US 5490846 A
Disclosed herein is a fibrous nonwoven web which is particularly well-suited for use as a surge layer in personal care absorbent articles including, but not limited to, diapers, training pants, incontinence garments, sanitary napkins, bandages and the like. The fibrous nonwoven web is made from a plurality of fibers heat bonded to one another to form a nonwoven web having a basis weight of at least 20 grams per square meter, a void volume of between about 40 and about 60 centimeters per gram of web while under a pressure of 689 dynes per square centimeter, a permeability of about 5,000 to about 8,000 darcy, a porosity of about 97.2 percent to about 98.8 percent and a surface area per void of about 24 to about 49 square centimeters per cubic centimeter. The fibrous nonwoven web will have a saturation capacity of between about 30 and about 50 grams of 0.9 percent saline solution per gram of web and a compression resilience in both the wet and dry state of at least about 60 percent.
1. A fibrous nonwoven web comprising:
a plurality of thermoplastic fibers heat bonded to one another to form a uniformly mixed, single layer nonwoven web having a basis weight of at least 20 grams per square meter, a void volume of between about 40 and 60 cubic centimeters per gram of web at 689 dynes per square centimeter pressure, a permeability of about 5,000 to about 8,000 darcy a porosity of about 97.2% to about 98.8% and a surface area per void volume of about 24 to about 49 square centimeters per cubic centimeter.
2. The fibrous nonwoven web of claim 1 wherein said basis weight ranges from about 40 to about 68 grams per square meter.
3. The fibrous nonwoven web of claim 1 wherein said web has a saturation capacity between about 30 and about 50 grams of 0.9 percent saline solution per gram of web.
4. The fibrous nonwoven web of claim 3 wherein said web has a compression resilience of at least about 60 percent.
5. The fibrous nonwoven web of claim 1 wherein said web includes at least 50% by weight bicomponent fibers, based upon the total weight of said web.
6. The fibrous nonwoven web of claim 5 wherein at least a portion of said bicomponent fibers have a denier equal to or greater than 2.
7. The fibrous nonwoven web of claim 5 wherein said web further includes polyester fibers.
8. The fibrous nonwoven web of claim 5 wherein said bicomponent fibers are crimped.
9. A personal care absorbent article comprising:
a body side liner and a backing layer with an absorbent core disposed therebetween, said article further including a surge layer disposed between said body side liner and said absorbent core, said surge layer comprising a plurality of thermoplastic fibers heat bonded to one another to form a uniformly mixed, single layer nonwoven web having a basis weight of at least 20 grams per square meter, a void volume of between about 40 and 60 cubic centimeters per gram of web at 689 dynes per square centimeter pressure, a permeability of about 5,000 to about 8,000 darcy, a porosity of about 97.2% to about 98.8% and a surface area per void volume of about 24 to about 49 square centimeters per cubic centimeter.
10. The personal care absorbent article of claim 9 wherein said basis weight ranges from about 40 to about 68 grams per square meter.
11. The personal care absorbent article of claim 9 wherein said web has a saturation capacity between about 30 and about 50 grams of 0.9 percent saline solution per gram of web.
12. The personal care absorbent article of claim 11 wherein said web has a compression resilience of at least about 60 percent.
13. The personal care absorbent article of claim 9 wherein said web includes at least a 50% by weight bicomponent fibers, based upon the total weight of said web.
14. The personal care absorbent article of claim 13 wherein at least a portion of said bicomponent fibers have a denier equal to or greater than 2.
15. The personal care absorbent article of claim 13 wherein said web further includes polyester fibers.
16. The personal care absorbent article of claim 13 wherein said bicomponent fibers are crimped.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/206,069 entitled "Improved Surge Management Fibrous Nonwoven Web For Personal Care Absorbent Articles and the Like "and filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Mar. 4, 1994, now abandoned.
The present invention is related to fibrous nonwoven webs which are useful in, among other things, personal care absorbent articles or products. More specifically, the present invention relates to a fibrous nonwoven web which due to its unique design parameters is designed for rapid intake, retention and subsequent distribution of body exudates into the absorbent portion of the personal care article.
Desired performance objectives for personal care absorbent products include low leakage from the product and a dry feel to the wearer. However, absorbent articles commonly fail before the total absorbent capacity of the product has been utilized. Absorbent garments, such as incontinence garments and disposable diapers, often leak at the legs and waist. The leakage can be due to a variety of shortcomings in the product, one being insufficient fluid uptake by the absorbent system, especially on the second or third liquid insults.
It had been found that urination can occur at rates as high as 15 to 20 milliliters per second and velocities as high as 280 centimeters per second. Conventional diaper absorbent structures, such as those comprising admixtures of absorbent gelling particles and cellulosic fluff pulp, may initially uptake fluids at rates of only 8 milliliters per second or less, based upon the web density and the concentration of the gelling particles. In addition, the initial uptake rates for conventional absorbent structures can deteriorate once they have already received liquid surges into their structures. The disparity between liquid delivery and uptake rates can result in excessive pooling on the surface of the fabric before the liquid is taken-up by the absorbent core. During this time, pooled liquid can leak from the leg openings of the diaper and soil the outer clothing and bedding of the wearer. Attempts to alleviate leakage have included providing physical barriers with such design features as elastic leg gathers and changing the amount and/or configuration of the absorbent material in the zone of the structure into which the liquid surges typically occur. Absorbent gelling particles have also been included to increase the liquid holding capacity in various regions of the absorbent structure, however, such absorbent gelling particles do not have the rapid uptake rates of conventional materials such as wood pulp and fluff which are also commonly used in absorbent cores. As a result, as the amount of absorbent gelling particles in the absorbent core structures are increased in modern day diapers, oftentimes the uptake rate will tend to decrease.
Nonwoven materials such as carded webs and spunbonded webs have been used as the body side liners in absorbent products. Specifically, very open, porous liner structures have been employed to allow liquid to rapidly pass through them and to help keep the body skin separated from the wetted absorbent pad underneath the liner. In addition, other layers of material, such as those constructed with thick, lofty fabric structures, have been interposed between the liner and absorbent pad for the purpose of reducing wet back.
With conventional fluff-based absorbent structures, the cellulosic fibers when wetted can lose resiliency and therefore collapse. As a result, the liquid uptake rate of the wetted structures may become too low to adequately accommodate subsequent liquid surges. Where absorbent gelling particles are incorporated between the fibers to hold them apart, the gelling particles swell and do not release the absorbed fluid. Swelling of the particles can then diminish the void volume of the absorbent structure and reduce the ability of the structure to rapidly uptake liquid.
The addition of more absorbent materials, such as secondary fluff pledgets, or absorbent gelling particles, have been employed to increase holding capacity. The desired rate of liquid intake within such arrangements, however, may not be sufficiently sustained during successive liquid surges.
Despite the development of absorbent structures of the types surveyed above, there remains a need for improved absorbent structures which can adequately reduce the incidents of leakage from absorbent products such as disposable diapers. There is therefore a need for a material and resultant product which can provide effective handling of liquid surges and which can more effectively uptake and retain repeated loadings of liquid during use.
Personal care absorbent articles such as diapers, training pants, incontinence garments and sanitary napkins are often required to accept quick, large insults of body exudates which are beyond the short term absorptive capacity of the product. As a result, it has been found advantageous to use surge layers within such personal care absorbent articles.
Personal care absorbent articles generally have a fluid permeable body side liner and a liquid impermeable backing layer with an absorbent core disposed therebetween. The material of the present invention is used as a surge layer disposed between the body side liner and the absorbent core. In addition, it is helpful if the surge layer of the present invention is attached to the liner and the absorbent core to promote liquid transfer.
To perform in the desired manner, the fibrous nonwoven web should be made from or include a plurality of thermoplastic fibers heat bonded to one another to form a lofty nonwoven web having a basis weight of at least 20 grams per square meter. In more refined embodiments the basis weight will range from about 40 to about 68 grams per square meter. The web can be made entirely from bicomponent fibers which are typically crimped and which will generally have a fiber denier equal to or greater than 2. Alternatively, the web can be made from a combination of fibers such as bicomponent fibers and polyester fibers. In such embodiments, the web will usually include at least 50 percent by weight bicomponent fibers. The resultant web will have a void volume of between about 40 and about 60 cubic centimeters per gram of web at 689 dynes per square centimeter pressure, a permeability of about 5,000 to about 8,000 darcy, a porosity of about 97.2 to about 98.8 percent, a surface area per void volume of about 24 to about 49 square centimeters per cubic centimeter, a saturation capacity between about 30 and about 50 grams of 0.9 percent saline solution per gram of web and a compression resilience in both the wet and dry state of at least about 60 percent.
FIG. 1 is a graph depicting fluid pressure versus time. The graph is used in conjunction with the calculation of permeability values for materials according to the present invention.
The present invention is directed to a fibrous nonwoven web which is particularly well-suited for use as a surge layer in personal care absorbent articles including, but not limited to, diapers, training pants,incontinence garments, sanitary napkins, bandages and the like.
Personal care absorbent articles typically include a liquid permeable body side liner and a liquid impermeable backing layer or baffle with an absorbent core disposed therebetween. As discussed in the background, a common problem with many of these products and their designs is the fact that they will not accept rapid and/or multiple insults of body fluids or exudates such as menses and urine in a sufficiently short period of time without leaking. In an attempt to overcome this problem, many product designs have included some sort of additional layer between the body side liner and the absorbent core to act as a dash pot of sorts to temporarily absorb, hold and then discharge the particular body exudate taken in from the liner. The present invention relates to a fibrous nonwoven web which has been specifically designed and, which when incorporated into a personal care absorbent article or product, provides an effective means for temporarily storing and then distributing body exudates. This materialis referred to as a surge layer.
The fibrous nonwoven web of the present invention is used as a surge layer disposed between the body side liner and the absorbent core. The surge layer is most typically placed between and in contact with the body side liner and the absorbent core though other additional layers may be incorporated into the overall product design if so desired. To further enhance fluid transfer, it is desirable that the fibrous nonwoven web surge layer be attached to the layers directly above and below its exterior surfaces. To this end, suitable attachment means include, but arenot limited to, adhesives (water-based, solvent-based and thermally activated adhesives), thermo bonding, ultrasonic bonding, needling and pinaperturing as well as combinations of the foregoing or other appropriate attachment means.
The processes used to form the fibrous nonwoven web include those which will result in a material which, as further described below, has a definedrange of physical properties. Suitable processes include, but are not limited to, airlaying, spunbonding and bonded carded web formation processes. Spunbond nonwoven webs are made from fibers which are formed byextruding a molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine capillaries in a spinneret with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced, for example, by non-eductive or eductive fluid-drawing or other well known spunbonding mechanisms. The production of spunbonded nonwoven webs is illustrated in patents such as Appel, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,563, Dorschner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,618; Kinney, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,338,992 and 3,341,394; Levy, U.S. Pat.No. 3,276,944; Peterson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,538; Hartman, U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,763; Dobo et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,542,615; and Harmon, Canadian Patent Number 803,714 which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The spunbond process also can be used to form bicomponent spunbond nonwovenwebs as, for example, from side-by-side polyethylene/polypropylene spunbondbicomponent fibers. The process for forming such fibers and resultant webs includes using a pair of extruders for separately supplying both the polyethylene and the polypropylene to a bicomponent spinneret. Spinnerets for producing bicomponent fibers are well known in the art and thus are not described herein in detail. In general, the spinneret includes a housing containing a spin pack which includes a plurality of plates havingpattern of openings arranged to create flow paths for directing the high melting temperature and low melting temperature polymers to each fiber-forming opening in the spinneret. The spinneret has openings arranged in one or more rows and the openings form a downwardly extending curtain of fibers when the polymers are extruded through the spinneret. Asthe curtain of fibers exit the spinneret, they are contacted by a quenchinggas which at least partially quenches the fibers and develops a latent helical crimp in the extending fibers. Oftentimes the quenching air will be directed substantially perpendicularly to the length of the fibers at avelocity of from about 100 to about 400 feet per minute at a temperature between about 45° and about 90° F.
A fiber draw unit or aspirator is positioned below the quenching gas to receive the quenched fibers. Fiber draw units or aspirators for use in meltspinning polymers are well known in the art. Exemplary fiber draw units suitable for use in the process include linear fiber aspirators of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,802,817 to Matsuki et al. and eductive guns of the type shown in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,692,618 to Dorshner et al.and 3,423,266 to Davies et al. all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The fiber draw unit in general has an elongated passage through which the fibers are drawn by aspirating gas. The aspirating gas may be any gas, such as air that does not adversely interact with the polymers of the fibers. The aspirating gas can be heatedas the aspirating gas draws the quenched fibers and heats the fibers to a temperature that is required to activate the latent crimps therein. The temperature required to activate the latent crimping within the fibers will range from about 110° F. to a maximum of less than the meltingpoint of the low melting component polymer which, in this case, is the polyethylene. Generally, a higher air temperature produces a higher numberof crimps per unit length of the fiber.
The drawn and crimped fibers are deposited onto a continuous forming surface in a random manner, generally assisted by a vacuum device placed underneath the forming surface. The purpose of the vacuum is to eliminate the undesirable scattering of the fibers and to guide the fibers onto the forming surface to form a uniform unbonded web of bicomponent fibers. If desired, the resultant web can be lightly compressed by a compression roller before the web is subjected to a bonding process.
To bond the bicomponent spunbonded web a through-air bonder is used. Such through-air bonders are well known in the art and therefore need not be described herein in detail. In the through-air bonder, a flow of heated air is applied through the web to heat the web to a temperature above the melting point of the lower melting point component of the bicomponent fibers but below the melting point of the higher melting point component. Upon heating, the lower melting polymer portion of the web fibers are melted and the melted portions of the fibers adhere to adjacent fibers at the cross-over points while the high melting polymer portions of the fibers tend to maintain the physical and dimensional integrity of the web.
Bonded carded webs are made from staple fibers which are usually purchased in bales. The bales are placed in a picker which separates the fibers. Next, the fibers are sent through a combing or carding unit which further breaks apart and aligns the staple fibers in the machine direction so as to form a machine direction-oriented fibrous nonwoven web. Once the web has been formed, it is then bonded by one or more of several bonding methods. One bonding method is powder bonding wherein a powdered adhesive is distributed through the web and then activated, usually by heating the web and adhesive with hot air. Another bonding method is pattern bonding wherein heated calendar rolls or ultrasonic bonding equipment are used to bond the fibers together, usually in a localized bond pattern though the web can be bonded across its entire surface if so desired. The best methodthough, when using bicomponent staple fibers is to use a through-air bondersuch as is described above with respect to the bicomponent spunbond web formation process.
In order to obtain the specified range of physical properties of the resultant fibrous nonwoven web according to the present invention, the bonding process used to bond the fibers of the fibrous nonwoven web together should be a process such as through-air bonding which can controlthe level of compression or collapse of the structure during the formation process. In through-air bonding, heated air is forced through the web to melt and bond together the fibers at their crossover points. Typically theunbonded web is supported on a forming wire or drum. In addition a vacuum may be pulled through the web if so desired to further contain the fibrousweb during the bonding process.
Bonding processes such as point bonding and pattern bonding using smooth and/or pattern bonding rolls can be used provided such processes will create the specified range of physical properties for the present invention. Whatever process is chosen, the degree of bonding will be dependent upon the fibers/polymers chosen but, in any event, it is desirable that the amount of web compression be controlled during the heating stage.
Airlaying is another well known process by which fibrous nonwoven webs according to the present invention can be made. In the airlaying process, bundles of small fibers usually have lengths ranging between about 6 and about 19 millimeters are separated and entrained in an air supply and thendeposited onto a forming screen, oftentimes with the assistance of a vacuumsupply. The randomly deposited fibers are then bonded to one another using,for example, hot air or a spray adhesive.
In order to form a fibrous nonwoven web with the parameters outlined below,at least a portion of the fibers forming the web must be made from polymerswhich are heat bondable. By heat bondable it is meant that the randomly deposited fibers forming the nonwoven web can be subjected to heat or ultrasonic energy of a sufficient degree that the fibers will adhere to one another at the fiber cross over points due to the melting or partial softening of the polymer forming the heat bondable fibers. Suitable polymers for forming such heat bondable fibers are permanently fusible andare typically referred to as being thermoplastic. Examples of suitable thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to, polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, orlon, acetates and polyvinyl alcohol as well as homopolymers, copolymers and blends. In addition, wetting agents/surfactants may be added either internally, such as with siloxane during the fiber formation process, or externally as a post treatment either to the fibers and/or the resultant web as with anionic or nonionic surfactants including fluorocarbons. Such wetting agents/surfactants as well as their use are well known and need not be described herein in detail.
The fibers formed from the aforementioned polymers may be short staple length fibers such as are used in the airlaying and the bonding and carding processes or longer more continuous fibers as are formed in, for example, the spunbond process. Typical staple fiber lengths will range between about 38 and about 51 millimeters, though lengths outside this range also may be used. For example, airlaying typically involves using fibers with lengths in the range of about 6 to about 19 millimeters. Fiberdiameters will be governed by the surface area to void volume parameters set forth below. Typically the fiber diameters will range between about 1.5 and about 16 denier with the target range being between about 3 and about 6 denier.
In order to achieve the specified structure of the material of the present invention, it is desirable that the fibers be crimped. Crimping can be imparted both mechanically and chemically thereby forming both zig zag or saw tooth and helically or spirally crimped fibers. Fiber cross-sections may be either circular or noncircular including, for example bilobal, trilobal, and X-shaped cross-sections. The fibers may be solid or hollow. In addition they may be made from a single fiber polymer or from multiple polymers such as are commonly found in biconstitutent and bi- or multicomponent fibers. When using bicomponent fibers, fiber cross-sectionsmay include, for example, sheath/core, side-by-side and islands-in-the-sea cross-sections. The resultant fibrous nonwoven web will be a uniformly mixed homogenous single layer blend of whatever type fiber or fibers are chosen.
To facilitate the through-air bonding process, it has been found advantageous to use bicomponent fibers which have both a higher melting point and lower melting point component such as in a side-by-side, sheath/core or islands-in-the-sea configurations. The lower melting point component or polymer of the bicomponent fibers provides an efficient meansfor bonding the fibers together while the higher melting point component aids in maintaining the structural rigidity and the openness of the material both in the dry and wet states. Suitable bicomponent fibers include, for example, whether in staple fiber or more continuous spunbond form, polyethylene/polypropylene and polyethylene/polyester fibers. The fibrous nonwoven web according to the present invention may be made entirely from bicomponent fibers or it may be made from a blend of bicomponent fibers and other fibers such as single component fibers including polyesters, nylons, rayons and polyolefins such as polypropylene. It also may be made exclusively from single component fibers. Generally, the fibrous nonwoven web according to the present invention will include at least 50% by weight bicomponent fibers, based upon the total weight of the web. Such bicomponent fibers will typically have an average denier equal to or greater than 2.
The material of the present invention has been designed based upon a specific set of parameters. These parameters include basis weight, void volume, permeability, porosity, surface area per void volume, hydrophilicity, compression resiliency and saturation capacity. The basis weight of the fibrous nonwoven web according to the present invention willbe at least 20 grams per square meter with no real upper limit and with thetarget range being from about 40 to about 68 grams per square meter. The void volume of the fibrous nonwoven web is a measure of how much air spacethere is in the structure. The void volume as explained in the test procedures below is measured at 689 dynes per square centimeter (0.01 pounds per square inch) and will range from about 40 to about 60 cubic centimeters per gram of web with the target range being from about 45 to about 55 cubic centimeters per gram of web. The permeability indicates theability of the structure to conduct fluid through it. When a fluid initially enters a surge structure, fluid movement is dominated by forced flow from the momentum of the insult velocity of the fluid. Capillarity may not be significant in this flow regime as it may not have enough time to control the fluid path, thus, fluid flow through the structure will be controlled by the permeability of the structure on the initial insult. A high permeability value indicates that it is relatively easy for a fluid to flow through the structure. Permeability for the materials according tothe present invention will range between about 4.8×10-5 to about7.8×10-5 square centimeters (5,000 to 8,000 darcy).
The porosity of the nonwoven web is the ratio of the amount of void space in a web to the total volume of the web. The porosity of the materials according to the present invention, as measured at a pressure of 689 dynesper square centimeter (0.01 pounds per square inch), will range from about 97.2% to about 98.8%.
The surface area per void volume with the void volume being measured at 689dynes per square meter (0.01 pounds per square inch) pressure will range from about 24 to about 49 square centimeters per cubic centimeter. Permeability is the result of fluid having to travel over and around fibersurfaces when under forced flow in order to occupy the void spaces within the web. Surface area per void volume (SA/VV) indicates how closely together those fiber surfaces are located to each other. Thus, SA/VV can control the amount of permeability for a structure. A high SA/VV value indicates there is a large amount of surface area which is placed closely together. Increases in SA/VV can be achieved by using smaller fibers whichincreases the surface area per unit weight or by making the structure more dense which decreases the void volume per unit weight. When SA/VV is increased, permeability decreases since fluid is forced to travel over andaround more surfaces to get through the structure. If the SA/VV becomes toohigh, then the permeability will be too low to allow easy fluid entry into and flow through the surge structure. Thus, SA/VV must stay below 492/cc in order for the permeability to be above about 5,000 darcy.
To ensure rapid intake of liquid, the overall structure must have hydrophilic tendencies. At least a portion of the fibers must have a contact angle less than 90 degrees. As a result, a fibrous nonwoven web according to the present invention will have sufficient hydrophilic tendencies when the web has a saturation capacity less than 50 grams of 0.9% saline solution per gram of web. Another important feature of the material of the present invention is its resiliency in both the wet and dry states. A unique feature of the present invention is the amount of liquid which the material is able to absorb upon rapid insult. In addition, once the liquid has been absorbed, the material of the present invention does not readily collapse which would be detrimental to the overall performance of the material in that the collapsing of the materialwould result in a reduced capacity for retaining liquid. Materials according to the present invention should have compression resilience values in both the wet and dry states of at least about 60%.
In order to demonstrate the properties of the present invention, a series of materials were formed and then tested relative to whether they met the parameters outlined above. In addition, samples of these materials were then placed within diaper constructions and tested for leakage properties.The test procedures, materials and test results are set forth below.
Void volume and compression recovery were measured using an INSTRON or SINTECH tensile tester to measures the resisting force as a material is compressed between a movable platen and a fixed base at a constant rate using a certain amount of force and subsequently releasing the force at the same rate. Preferably pressure, or force, and platen position are recorded. If only force is recorded, pressure is calculated using: ##EQU1##where: P=pressure in Pascals
F=force pushing back on the platen in Newtons
Ap =area of the platen in square centimeters (18.9 cm2 )
Void volume for a given platen position is calculated using the equation: ##EQU2##where: VV=void volume of material in cubic centimeters per gram
xo =initial platen position from the base in millimeters
x=platen position from initial position in millimeters
Am =area of material in square centimeters
M=mass of material in grams
ρfiber =fiber density in grams per cubic centimeter
For webs made with multiple fiber types, the web fiber density is the weight average of each individual fiber density:
ρfiber, Total =wt %fiber 1 ·ρfiber 1 +wt %fiber 2 ·ρfiber 2 +. . .
The base must be larger in size than the platen. Zero height between platenand base distance was set by bringing the platen down until it barely touches the base. The platen was then raised to the desired initial heightfrom the zero distance. The initial platen position must be greater than the initial thickness of the material so that the test starts out at zero pressure on the sample. The material can be the same size as the platen orlarger.
Suitable equipment for this test could include:
INSTRON model 6021 with compression test software and 1 kN load cell made by Instron of Bucks, England.
Mettler of Highstown, N.J., model PM4600
For the purpose of measuring void volume for the present specification, a 4.9 cm diameter circular platen was used to compress materials against thebase at a rate of 5.08 mm/min up to 909 gm load (4,690 Pascal or 0.68 pounds per square inch pressure). The platen was then returned at the samerate to the initial starting position. The initial starting position for the platen was 12.7 mm from the base. Material samples were cut to 10.2 cm ×10.2 cm and tested in the center. Force and position data were recorded every 0.03 minutes or every 0.15 mm. Five repeats were performed on separate material pieces.
Wet void volume was measured similarly to the dry void volume except the sample was completely immersed in 0.9% saline throughout the test. A flat bottomed container such as a hexagonal polystyrene weighing dish catalog #02-202D from Fischer Scientific of Pittsburgh, Pa. was placed on the baseand the platen was zeroed and set to the initial position as described in the dry void volume method. 0.9% saline was added to the container to fillit to a level just to the bottom of the platen at its initial position. At this point in the procedure the load cell was tared. An appropriate salinecould be S/P certified blood bank saline made by Stephens Scientific of Riverdale, N.J. and distributed by Baxter Healthcare of McGraw Park, Ill. under catalog #B3158-1. The load cell was tared with this level of fluid in the container. The sample was placed in the fluid, under the platen andthe test was then performed as described above for the dry void volume. Buoyant force was found to have a negligible affect on pressure but if so desired it can be subtracted from the pressure readings at each platen position using the following equation: ##EQU4##where: PB =Pressure from buoyant force in Pascals
ρsaline =saline (fluid) density in grams per cubic centimeter
Ap =area of the platen in square centimeters (18.9 cm2)
Ad =area of the dish in square centimeters
xo =initial platen position from the base in millimeters
x=platen position in millimeters
g=standard acceleration of gravity which is 981 centimeters per seconds squared
0.01=conversion factor=0.1 cm/mm·0.001 kg/gm·100 cm/m
The overall pressure on the sample becomes:
Psample =Preading -PB
Psample =pressure on the sample from the platen in Pascal
Preading =pressure reading from the SINTECH or INSTRON in Pascal
PB =buoyancy pressure from the 0.9% saline in Pascal
For the purpose of measuring void volume for the present specifications, 120 ml of saline was placed in the container and the platen was initially set 12.7 mm from the base.
Percent recovery at 68.9 Pascal (0.01 psi) was calculated using the platen positions on compression and recovery when the pressure was 68.9 Pascal: ##EQU5##where: VVrecovery 68.9 Pa =void volume upon recovery at 68.9 Pascal pressure
VVcompress 68.9 Pa =void volume upon compression at 68.9 Pascal pressure
Porosity is the ratio of the amount of void space in a web to the total volume of that web, or:
φ=porosity of the web and is dimensionless
ρweb =web density in grams per cubic centimeter
ρfiber =fiber density in grams per cubic centimeter
If a web is made of multiple fiber types with different densities, then thetotal fiber density is the weight average of the individual fiber densities:
ρfiber, total =wt %fiber 1 ·ρfiber 1 +wt %fiber 2 ·ρfiber 2 +. . .
wt % =weight percent of the fiber type in the web
The void volume of the web can be used to calculate porosity instead of theweb density: ##EQU6##where: VV =void volume of the web in cubic centimeters per gram of web. Void volume is calculated in accordance with the procedures set forth under the "Void Volume and Compression Recovery/Resiliency Test "above.
As a material becomes more open in structure, the porosity will approach the asymptote one, indicating empty space.
Permeability indicates the ease or difficulty with which a fluid flows through a structure when a pressure gradient is applied to a fluid. The resulting fluid velocity through the structure is controlled by the permeability of the structure. The permeability of these samples in the Z-direction, which is through the thickness of the material, was measured by a forced flow test which is described in detail in an article by Bernard Miller and David B. Clark entitled, "Liquid Transport Through Fabrics; Wetting and Steady-State Flow" published in TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL, pages 150 through 155, (March 1978). The foregoing article is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
To perform the test, a forced flow resistance monitor was built in accordance with the instructions in the foregoing article. In the forced flow test, the sample was held in a cylinder and fluid was pushed through the material at a constant velocity by a piston and the back pressure against the piston was recorded. The permeability was calculated using Darcy's Law which describes fluid flow through a porous medium according to the following equation: ##EQU7##where: v=superficial flow velocity or piston velocity in centimeters per minute
Q=volume flow rate in cubic centimeters per second
A=cross sectional area of the inner diameter of the tube (31.7 square centimeters)
kz =material permeability constant
dp=pressure drop minus the average wall resistance pressure, both in Pascals
z=thickness in centimeters of the material. Sum of all layers.
dp/dz=pressure gradient across the material in Pascals per centimeter
μ=fluid viscosity (cp) which is about 6 cp for Penetek oil
This equation can in turn be solved for permeability in the Z-direction (kz) in the units of darcy as follows: ##EQU8##
The pressure drop for the test was obtained using a plot of the pressure vs. time. The pressure drop is equal to the change in pressure between thepause point C in FIG. 1 of the drawings and when the piston starts up againat point D in FIG. 1. The wall resistance which was subtracted from the pressure drop was measured by running the test without a sample in the cylinder and measuring the same pressure drop. The measurement of the wallresistance was done five times and then averaged.
The thickness of the material can be obtained either by performing the compression resiliency test described above at a maximum pressure of 689 dynes per square centimeter (0.01 pounds per square inch) on each sample, or measuring the sample's basis weight and using the average specific volume (inverse density) from the compression resiliency test. The thickness calculation for the latter method is: ##EQU9##where: M=mass of material in grams
Asample =area of sample which was 45.6 square centimeters
Vsp, 68.9 Pa =average specific volume for the material from the compression resiliency test at 68.9 Pascals (0.01 pounds per square inch) in cubic centimeters per gram of web
Since the standard deviation of the specific volume at 68.9 Pascal was lessthan ten percent of the average, the assumption of constant specific volumewas considered to be valid. If the specific volume standard deviation is above ten percent, then it must be measured directly using the compressionresiliency test described above. When two or more samples were layered, thesamples were oriented with their machine directions from formation in the same direction and stacked on top of each other top-to-bottom (i.e. the air side from formation to the wire side from formation).
The equipment used in conjunction with the test apparatus included a pressure transducer Model #P3061-50WD from Lucas-Schaevitz Company of Pennsauken, N.J. This pressure transducer was capable of measuring up to 50 inches of water (12,440 Pa) pressure. The additional equipment used included a chart recorder Model SE 120, 881221100 from BBC Goerz Metrawattof Austria; a slide and motor positioner model #B4036W1J from Velmex, Inc. of Holcomb, N.Y. a stepper motor controller model #14V 8K BASIC from Centroid Corporation of State College, Pa.; and, a COMPAQ® personal computer with a serial port.
Calibration of the pressure measurements was accomplished by adding a knownweight or volume of fluid to the cylinder and comparing the pressure transducer response to the theoretical pressure increase using the formula:
ΔPtheory =ρ·g·h=g·M/A·100 cm/m·0.001 kg/gm
ΔPtheory =theoretical pressure change in Pascals
ρ=fluid density in grams per cubic centimeter
g=standard acceleration of gravity which is 981 centimeters per square second
h=height of fluid added to cylinder in centimeters
A=inner area of cylinder in square centimeters which was 31.7 square centimeters
M=fluid mass in grams
The Pressure change from the transducer and strip chart recorder was calculated using the equation: ##EQU10##where: ΔPtrans =pressure transducer reading in Pascals
Chartread =chart reading on x-y plotter in number of gradations
FSchart =full scale (total gradations) on x-y plotter in number of gradations
Chartvolt =chart recorder full scale voltage setting in millivolts
PTvolt =pressure transducer full scale voltage range in millivolts
PTpres =pressure transducer full scale pressure range in inches of water
In deriving the permeability data, no screens were used to hold the samplesin place. Instead, two halves of a 6.35 cm inner diameter cylinder which screwed together with a 7.62 cm diameter sample positioned between the twocylinder pieces. Mineral oil was used as the fluid. Specifically, the mineral oil was Penetek technical grade mineral oil from Penreco of Los Angeles, Calif. The mineral oil had a viscosity of approximately 6 centipoise. The piston velocity was 20 cm/min. The results given in the data section were the average of the results of five separate tests on five separate samples of material and were reported in darcy.
Surface areas of fabrics composed of round cross-section staple fibers can be calculated directly. The surface area is calculated from fiber denier using the relationship: ##EQU11##where: SA=surface area in square centimeters per gram of web or fabric
Denier=fiber size in denier which is the weight in grams of a single fiber 9000 meters in length
ρfiber =density in grams per cubic centimeter
3363=conversion factor from square root Denier divided by Denier to square root of diameter (in centimeters) divided by length (in centimeters)
If the surge material is made of a blend of fibers, then the total surface area per unit weight for the material is the weight average:
SAtotal =wt %fiber 1 ·SAfiber 1 +wt %fiber 2 ·SAfiber 2 +. . .
SAtotal =total surface area in the web in cm2 /g
wt %fiber 1 =weight percent of the fiber in the web
SAfiber 1 =surface area of the fiber in cm2 /g
The fiber-surface-areas within webs composed of modified cross-section fibers, such as modified cross-section staple fibers, modified cross-section melt extruded fibers can be measured by the BET method of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 60,309 (1938) which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The BET technique involves the absorption of a monomolecular layer of gas molecules on to the surface of the fibers. Calculations regarding the amount of gas present on the fibers yields a quantification of the fiber surface area values. This method has been used fairly routinely in the paper industry for fibrous webs, such as papers, fillers and filter materials.
SA/VV then is the calculated ratio of the fiber surface area per unit weight (square centimeter per gram)to the web's void volume per unit weight (cubic centimeters per gram). SA/VV thus has the units of square centimeters per cubic centimeters.
The saturation capacity test measures the saturation capacity of the material while in the horizontal plane and under a no load condition. The no load horizontal saturation capacity test takes a small sample of material, places it in a liquid environment and measures the maximum amount of liquid the material will hold. The value obtained is a result ofthe interaction between the void volume, pore size distribution and wettability of the material.
The equipment and materials include a pan measuring at least 15 cm wide×20 cm long×5 cm deep. The pan should not be greater than 10 cm deep. A second pan measuring at least 12 cm wide×12 cm long×1.3 cm with a maximum depth not exceeding 10 cm. It is best if this pan is made from a lightweight material as it will be involved in theweighing process. Also needed is a balance readable to 0.01 grams and the balance should be covered so that the air currents do not affect the readings. Lastly, a saline solution is needed such as 0.9 per cent S/P Certified Blood Bank Saline Solution Catallog B3158-1 from Baxter Healthcare Corporation.
Sample preparations involved cutting samples of the materials to be tested.The dimensions of the samples should be 10 cm×10 cm square. The firstpan measuring 15×20 cm×5 cm should be filled with the above identified saline solution to within 1.3 cm from the top of the pan.
Each sample should be individually weighed on the balance and the weight recorded as the dry weight. Next, the tare weight of the dry 12 cm×12 cm×1.3 cm pan should be measured and recorded. The tare 12 cm×12 cm×1.3 cm pan is placed next to the 15 cm×20 cm×5 cm pan. Care should be taken to wipe up any spilled liquid on the surface upon which the tared pan is placed as this will affect the tare weight.
A sample is placed into the pan containing the saline solution and is allowed to remain in the solution undisturbed until it becomes submerged or for a maximum of 15 seconds, whichever occurs first. If the sample floats on top of the solution it should not be forced down into the solution as a floating sample is an indication of an insufficiently hydrophilic material. Once the sample has completely submerged or the 15 second period has elapsed, the sample should be withdrawn from the saline solution by using both hands and grabbing the sample at all four corners using the middle and index finger to grab one corner of one side and the thumb and ring finger for grabbing the other corner on the same side. The sample should be lifted from the solution and placed in the tared pan as quickly as possible. Next, the wet sample should be weighed, the tare weight subtracted and the wet weight recorded. The above procedure is repeated until all samples are tested. As a special note, most of the samples being tested will contain a surfactant which will wash out into the saline solution. As a result, the solution should be changed after approximately 40 samples have been wetted or when the level in the pan drops to about 2.5 cm.
To calculate the saturation capacity, the wet weight for each sample is divided by the dry weight and the number one is then subtracted from the result to eliminate the contribution of the dry weight in the numerator. The resultant number is the saturation capacity of the material which is recorded as grams of liquid per grams of sample.
Having described the test procedures for evaluating the parameters of the materials according to the present invention, a series of sample materialswere prepared and tested for their properties. A summary of these materialsand their properties is set forth below. Two sample materials were both prepared as single-layer fibrous nonwoven webs. The target basis weight for Examples 1 and 2 was approximately 50 grams per square meter (gsm). The actual basis weights are given in Table 1. All samples were prepared using conventional carding equipment and were subsequently through-air bonded at temperatures and times sufficient to cause the lower melting point component of the bicomponent fibers to at least partially melt and bond to one another at their crossover points.
In Example 1, a 50.5 gsm fibrous nonwoven web was created using a homogeneous blend of 60 percent by weight 4.4 denier by 38mm millimeter soft 71 polypropylene fibers from Danaklon a/s of Denmark and 40 weight percent 3.0 denier by 38 millimeter polyethylene sheath/polyester core bicomponent fibers from BASF Corporation Fibers Division of Enka, N.C. Both these fibers, as with all fibers contained within the examples, contained a manufacturer's finish which made the fibers hydrophilic. All fibers were targeted by the manufacturer to have contact angles less than 90° . The two fibers were uniformly mixed together, carded and thenbonded using hot air at a temperature of approximately 143° C. for 4seconds to bond the overall structure. The void volume, surface area per void volume, porosity, permeability and saturation capacity values for this material are set forth in Table 1.
In Example 2, a homogeneous single-layer fibrous nonwoven web having a basis weight of 48.8 gsm was created using 40 percent by weight of a Hoechst Celanese type 295 6.0-denier polyester fibers and 60 percent by weight of the BASF 3.0-denier polyethylene sheath/polyester core bicomponent fibers. The homogeneous blend of fibers were bonded together using hot air at a temperature of 135° C. for approximately 4 seconds. During the bonding process, the samples were compressed from an initial thickness of approximately 180-200 mils to a final heat-set thickness of approximately 100 mils (0.259 cm) at a pressure of 689 dynes per square centimeter. The test results for this material are set forth inTable 1.
In Example 3, a two-layer structure was created. This two-layer structure most closely resembles the current material being used in the commercially-available diapers of the assignee of record. The top layer was approximately 17 grams per square meter and contained the three-denierBASF polyethylene sheath/polyester core bicomponent fibers. The second or bottom layer contained a homogeneous mix of 60 percent by weight of the Hoechst Celanese 6.0 denier type 295 polyester fibers; 35 percent by weight of a 1.7 denier by 38 millimeter polyethylene sheath/polypropylene core type ES bicomponent fiber from Chisso Corporation of Osaka, Japan and5 percent by weight of the 2.0 denier Chisso-type ES-HB polyethylene sheath/polypropylene core bicomponent fibers. The two layers were bonded together in the same manner and using the same conditions as the material described in Example 3, and the resultant material had a basis weight of 46.1 grams per square meter. The sample was not compressed to a reduced thickness during the bonding process. The thickness of the material was approximately 111 mils (0.281 cm) at a pressure of 689 dynes per square centimeter. The test results are set forth in Table 1.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ COMP RES BASIS WT. VOID VOL. SA/VV POROSITY PERMEABILITY SAT CAP %EXAMPLE gsm cc/g cm2 /cc % DARCY g/g dry wet__________________________________________________________________________1 50.5 32 54.2 97.0 2569 21 93 892 48.8 52 29.9 98.5 6925 44 81 863 46.1 60 19.4 98.6 6647 49 73 78__________________________________________________________________________
The fibrous nonwoven webs according to the present invention must be a uniformly mixed, single layer structure having a basis weight of at least 20 grams per square meter, a void volume between about 40 and 60 cubic centimeters per gram of web at a pressure of 689 dynes per square meter (0.01 lbs. psi), a permeability of about 5,000 to about 8,000 darcy, a porosity of about 97.2% to about 98.8% and a surface area per void volume of about 24 to about 49 square centimeters per cubic centimeters. Referring to Table 1, it can been seen that the material defined in Example 1 had surface area per void volume, porosity and permeability values which were all outside this range.
Example 2 demonstrates all the properties of the present invention. In addition, the material of Example 2 has sufficient degrees of both wet anddry compression resiliency. The wet and dry resiliency values for Example 2were respectively 86% and 81%. This material therefore met the requirement that the compression resilience in either the wet or dry state be at least60%.
Example 3 failed to meet the SA/VV parameters in that it has a value (19.4 cm2 /cc) which fell outside the defined range of about 24 to about 49cm 2/cc.
Example 2 was put into HUGGIES® Ultratrim Step 4 diapers as a surge material between the body side liner and the absorbent core. The surge material was lightly glued to both the liner and the absorbent core using National Starch 34-5563 from the National Starch Company of Bridgewater, N.J. The add-on level for the adhesive between the liner and the surge material according to the present invention was approximately 0.01 to 0.04grams per diaper while the add-on level between the surge layer and the tissue-wrapped absorbent core was approximately 0.03 to 0.05 grams per diaper. These diapers were use-tested against the HUGGIES® Ultratrim Step 4 diapers as a control. The diapers with the surge layer according tothe present invention were found to have 13.0% overall leakage for males and 3.4% overall leakage for females versus the control diaper which had leakage of 15.6% overall for males and 4.6% overall for females.
Having thus described the invention in detail, it should be apparent that various other modifications and changes can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims.