How 'natural' is democracy?
Working together You may have heard of top dogs, queen bees and kings of the jungle, but never senators of the savannah and voter ants, which leads one to ask 'Is democracy unnatural?'
Actually, democracy, in the sense of collective decisions based on the motivations of the majority, guides the social interactions and group behaviour of many species from honey bees to chimpanzees.
Though they have a queen, honey bees don't live in a monarchy.
"There is no social hierarchy in a bee colony," says Dr Brian Johnson, a professor of entomology at the University of California at Davis. "The queen is just an egg laying machine. She is more important than the average worker to colony survival, but she is not a governor in any sense of the word."
Though there is no formal voting process, the hive acts according to the information gathered by the majority of hive members.
"This is crucial for bees because they have limited information at the individual level and can only make good decisions when they pool their information-gathering and processing skills," says Johnson.
Calling bee social behaviour, "democracy" or even saying that they make decisions runs the risk of anthropomorphism, or assigning human qualities to animals, says Dr Norman Gary, Professor Emeritus in entomology at UC Davis.
"Decision making requires awareness of options and insects don't have that," says Gary. "The bees are programmed to go out and react to stimuli."
Sticking with the group
Bees may not have developed a hive republic, but is there a deer democracy governing the forests?
"In red deer, it is in the interest of group members to stay together, for example, in order to detect predators better," says Larissa Conradt of the University of Sussex. "Therefore, individuals benefit if they synchronise their activities and movements, and they have to decide such things collectively."
Honey bees share the collective goal of hive survival at the expense of the individual, but life is not so simple for red deer groups, says Conradt. Individual deer have different physiological needs, and not every herd movement will benefit each individual.
"In such circumstances, there is a conflict of interest, and individuals pay a 'cost' when synchronising (they might forgo their own optimal activity in order to stay with the group)," said Conradt.
So, like members of a political party who don't agree with everything their candidate says, yet vote for him anyway, red deer stick with the herd because it's better than being abandoned.
Keeping others on side
Human's closest relative, the chimpanzee, takes decision making beyond the party politics of the deer-mocracy.
"I describe in Chimpanzee Politics how the alpha male needs broad support to reach the top spot," Dr Frans de Waal, Director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes Primate Center and psychology professor at Emory University. "He needs some close allies and he needs many group members to be on his side."
Although chimpanzee 'strong men' can rise to power, they often become bullies and are eventually deposed and exiled or even killed. Chimp consensus builders form more stable social structures by offering perks to supporters.
"The majority of alpha males seem rather of the supported type, may be quite small (although not too small or unhealthy), and spends a lot of time grooming allies, sharing meat or females with them, and other ways of keeping them on his side," says de Waal.
"This sounds democratic to me, as well as the fact that the group puts limits on alpha behaviour," he says. "For example if the alpha male attacks a juvenile using his canine teeth, the group may revolt, thus showing the limits of alpha's power."
Going the next step
Human democracy may have analogues in the natural world, but no other animal has taken collective decision making as far as humans.
"One big difference between collective decision making between humans and animals is deliberation," said Conradt. "Human can discuss issues prior to making collective decisions in a sophisticated manner that is not open to animals."
For all our complexity, humans make decisions using brains evolved through eons of survival in the natural world.
Instinctual reactions to stimuli guide human behaviour more than many appreciate, says Gary.
"People are more like insects than insects are like people."
So it seems democracy, as a political system, grows from instincts inherited from our ape ancestors, which were forged by ages of natural selection for optimised group decision making.