Woodland with natural characteristics (predominantly native species of trees, ground plants and animals) where wood production is not a primary objective, this term is used rather than natural because the woodland may have originally been planted or have been managed for wood production in the past.
Describing fruits which are not borne on a stalk.
A tree that will grow in the shade of others. See also Light demander.
Trees and shrubs planted in a comparatively narrow strip to provide protection, usually of farmland.
Shrubs and bushes, i.e. woody plants without a single main stem, occurring well below the forest canopy.
Cultivation of trees as crop with the primary objective of producing wood products.
The care and cultivation of forest trees.
Term describing a leaf that is not divided into leaflets, e.g. oak.
Tractor used to pull pole length timber along the ground.
Weeding of individual trees rather than a continuous band. Usually applies to chemical weeding when it is cheaper to spot weed (less chemical is used) and it is better for the environment (chemicals are only applied where they are absolutely needed.)
Thin-walled cells laid down in stems and branches in the early part of the growing season. It is of lighter colour than the summer wood in most species.
A fairly uniform collection of trees, composed of one or a few species, comprising one age class, from either artificial or natural regeneration.
A single tree grown as an individual amongst coppice. A large nursery grown tree produced for amenity planting.
Sales of timber quality trees whilst they are still standing based on the assessment of their volume. The buyer is responsible for getting the trees felled. Timber is also sold "at stump" or "at roadside" based on felled measure.
Measurement of quantity before trees are felled, usually expressed as cubic metres overbark standing.
The density of trees in a plantation, measured in stems per hectare.
Income from selling timber less total expenditure for a particular project/compartment or a Forest District. Expressed as £/m³ standing.
Disturbing the soil below the ground surface. See Ripping.
Changes that occur in vegetation as bare ground is progressively colonised by different species, ending in climax vegetation.
Shoot arising directly from a root or at base of a stem.
Thick-walled cells laid down in the middle of the growing season in stems and branches. Usually darker than the adjoining spring wood and thus showing up as a ring in cross-section.
An improved strain of Sitka spruce which has better shape and faster growth than normal.
Income from selling timber less forest cost for a particular project/compartment/area/Forest District. Expressed as £/m3 standing or as a total sum.
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The natural bend in a log or tree, generally applied to long gentle bends.
A machine which cuts grass and other vegetation by means other than sharp blade, i.e. rapidly rotating chain or disc. Also used as a verb to describe the operation carried out with the machine, e.g. swiping a ride or fire-break.
Removal or thinning on a predetermined basis without regard to the quality of the individual trees, e.g. removal of whole lines of trees on a numbered sequence. Also called mechanical thinning.
The study of how function at all levels of biological hierarchy emerges from the interactions between the components of biological systems. Research typically involves quantitative experimentation plus mathematical analysis and reconstruction.