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Evidence Based Medicine
Health: Medicine: Education
ABC Health Matters: Getting Evidence-Based Treatment
- Consumer guide to understanding and applying the concepts of evidence-based medicine to treatment.
The Added Value of Confidence Intervals
- Argues for the communicative advantage of confidence intervals (CIs) over P values for statistical significance. 
Appraising Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
- Provides criteria to use to critically appraise systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and documents some of the key pitfalls of each. 
The Care and Feeding of Evidence Based Medicine
- Overview of the precepts of EBM and reflections on some current issues affecting its progress. 
CDR Systematic Reviews: Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care
- Exceptionally detailed handbook of the procedures necessary to conduct a systematic review. From the authoritative Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) at the University of York, publisher of DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects).
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
- Provides workshops, resources and background information for healthcare professionals, with research tools and educational material to download. Based at Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford.
Class of evidence (CoE): how does it relate to critical appraisal?
- Discussion of study validity and the assessment of different forms of bias. 
Cochrane Library Tutorial
- A twelve part nimated multi-part visual tutorial on the use and search of the Cochrane Library, developed by Oxford University.
- Learn to read clinical papers with confidence with courses on critical appraisal and evidence-based medicine
Developing clinical practice guidelines
- A 'how to' guide to the development of clinical practice guidelines, including synthesis, grading, presentation and the derivation of recommendations. 
Development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs): comparing approaches
- Critical review of six clinical practice guidelines development handbooks.
Evidence Based Calculator
- Free downloadable calculator computing sensitivity and selectivity, control event rates, numbers-needed-to-treat, and other evidence-based factors.
Evidence Based Medicine
- A concise (85 pg.) overview and study notes of the principles of evidence-based medicine for students. From Dr. Jeffrey Schaefer, University of Calgary. [PDF]
Evidence Based Medicine - Research and Subject Guides
- This guide, tabbed by topic, is designed to assist health care professionals and students become effective and efficient users of the medical literature; includes a resource collection and glossary. From the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Evidence Based Medicine - Talks and Resources
- Collection of fulltext copies of talks about evidence-based medicine.
Evidence Based Medicine Information
- A tutorial on basic concepts, including a guide to searching literature and databases. From Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
Evidence in practice - EBM Part IV
- Fourth of a four-part comprehensive mini-course on Evidence-Based Medicine; covers a sample clinical scenario through the process of the art of formulating answerable clinical questions, finding evidence, critically appraising evidence, and putting evidence into practice.
Evidence-based Medicine: Ten Top Things to Know!
- A compact primer on evidence-based medicine, from basic definitions to fundamentals principles, with tips and commentary.  [PDF]
The Evidence-based Practice Center Experience
- Collection of reports explaining the process of preparing systematic reviews. A free supplement of Annals of Internal Medicine.
Finding Grey Literature Evidence and Assessing for Outcome and Analysis Reporting Biases When Comparing Medical Interventions
- Guidelines for when and how to search, and assess, "grey literature" (typically non-peer-reviewed conference abstracts, books, dissertations, regulatory reports, etc.) when conducting a systematic review or meta-analysis. From Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). 
Global health: the importance of evidence-based medicine
- Compilation of presentations on how evidence-based medicine in resource-limited settings can be translated into improved health outcomes. 
GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
- The advantages of the GRADE system for rating the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.
GRADE: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
- Comprehensive (74 pp., as downloadable PDF) tutorial on GRADE, the leading consensus approach to grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. From McMaster University. [PDF]
A guide to interpreting discordant systematic reviews
- The seminal paper on how to resolve discordance across systematic reviews, from the eminent expert Alejandro Jadad at McMaster University.  [PDF]
The Heart of the Matter of Opinion and Evidence: The Value of Evidence-Based Medicine
- Strong defense of EBM, by reviewing practical examples of conflicting topics that evidence-based medicine has positively clarified to allow providing the best possible patient care. 
The Hierarchy of Evidence: From Unsystematic Clinical Observations to Systematic Reviews
- Summary and critical review of hierarchies of evidence, contrasting the different current approaches and noting their limitations and merits. Chapter from "Neurology: An Evidence-Based Approach".  [PDF]
How to do a meta-analysis
- Comprehensive guide to the process of conducting meta-analysis: selecting articles, inclusion criteria, effect sizes, practical analysis execution, and estimating publication bias. From the British Psychological Society. [PDF]
How to Do Random Allocation (Randomization)
- Describes and illustrates with practical examples the concept and procedure of random allocation as used in randomized controlled trials/studies (RCTs), including simple, block and stratified randomization. 
I-SPY 2 may change how clinical trials are conducted
- Describes I-SPY, a groundbreaking dynamic adaptive randomization model for accelerating both identification and regulatory approval of effective investigational agents. 
Introduction to Evidence Based Medicine
- Slide presentation given to second year medical students on the principles of evidence-based medcine. From the Faculty of Medicine at McGill University (Montreal, Canada). [pdf]
Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine
- A self-paced tutorial on the principles and processes, designed for healthcare practitioners and students. From the Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA.
Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)
- A five minute tutorial, with inbuilt self-assessment, from the Boston University Medical Library.
Introduction to Evidence-based Practice
- Provides a summary of the principles, processes, and foundations of evidence-based decision making. Chapter from "Evidence-based Practice Across the Health Professions".  [PDF]
The Levels of Evidence and their role in Evidence-Based Medicine
- The origin of levels of evidence and their relevance to the EBM, with examples drawn from the field of plastic surgery. 
Meta-analyses: what they can and cannot do
- Critical examination of the pros and caveats about meta-analysis, and how the limitations can be overcome; also includes a illustrative case vignette. From CEB, the Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. 
Meta-analysis as Evidence: Building a Better Pyramid
- Critically examines the issue of what category of evidence should be placed at the peak of the evidence-based hierarchy/pyramid, either the randomized clinical trial (RCT), or the systematic review with meta-analysis (SR/MA), then outlines how to improve the value of meta-analytic evidence. 
Meta-analysis: Its strengths and limitations
- Critical examination of key issues of study identification and selection; publication, search and selection bias; results heterogeneity, and data analysis. 
Meta-analysis: pitfalls and hints
- Practical guidelines for minimizing the risk of conducting a mediocre meta-analysis and for supporting researchers to accurately evaluate the published findings. 
- Resources and including evidence-based guidelines for primary care providers . From The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP).
Navigating the Maze
- The University of Virginia School of Medicine presents a guide to using web-based medical search engines, with links to the major resources.
The need for caution in interpreting high quality systematic reviews
- Practical lessons on the highly variable quality of systematic reviews themselves, with an illustrative case study showing how different systematic reviews on the same question can arrive at opposite conclusions. 
Patterns of ‘leakage’ in the utilisation of clinical guidelines: a systematic review -- Mickan et al
- A systematic review of barriers to guideline implementation through an examination of rates of awareness and agreement and adoption and/or adherence, along with a call for recommendations to improve guideline adherence.
The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidence search
- How to use the PICO Strategy for the construction of an appropriate research question and review of the literature.
- Interative tips from the Center for Evidence-Based Medicine on formulating clinical questions and conducting critical appraisals, accompanying the text "Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM".
Principles of evidence based medicine - EBM Part I
- First of a four-part comprehensive mini-course on Evidence-Based Medicine; covers basic EBM principles and motivation.
Progress in Evidence-Based Medicine
- Assessment of where we stand in evidence-based medicine as of 2008.
Rating Evidence in Medical Literature
- An overview of several evidence grading systems, including the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, and the journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians. From the AMA Virtual Mentor project. 
Reading And Critically Appraising Systematic Reviews And Meta-Analyses
- The cautions needed in reading and conducting a systematic review, especially strong on sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, sub-group analysis, publication bias and missing data. 
Statistical Inference by Confidence Intervals: Issues of Interpretation and Utilization
- Argues that confidence intervals are underutilized, and shows that interval estimation is a valuable form of statistical inference with certain advantages over conventional hypothesis testing based on tests of significance. 
Statistical methods for evidence-based medicine: the diagnostic test. Part I
- Part I of a two part series on how to select and interpret diagnostic tests to confirm or exclude a diagnosis, using a full working example. [PDF]
Statistical methods for evidence-based medicine: the diagnostic test. Part II
- Part II of a two part series on how to select and interpret diagnostic tests to confirm or exclude a diagnosis, using a full working example.
Systematic review and meta-analysis methodology
- Detailed exposition of all the critical procedures of conducting SRs and MAs, with invaluable tips and guides, including on the use of the Cochrane automatic SR/MA software tool RevMan.
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: When One Study Is Just not Enough
- Discusses the strengths and limitations of narrative and systematic reviews and meta-analyses and how to critically appraise them. 
- Essentials of systematic reviews, and a step-by-step guide for how to conduct one. From Library Services of King's College, London.  [PDF]
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
- Exceptional learning resource: a comprehensive (300+ pp. as slides) course on the systematic review process, on their strengths and limitations, with step-by-step guidance, examples and case studies on how to perform a quality systematic review. In six downloadable (as PDFs) lessons, from McGill University.
Tips for Learners of Evidence-Based Medicine: Measures of Precision
- Explains the use of confidence intervals in testing hypotheses. From the Canadian Medical Association Journal. [English and French]
Tips for Learners of Evidence-Based Medicine: Relative Risk Reduction
- Describes how to estimate a treatment's effectiveness and explains the concepts of risk reduction, and number needed to treat. From the Canadian Medical Association Journal. [English and French]
Tips for Teachers of Evidence-Based Medicine: Adjusting for Prognostic Imbalances (Confounding Variables) in Studies on Therapy or Harm
- Teaching tips on confounding variables and the statistical adjustment for differences in prognostic variables. From the Evidence-Based Medicine Teaching Tips Working Group.
Tips for Teachers of Evidence-based Medicine: Clinical Prediction Rules (CPRs) and Estimating Pretest Probability
- Teaching tips on the use of clinical prediction rules in applying evidence consistently in everyday clinical practice. From the Evidence-Based Medicine Teaching Tips Working Group.
Tips for Teachers of Evidence-based Medicine: Making Sense of Diagnostic Test Results Using Likelihood Ratios
- Teaching tips on using likelihood ratios. From the Evidence-Based Medicine Teaching Tips Working Group.
Tips for Teachers of Evidence-Based Medicine: Understanding Odds Ratios and Their Relationship to Risk Ratios
- Discriminates odds from risks, and the nature of an odds ratio as an alternative to a risk ratio. From the Evidence-Based Medicine Teaching Tips Working Group.
Trials and Tribulations of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
- Guidance on some of the major limitations besetting systematic reviews (including limited datasets, unpublished data, and both statistical and clinical heterogeneity). 
Understanding randomised controlled trials - EBM Part II
- Second of a four-part comprehensive mini-course on Evidence-Based Medicine; covers the purpose, design and different types of RCTs.
Understanding systematic reviews and meta-analysis - EBM Part III
- Third of a four-part comprehensive mini-course on Evidence-Based Medicine; covers the principles, methodology and appraisal of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, including use of odds ratios and relative risks.
What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians?
- Reviews multiple alternative systems for rating the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations.
Worth Adapting? Revisiting the Usefulness of Outcome-Adaptive Randomization
- Describes the potential superiority in well-defined cases of adaptive randomization which allocates more patients to the better treatments as the data accumulates in the trial. 
Evidence based medicine: increasing, not dictating, choice
- A defense of evidence-based medicine from the perspective of women's health concerns. (January 06, 2007)
Evidence-Based Medicine in Iberoamerica: Problems and Possible Solutions
- Discussion of the applicability of evidence-based medicine in Latin American countries. (August 30, 2005)
Evidence-Based Medicine: Useful Tools for Decision Making
- An article from the Medical Journal of Australia explains the basic processes and concepts, with descriptions of common computer-assisted research tools. (January 01, 2001)
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