New fuel standards aren’t as tough as they look
Good news for Americans with large families or who need to transport substantial amounts of gear: President Obama‚Äôs new vehicle emissions standards are not as tough as they seem. But this is bad news for environmentalists, who want to lower the use of gasoline.
When Obama, using authority granted to the president in the 2007 Energy Act, announced earlier this month that automakers will be required to achieve a higher fleet average, 35 miles a gallon, by 2016‚ÄĒfour years earlier than Congress had mandated‚ÄĒAmericans might have been forgiven for thinking that in 2016 the window stickers on the new cars would reflect this new standard.
Not so.¬† Window stickers describe only the calculated gasoline efficiency of the model they are pasted on.¬† Moreover, even if miles per gallon (MPG) were averaged for all models, the result would fall below the new standards Obama announced for 2016.
What he promulgated was a higher ‚Äúfleet average‚ÄĚ for each automaker as calculated by the Department of Transportation, using a kind of vehicular treadmill to test cars‚Äô fuel efficiency.
But MPG for each model is calculated by the Environmental Protection Agency, using a different method that purports to take account of how cars are driven.¬† Model for model, EPA‚Äôs MPG is lower than that of the corporate fleet average calculated by the Transportation Department.
The CAFE standards declared by Obama‚ÄĒfor cars, minivans, and light trucks‚ÄĒare scheduled to rise to an average of 35 MPG in 2016 from levels of 27 MPG now for cars and 22 MPG for light trucks.
A 35 MPG CAFE standard corresponds roughly to a 26 MPG EPA standard, according to the automotive information Web site Edmunds.com, a 40 percent increase from present levels. Edmunds.com reports that this is met already by 29 car models and 36 truck models.¬† Half these trucks and one third of the cars are made by domestic automakers.
In other words, there was less to Obama‚Äôs announcement than met the eye‚ÄĒor made the headlines.
If he had aimed at a 35 MPG EPA standard, so that the window stickers of the new cars would show averages of 35 MPG, automakers would have had to increase fuel efficiency by 70 percent. Doing that would lead to even higher prices than will result from the costs imposed by achieving the MPG goals that the president declared.
‚ÄúThe CAFE tests performed now for the Transportation Department are the same as the ones performed under the initial CAFE standards introduced in the 1975 Energy Policy Act,‚ÄĚ said Environmental Defense Fund senior fellow John DeCicco in a phone conversation this week.¬†¬† ‚ÄúCongress has not changed these tests since they were put into place in 1978.‚ÄĚ
These scientific tests require special fuel and place the vehicle tested on a dynamometer, a machine designed to measure fuel intake in a repeatable pattern that is not the same as ordinary driving. Plainly, this yields better ‚Äúmileage‚ÄĚ than would driving over the road.
Whatever the ‚Äúreal‚ÄĚ MPG of new cars, this approach to raising efficiency has substantial disadvantages compared to a higher gasoline tax.¬† Last summer, when the price of gasoline climbed above $4 a gallon, Americans cut back on their driving‚ÄĒwith no extra CAFE standards. Dealers faced waiting lists for more efficient hybrid models, such as the Toyota Prius.
Raising emissions standards is a complex issue, requiring negotiations between different government departments and nuanced methods of measurement. And automotive fuel efficiency has been rising without stricter CAFE standards, even as engine power increases, because as older cars are replaced with newer ones, fuel efficiency improves.¬† If Obama wants Americans to use less fuel, a gas tax would be simpler and more effective than higher emissions standards.