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This invention relates to a method for treatment of maintaining the hydrogen termination of the surface of a semiconductor, an apparatus for carrying out such maintaining treatment, and products such as a semiconductor device obtained by carrying out such maintaining treatment.
Manufacturing processes of a field-effect transistor constituting an integrated circuit formed in a semiconductor region will be described with reference to FIG. 1, using an LDD (Lightly Doped Drain)-structure n-type field-effect transistor as an example.
At first, element isolation is carried out, for example, by an STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) method, thereby forming an element region 102 on the surface of a p-type (100) plane silicon 101 serving as a semiconductor substrate (FIG. 1(a)).
Pre-oxidation cleaning such as RCA cleaning is applied to the element region 102 (FIG. 1(b)) to remove organic compounds, particles, and metal impurities and, thereafter, dilute hydrofluoric acid treatment and then rinsing with pure water are performed to hydrogen-terminate 103 the element region 102 (FIG. 1(c)). After drying the wafer (FIG. 1(d)), a gate insulating film (SiO2) 104 is formed (FIG. 1(e)).
Then, boron is ion-implanted over the entire surface of the silicon 101 for controlling the threshold voltage (FIG. 1(f)).
Then, a polycrystalline silicon film is deposited over the entire surface of the silicon 101 and then patterned, thereby forming a gate electrode 105 of polycrystalline silicon on the gate insulating film 104 in the element region 102 (FIG. 1(g)).
Then, phosphorus is ion-implanted at a low concentration, thereby forming n− source and drain regions 106 that serve to relax high electric fields (FIG. 1(h)).
Then, a silicon oxide film (SiO2) is deposited over the entire surface of the silicon 101 by a CVD method or the like so as to cover the gate electrode 105 and then anisotropic etching is performed, thereby forming a side-wall insulating film 107 on the side walls of the gate electrode 105 (FIG. 1(i)).
Thereafter, n-type impurities such as arsenic are ion-implanted at a high concentration, thereby forming n+ source and drain regions 108 (FIG. 1(j)).
In Patent Document 1, the present inventors have previously pointed out that the hydrogen termination is deteriorated in a cleaning process, and proposed a technique for solving it.
In the case of the field-effect transistor forming method shown in FIG. 1, the process up to the formation of the gate insulating film 104 becomes discontinuous after the dilute hydrofluoric acid treatment to carry out the hydrogen termination 103. After drying the wafer, the wafer goes through stages of being placed in a carrier container, transferred to a gate oxidation apparatus, and subjected to the gate oxidation. In this case, after the drying up to the gate oxidation, the wafer is exposed to a CR (clean room) atmosphere. During this time, the terminated hydrogen 103 formed on the surface of the element region 102 is impaired with the lapse of time so that oxidation of the surface proceeds (FIG. 1(d)). A natural oxide film formed on the surface is nonuniformly formed over the element region 102 and, further, the density of the film itself is low, which thus becomes one cause for degrading the quality of the gate insulating film 104 formed thereafter.
The foregoing description is given using the n-type field-effect transistor as an example, but the same also applies to a semiconductor element such as a p-type field-effect transistor, a TFT, a CCD, or an IGBT.
In view of the problem described above, an attempt has been made to transfer a wafer in a vacuum or in an N2 atmosphere from the drying process after the dilute hydrofluoric acid treatment to the gate oxidation. However, it is known that organic compounds adhere to the surface of the element region 102 in the vacuum transfer and, also in the transfer in the N2 atmosphere, the hydrogen termination is impaired with an increase in exposure time and thus the growth of a natural oxide film cannot be completely suppressed.
On the other hand, Patent Document 1 only points out the deterioration of the hydrogen termination in the cleaning process, but does not disclose that the hydrogen termination is also deteriorated during the vacuum transfer.
This invention has been made under these circumstances and has an object to elucidate a cause of disappearance of the hydrogen termination during transfer of a wafer so as to provide a more efficient hydrogen termination maintaining method, and further has an object to provide a semiconductor device having an electrically reliable gate insulating film and its manufacturing method by maintaining the hydrogen termination to suppress the growth of a natural oxide film.
This invention is characterized by maintaining the hydrogen termination by exposing the hydrogen-terminated surface to an inert gas containing hydrogen. FIG. 2 shows changing behavior of the hydrogen termination depending on the clean-room exposure time. Measurement was performed using an FTIR-ATR method. The state of change in absorption peak of silicon hydride was examined when the Si (100) plane was treated with FPM (solution in which 0.5% DHF and 0.5% H2O2 are added in pure water), then subjected to N2 blow drying, and then exposed in a clean room. The exposure time was changed among 3 minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 1 day. The silicon hydride peaks are distributed at 2060 to 2170 cm−1 and the sharp peaks near 2110 cm−1 are peaks caused by silicon dihydride. The peak intensities of the silicon hydride are lowered due to the exposure and the peaks completely disappear in the case of the 1-day exposure. Following the lowering of the silicon hydride peaks, other peaks appear near 2200 and 2250 cm−1. These peaks are peaks that occur when oxygen is inserted into Si backbonds of Si—H bonds, and thus mean that Si—O—Si bonds are formed. This can be said to be one of initial reaction processes of oxidation.
In order to show the Si—H bond decreasing behavior more comprehensibly, the wave numbers were, in FIG. 3, divided into 2050 to 2170 cm−1 as the Si—H system peaks and 2170 to 2300 cm−1 as the hydride peaks in the form where oxygen is inserted into backbonds, and the respective relationships each between the integrated area and the clean-room exposure time were examined. The results are shown in FIG. 4.
As shown in FIG. 4(a), the silicon hydride peak area starts to decrease immediately after the start of the exposure and the peaks almost disappear after 6 hours. In contrast to this, as shown in FIG. 4(b), the area of the hydride peaks in the form where oxygen is inserted into backbonds starts to increase immediately after the exposure and reaches a maximum value after 4 hours so as to be saturated. From this data, it is seen that the hydrogen termination cannot be maintained by the clean-room exposure. Although this data was obtained for the Si (100) plane, it has been confirmed that there is the same tendency for the Si (110) or Si (111) plane.
In view of this, it is considered that the oxidation reaction on the surface may be prevented by exposure in an atmosphere with a very low oxygen partial pressure, for example, an inert gas atmosphere. The results of exposure in Ar and N2 atmospheres are shown in FIG. 5. A sample was treated with FPM and, immediately after N2 blow drying, it was placed in a metal container where Ar or N2 was caused to flow at 1 slm, so as to be stored. The axis of ordinates represents the Si—H system silicon hydride peak area shown in FIG. 3. From FIG. 5, it is seen that although the hydrogen termination decreasing rate is slowed, the decrease cannot be completely suppressed.
The present inventors have studied a cause of generation of oxidizing species on the hydrogen-terminated surface. At first, it has been confirmed that the oxygen concentration in the Ar gas is at the several ppt level. Even if all the oxygen present in the Ar gas is adsorbed on the wafer surface, the number thereof is about 6×1012 in the case of the exposure for 24 hours. Since the number of Si—H terminations on the Si surface is on the order of 1014, it is not possible to remove all the terminations by the oxidation reaction. Therefore, the cause of decreasing the hydrogen termination is not the oxygen contained in the Ar gas.
In view of this, it has been considered that oxygen for that cause is dissolved oxygen in water adsorbed on the surface. It is known that water molecules are adsorbed in as many as 100 molecular layers on the wafer surface after drying (Yoshinori Nakagawa et al., “Measurement of Adsorbed Moisture Concentration on Solid Surface by Using Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride, “Proceedings, Microcontamination 93, San Jose, pp. 586-595, September 1993). It is conjectured that, other than H ions and OH ions at ph=7, dissolved oxygen is also present in the water of 100 molecular layers. It is known that OH ions act as a catalyst in the oxidation reaction of Si—H in water (E. P. Boonekamp et al., JAP. 75, 8121 (1994)). Thus, it is conjectured that the decrease in Si—H termination and the oxidation reaction on the Si surface are caused due to the interaction between OH ions and dissolved oxygen.
Based on this conjecture, as measures to suppress the oxidation reaction on the surface, there are cited the following three, i.e. (1) reducing the amount of OH ions in water adsorbed on the surface, (2) reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen, and (3) reducing the oxidation-reduction potential so as to suppress the oxidation reaction. At this time, with respect to the above (1), it is currently difficult to change the pH of the adsorbed water. With respect to the above (2), it is expected that the dissolved oxygen is desorbed from the liquid phase into the gas phase by the storage in an inert gas atmosphere, but actually, as shown in FIG. 5, it is not possible to completely suppress the decrease in hydrogen termination. In view of this, in order to realize the above (3), a wafer was placed in an environment where hydrogen was added to an Ar atmosphere. It was conjectured that, in this state, the added hydrogen would be dissolved into adsorbed water and, further, dissolved oxygen contained in the adsorbed water would be desorbed into the atmosphere and then, at the time when the mole ratio between the dissolved oxygen and the dissolved hydrogen would be reversed, the oxidation-reduction potential would rapidly drop to suppress the oxidation reaction. The results are shown in FIG. 6. To explain the ratio of added H2, the volume concentration of H2 in a mixed gas of Ar and H2 was adjusted to 3% and the flow rate of the mixed gas was set to 1 slm. The pressure was set to the atmospheric pressure. From FIG. 6, it is seen that no change is observed in the spectrum after exposure in the Ar+H2 atmosphere (1 slm) for 6 hours as compared with the spectrum after exposure for 3 minutes. It was possible to confirm that the surface oxidation was suppressed by adding 3% hydrogen to an Ar gas.
To explain the reason for setting the volume concentration of H2 in the mixed gas of Ar and H2 to 3%, the explosion lower limit of hydrogen is 4% and thus it is not practical to set it to 4% or more because of danger at the time of mixing the air. It was judged that a maximum of 3% was practically adequate. A similar effect is obtained using an inert gas mixed with 20 ppm hydrogen. Further, it is also appropriate that the number of H2 molecules is greater than that of O2 molecules in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, it becomes possible to lower the oxidation-reduction potential of water by dissolution of more H2 molecules into the water.
About 5 ppm dissolved oxygen is contained in water adhering to the wafer surface and, when brought into contact with an inert gas containing 10 ppm hydrogen, the dissolved oxygen is desorbed into the inert gas and further the hydrogen in the inert gas is dissolved into the water. The mole ratio between the dissolved oxygen and the dissolved hydrogen is reversed in an instant to cause a reduction in oxidation-reduction potential. In this event, in order to increase the efficiency of substitution between the dissolved oxygen and the dissolved hydrogen, the mixed gas of the inert gas and hydrogen may be constantly caused to flow into a container at 10 sccm or more or the inert gas containing hydrogen may be introduced and sealed in a hermetic container.
Although it is also necessary to manage the concentration of oxygen mixed as impurities in the inert gas, N2 or Ar used in a normal semiconductor grade is managed at an oxygen concentration of 10 ppm or less. With this impurity level, it is easy to reduce the oxidation-reduction potential by dissolution of hydrogen and thus the decrease in hydrogen termination can be efficiently prevented.
According to the invention, by adding a hydrogen gas into an inert gas, it was possible to store a wafer without impairing the hydrogen termination formed after dilute hydrofluoric acid treatment. Introduction of this technique into a wafer carrier box of SMIF or the like is also easy. Further, the effect is also expected by introducing a mixed gas of an inert gas and a hydrogen gas into wafer transfer portions in a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus. Since a natural oxide film is not formed on the silicon surface, the reliability of a gate insulating film is also improved.
FIGS. 1(a) to 1(j) are schematic diagrams for explaining the manufacturing flow of a field-effect transistor according to a conventional technique.
FIG. 2 is a graph for explaining the CR exposure time dependence of the hydrogen termination according to the FTIR-FTR measurement.
FIG. 3 is a graph for explaining the exposure time dependence of the silicon hydride peak and the hydride peak where oxygen is inserted into Si—Si backbonds.
FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) are graphs each showing the exposure time dependence of the peak area shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing changing behavior of the silicon hydride peak area of a sample placed in an N2 or an Ar atmosphere.
FIG. 6 is a graph for explaining the IR spectrum of a sample placed in an Ar atmosphere added with H2, as compared with the IR spectrum of a sample placed in a CR.
FIGS. 7(a) to 7(j) are schematic diagrams for explaining the manufacturing flow of a field-effect transistor according to this invention.
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of wafer handling from the hydrogen termination to the formation of a gate insulating film according to this invention.
Manufacturing processes of a field-effect transistor constituting an integrated circuit formed in a semiconductor region will be described using an LDD (Lightly Doped Drain)-structure n-type field-effect transistor as an example. FIG. 7 shows the transistor flow and FIG. 8 is a diagram schematically showing part of a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of this invention for explaining a wafer handling method from hydrogen termination treatment to gate oxidation.
Element isolation is carried out, for example, by an STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) method, thereby forming an element region 702 including source, drain, and channel regions on the surface of a p-type (100) silicon wafer 701 (FIG. 7(a)).
Subsequently, the flow shifts to a first process that carries out the hydrogen termination.
Using a chemical solution treatment apparatus (wafer cleaning apparatus 10), shown in FIG. 8, adapted to perform the hydrogen termination, pre-oxidation cleaning is applied to the element region 702 to remove organic compounds, particle, and metal contamination (FIG. 7(b)).
Thereafter, treatment with dilute hydrofluoric acid system, such as FPM treatment, and then rinsing with pure water and wafer drying are carried out to hydrogen-terminate 703 the element region 702 (FIG. 7(c)). The hydrogen termination treatment may be performed by, instead of the FPM treatment, DHF treatment, NH4F treatment, hot water treatment, pure water treatment, or the like. A hydrogen termination atmosphere may be an atmosphere of a mixed gas of Ar and H2 (the volume ratio of hydrogen to the mixed gas is 3%). Further, the hydrogen termination treatment may be performed while carrying out vacuum ultraviolet irradiation or soft X-ray irradiation for removal of static electricity. The vacuum ultraviolet irradiation or the soft X-ray irradiation may be directly applied to the semiconductor or, instead of the direct irradiation, may be applied to a space where the semiconductor is present. Pure water added with hydrogen may be used in the pure-water rinsing. The water added with hydrogen is water whose oxidation-reduction potential is reduced in advance, and thus effectively suppresses the oxidation on the silicon surface. It may also be appropriate that the number of H2 molecules is greater than that of oxygen molecules in pure water.
FIG. 8 shows an example where, after dilute hydrofluoric acid treatment, pure-water rinsing and wafer drying are performed in a mixed gas atmosphere of Ar and H2.
Thereafter, the flow shifts to a second process. In FIG. 8, it is realized that the inside of a wafer carrier box 20 is maintained in an atmosphere of a mixed gas of Ar and H2 (the volume ratio of hydrogen to the mixed gas is 3%) and the wafer is exposed therein (FIG. 7(d)).
The wafer is placed in the wafer carrier box 20 and transferred to a gate oxidation apparatus 30 (FIG. 8). The transfer may be carried out in the state where the mixed gas of Ar and H2 is caused to flow at a flow rate of 10 sccm or more. On the other hand, if the wafer is left standing until gate oxidation, it may be stored in a container where a mixed gas atmosphere of Ar and H2 is formed. During that time, the hydrogen termination is not impaired and the growth of a natural oxide film is not observed.
In the case of FIG. 8, in order to keep the state that prevents the growth of a natural oxide film until immediately before the gate oxidation, the inside of the gate oxidation apparatus 30 is also maintained in a mixed gas atmosphere of Ar and H2. Using the gate oxidation apparatus 30, the silicon surface of the element region is oxidized to thereby form a 5 nm gate insulating film (SiO2) 704 (FIG. 7(e)). It is sufficient that a silicon oxide film formed in this invention is present at least a portion being in contact with silicon and, therefore, use may be made of an insulating film formed, on the silicon oxide film, with one or more layers of different kinds of materials, such as an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, a silicate, and the like of an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, and a transition metal. Instead of the silicon oxide film, use may be made of a single layer or a laminated structure of an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, a silicate, and the like of an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, and a transition metal. Further, use may be made of a film including one or more of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, and a silicon oxynitride film.
Then, boron is ion-implanted over the entire surface of the silicon wafer 701 for controlling the threshold voltage (FIG. 7(f)).
Then, a polycrystalline silicon film is deposited over the entire surface of the silicon wafer 701 and then patterned, thereby forming a gate electrode 705 of polycrystalline silicon on the gate insulating film 704 in the element region 702 (FIG. 7(g)).
Then, phosphorus is ion-implanted at a low concentration, thereby forming n− source and drain regions 706 that serve to relax high electric fields (FIG. 7(h)).
Then, a silicon oxide film (SiO2) is deposited over the entire surface of the silicon wafer 701 by a CVD method or the like so as to cover the gate electrode 705 and then anisotropic etching is performed, thereby forming a side-wall insulating film 707 on the side walls of the gate electrode 705 (FIG. 7(i)).
Thereafter, n-type impurities such as arsenic are ion-implanted at a high concentration, thereby forming n+ source and drain regions 708 (FIG. 7(j)).
The technique of storing a wafer in an inert gas added with H2 for preventing the decrease in hydrogen termination can obtain the same effect for silicon of any plane orientation and has the effect even for another semiconductor such as SiGe or Ge. Further, it can be used not only for the MOSFET of FIG. 7, but also, for example, for storage of a wafer after formation of contact holes and DHF treatment.
This invention is applicable not only to a semiconductor device having a gate insulating film of an MOS transistor and its manufacturing method, but also to a semiconductor device such as a TFT, a CCD, or an IGBT.