|Clinical review: Intra-abdominal hypertension: does it influence the physiology of prone ventilation?|
|Jump to Full Text|
|PMID: 20804560 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE|
|Prone ventilation (PV) is a ventilatory strategy that frequently improves oxygenation and lung mechanics in critical illness, yet does not consistently improve survival. While the exact physiologic mechanisms related to these benefits remain unproven, one major theoretical mechanism relates to reducing the abdominal encroachment upon the lungs. Concurrent to this experience is increasing recognition of the ubiquitous role of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) in critical illness, of the relationship between IAH and intra-abdominal volume or thus the compliance of the abdominal wall, and of the potential difference in the abdominal influences between the extrapulmonary and pulmonary forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The present paper reviews reported data concerning intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in association with the use of PV to explore the potential influence of IAH. While early authors stressed the importance of gravitationally unloading the abdominal cavity to unencumber the lung bases, this admonition has not been consistently acknowledged when PV has been utilized. Basic data required to understand the role of IAP/IAH in the physiology of PV have generally not been collected and/or reported. No randomized controlled trials or meta-analyses considered IAH in design or outcome. While the act of proning itself has a variable reported effect on IAP, abundant clinical and laboratory data confirm that the thoracoabdominal cavities are intimately linked and that IAH is consistently transmitted across the diaphragm--although the transmission ratio is variable and is possibly related to the compliance of the abdominal wall. Any proning-related intervention that secondarily influences IAP/IAH is likely to greatly influence respiratory mechanics and outcomes. Further study of the role of IAP/IAH in the physiology and outcomes of PV in hypoxemic respiratory failure is thus required. Theories relating inter-relations between prone positioning and the abdominal condition are presented to aid in designing these studies.|
|Andrew W Kirkpatrick; Paolo Pelosi; Jan J De Waele; Manu Lng Malbrain; Chad G Ball; Maureen O Meade; Henry T Stelfox; Kevin B Laupland|
|Type: Journal Article; Review Date: 2010-08-27|
|Title: Critical care (London, England) Volume: 14 ISSN: 1466-609X ISO Abbreviation: Crit Care Publication Date: 2010|
|Created Date: 2010-09-24 Completed Date: 2011-01-18 Revised Date: 2011-08-30|
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 9801902 Medline TA: Crit Care Country: England|
|Languages: eng Pagination: 232 Citation Subset: IM|
|Regional Trauma Services, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. email@example.com|
|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex|
Acute Lung Injury / physiopathology, therapy
Hypertension / etiology, physiopathology*
Prone Position / physiology
Respiration, Artificial* / adverse effects, methods
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult / physiopathology, therapy
Journal ID (nlm-ta): Crit Care
Publisher: BioMed Central
Copyright ©2010 BioMed Central Ltd
Print publication date: Year: 2010
Electronic publication date: Day: 27 Month: 8 Year: 2010
pmc-release publication date: Day: 27 Month: 8 Year: 2011
Volume: 14 Issue: 4
First Page: 232 Last Page: 232
Publisher Id: cc9099
PubMed Id: 20804560
|Clinical review: Intra-abdominal hypertension: does it influence the physiology of prone ventilation?|
|Andrew W Kirkpatrick123||Email: firstname.lastname@example.org|
|Paolo Pelosi4||Email: email@example.com|
|Jan J De Waele5||Email: firstname.lastname@example.org|
|Manu LNG Malbrain6||Email: email@example.com|
|Chad G Ball12||Email: firstname.lastname@example.org|
|Maureen O Meade78||Email: email@example.com|
|Henry T Stelfox3||Email: firstname.lastname@example.org|
|Kevin B Laupland3||Email: email@example.com|
1Regional Trauma Services, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 2T9
2Department of Surgery, Calgary Heath Region and Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 2T9
3Department of Critical Care Medicine, Calgary Heath Region and Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 2T9
4Department of Environment, Health and Safety, University of Insubria, c/o Villa Toeplitz Via G.B. Vico, 46 21100 Varese, Italy
5Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
6Intensive Care Unit, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B-2060 Antwerpen 6, Belgium
7Department of Medicine, Room 2C10, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
8Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Room 2C10, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
Patients with acute respiratory failure frequently require mechanical ventilation (MV). Unfortunately MV can further damage the lungs and worsen respiratory failure through a variety of mechanisms [1,2]. Prone ventilation (PV) by means of prone positioning (PP) has been proposed as a strategy that may rescue the sickest patient from refractory hypoxemia [1,3-6], although identifying a survival benefit has proven difficult [4,7-12]. PV may also ameliorate the underlying physical strain and generation of inflammatory mediators that compound ventilator-induced lung injury [13-16]. Further, as a technologically simple intervention, PV could conceivably benefit patients in countries where more expensive respiratory technologies are unavailable. There is therefore reason to further explore specific mechanisms and patient groups who might benefit [5,7,17-19].
One of the most frequent causes of acute respiratory failure requiring MV is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), reflecting the more severe spectrum of acute lung injury (ALI) [20,21]. The initial consensus definitions recognized two inciting pathways for ALI/ARDS: pulmonary and extrapulmonary - reflecting either direct lung injury or indirect injuries to the pulmonary endothelium as mediated by the systemic inflammatory response [20,21]. In particular, the influence of the abdomen appears to differ between pulmonary and extrapulmonary causes, differently affecting chest wall mechanics [21-28] - with higher intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in extrapulmonary ALI/ARDS often related to greater and more recruitable lung collapse [24,26].
The World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome defines intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) as sustained IAP ≥12 mmHg, and defines the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) as IAP >20 mmHg with new organ failure . IAH is a condition that can complicate virtually any critical condition, greatly influences the respiratory system and associates with adverse clinical outcomes . Obesity and high body mass index (BMI) are inter-related characteristics associated with IAH that also impair respiratory mechanics [30,31]. Although the study of PV was initiated in 1974 after Bryan suggested the technique as a means of alleviating intrusion of the abdominal contents upon the thoracic volume , the role of the abdomen in general, and of IAH in particular, has been largely ignored in subsequent studies. Many pioneers of PV considered it critical to unload or suspend the abdominal cavity while proning. In 1977 Douglas and colleagues predicted that protuberant abdomens which were not suspended adequately would 'have little or no improvement or may even have a deterioration in PaO2 when turned prone' . We therefore reviewed both the reported experiences and possible influence of the abdominal status in PV research.
The MEDLINE, EMBASE, BioMed Central, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched for original research concerning PV, IAP, IAH, and ACS. Bibliographies of all retrieved articles were reviewed to identify additional literature. One reviewer abstracted data from each study related to study type (animal versus clinical), study design (randomized trial, other controlled clinical, or physiologic study), population (setting, numbers), whether body weight was specifically positioned over the chest and pelvic bones (thoracopelvic support) and/or whether the abdomen was freely suspended to permit free abdominal movements independent of the bed (suspension), as well as baseline physiologic characteristics.
Only two porcine studies measured IAP during PV; one with normal lungs , the other with an oleic-acid lung-injury model  (Table 1). Mure and colleagues used an inflatable balloon to distend the abdomen with normal lungs in either supine positioning or PP. They observed greater improvement in gas exchange after PP in the presence of abdominal distension than without . Conversely, Colmenero-Ruiz and colleagues reported no differential effect on the oxygenation with proning when the abdomen was freely suspended in their normal lung model without IAH . There are no reported animal data concerning injured lungs in the setting of abdominal distension or IAH.
Eight studies measured IAP during PV in critically ill patients, and another study concerned obese patients during elective surgery (Table 2). Two studies unloaded the abdomen [36,37] while five did not [38-42], and one study did not report on abdominal unloading . Finally, one study randomized abdominal suspension .
Several authors reported that the PP raises IAP in certain situations [38-40]. Michelet and colleagues found that while gas exchange increased with either method, IAP significantly increased on the conventional mattresses from normal to grade II IAH . Although not presented numerically, graphical analysis suggests that IAP increased from approximately 7 to 15 mmHg on a conventional mattress and from 8 to 12 mmHg on an air-cushioned mattress during PP . None of these patients had IAH prior to proning and all had pulmonary ALI/ARDS. Hering and colleagues reported two studies in which mixed pulmonary and extrapulmonary ALI patients who were proned on air-cushioned beds without suspension had mean IAP rises on average from 10 to 11 mmHg up to 13 to 14 mmHg [38,39]. Kiefer and colleagues studied 25 patients (BMI and suspension not reported) requiring MV, and found that the mean IAP was not significantly affected by proning . Pelosi and colleagues measured IAP in 10 patients with ALI before and after PP with abdominal suspension, and noted that the mean IAP rose nonsignificantly from 11.4 to 14.8 mmHg .
Chiumello and colleagues conducted the only randomized trial comparing abdominal suspension versus no suspension during PV. They studied 11 patients with mixed pulmonary and extrapulmonary ARDS . They found an improvement in respiratory function with PV and an increase in IAP when turned to prone regardless of suspension or not . Most recently, in 10 patients with pulmonary ARDS and initial IAP constituting grade II IAH (14.5 mmHg), Fletcher reported a small but statistically significant fall after proning .
Despite reports of statistically significant changes in IAP, consistent clinical effects have not been seen with these modest IAP changes . Michelet and colleagues examined a number of parameters after proning . They studied the disappearance rate of indocyanine green as a surrogate for splanchnic perfusion. While extra-vascular lung water and intrathoracic blood volume were unmodified, the disappearance rate of indocyanine green was significantly different after proning on the conventional mattress; however, changes in the disappearance rate of indocyanine green were not correlated with IAP changes . Similarly, Kiefer and colleagues found that MV in PP may be associated with increased gastric-mucosal gradients of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Although there were major inter-individual variations, the mucosal pH gradient also increased in nine out of 11 patients in whom IAP increased . Hering and colleagues found that while the renal fraction of cardiac output decreased and renal vascular resistance increased, there were no other important physiological changes and no differences in hepatic function or gastric mucosal carbon dioxide tension compared with the supine position .
As an aggregate, none of these studies involved a population with severe IAH, and only two studies (25%) reported BMI data. Not considering the effect of IAP as a potential consequence of PV needs to be interpreted in light of the fact that IAP changes of as little as 3 mmHg after proning were associated with increased gastric mucosal-arterial gradients of partial pressure of carbon dioxide . Further, the effects of even modest IAH in critical illness may be subtle in the setting of multiple organ failure , and pressures as low as 10 mmHg may have significant end organ effects .
The first large randomized controlled trial (RCT) of prone ventilation for ALI/ARDS was reported by Gattinoni and colleagues in 2001 . This trial was followed by nine others in rapid succession, with the largest completed in 2009 [9-14,45,48,49], in addition to studies examining PV with concurrent additional therapies or related respiratory techniques [9,50,51] (Table 3). Six meta-analyses were subsequently published [7,8,17-19,52]. Nine out of 10 RCTs studying ALI/ARDS distinguished or provided descriptions to allow classification into pulmonary and extrapulmonary groups, although only one meta-analysis considered this factor (Table 3). No study considered IAP or BMI in the design. In terms of the proning technique, one RCT reported free suspension, four trials reported specifically not, and five trials did not discuss suspension. No meta-analysis considered abdominal suspension.
Small studies in selected patients without IAH have demonstrated modest elevations in IAP without marked physiologic effects after proning. Despite the increasing recognition of the importance of thoracoabdominal interactions, no animal or clinical study has specifically addressed these interactions in a population with either IAH or obesity. The evidence as to whether proning itself induces important changes in IAP therefore remains inconsistent and is unhelpful to guide clinical practice.
The use of PV in ALI/ARDS appears to be decreasing, presumably due to the inability of RCTs to demonstrate a survival advantage using a technique that requires great logistical input and has significant side effects [19,52,53]. Although a number of methodological reasons have been previously discussed , we suggest an additional factor to be considered when interpreting previous clinical and physiological studies on PV: the role of the thoracoabdominal cavity as a complete entity, and the lack of appreciation for the relationship between IAP and intra-abdominal volume (IAV) reflecting abdominal compliance (Cab).
Achieving improved gas exchange through proning has been variably attributed to improvements in gradients of transpulmonary pressures from chest wall mechanics, in homogeneity of lung inflation, in recruitment of the dorsal lung relative to ventral derecruitment, in increases of end-expiratory lung volumes, in redirection of the compressive forces of the heart weight, in better secretion clearance, or in interactions of all the above [16,18,33,37,44,50,54,4]. No matter what the exact mechanism is, however, the presence of atelectasis and lung recruitability is the simplest reason for the PV value .
Extrapulmonary and pulmonary subtypes of ALI/ARDS have been reported to differ greatly in their respiratory mechanics, in their response to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), in lung recruitment, and in prone positioning [21,24-26]. Gattinoni and colleagues demonstrated significant IAP differences with either pulmonary or extrapulmonary ALI/ARDS - with mean values of 8.5 mmHg versus 22 mmHg, respectively - and changes in chest wall elastance . Extrapulmonary ALI/ARDS from conditions frequently associated with IAH, such as intra-abdominal sepsis or trauma, were thus considered cases that would most benefit from PV. Protti and colleagues discussed prone responders using a wet sponge model in which the greater the lung weight, the greater the collapse and the greater the recruitment potential . Heavier lungs were associated with decreases in carbon dioxide that were associated with increased recruitability . Since the juxtadiaphragmatic-dependent regions frequently compressed in ALI/ARDS appeared less amenable to recruitment using higher PEEP, which may simply overdistend aerated non-dependent lung regions [56,57], PV offers a potential recruitment technique that focuses on the most gravitationally at-risk lung regions.
Animal models have clearly illustrated differing pathology between extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary ALI/ARDS [27,58,59], as well as generally greater responsiveness to recruitment maneuvers in extrapulmonary ALI/ARDS [26,28]. The critically ill human is much more complex, however, and investigators have not consistently confirmed greater lung recruitability within these subgroups of the ALI/ARDS population, or even to consistently subtype accurately [60,61]. Missing data continue to be the chest wall mechanics, abdominal status, and IAP . We question whether the difficulty in accurately categorizing ALI/ARDS into two subgroups in order to predict prone responsiveness is necessary, and whether simply considering the abdominal status with easily measured parameters such as IAP might guide the clinician better. This is congruous with the opinion of Talmor and colleagues, who recently noted markedly improved respiratory parameters in ALI/ARDS patients with PEEP selected based on esophageal pressures . They suggested that disappointing results utilizing algorithmic PEEP adjustments may relate to the lack of recognition of elevated pleural or IAP . We therefore question whether the etiology of ALI/ARDS is critical or whether, instead, the relative changes in lung and chest wall mechanics including IAP should be the focus for future subtyping of ALI/ARDS. In reference to PV, however, this hypothesis has not been tested to date, as no prospective RCTs evaluating PV have considered measuring, reporting, or stratifying by either IAP or BMI.
Abdominal morphology intuitively plays a central role in a technique involving positioning the critically ill patient upon their abdomen. Treating the abdomen as a limited elastic body  illustrates how initial modest volume increases may be accommodated with modest pressure increases, but further increases beyond a pressure- volume curve inflection point will be associated with IAH [45,64] (Figure 1). Initial work supports the contention that the amplitude of IAP oscillation with ventilation may infer the abdominal compliance [64,65]. Essentially, a stiffer abdomen may be indicated by greater fluctuations and higher peaks from physical compression than more compliant abdomens. Cab may thus at least partially explain the variability in abdominothoracic pressure transmission ratios [66,67]. Identifying the degree of stiffness or lack thereof may therefore help identify patients at risk for adverse effects of IAH in general, and from prone abdominal compression in particular.
Thoracopelvic supports are any support specifically used to direct the prone patient's body weight upon the chest and pelvic bones, to suspend and thereby unencumber the abdomen. Healthy volunteers who simulated patients had significantly increased contact pressures at the chest and pelvic locations during PP  This positioning decreases chest wall movements and reduces thoracoabdominal compliance (increasing stiffness or elastance). We believe that thoracopelvic support are required for at least three reasons in many if not all patients undergoing PV for respiratory reasons: to redistribute ventilatory gasses towards the now dependent ventral and diaphragmatic regions where minimal atelectasis and collapse are present [34,36]; to avoid compressing a noncompliant distended abdomen, especially if IAH is present; and to potentially unload an abdomen off the lungs with sufficient Cab to allow this, as will be explained.
Supine positioning compresses the dependent lung bases with collapse and reduces lung volumes in normal patients (Figure 2a), and is worse with obesity or severe IAH [68,69] (Figure 2b). The end-expiratory lung volume may be less than one-half after the induction of anesthesia in obese patients , and the degree of atelectasis correlates with body weight . When gravity is removed from supine pigs in parabolic flight, tidal volumes with constant ventilation significantly increase with both normal IAP and IAH, presumably as the abdominal weight is effectively removed  (Figure 2c). While treating critically ill patients in weightlessness is impractical, prone ventilation largely accomplishes the same effect.
In certain studies, PV increased the end-expiratory lung volume and the forced residual capacity coincident with increased chest wall elastance when the abdomen was suspended [37,71]. While there has been no study in severe IAH or overt ACS, data describing obese patients - who may be considered a surrogate - do exist. Pelosi and colleagues investigated patients undergoing surgical procedures in PP and ensuring free abdominal movements and gravitational unloading [36,37,71]. With such attention there were marked increases in the oxygenation and forced residual capacity of patients in PP versus supine positioning (1.9 l versus 2.9 l) with a normal BMI of 23.2 , and an increase of 0.89 to 1.98 l in those with an obese BMI of 34.6 . Especially in obese patients, decreased chest wall compliance in PP was offset by increased lung compliance . They hypothesized that increases in forced residual capacity were due to reductions in cephalad diaphragmatic pressures from abdominal visceral unloading or reopening of atelectatic segments [37,71]. While it might be predicted that such lower lung unloading would be associated with a decreased IAP, these measurements were not made and the prediction remains speculation.
Although IAP was not a focus, these studies provide the best guidance regarding proning with IAH, as obesity is well linked to chronic IAH, which compresses the lungs and decreases forced residual capacity . We therefore speculate that, in general, the greater the abdominal distension (larger IAV), the higher the BMI - and that the higher the IAP, the more important it is to ensure that the visceral abdominal mass is subjected to downwards gravitational forces rather than allowing IAV to be compressed up into the thorax, inducing atelectasis and reducing lung volumes.
We hypothesize that whether IAP increases or decreases in relation to PV may be a function of how tight the abdomen is and whether it is compressed or decompressed by the act of proning. If an abdomen is obese or distended, placing the full body weight face down would intuitively lead to compression of the contents against the rigid dorsal abdominal wall. This compresses the lung bases and induces atelectasis, as seen under general anesthesia - especially after muscle relaxant administration . In the critically ill patient with normal IAP, the abdomen is not compressed when proned even if unsuspended and typically only beneficial physiologic effects of proning are seen (Figure 3a). When the patient has a large abdomen (that is, large IAV) that protrudes beyond the ribcage when standing upright or when supine), then clinicians should consider the risk that the IAP will rise if the abdomen is unsuspended - thus compressing the lung bases (Figure 3b). With a smaller IAV, this compressing effect will be minimal or absent (Figure 3a). In some cases, however, IAP may be acceptable when compliance is high - as might occur with chronic increases in IAV such as pregnancy or gradually accumulated ascites, wherein the abdomen will be splashed out if unsupported (Figure 3c). While formal elasticity was not calculated, Abu-Rafea and colleagues showed that the parity of women undergoing laparoscopy positively correlated with a need for greater volumes of insuated gas to reach target pressures . Conversely, if the same IAV was contained within a noncompliant abdomen, reflecting many cases of acute IAH, and the contents were compressed by body weight, then IAP would predictably increase greatly.
Acute rises in IAP typical with IAH/ACS will typically be associated with decreased abdominal compliance. To avoid further embarrassing injured lungs in these patients, therefore, we believe abdominal suspension is required for those patients with acute IAH - to possibly unload the abdomen off the juxtadiaphragmatic lung regions, but to certainly avoid compressing the abdomen and worsening IAH. Whether the former improvements occur with suspension, however, probably depends on the Cab. Akin to Figure 3a, if IAP is normal then proning with or without suspension will not markedly affect the IAP  (Figure 3d). Further, in a theoretical patient with very low compliance and moderate IAH, proning will not unload the lung bases even when the abdomen is suspended (Figure 3e). Alternatively, when compliance is high and the abdomen is suspended, the abdominal contents would be decompressed away from the juxtadiaphragmatic lung and additional benefits will be observed (Figure 3f). Whether simple interventions such as percutaneous drainage of intraperitoneal fluid  could increase the Cab in cases of acute IAH, and could increase the effects of proning, remains speculative but deserves further study. Investigators attempting to truly understand the merits of PV should thus consider IAP and related parameters (Table 4).
The chest and abdomen are inexorably linked and must be considered as a single unit. Many critical illnesses culminate in abdominal distension that - along with obesity - often induces IAH, with adverse effects throughout the body but particularly in the lungs. Despite the effort devoted to studies of PV, the potentially confounding issues of IAH have been largely neglected. Even the act of PP appears to have the potential to either exacerbate or ameliorate IAH, depending on the technique, yet these details are often lacking in reports. The authors speculate that utilizing a proning technique that unloads the abdomen in ALI/ARDS populations with prominent lung atelectasis complicated/induced by IAH/obesity may be optimal to test the true merits of PV. This hypothesis, however, will need to await confirmation or refutation in a prospective study. Currently, however, clinicians should remain cognizant of the fact that - depending on the mechanics used - proning activities have the potential to induce IAH, which can definitely adversely influence the respiratory outcomes.
ACS: abdominal compartment syndrome; ALI: acute lung injury; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI: body mass index; Cab: abdominal wall compliance; IAH: intra-abdominal hypertension; IAP: intra-abdominal pressure; IAV: intra-abdominal volume; MV: mechanical ventilation; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; PP: prone positioning; PV: prone ventilation; RCT: randomized controlled trial.
MLNGM has consulted for and has stock ownership with Pulsion Medical Systems, has received patent support from Pulsion Medical Systems, and has also received royalties from Holtech Medical. The remaining authors state that they have no competing interests.
The authors thank Sandy Cochrane, Multimedia Services, University of Calgary, for her artistry, creativity, and practicality in illustration.
|Gattinoni L,Protti A,Ventilation in the prone position: for some but not for all?CMAJYear: 20081781174117618427093|
|Slutsky AS,Lung injury caused by mechanical ventilationChestYear: 19991161 Suppl9S15S10424561|
|Protti A,Chiumello D,Cressoni M,Carlesso E,Mietto C,Berto V,Lazzerini M,Quintel M,Gattinoni L,Relationship between gas exchange response to prone position and lung recruitability during acute respiratory failureIntensive Care MedYear: 2009351011101710.1007/s00134-009-1411-x19189081|
|Gattinoni L,Tognoni G,Pesenti A,Taccone P,Mascheroni D,Labarta V,Malacrida R,Di Giulio P,Fumagalli R,Pelosi P,Brazzi L,Latini R,Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failureN Engl J MedYear: 200134556857310.1056/NEJMoa01004311529210|
|Slutsky AS,Improving outcomes in critically ill patients: the seduction of physiologyJAMAYear: 20093022030203210.1001/jama.2009.165319903926|
|Slutsky AS,The acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, and the prone positionN Engl J MedYear: 200134561061210.1056/NEJM20010823345081111529218|
|Alsaghir AH,Martin CM,Effect of prone positioning in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysisCrit Care MedYear: 20083660360910.1097/01.CCM.0000299739.98236.0518216609|
|Tiruvoipati R,Bangash M,Manktelow B,Peek GJ,Efficacy of prone ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysisJ Crit CareYear: 20082310111010.1016/j.jcrc.2007.09.00318359427|
|Guerin C,Gaillard S,Lemasson S,Ayzac L,Girard R,Beuret P,Palmier B,Le QV,Sirodot M,Rosselli S,Cadiergue V,Sainty JM,Barbe P,Combourieu E,Debatty D,Rouffineau J,Ezingeard E,Millet O,Guelon D,Rodriguez L,Martin O,Renault A,Sibille JP,Kaidomar M,Effects of systematic prone positioning in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a randomized controlled trialJAMAYear: 20042922379238710.1001/jama.292.19.237915547166|
|Mancebo J,Fernandez R,Blanch L,Rialp G,Gordo F,Ferrer M,Rodriguez F,Garro P,Ricart P,Vallverdu I,Gich I,Castano J,Saura P,Dominguez G,Bonet A,Albert RK,A multicenter trial of prolonged prone ventilation in severe acute respiratory distress syndromeAm J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 20061731233123910.1164/rccm.200503-353OC16556697|
|Fernandez R,Trenchs X,Klamburg J,Castedo J,Serrano JM,Besso G,Tirapu JP,Santos A,Mas A,Parraga M,Jubert P,Frutos F,Anon JM,Garcia M,Rodriguez F,Yebenes JC,Lopez MJ,Prone positioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicenter randomized clinical trialIntensive Care MedYear: 2008341487149110.1007/s00134-008-1119-318427774|
|Taccone P,Pesenti A,Latini R,Polli F,Vagginelli F,Mietto C,Caspani L,Raimondi F,Bordone G,Iapichino G,Mancebo J,Guerin C,Ayzac L,Blanch L,Fumagalli R,Tognoni G,Gattinoni L,Prone positioning in patients with moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trialJAMAYear: 20093021977198410.1001/jama.2009.161419903918|
|Papazian L,Gainnier M,Marin V,Donati S,Arnal JM,Demory D,Roch A,Forel JM,Bongrand P,Bregeon F,Sainty JM,Comparison of prone positioning and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndromeCrit Care MedYear: 2005332162217110.1097/01.CCM.0000181298.05474.2B16215365|
|Chan MC,Hsu JY,Liu HH,Lee YL,Pong SC,Chang LY,Kuo BI,Wu CL,Effects of prone position on inflammatory markers in patients with ARDS due to community-acquired pneumoniaJ Formos Med AssocYear: 200710670871610.1016/S0929-6646(08)60032-717908660|
|Santana MC,Garcia CS,Xisto DG,Nagato LK,Lassance RM,Prota LF,Ornellas FM,Capelozzi VL,Morales MM,Zin WA,Pelosi P,Rocco PR,Prone position prevents regional alveolar hyperinflation and mechanical stress and strain in mild experimental acute lung injuryRespir Physiol NeurobiolYear: 200916718118810.1016/j.resp.2009.04.00619505674|
|Valenza F,Guglielmi M,Maffioletti M,Tedesco C,Maccagni P,Fossali T,Aletti G,Porro GA,Irace M,Carlesso E,Carboni N,Lazzerini M,Gattinoni L,Prone position delays the progression of ventilator-induced lung injury in rats: does lung strain distribution play a role?Crit Care MedYear: 20053336136710.1097/01.CCM.0000150660.45376.7C15699840|
|Kopterides P,Armaganidis A,Prone positioning in hypoxemic respiratory failure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Crit CareYear: 2009248910010.1016/j.jcrc.2007.12.01419272544|
|Sud S,Sud M,Friedrich JO,Adhikari NK,Effect of mechanical ventilation in the prone position on clinical outcomes in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysisCMAJYear: 20081781153116118427090|
|Abroug F,Ouanes-Besbes L,Elatrous S,Brochard L,The effect of prone positioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome or acute lung injury: a meta-analysis. Areas of uncertainty and recommendations for researchIntensive Care MedYear: 2008341002101110.1007/s00134-008-1062-318350271|
|Bernard GR,Artigas A,Brigham KL,Carlet J,Falke K,Hudson L,Lamy M,Legall JR,Morris A,Spragg R,The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordinationAm J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 19941498188247509706|
|Pelosi P,Gattinoni L,Acute respiratory distress syndrome of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary origin: fancy or reality?Intensive Care MedYear: 20012745746010.1007/s00134010087911355111|
|Ranieri VM,Brienza N,Santostasi S,Puntillo F,Mascia L,Vitale N,Giuliani R,Memeo V,Bruno F,Fiore T,Brienza A,Slutsky AS,Impairment of lung and chest wall mechanics in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: role of abdominal distensionAm J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 1997156108210919351606|
|Pelosi P,Caironi P,Gattinoni L,Pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms of acute respiratory distress syndromeSemin Respir Crit Care MedYear: 20012225926810.1055/s-2001-1578316088678|
|Gattinoni L,Pelosi P,Suter PM,Pedoto A,Vercesi P,Lissoni A,Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. Different syndromes?Am J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 19981583119655699|
|Lim CM,Kim EK,Lee JS,Shim TS,Lee SD,Koh Y,Kim WS,Kim DS,Kim WD,Comparison of the response to the prone position between pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndromeIntensive Care MedYear: 20012747748510.1007/s00134000084811355115|
|Rocco PR,Pelosi P,Pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome: myth or reality?Curr Opin Crit CareYear: 200814505510.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f2405b18195626|
|Leite-Junior JH,Garcia CS,Souza-Fernandes AB,Silva PL,Ornellas DS,Larangeira AP,Castro-Faria-Neto HC,Morales MM,Negri EM,Capelozzi VL,Zin WA,Pelosi P,Bozza PT,Rocco PR,Methylprednisolone improves lung mechanics and reduces the inflammatory response in pulmonary but not in extrapulmonary mild acute lung injury in miceCrit Care MedYear: 2008362621262810.1097/CCM.0b013e3181847b4318728474|
|Riva DR,Oliveira MB,Rzezinski AF,Rangel G,Capelozzi VL,Zin WA,Morales MM,Pelosi P,Rocco PR,Recruitment maneuver in pulmonary and extrapulmonary experimental acute lung injuryCrit Care MedYear: 2008361900190810.1097/CCM.0b013e3181760e5d18496360|
|Malbrain ML,Cheatham ML,Kirkpatrick A,Sugrue M,Parr M,De Waele J,Balogh Z,Leppaniemi A,Olvera C,Ivatury R,D'Amours S,Wendon J,Hillman K,Johansson K,Kolkman K,Wilmer A,Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. I. DefinitionsIntensive Care MedYear: 2006321722173210.1007/s00134-006-0349-516967294|
|Malbrain ML,Chiumello D,Pelosi P,Bihari D,Innes R,Ranieri VM,Del Turco M,Wilmer A,Brienza N,Malcangi V,Cohen J,Japiassu A,Keulenaer BL,Daelemans R,Jacquet L,Laterre PF,Frank G,de Souza P,Cesana B,Gattinoni L,Incidence and prognosis of intraabdominal hypertension in a mixed population of critically ill patients: a multi-center epidemiological studyCrit Care MedYear: 20053331532210.1097/01.CCM.0000153408.09806.1B15699833|
|Malbrain ML,Is it wise not to think about intraabdominal hypertension in the ICU?Curr Opin Crit CareYear: 20041013214510.1097/00075198-200404000-0001015075724|
|Bryan AC,Comments of a devils advocateAm Rev Respir DisYear: 19741101431444440945|
|Douglas WW,Rehder K,Beynen FM,Sessler AD,Marsh HM,Improved oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory failure: the prone positionAm Rev Respir DisYear: 1977115559566322557|
|Mure M,Glenny RW,Domino KB,Hlastala MP,Pulmonary gas exchange improves in the prone position with abdominal distensionAm J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 19981576 Pt 1178517909620906|
|Colmenero-Ruiz M,Pola-Gallego de Guzman D,Jimenez-Quintana MM,Fernandez-Mondejar E,Abdomen release in prone position does not improve oxygenation in an experimental model of acute lung injuryIntensive Care MedYear: 20012756657310.1007/s00134010085811355127|
|Pelosi P,Tubiolo D,Mascheroni D,Vicardi P,Crotti S,Valenza F,Gattinoni L,Effects of the prone position on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during acute lung injuryAm J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 19981573873939476848|
|Pelosi P,Croci M,Calappi E,Mulazzi D,Cerisara M,Vercesi P,Vicardi P,Gattinoni L,Prone positioning improves pulmonary function in obese patients during general anesthesiaAnesth AnalgYear: 19968357858310.1097/00000539-199609000-000258780285|
|Hering R,Wrigge H,Vorwerk R,Brensing KA,Schroder S,Zinserling J,Hoeft A,Spiegel TV,Putensen C,The effects of prone positioning on intraabdominal pressure and cardiovascular and renal function in patients with acute lung injuryAnesth AnalgYear: 2001921226123110.1097/00000539-200105000-0002711323351|
|Hering R,Vorwerk R,Wrigge H,Zinserling J,Schroder S,von Spiegel T,Hoeft A,Putensen C,Prone positioning, systemic hemodynamics, hepatic indocyanine green kinetics, and gastric intramucosal energy balance in patients with acute lung injuryIntensive Care MedYear: 200228535810.1007/s00134-001-1166-511819000|
|Michelet P,Roch A,Gainnier M,Sainty JM,Auffray JP,Papazian L,Influence of support on intra-abdominal pressure, hepatic kinetics of indocyanine green and extravascular lung water during prone positioning in patients with ARDS: a randomized crossover studyCrit CareYear: 20059R251R2571598739810.1186/cc3513|
|Matejovic M,Rokyta R,Radermacher P,Krouzecky A,Sramek V,Novak I,Effect of prone position on hepato-splanchnic hemodynamics in acute lung injuryIntensive Care MedYear: 2002281750175510.1007/s00134-002-1524-y12447518|
|Fletcher SJ,The effect of prone ventilation on intra-abdominal pressureClin Intensive CareYear: 20081710911210.1080/09563070701776570|
|Kiefer P,Morin A,Putzke C,Wiedeck H,Georgieff M,Radermacher P,Influence of prone position on gastric mucosal-arterial PCO2 gradientsIntensive Care MedYear: 2001271227123010.1007/s00134010099911534573|
|Chiumello D,Cressoni M,Racagni M,Landi L,Li Bassi G,Polli F,Carlesso E,Gattinoni L,Effects of thoraco-pelvic supports during prone position in patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: a physiological studyCrit CareYear: 200610R871676473110.1186/cc4933|
|De Keulenaer BL,De Waele JJ,Powell B,Malbrain ML,What is normal intra-abdominal pressure and how is it affected by positioning, body mass and positive end-expiratory pressure?Intensive Care MedYear: 20093596997610.1007/s00134-009-1445-019242675|
|Kirkpatrick AW,Balogh Z,Ball CG,Ahmed N,Chun R,McBeth P,Kirby A,Zygun DA,The secondary abdominal compartment syndrome: Iatrogenic or unavoidable?J Am Coll SurgYear: 200620266867910.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.11.02016571439|
|Diebel LN,Dulchavsky SA,Brown WJ,Splanchnic ischemia and bacterial translocation in the abdominal compartment syndromeJ TraumaYear: 19974385285510.1097/00005373-199711000-000199390500|
|Curley MA,Hibberd PL,Fineman LD,Wypij D,Shih MC,Thompson JE,Grant MJ,Barr FE,Cvijanovich NZ,Sorce L,Luckett PM,Matthay MA,Arnold JH,Effect of prone positioning on clinical outcomes in children with acute lung injury: a randomized controlled trialJAMAYear: 20052942292371601459710.1001/jama.294.2.229|
|Voggenreiter G,Aufmkolk M,Stiletto RJ,Baacke MG,Waydhas C,Ose C,Bock E,Gotzen L,Obertacke U,Nast-Kolb D,Prone positioning improves oxygenation in post-traumatic lung injury - a prospective randomized trialJ TraumaYear: 20055933334110.1097/01.ta.0000179952.95921.4916294072|
|Beuret P,Carton MJ,Nourdine K,Kaaki M,Tramoni G,Ducreux JC,Prone position as prevention of lung injury in comatose patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled studyIntensive Care MedYear: 20022856456910.1007/s00134-002-1266-x12029403|
|Demory D,Michelet P,Arnal JM,Donati S,Forel JM,Gainnier M,Bregeon F,Papazian L,High-frequency oscillatory ventilation following prone positioning prevents a further impairment in oxygenationCrit Care MedYear: 20073510611110.1097/01.CCM.0000251128.60336.FE17133185|
|Sud S,Friedrich JO,Taccone P,Polli F,Adhikari NK,Latini R,Pesenti A,Guerin C,Mancebo J,Curley MA,Fernandez R,Chan MC,Beuret P,Voggenreiter G,Sud M,Tognoni G,Gattinoni L,Prone ventilation reduces mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure and severe hypoxemia: systematic review and meta-analysisIntensive Care MedYear: 20103658559910.1007/s00134-009-1748-120130832|
|Esteban A,Ferguson ND,Meade MO,Frutos-Vivar F,Apezteguia C,Brochard L,Raymondos K,Nin N,Hurtado J,Tomicic V,Gonzalez M,Elizalde J,Nightingale P,Abroug F,Pelosi P,Arabi Y,Moreno R,Jibaja M,D'Empaire G,Sandi F,Matamis D,Montanez AM,Anzueto A,Evolution of mechanical ventilation in response to clinical researchAm J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 200817717017710.1164/rccm.200706-893OC17962636|
|Albert RK,Hubmayr RD,The prone position eliminates compression of the lungs by the heartAm J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 20001611660166510806172|
|Marini JJ,Prone positioning for ARDS: defining the targetIntensive Care MedYear: 20103655956110.1007/s00134-009-1749-020130831|
|Puybasset L,Cluzel P,Chao N,Slutsky AS,Coriat P,Rouby JJ,A computed tomography scan assessment of regional lung volume in acute lung injury. The CT Scan ARDS Study GroupAm J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 19981585 Pt 1164416559817720|
|Puybasset L,Gusman P,Muller JC,Cluzel P,Coriat P,Rouby JJ,Regional distribution of gas and tissue in acute respiratory distress syndrome. III. Consequences for the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure. CT Scan ARDS Study Group. Adult Respiratory Distress SyndromeIntensive Care MedYear: 2000261215122710.1007/s00134005134011089745|
|Menezes SL,Bozza PT,Neto HC,Laranjeira AP,Negri EM,Capelozzi VL,Zin WA,Rocco PR,Pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute lung injury: inflammatory and ultrastructural analysesJ Appl PhysiolYear: 2005981777178310.1152/japplphysiol.01182.200415649870|
|Quintel M,Pelosi P,Caironi P,Meinhardt JP,Luecke T,Herrmann P,Taccone P,Rylander C,Valenza F,Carlesso E,Gattinoni L,An increase of abdominal pressure increases pulmonary edema in oleic acid-induced lung injuryAm J Respir Crit Care MedYear: 200416953454110.1164/rccm.200209-1060OC14670801|
|Thille AW,Richard JC,Maggiore SM,Ranieri VM,Brochard L,Alveolar recruitment in pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome: comparison using pressure-volume curve or static complianceAnesthesiologyYear: 200710621221710.1097/00000542-200702000-0000717264713|
|Rouby JJ,Recruitment in pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome: the end of a myth?AnesthesiologyYear: 200710620320410.1097/00000542-200702000-0000217264709|
|Talmor D,Sarge T,Malhotra A,O'Donnell CR,Ritz R,Lisbon A,Novack V,Loring SH,Mechanical ventilation guided by esophageal pressure in acute lung injuryN Engl J MedYear: 20083592095210410.1056/NEJMoa070863819001507|
|Song C,Alijani A,Frank T,Hanna GB,Cuschieri A,Mechanical properties of the human abdominal wall measured in vivo during insufflation for laparoscopic surgerySurg EndoscYear: 20062098799010.1007/s00464-005-0676-616738998|
|Sturini E,Saporito A,Sugrue M,Parr MJ,Bishop G,Braschi A,Respiratory variation of intra-abdominal pressure: indirect indicator of abdominal compliance?Intensive Care MedYear: 2008341632163710.1007/s00134-008-1155-z18500420|
|Malbrain MLNG,De laet I,A new concept: the polycompartment syndrome - Part 1Int J Intensive CareYear: 200820081924|
|Malbrain MLNG,De laet I,A new concept: the polycompartment syndrome - Part 2Int J Intensive CareYear: 200920091925|
|Wauters J,Wilmer A,Valenza F,Abdomino-thoracic transmission during ACS: facts and figuresActa Clin Belg SupplYear: 2007120020517469720|
|Strandberg A,Tokics L,Brismar B,Lundquist H,Hedenstierna G,Constitutional factors promoting development of atelectasis during anaesthesiaActa Anaesthesiol ScandYear: 198731212410.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02513.x3825472|
|Reinius H,Jonnson L,Gustafsson S,Sundboom M,Duvernoy O,Pelosi P,Hendenstierna G,Freden F,Prevention of atelectasis in morbidly obese patients during general anesthesia and paralysisAnesthesiologyYear: 200911197998710.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b87edb19809292|
|Kirkpatrick AW,Keaney M,Hemmelgarn B,Zhang J,Ball CG,Groleau M,Tyssen M,Keyte J,Campbell MR,Kmet L,McBeth P,Broderick TJ,Intra-abdominal pressure effects on porcine thoracic compliance in weightlessness: implications for physiologic tolerance of laparoscopic surgery in spaceCrit Care MedYear: 20093759159710.1097/CCM.0b013e318195449119114906|
|Pelosi P,Croci M,Calappi E,Cerisara M,Mulazzi D,Vicardi P,Gattinoni L,The prone positioning during general anesthesia minimally affects respiratory mechanics while improving functional residual capacity and increasing oxygen tensionAnesth AnalgYear: 19958095596010.1097/00000539-199505000-000177726438|
|Sugerman H,Windsor A,Bessos M,Wolfe L,Intra-abdominal pressure, sagittal abdominal diameter and obesity comorbidityJ Intern MedYear: 1997241717910.1046/j.1365-2796.1997.89104000.x9042096|
|Abu-Rafea B,Vilos GA,Vilos AG,Hollett-Caines J,Al-Omran M,Effect of body habitus and parity on insufflated CO2 volume at various intraabdominal pressures during laparoscopic access in womenJ Minim Invasive GynecolYear: 20061320521010.1016/j.jmig.2006.02.00416698526|
|Reed SF,Britt RC,Collins J,Weireter L,Cole F,Britt LD,Aggressive surveillance and early catheter-directed therapy in the management of intra-abdominal hypertensionJ TraumaYear: 2006611359136510.1097/01.ta.0000245975.68317.5a17159677|
[Figure ID: F1]
Relationship between intra-abdominal volume, abdominal wall compliance and intra-abdominal pressure. Intra-abdominal volume (IAV) versus intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). The direction of the movement associated with the sole action of the rib cage inspiratory muscles, abdominal expiratory muscles and the diaphragm are shown. The direction of the latter depends on abdominal compliance (Cab) but is constrained within the sector shown. Reproduced with permission from .
[Figure ID: F2]
Proposed conceptual thoracoabdominal relationships related to prone ventilation. Proposed conceptual thoracoabdominal relationships related to prone ventilation in varying settings of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), abdominal volume, abdominal compliance, patient position and gravity. (a) Normal IAP, normal body mass index, normal gravity supine, normal abdominal compliance. (b) Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) or obesity in the supine position. (c) IAH in weightlessness results in greater lung volumes and spontaneous conformational changes to the abdominal wall.
[Figure ID: F3]
Integrated theory of abdominal pressure and morphology in relation to prone positioning and prone ventilation. (a) Normal intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) with no abdominal volume and compliance proned. (b) Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) with increased abdominal volume and decreased abdominal compliance. (c) IAH with increased abdominal volume but normal or increased abdominal compliance results in a splashed out abdomen. (d) Prone positioning on thoracopelvic supports with normal IAP and normal abdominal volume. (e) Prone positioning on thoracopelvic supports with IAH and decreased abdominal compliance so that lung bases are not decompressed. (f) Prone positioning on thoracopelvic supports with IAH but normal or increased abdominal compliance so that lung bases are gravitationally decompressed.
Intra-abdominal pressure findings in prone ventilation studies involving animals
|Study||Animals||Intervention||Abdomen unloading?||Mean supine IAP (mmHg)||Mean prone IAP (mmHg)||Comments|
|Mure and colleagues ||8 pigs||Intra-abdominal||No||7 (no distension)||8 (no distension)||Gas exchange most improved when abdomen distended|
|Balloon inflation||24 (distension)||18 (distension)|
|Colmenero-Ruiz and colleagues ||20 pigs||Oleic acid induced||Randomized||3.7 (no suspension)||6.5 (no suspension)||No gas exchange benefits from suspension|
|Acute lung injury||3.4 (suspension)||7.2 (suspension)|
IAP, intra-abdominal pressure.
Prone ventilation in relation to intra-abdominal pressure and obesity
|Study||Patients||Abdominal unloading||BMI (mean)||Zero, primea||Mean supine (mmHg)||Mean prone (mmHg)||ARDS typeb||Comments or major conclusions|
|Pelosi and colleagues ||10c||Yes||34.6||NA||NR||NR||NA||FRC increased 1 l, lung compliance increased 18 cmH2O|
|Pelosi and colleagues ||10d||Yes||NR||Symph., 100 ml||11.4||14.8 (P = NS)||12% EP||Decreased chest wall compliance. Oxygenation better|
|Hering and colleagues ||16||No||NR||Symph., 250 ml||12||15 (P < 0.05)||21% EP||Renal function not impaired|
|Kiefer and colleagues ||25||Not described||NR||NRe||10||11 (P = NS)||NR||Gastric tonometry decrements common|
|Hering and colleagues ||12||No||26||Symph., 250 ml||10||13 (P < 0.05)||34% EP||Splanchnic perfusion OK|
|Matejovic and colleagues ||11||No||NR||Axillary, 50 ml||10||11 (P = NS)||18% EP||Splanchnic perfusion OK|
|Michelet and colleagues f||20||No||NR||Symph., 100 ml||Approx. 6 (foam)||Approx. 12.5 (P < 0.01)||10% EP||No BMI or IAP data reported|
|Approx. 8 (air)||Approx. 11 (P < 0.05)|
|Chiumello and colleagues ||11||Random||23.1||Symph., 100 ml||12||14.5 (suspended)||27% EP||Suspension not required|
|Fletcher ||10||No||NR||Axillary, 50 ml||14.5||8.4 to 11.4g (P = 0.0002)||100% DP||Proning does not increase IAP|
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; axillary, mid-axillary line; BMI, body mass index; DP, direct pulmonary; EP, extrapulmonary; FRC, forced residual capacity; IAP, intra-abdominal pressure; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; symph., pubic symphysis. aZero, reference point for IAP measurement; prime, priming volume for IAP measurement if intermittent bladder pressure measurement used. bAcute respiratory distress syndrome with best classification from reported data. cNo IAP measurements. dSixteen patients were in the main study but only 10 had IAP measured. eNo numerical IAP data reported only graphical results presented in this comparison of air-cushioned mattresses versus foam mattresses. fGastric pressure measurements. gTime series regression analysis of hourly IAP measurements.
Consideration of relevant intra-abdominal conditions in randomized trials and meta-analyses concerning prone position ventilation
|Study||Pulmonary vs. extrapulmonary ARDS/ALI||IAP||BMI||Free abdominal suspension?|
|Randomized controlled studies of ALI/ARDS/acute respiratory failure|
|Gattinoni and colleagues ||76% DP||NR||NR||NR|
|Guerin and colleagues ||Partially reported||NR||NR||NR|
|Curley and colleagues a||84% DP||NR||NR||Suspended|
|Papazian and colleagues ||79% DP||NR||NR||No suspension|
|Voggenreiter and colleagues ||NR||NR||NR||NR|
|Mancebo and colleagues ||62% DP||NR||NR||NR|
|Chan and colleagues ||100% DP||NR||NR||No suspension|
|Demory and colleagues b||91% DP||NR||NR||No suspension|
|Fernandez and colleagues ||65% DP||NR||NRc||NR|
|Taccone and colleagues ||>65% DPd||NR||25.3e||No suspensionf|
|Other randomized controlled studies of prone ventilation|
|Beuret and colleagues g||NA||NC||NC||No suspension|
|Alsaghir and Martin ||NC||NC||NC||NC|
|Tiruvoipati and colleagues ||Partiallyh||NC||NC||NC|
|Sud and colleagues ||NC||NC||NC||NC|
|Abroug and colleagues ||NR||NC||NC||NC|
|Kopterides and colleagues ||NC||NC||NC||NC|
|Sud and colleagues ||NC||NC||NC||NC|
ALI, acute lung injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI, body mass index; DP, direct pulmonary; IAP, intra-abdominal pressure; NA, not applicable; NC, not considered; NR, not reported. aPediatric study. bThree arms examining combinations of conventional, prone, and high-frequency oscillatory techniques. cIdeal body weight only reported. dSixty-five percent direct pulmonary, 6.5% sepsis and trauma, 23% other. eMean population BMI, but not controlled for. fEighty percent not possible to suspend, 20% not reported. gEvaluated prone ventilation in setting of coma. hExamines reporting of the most frequent cause of respiratory failure.
Recommended parameters to be considered/reported in prone ventilation outcome studies
|Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) (including measurement technique description, zero reference point, priming volume, IAP minimum, and IAP maximum)|
|Body mass index|
|Extravascular lung water index|
|Body anthropomorphic data|
|Presence or absence of ascites|
|Intrathoracic pressure (ideally esophageal pressure and transdiaphragmatic pressure gradient)|
|Chest wall compliance (as a benefit of measuring intrathoracic pressure)|
|Etiology of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome|
|Duration of prone ventilation|
|Technique of prone ventilation|
|Use or nonuse of thoracopelvic supports and exact position of supports|
|Total respiratory compliance|
|Lower inflection point|
|Upper inflection point|
Previous Document: The role of adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy in rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastasis: a retro...
Next Document: Substitution of exudative trace element losses in burned children.