a Kolmogorov
spectrum over more than four orders of magnitude, from 30 seconds to 2.6
days. The spectrum constrains the character of fill-in power which must be
provided to compensate for wind's fluctuations when wind is deployed at
large scale. Installing enough linear ramp rate generation to fill in fast
fluctuations with amplitudes of 1% of the maximum fluctuation would
oversize the fill-in generation capacity by a factor of two for slower
A more efficient solution is feasible.
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