Types of Hawks
Often the phrase types of hawks designates the group of large birds in the order Falconiforme, which consists of Eagles, Falcons and Hawks. Together with Owls, they also go by the name raptors or birds of prey.
Often hawks occupy a top spot in their ecosystem food chain and therefore get designated as indicator species because population changes often coincides with ecosystem changes.
The snowy owl, for example, a resident of the circumpolar north, occasionally migrates further south. Above average Snowy Owl populations during one year might be sufficient to disrupt their food source from year to year.
Most hawks migrate South for the winter, with the migratory season an especially fun time for birders. In some areas of South Texas, the sky can fill with tens of thousands of hawks as they cruise on the heat thermals on their way to their winter destinaton.
The five Falconiforme families listed below provide a first look at the North American birds of prey.
- Sagittariidae: The Secretary Bird of sub-Saharan Africa is the only species in the family and therefore not well known to the North American audience.
The Osprey represents the entire Pandionidae family because it's the only raptor that relies on a diet of fish. Like all raptors, Ospreys possess keen eyesight and strong flying ability. They also have sharp talons on their feet. When they glide above a water body, they spot a fish and then dive to grab it with their feet. Ospreys migrate during spring and summer. During the summer breeding seasons, they nest on high platforms around water sources in the northern latitudes of the Eastern, Midwest and Western United States.
- Cathartidae: Three Cathartidae species, the California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus), Turkey Vulture and the Black Vulture reside in North America. The California Condor, North America's largest land bird, is endangered. At year end 2008 California Condor population estimates were 154 in captive breeding programs and 168 in the wild. Recent evidence suggests that a warming climate may extend the range of the Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus), a native Southeastern species, as far north as New York State. Along with being smaller than its counterpart the Turkey Vulture, the Black Vulture is an opportunistic feeder, not only scavenging for carrion where available and killing, but also killing live animals and birds, including domestic animals. A six foot wing span, along with a red face defines the Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura). While they are communal nesters, turkey vultures often search for food singularly.
- Falconidae: Most accounts list approximately sixty different species of falcons and caracara around the world. Six falcon species, American Kestrel, Aplomando Falcon, Gyrfalcon, Merlin, Prairie Falcon and Peregrine Falcon are classified as North American native species. The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), probably the most recognized native North American falcon because of its fondness for living and breeding in urban environments such as New York city. Many urbanites see them in person or see, hear and read stories about them on their local media. The New York Department of Environmental Protection reports, "Today, Peregrine Falcons are making a comeback in New York City. We currently know of 16 falcon couples, or 32 falcons total, that live year-round in unique places throughout the City such as on top of bridges, church steeples and high-rise buildings." The Peregrine Falcon, along the the American Bald Eagle gained additional publicity because of dramatic population declines experienced by both species in the 1960s due to the widespread use of DDT. The subsequent ban on the use of DDT, along with a large scale captive breeding program has helped restore the population to healthy levels. The falcon was removed from the endangered species list in 1999. Today's city falcons, coastal falcons and mountain falcons provides confidence that the current population will remain healthy.
- Accipitridae: This family consists of hawks, eagles, kites and old world vultures, among others. Species diversity ranges between roughly 215-235 different species, depending on the reference used. Twenty four Accipitridae species reside in the United States, including the national bird, the American Bald Eagle (a juvenile bald eagle received the top picture spot on this page). While most Accipitridae nest in trees, their habitat extends to any area that has at least a few trees for nesting, including fields and forests. Their diet consists of a variety of rodents and other small mammals.
North American Hawk species divide between two genera, buteo and accipiter. Representatives of both types of hawks are presented.
Buteo hawks, the most common naitve hawks, share many physical similarities with eagles. Generally smaller slower fliers, most Buteo species live in open area habitat such as grasslands and prairies.
Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus), for example, inhabit forest areas of the Eastern the United States. This primary population gets complimented by a small and distinct West Coast population, located mostly along the California coast.
The picture shows typical red-shouldered hawk behavior, perching on tree branches or other tall fixtures as it searches for food such as small mammals and reptiles on the forest floor.
Other than the northern most populations that migrate to Mexico during the winter, most other Red-shouldered hawks are year round residents of their established territory.
Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), also migratory forest dwelling birds, live year round in many areas of North America.
During spring and winter migrations they fly north to Canada to breed, and then fly south when the weather turns cold.
© 2013-2014 Patricia A. Michaels