Gibbons on helium sing like sopranos
Jungle divas Gibbons use the same technique to project their songs as top opera singers.
That was the conclusion of research by Japanese scientists who tested the effect of helium gas on gibbon calls to see how their singing changed when their voices sounded abnormally high-pitched.
Just like professional singers, the experiment found the animals were able to amplify the higher sounds by adjusting the shape of their vocal tract, including the mouth and tongue.
It is a skill only mastered by a few humans, yet gibbons are able to do it with minimal effort, says Takeshi Nishimura from the Primate Research Institute at Kyoto University.
Singing is particularly important to gibbons, which use loud calls and songs to communicate across the dense jungle. Their exchanges, described by primatologists as "duets", can carry as far as two kilometres.
"Our data indicate that acoustic and physiological mechanisms used in gibbon singing are analogous to human soprano singing, a professional operatic technique," Nishimura and colleagues write in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology .
Professional sopranos' ability to fine-tune their vocal tract resonances allows them to maintain their volume when they hit the high notes.
The fact that gibbons can do the same thing suggests the complexity of human speech may not have needed specific modifications in our vocal anatomy.
Making gibbons sing on helium may sound eccentric, but Nishimura said it was a logical way to test how the animals controlled vocalisation when the resonance frequencies in the vocal tract are shifted upwards.
"Using the helium environment, we can easily see how the resonance works and how the gibbon makes its loud pure-tone calls," he says.
His team used a captive white-handed gibbon to record 20 calls in normal air and 37 calls in a helium-enriched atmosphere to show how the animals could consciously manipulate their vocal cords and tract (listen to the audio in the box above to hear their calls).
They worked out the gibbon's vocal tract had been adjusted by analysing the sounds it produced.
Helium causes its distinctive effect because sound travels much faster through the gas than through air.