|Stink bugs destroying two of our tomatoes|
Last week I found on the Internet two new research papers, “Summary of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Infestations of Maryland Crops” and “2011 Insecticide Trails to Evaluate Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug,” by three University of Maryland researchers, Galen Dively, Cerruti Hooks, and Terry Patton.
I’m going to tell you several of the research findings that I find fascinating, but I do not claim to be a scientist, so this posting is merely one gardener’s report about what he read in the two papers. I assume the two reports will be two of many building blocks on which experts will build future research projects and from which they will draft, hopefully, recommendations for both commercial food growers and backyard gardeners for the 2012 growing season.
The first paper covers the impact of the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) on a variety of crops: small grains; field corn; soybeans; apples, grapes, and peaches; raspberries; pumpkins; tomatoes; peppers; summer squash; sweet corn; green beans; eggplant; okra; spring/fall cabbage, spring/fall broccoli, kale, bok choi, onion, beets, cantaloupe, cucumber, watermelon, sweet potato, and white potato. Since most readers of this blog are backyard gardeners, I’ll focus on typical garden vegetables. The second paper covers the effect of various insecticides on BMSBs.
|Stink bugs on our raspberries|
Research methodology: “Field studies to investigate BMSB population dynamics and feeding injury in selected crops were conducted in 2011 at three UM research farms … where significant infestations were present. Key field, fruit and vegetable crops were grown according to recommended commercial practices and not treated with insecticides, unless otherwise indicated. All crops were in close proximity with each other and close to woodlots. Whole fields, orchard blocks, or small plots, depending on the crop, were sampled weekly to assess population densities of BMSB adults, egg masses, and nymphs…. Vegetable crops were also harvested to measure and characterize cumulative fruit injury over the crop cycle. To monitor BMSB activity, pheromone and blacklight traps were operated at five research farms from May to late September and serviced either daily or three times a week.”
Number of stink bugs: Numbers were significantly less than in 2010 at the western Maryland site but 2.5 to 3 times more at other locations. Comment: This confirms anecdotal reports from other gardeners, that there seemed to be “fewer stink bugs overall” in 2011, but perhaps just as many or more in our gardens.
Peak population: “Peak captures at Beltsville and Upper Marlboro exceeded 400 per night during the 3rd week of July,” but peaks on some crops came in August. Comment: Early July was when I surrendered and began using a pyrethroid spray in our vegetable and fruit gardens.
Pheromone traps: “Both types of pheromone traps failed to capture stink bugs during the peak period. Only a few adults and nymphs were captured later in the summer.”
|Stink bugs congregating on our lilac|
Proximity to woods and buildings: Scattered through the papers are indications that stink bug numbers are higher on crops near woods or buildings and on crops at the edges of fields. Comment: Backyard gardeners may have the worst exposure to stink bug damage because gardens often are close to buildings, trees, and shrubs. Also, gardens often are not large enough to have “edges” and “centers” sufficiently distant to affect the level of stink bug damage.
Apples, grapes, and peaches: “Infestations were relatively low compared to the two previous years because these crops were treated with combinations of insecticides plus Surround on a 10-day schedule.”
Raspberries: “Adults colonized plants during mid-June and sustained high populations to early September…. Feeding caused severe fruit damage, rendering the crop unmarketable. Raspberries were undoubtedly a favorable food source for adult BMSB, but relatively few nymphs were present….”
Pumpkins: “No adults or nymphs were present.” Another casual inspection “revealed no evidence of feeding injury or nymphal development.”
Tomatoes: Stink bug activity seemed to begin when fruit began to ripen, though relatively few adults and nymphs were found. “It is possible that stinkbug adults move in and out of tomatoes following a diurnal pattern, since numbers detected did not account for the fruit injury which ranged from 32 to 48% of the total number of fruit harvested.”
Peppers: Tests include a variety of peppers, including bell, banana, and hot jalapenos. Depending on variety, damage ranged up to 86% of the crop. “Two hot types … were less susceptible to fruit injury, and, unexpectedly, a black bell variety … showed no evidence over the entire crop cycle.” Comment: The paper names all varieties tested.
Summer squash: “If more attractive crops are available, squash will likely not be a preferred host plant.” Comment: Stink bugs destroyed all young fruit of my zucchini plants.
Sweet corn: On the Eastern Shore, stink bug populations haven’t reached damaging levels. However, at other locations, significant “kernel injury (average range of 4 to 26 collapsed kernels per ear), and incomplete kernel fill were recorded on 95 to 100% of the mature ears….”
Green beans: “Green beans harbored the second highest population density of BMSB per unit area…. Later plantings of green beans and lima beans that developed pods in September and October experienced less BMSB activity and no pod damage. Like late-planted sweet corn, these plantings possibly avoided injury because of the more attractive soybeans grown nearby.”
Eggplant: “Eggplant harbored the third highest population density of BMSB per unit area.” “BMSB may have a minor impact on eggplant quality; however, feeding on stems and fruiting bodies could cause abnormal abortion of buds and young fruit, thus reducing yields.”
Okra: “BMSB seasonal activity and infestation levels were similar to that of eggplant.”
Cabbage, broccoli, kale, bok choi, onion, beets, cantaloupe, cucumber, watermelon, sweet potato, and white potato: “Intensive sampling for other insect pests and periodic inspections produced no evidence of BMSB activity and feeding injury. However, these crops may be more attractive and susceptible to stink bug feeding if isolated and not grown close to more preferred host plants.”
Here’s a typical conclusion from the second paper’s bell pepper section on the effectiveness of several insecticides on stink bugs: “All 12 insecticide treatments provided significant reductions (61-96%) of stink bug numbers,” though only some insecticides reduced the level of fruit injury significantly. There were some suggestions of “the possibility that some adults may have recovered after certain treatments.” Comment: Though insecticides are named in the paper, they should not be used until they have been approved by appropriate government review agencies.
I’m happy to read that researchers are making progress in their stink-bug studies, and I look forward to future application of research findings from these researchers and others that will benefit those of us who grow crops, whether by hundreds of acres or in our backyard gardens.
If you want to review the research papers, CLICK HERE. The two papers appear together at that link. The first paper includes photos of damaged vegetables. The second includes charts detailing effectiveness of insecticides used in the studies.