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Suggestions For Further Study Periodicals Works On The Study And Teaching Of History Dictionaries And Encyclopedias Syllabi
Productions Of Babylonia Babylonia An Early Center Of Civilization Lower And Upper Egypt Egypt The Gift Of The Nile Annual Inundation Of The Nile
Egypt An Early Center Of Civilization 9. The Babylonians And The Egyptians Inhabitants Of Babylonia Hammurabi, King Of Babylonia, About 2000 B.c. Menes, King Of Egypt, About 3400 B.c.
The Pyramid Kings, About 3000-2500 B.c. After The Pyramid Kings The Egyptian Empire Imperial Splendor Of Egypt
Sargon Ii, 722-705 B.c. Sennacherib, 705-681 B.c. Downfall Of Assyria, 606 B.c. Partition Of Assyria
Organization Of The Persian Empire The Satrapal System Persian Roads Union Of The East Under Persia Studies
Schliemann's Excavations At Troy Schliemann's Excavations At Mycenae And Tiryns Evans's Excavations At Gnossus
24. Early Greek Religion The Olympian Council Attributes Of The Deities Conceptions Of The Deities Ideas Of The Other World
The Spartan Boy The Adult Spartan Excellence Of The Spartan Soldiery Athens As A City-state Oppressive Rule Of The Nobles
Draco's Code, 621 B.c. Legislation Of Solon, 594-593 B.c. Tyranny Of Pisistratus, 560-527 B.c. Reforms Of Clisthenes, 508-507 B.c. Athens A Democratic State
Chapter V The Great Age Of The Greek Republics To 362 B.c.  31. The Perils Of Hellas Asiatic Greeks Conquered By Croesus Conquests Of Cyrus And Cambyses
33. Xerxes And The Great Persian War Preparations Of Persia Greek Preparations Battle Of Thermopylae, 480 B.c. After Thermopylae
Aristides And The Delian League, 477 B.c. Constitution Of The League Cimon And The War Against Persia The Delian League Becomes Subject To Athens, About 454 B.c. Decline Of Cimon's Influence
35. Athens Under Pericles Pericles Age Of Pericles, 461-429 B.c. Athenian Imperialism Nature Of The Athenian Democracy
Slavery Commercial Athens Artistic And Intellectual Athens 36. The Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.c. Inevitableness Of The War
Origin Of The War Resources Of The Contestants First Stage Of The War, 431-421 B.c. Last Stage Of The War 413-404 B.c.
38. Decline Of The City-state Weakness Of City-states A Record Of Almost Ceaseless Conflict The Future Studies
Conquests Of Philip 40. Demosthenes And The End Of Greek Freedom Demosthenes, 384-322 B.c. Demosthenes As An Orator And A Patriot Last Struggle Of The Greeks
Fusion Of East And West 44. Hellenistic Kingdoms And Cities The Three Great Kingdoms Minor Independent States City Life In The Orient
The Museum At Alexandria The Alexandrian Library Scientific Discoveries Ancient And Modern Science Compared
Union Of The Seven Hills Myths Of Early Rome Romulus And Remus Successors Of Romulus Significance Of The Myths
50. Early Roman Society The Romans An Agricultural People Economic Conditions Moral Character Of The Early Romans The Roman Family
51. Roman Religion Worship Of Ancestors The Household Deities Worship Of The Household Deities Janus And Vesta
The Republican Consuls The Dictator Patricians And Plebeians The Tribunes The Twelve Tables, 449 B.c.
53. Expansion Of Rome Over Italy, 509(?)-264 B.c. Rome Supreme In Latium, 338 B.c. Rome Supreme In Central Itlay, 290 B.c. Rome Supreme In Southern Italy, 264 B.c.
Evils Of The Provincial System The Profits Of Conquest Growth Of Luxury Disappearance Of The Peasantry The Exodus Of The Cities
Failure And Death Of Tiberius, 133 B.c. Gaius Gracchus Becomes Tribune, 123 B.c. Measures Of Gaius To Relieve The Poor An Effort To Extend Roman Citizenship
The Rhine Boundary The Augustan Age Deification Of Augustus 67. The Successors Of Augustus, 14-96 A.d. Julian And Claudian Caesars, 14-68 A.d.
Trajan The Conqueror Hadrian The Administrator Marcus Aurelius, The Philosopher On The Throne 69. The Provinces Of The Roman Empire The Standing Army
Principal Trade Routes Local Trading At Rome Free Laborers At Rome The Guilds Life Of The Working Classes
Stoicism The Eleusinian Mysteries Influence Of The Mysteries Oriental Religions In The Roman Empire Mithra
The Worship Of Mithra Significance Of The Oriental Religions 78. Rise And Spread Of Christianity Christianity Among The Jews Missionary Labors Of Paul
Christianity Among The Gentiles Conditions Favoring The Spread Of Christianity Organization Of Early Christianity 79. The Persecutions Hostility Toward The Christians
Superstitious Fear Of The Christians Antagonism Of The Roman Government Attitude Of The Christians Toward Paganism Diocletian's Persecution, 303-311 A.d. The Martyrs
80. Triumph Of Christianity Christianity Becomes A Tolerated Religion Constantine's Conversion Church Council At Nicaea, 325 A.d. Christianity Becomes The State Religion Under Theodosius, 379-395 A.d.
81. Christian Influence On Society Moral Teachings Of Christianity Social Teachings Of Christianity Christianity And The Germans Studies
The Visigoths Cross The Danube, 376 A.d. Battle Of Adrianople, 378 A.d. Results Of The Battle Alaric The Visigoth Alaric In Greece And Italy
89. Education And The Condition Of Children Importance Of Male Children Infanticide Names Greek Education
Roman Education Travel And Study Abroad 90. Marriage And The Position Of Women Engagements Wedding Customs
Morning Round Of A Roman Noble The Afternoon Exercise And Bath The Late Dinner 92. Amusements Athenian Religious Festivals
106. The Reign Of Charlemagne, 768-814 A.d. Charlemagne The Man Conquest And Conversion Of The Saxons, 772-804 A.d. Conquest Of The Lombards, 774 A.d.
Charlemagne's Other Conquests Charlemagne's Government Revival Of Learning Under Charlemagne 107. Charlemagne And The Revival Of The Roman Empire, 800 A.d. Coronation Of Charlemagne, 800 A.d.
Importance Of The Two Treaties Renewed Barbarian Invasions 109. Germany Under The Saxon Kings, 919-973 A.d. The German Stem-duchies Elective Kingship Of Germany
Hindrances To The Fusion Of Germans And Romans Conditions Favoring Fusion Contrast Between East And West Studies
Conquests Of Justinian Codification Of Roman Law Civilizing Work Of Justinian 116. The Empire And Its Asiatic Foes After Justinian
Influence Of Byzantine Art Literature And Learning 119. Constantinople Position Of Constantinople Constantinople As A Natural Citadel
The Monastery Buildings Monastic Occupations Attractiveness Of The Monastic Life The Monks As Civilizers
Final Extension Of Roman Catholicism 127. Separation Of Eastern And Western Christianity Divergence Of East And West The Papacy And The Eastern Emperors Rise Of The Patriarchate Of Constantinople
The Final Rupture, 1054 A.d. 128. The Greek Church The Greek And Roman Church Compared Spread Of The Greek Church
Arabian Heathenism 131. Mohammed: Prophet And Statesman, 622-632 A.d. Early Life Of Mohammed Mohammed's Visions The Hegira, 622 A.d.
Islam As A Political Force Arab Conquests In The East, 632-642 A.d. Treatment Of The Conquered Peoples Later Arab Conquests Siege Of Constantinople, 716-717 A.d.
Prehistoric Times In Scandinavia 139. The Viking Age Dawn Of History In Scandinavia The Northmen As Sailors Ships Of The Northmen
The Danelaw Civilizing Activities Of Alfred Alfred's Character From Alfred To The Norman Conquest, 901-1066 A.d.
Harold And William William's Preparations Battle Of Hastings, 1066 A.d. William Becomes King William's Personality
Abolition Of Private Warfare 153. The Castle And Life Of The Nobles Development Of The Castle The Castle As A Fortress
A Castle Described The Castle As A Residence Amusements Of The Nobles 154. Knighthood And Chivalry Apprenticeship Of The Knight
The Sacramental System Baptism, Confirmation, Matrimony, And Extreme Unction Penance Holy Eucharist Ordination
164. The Friars Coming Of The Friars St. Francis, 1181(?)-1226 A.d. St. Francis, The Man St. Dominic, 1170-1221 A.d.
The Church And Slavery And Serfdom Democracy Of The Church The Clergy As The Only Educated Class Importance Of The Clergy Studies
Footnotes Chapter Xx The Occident Against The Orient; The Crusades, 1095-1291 A.d.  169. Causes Of The Crusades Place Of The Crusades In History
The Crusades And Commerce The Crusades And Intellectual Life Significance Of The Crusades Studies Footnotes
The National State And Feudalism The New Monarchies The Sentiment Of Nationality The Last Invasion Of England William's Despotic Rule
Reasons For The War Battles Of Crecy, 1346 A.d., And Poitiers, 1356 A.d. The "black Prince" Renewal Of The War The "maid Of Orleans," 1429 A.d.
Organization Of Craft Guilds Activities Of Craft Guilds 195. Trade And Commerce Markets "just Price"
Fairs Fairs And Commerce Decline Of Commerce In The Middle Ages Commercial Revival After The Crusades Asiatic Trade Routes
Footnotes Chapter Xxiv Medieval Civilization  200. Formation Of National Languages The 12th And 13th Centuries
Changes In Anglo-saxon Development Of English English As A World-language 201. Development Of National Literatures Latin Hymns
Latin Students' Songs Songs Of The Troubadours The French Epic The Charlemagne Legend Song Of Roland
202. Romanesque And Gothic Architecture; The Cathedrals Two Architectural Styles The Romanesque Church Vaulting And The Round Arch
Influence Of The Classic Tradition Byzantine, Arabic, And Norman Influence 210. Revival Of Learning In Italy The Classics In The Middle Ages Dante Alighieri 1265-1321 A.d.
Michelangelo, 1475-1564 A.d. Rise Of Italian Painting Characteristics Of Italian Painting The "old Masters"
Chaucer, 1340(?)-1400 A.d. Shakespeare, 1564-1616 A.d. Personality In Renaissance Literature 215. The Renaissance In Education Humanism And Education
Decline Of Serfdom The "black Death" Effects Of The "black Death" First Statute Of Laborers, 1351 A.d. The Peasants' Rebellion, 1381 A.d.
The Cosmas Map The Hereford Map Opening Up Of Asia Legend Of Prester John The Polos In The East, 1271-1295 A.d.
The Commercial Motive 220. To The Indies Eastward: Prince Henry And Da Gama Prince Henry The Navigator, 1394-1460 A.d. Exploration Of The African Coast Da Gama's Voyage, 1497-1499 A.d.
222. To The Indies Westward: Columbus And Magellan The Globular Theory Myth Of Atlantis Behaim's Globe Columbus, 1446(?)-1506 A.d.
Circumnavigation Of The Globe, 1519-1522 A.d. 223. The Indians Peopling Of America The American Aborigines Indian Culture
Treatment Of The Indians Conversion Of The Indians The California Missions Spanish American Civilization Spanish Colonial Policy
Shifting Of Trade Routes Increased Production Of The Precious Metals Consequences Of The Enlarged Money Supply New Commodities Imported Political Effects Of The Discoveries
Boniface And Philip The Fair Anagni, 1303 A.d. The "babylonion Captivity," 1309-1377 A.d. The "great Schism," 1378-1417 A.d. Council Of Constance, 1414-1418 A.d.
Crusade Against The Albigenses, 1209-1229 A.d. The Waldenses John Wycliffe, 1320-1384 A.d. The Lollards John Huss, 1373(?)-1415 A.d.
The Hussite Wars Martin Luther, 1483-1546 A.d. Tetzel And Indulgences Posting Of The Ninety-five Theses, 1517 A.d.
The Divorce, 1533 A.d. Act Of Supremacy, 1534 A.d. The Monasteries Suppressed Progress Of The Reformation Under Edward Vi, 1547-1553 A.d.
Protestantism In England Treatment Of Roman Catholics Protestantism In Ireland Elizabeth And Mary Queen Of Scots Elizabeth And Philip Ii
Massacre Of St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572 A.d. Henry Iv Edict Of Nantes, 1598 A.d. France Under Henry Iv, 1588-1610 A.d.
Louis Xiv, The King Absolutism In France 243. France Under Louis Xiv Colbert Colbert's Economic Measures
A Third War, 1689-1697 A.d. The Spanish Succession War Of The Spanish Succession, 1702-1713 A.d. Peace Of Utrecht, 1713 A.d.
James I On Divine Right James I And Parliament James I And Puritanism Charles I, King, 1625-1649 A.d. Petition Of Right, 1628 A.d.
Personal Rule Of Charles I, 1629-1640 A.d. John Hampden And "ship-money" Laud's Ecclesiastical Policy The Long Parliament, 1640 A.d.
Presybterians And Independents "pride's Purge," 1648 A.d. Execution Of Charles I, 1649 A.d. 247. The Commonwealth And The Protectorate, 1649-1660 A.d. England A Republic
Subjection Of Ireland Scotland Subdued Dissolution Of The "rump Parliament," 1653 A.d. The Instrument Of Government Cromwell As Lord Protector, 1653-1658 A.d.
Whigs And Tories Reign Of James Ii, 1685-1688 A.d. Accession Of William And Mary, 1689 A.d. The Bill Of Rights The Toleration Act
The "glorious Revolution" 249. England In The Seventeenth Century Social England Economic England Scientific Progress
DRACO'S CODE, 621 B.C.
After much agitation an Athenian named Draco was employed to write out a code for the state. The laws, as published, were very severe. The penalty for most offenses, even the smallest theft, was death. The Athenians used to declare that the Draconian code had been written, "not in ink, but in blood." Its publication, however, was a popular triumph and the first step toward the establishment of Athenian democracy.
LEGISLATION OF SOLON, 594-593 B.C.
The second step was the legislation of Solon. This celebrated Athenian was accounted among the wisest men of his age. The people held him in high honor and gave him power to make much-needed reforms. At this time the condition of the Attic peasants was deplorable. Many of them had failed to pay their rent to the wealthy landowners, and according to the old custom were being sold into slavery. Solon abolished the custom and restored to freedom all those who had been enslaved for debt. He also limited the amount of land which a noble might hold. By still another law he admitted even the poorest citizens to the popular assembly, where they could vote for magistrates and judge of their conduct after their year of office was over. By giving the common people a greater share in the government, Solon helped forward the democratic movement at Athens.
TYRANNY OF PISISTRATUS, 560-527 B.C.
Solon's reforms satisfied neither the nobility nor the commons. The two classes continued their rivalry until the disorder of the times enabled an ambitious politician to gain supreme power as a tyrant.  He was Solon's own nephew, a noble named Pisistratus. The tyrant ruled with moderation and did much to develop the Athenian city-state. He fostered agriculture by dividing the lands of banished nobles among the peasants. His alliances with neighboring cities encouraged the rising commerce of Athens. The city itself was adorned with handsome buildings by architects and sculptors whom Pisistratus invited to his court from all parts of Greece.
REFORMS OF CLISTHENES, 508-507 B.C.
Pisistratus was succeeded by his two sons, but the Athenians did not take kindly to their rule. Before long the tyranny came to an end. The Athenians now found a leader in a noble named Clisthenes, who proved to be an able statesman. He carried still further the democratic movement begun by Draco and Solon. One of his reforms extended Athenian citizenship to many foreigners and emancipated slaves ("freedmen") then living in Attica. This liberal measure swelled the number of citizens and helped to make the Athenians a more progressive people. Clisthenes, it is said, also established the curious arrangement known as ostracism. Every year, if necessary, the citizens were to meet in assembly and to vote against any persons whom they thought dangerous to the state. If as many as six thousand votes were cast, the man who received the highest number of votes had to go into honorable exile for ten years.  Though ostracism was intended as a precaution against tyrants, before long it came to be used to remove unpopular politicians.
ATHENS A DEMOCRATIC STATE