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System and method for modeling plastic molding and molding parts
incorporating the same
A system and method for simulating LCM mold filling utilizes at least one
processor, suitable RAM and storage memory, a data input, a display, and
logic for simulating the injection of resin into a mold cavity containing
a preform based upon mold cavity design parameters, mold filling
processing parameters, physical property parameters, and system processing
parameters, and identifying the current state of selected mold filling
conditions at selected points in time during the simulated mold filling
process. The system logic includes an error estimator for periodically
estimating the error in the flux computations, preferably during each
iteration in the solution of the governing equations. The system also
preferably includes predictor/corrector logic which modifies a variable
relaxation parameter and a variable convergence tolerance, based upon the
estimated error and other predefined computational thresholds to urge
rapid convergence to a correct solution of the governing equations in an
efficient manner. The system also preferably includes logic for allowing
the operator to modify one or more process parameters while the simulation
is in process, so that the simulation may continue utilizing the modified
process parameters thereby obviating the need to repeatedly re-run the
simulation with changed process variables.
White; Warren D. (Lake Jackson, TX), Shafi; Muhammed A. (Lake Jackson, TX)
"Flow Simulation in Molds with Preplaced Fiber Mats", Young, et al, Polymer Composites, Dec. 1991, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 391-403.
. "Mold Filling Simulation in Molds With Preplaced Fiber Mats", Young, et al, Report No. ERC/NSM-P-90-20, NSF Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Mfg., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210, Jun., 1990..
Primary Examiner: Teska; Kevin J.
Assistant Examiner: Phan; Thai
Attorney, Agent or Firm:Brooks & Kushman P.C.
What is claimed is:
1. A system for predicting the flow of resin in a plastic molding tool having a mold including a cavity into which the resin is injected, the system including
a computer having at least one processor, memory suitably connected to the processor, a suitably connected input device, a suitably connected display, and analysis logic for simulating the filling of the mold cavity by the resin, the analysis
logic including an error estimator for estimating flux through a control volume within the mold cavity, wherein the error estimator utilizes the following relationships in estimating the error for each control volume:
Total Flux In=Net inlet flux into the control volume through the control volume boundaries+flux from a source in the control volume
Total Flux Out=Net inlet flux out of the control volume through the control volume boundaries+flux to a sink in the control volume
Error=(Total flux in-total flux out)/total flux in,
and logic for determining whether to continue the simulation based upon the estimated flux.
2. A mold filling simulation system including:
a computer having at least one processor, memory suitably connected to the processor, a suitably connected input device, and a suitably connected display; and
analysis logic for simulating the mold filling process to predict conditions in the mold at preselected time steps in the process, employing a control-volume finite element analysis to iteratively solve a preselected set of governing equations to
determine the pressure distribution and the velocity of the resin at the flow front of the resin at a selected point in time, determining the movement of the flow front of the resin for a selected time increment therefrom, updating the location of the
flow front in the mesh, and repeating the analysis until a preselected stopping point in the simulation of the mold filling process, wherein the analysis logic includes an error estimator for periodically estimating the flux through a domain of interest
within the mold cavity and a predictor/corrector with a variable relaxation parameter and a variable convergence tolerance, and logic for determining, as a function of the estimated error, whether to modify the convergence tolerance or relaxation
parameter within specified limits to converge to a solution within minimum iterations.
3. The system of claim 2 wherein the error estimator includes logic for calculating the relative flux for each control volume in the domain of interest.
4. The system of claim 2 wherein the logic for estimating the flux through the selected domain of interest makes such determination at the end of each iteration in the solution of the governing equations.
The present invention relates to systems for designing molds, molding netshape parts, and modeling the resin transfer molding (RTM) process.
Resin transfer molding (RTM) has been used to manufacture netshape parts for a wide range of industries ranging from aerospace to automobile. In its most basic form, a fiber mat is cut, shaped, and/or stamped into a preform which is placed in a
mold cavity. After the mold is closed and clamped, a resin is injected into the cavity. As the resin flows through the preform, it expels the air and wets the preform. When the cavity has been filled, the temperature of the mold is increased and the
resin starts curing. The part is removed from the mold after the resin has cured.
It will be appreciated that, while the present invention and much of the following discussion relates specifically to RTM, the invention has equal utility with other forms of liquid composite molding (LCM). As used herein, LCM is intended to
refer to any molding process where a formable material flows through a porous media, and where the flow of the formable material can be represented by mathematical equations of the type disclosed herein.
The structural requirements often dictate that the molded parts should not contain incompletely filled areas, or so-called dry spots. A dry spot can appear either because of air entrapment, use of low feed pressure, or both, or the like.
Dry spots are usually formed in an LCM part when some of the air in the mold is trapped in an area of the cavity from where it cannot escape through an open vent. Areas of the mold where air is trapped unconnected to an open vent during the mold
filling process (or simulation thereof) may also be referred to herein as an incipient dry spot. The trapped air may or may not ultimately escape through an open vent during the filling process, depending upon the gas pressure in the incipient dry spot
and the resin pressure in the immediate neighborhood of the dry spot.
It will thus be understood that, for the purposes of this discussion, unless referenced in connection with a finished part, all references to "incipient dry spot" or "dry spot" are used interchangeably to mean an incompletely filled area in the
flow domain at a specific point in time in the mold filling, or simulated mold filling, process.
One way to enhance resin flow to reduce or eliminate dry spots is to apply a vacuum to the mold prior to injecting the resin in the mold (also known as "passive vacuum"). However, there is always some residual air. Moreover, as the resin
flashes into the cavity, it may release vapors. The trapped air and vapor are both referred to as "trapped air" in the subsequent discussions.
The trapped air hinders the resin flow into the unfilled region. Pressure in the unfilled region increases as more resin flows into that region, thereby decreasing the difference between the feed pressure and the pressure in the unfilled region. Since this pressure acts as the driving force for the resin flow, the resin stops flowing into the unfilled region when the pressure in the unfilled region becomes equal to the feed pressure. Under these circumstances, the cured part will contain a dry
Alternatively or additionally, a vacuum can be applied while the resin is injected in the mold (also known as "active vacuum"). However, even during this process, some of the residual air may get entrapped in the preform. Application of an
active vacuum also often results in considerable wastage of resin.
Often a combination of passive and active vacuums are utilized to minimize the occurrence of dry spots while limiting resin wastage. First, a vacuum is pulled in the mold, the vent ports are closed, and the resin is injected under passive
vacuum. The residual air in the mold is pushed into the unfilled region and pressure in the unfilled region increases. The difference between the feed pressure and the pressure in the unfilled region, which acts as the driving force to the resin flow,
decreases, resulting in a decreasing resin flow rate. When the flow rate becomes negligible, the vents are opened to apply an active vacuum. Some of the trapped air then escapes through the vents. More resin is then injected under passive vacuum.
This sequence of alternating between closing the vent ports and opening the vent ports is known as a "pack and bleed" sequence. A pack and bleed sequence is typically repeated until no more air comes out of the open vents. It will be appreciated by
those skilled in the art that a simulation of the LCM process must therefore include the capability of handling changes in pressure within the cavity which occur as a result of the introduction of pack and bleed sequences.
Another factor which may affect the formation of dry spots, and, therefore, must be accounted for in any simulation, is racetracking. Racetracking is the phenomenon in which the resin flows faster through the higher permeability regions of the
preform, such as edges and bends, than through the middle of the un-deformed preform. A consequence of racetracking is that the higher permeability regions are filled before the lower permeability regions, which may result in air entrapment and,
possibly, dry spots in the finished part.
Other factors which alone, or in combination, affect the formation of dry spots include the part geometry, the location of the feed and vent ports, and the feed conditions.
Mold flow simulations have been recognized as a potentially valuable tool in predicting resin flow rates and patterns. However, a more thorough understanding of the process of air entrapment and dry spot formation, and in particular air
entrapment during mold filling in RTM, is desirable in order to optimize mold design, reduce developmental time and costs, and increase the efficiency of the molding process.
Mold flow simulations involve massive calculations which are iteratively performed to solve and resolve governing equations to simulate the molding process. As such, substantial processing time and effort may be wasted if wrong process
parameters have been assumed.
Similarly, even where optimal process parameters are chosen, significant time and expense may be consumed by the simulation before it is discovered that the simulation either is not going to converge to a solution, or will take an unacceptably
long time to converge to a solution.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One object of the present invention is to, therefore, provide an improved method and apparatus for simulating the RTM mold filling process which allows the operator to vary the process parameters at any time during the simulation rather than wait
until the current simulation is completed or abort the current simulation and restart the simulation with the new process parameters.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an error estimator which periodically estimates the error in computations for the flux (mass, momentum or energy) through the domain of interest during the simulation, to efficiently determine
whether the simulation is converging to a correct solution at an acceptable pace.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method for simulating the mold filling process which employs logic for periodically estimating the error in the system's computations of the governing equations and, as a
function of the calculated error, modifies a variable relaxation parameter and/or a variable convergence tolerance to keep the error within specified limits in the minimum number of iterations possible.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for predicting the occurrence of incipient dry spots in a particular RTM molding application.
In carrying out the above and other objects, the system of this invention includes a computer having at least one processor, memory suitably connected to the processor, a data input device, a display, and logic for simulating the injection of
resin into a mold cavity containing a preform based upon mold cavity design parameters, mold filling process parameters, physical property parameters, and system processing parameters, and identifying the current state of selected mold filling conditions
at selected points in time during the mold filling process.
The system may include logic for identifying incipient dry spots, and preferably includes logic for interrupting the operation of the program to vary selected process parameters, including injection pressure and/or flow rate, as well as the
open/closed condition of one or more vent ports.
The system logic also preferably includes logic for describing the flow domain of the resin (i.e., the shape of the mold cavity or the preform) as a finite element mesh including a plurality of nodes, and employing a control-volume finite element
analysis based upon a preselected set of governing equations to determine the pressure distribution and the velocity at selected points in time during the filling process.
The system logic also preferably includes an error predictor/corrector which iteratively estimates the error in the computations for the flux through the flow domain, as well as logic for modifying selected computational parameters to ensure that
the computational errors of the simulation are kept within specified limits, and to ensure that the simulation converges to a correct solution within a minimal number of iterations. This logic preferably employs a Flux Computation Error Estimator, a
Variable Relaxation Parameter, and a Variable Convergence Tolerance as components of the predictor/corrector logic described above for the simulation analysis engine of the present invention.
The system may also include a graphic interface which allows the operator to provide all the necessary input data using conventional menu driven and/or command driven modes. The interface preferably includes logic for receiving data input
relating to selected process parameters at any time during the simulation, and logic for replacing process parameters utilized in the simulation with new parameters subsequently input during the simulation, to provide for interactive, dynamic
modification of the simulation while it is in process.
The above objects and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the finite element mesh which may be employed by the system, including nodes, elements, and control-volumes;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an element and the control-volume segments associated with the nodes defining that element;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the basic logic employed by the system;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the logic for identifying the incipient dry spots;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating the logic for determining an optimal pack and bleed sequence;
FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating the logic for determining optimal feed pressures;
FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating the logic for determining optimal locations for the vent ports;
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary mold including predicted flow fronts in a simulation when air entrapment is not taken into account;
FIG. 11 is a diagram of the simulation of FIG. 10 illustrating the predicted pressure distribution at the end of the mold filling;
FIG. 12 is a graph of the feed flow rate as a function of time when a prescribed pack and bleed sequence is employed;
FIG. 13 is a diagram of an exemplary mold for a simulation including predicted flow fronts when the air entrapment is taken into account;
FIG. 14 is a diagram of the mold of FIG. 13 showing the predicted pressure distribution in the mold after opening the vent path at 500 seconds;
FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating the logic facilitating in-process modification of process variables;
FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating a portion of the predictor/corrector logic which may be employed by the present invention;
FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating the error estimator logic as well as another portion of the predictor/corrector logic which may be employed by the system of the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a flow chart illustrating another portion of the predictor/corrector logic which may be employed by the system of the present invention;
FIG. 19 is is a flow chart illustrating another portion of the predictor/corrector logic which may be employed by the system of the present invention;
FIG. 20 is an Assigned Properties dialog box utilized in the interface of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 21 is a Feed Paths dialog box utilized in the interface of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 22 is a Vent Paths dialog box utilized in the interface of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 23 is a Fiber Mat Data dialog box utilized in interface of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 24 is a Preform Properties-dialog box utilized in the interface of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 25 is a Vent Status dialog box utilized in the interface of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 26 is a Feed Conditions dialog box utilized in the interface of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 27 is a Miscellaneous Process Parameters dialog box utilized in the interface of one embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 28 is a Numerical Options dialog box utilized in the interface of one embodiment of the present invention.
BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1, the system 10 of the present invention includes a conventional computer 12 having a processor 14, operably connected to memory 16, and suitable logic for accomplishing the data input, simulation, and data output functions
further described herein. The system 10 also includes one or more data input devices 20 and a display 22. While the display 22 is depicted as a conventional CRT display, other data output equipment, such as conventional printers 24, may also be
employed for obtaining the desired data output in human-readable form. Similarly, while a conventional keyboard is shown as the data input device 20, other conventional data input equipment, including a mouse, trackball, and/or light pen may be utilized
to facilitate the data input by the operator. The system 10 also preferably includes one or more conventional data storage/retrieval devices, such as a magnetic disk hard drive, laser disk drive, or magnetic tape drive, for storing and retrieving data
before, during, and after the simulation process.
In one embodiment, a Toshiba "Tecra" Model computer, including 32 megabytes of Random Access Memory (RAM) and a 800 megabyte hard disk drive is utilized for the hardware components of the system 10. In this embodiment, the operating system is
Microsoft MS-DOS.TM. Version 6.2 and Microsoft Windows.TM. Version 3.1, and the logic includes suitably programmed Microsoft Visual C.TM. Version 1.0 routines for performing the interface and simulation functions. In one embodiment, the interface
comprises a series of windows and dialog boxes, such as those shown in FIGS. 20-28 which are designed using Visual C or another conventional software suitable for developing windows-based interfaces. Each of the exemplary windows of FIGS. 20-28 will be
described in further detail hereinafter in connection with the description of the functions which they facilitate.
Other hardware may, of course, be employed, though it is preferable that it be an IBM PC or compatible computer with at least an Intel 80386 or later model processor, at least 8 MB of available memory, a hard drive having at least 4 MB of
available space, Microsoft Windows Version 3.1 (running in the enhanced mode) or a later version of this operating system, a suitable VGA monitor, and printer.
PATRAN.TM. (available from PDA Engineering, of Costa Mesa, Calif.) or, alternatively, other graphic software, may be utilized to generate the finite element mesh, facilitate the input of the finite element mesh data and other required data,
provide a user-friendly interface for the operator while running the simulation, and facilitate the presentation of the data output by the simulation program, without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Moreover, the interface may be
designed to operate in a menu-driven mode as well as in a command-driven mode without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Also, Also, the simulation logic may be programmed in other suitable languages, provided they perform the functions
described herein. Similarly, while the invention preferably includes logic for providing graphic display of the simulation results, the results can alternatively (or additionally) be post-processed by PATRAN.TM. or other finite element software. Other
hardware embodiments, with similar capabilities are also contemplated to be within the spirit of the present invention.
The logic 18 facilitates the input function 26 which accepts the input variables required by the analysis program, or automatically selects suitable defaults for these variables, prior to initiation of the simulation, as well as during the
simulation. The input variables are described in greater detail below, and include mold design parameters, physical property parameters, process parameters, and numerical parameters.
The logic 18 also performs the mold filling simulation 28 utilizing a finite element control-volume approach to solve a preselected set of governing equations to determine various process-related parameters. As further described hereinafter, the
simulation logic develops resin flow front data, including the pressure, and location of a flow front, at discrete time steps during the filling process. The simulation logic 28 is capable of accounting for and predicting racetracking, as well as
identifying locations of gas entrapment as previously described.
The logic 18 also preferably estimates the error in the computations for the flux (mass, momentum or energy) through the domain of interest as the logic solves the governing equations. It will be appreciated that since the governing equations
for most of the process simulators are non-linear and require iterative procedures to reach a solution over the domain of interest for one time step, periodic estimation of the error, preferably at each iteration, eliminates problems associated with
analysis schemes (such as the present one) which use relative change in the variable values from one iteration to another, including the possibility that the iterative scheme may converge to a wrong solution, or that the procedure may terminate the
iteration prematurely before it reaches a solution.
The logic 18 also preferably includes predictor/corrector logic which employ the above-described error estimation logic as well as a Variable Relaxation Parameter (VRP) and a Variable Convergence Tolerance (VCT) to keep the estimated error within
specified limits in the minimum number of iterations.
The logic 18 may also include additional modeling logic, such as heat transfer or mass transfer models, to include the effect of resin curing on the resin viscosity. In one embodiment, a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) model is employed
to account for the mass transfer and resin curing during the simulation.
The system may be operated to perform a variety of simulations to generate output relating to specifically desired process parameters, including predicting the mold fill time, the optimal pack and bleed sequence, the optimal feed conditions,
and/or the optimal locations on the mold for the vent ports. If desired, incipient dry spots are identified and the operator can alter mold filling process parameters to reduce or eliminate the air entrapment. The incipient dry spot locations may be
identified at preselected stopping points during the mold filling simulation. Once identified, the operator can modify mold filling parameters, such as opening vent gates, and continue the simulation until the next selected stopping point. The system
also preferably includes logic which allows the operator to modify one or more process variables during the simulation, based, for example, on the state of the simulation at selected stopping points, and allow the simulation to proceed using the modified
Thus, the logic 18 also performs a data output function 30. This data output function may include the display, either on the CRT display 22, a line printer 24, or other suitable display, of selected data at preselected stopping points during the
mold filling simulation, as well as at completion of the simulation.
The output data may include a summary of the mold filling status including such parameters as the present time, the total number of nodes filled, the feed pressure, the feed flow rate, the flow rate through open vents, and the number of dry
spots. The output function 30 may also provide additional dry spot data such as the volume, pressure, resin flow rate into the dry spot, and a list of nodes in the dry spot for each dry spot in the preform. Additional node data may also be generated.
This data may include the pressures, fill time, and fractions of the control-volume filled for each node. Similar element data, including the X, Y and Z components of the resin velocity in the global coordinate system for each element, may also be
It is contemplated that the logic 18 may also perform a comparing function which determines whether the output from any mold filling simulation satisfies a set of predefined criteria to determine whether a particular mold design and/or process is
acceptable for use in production.
It should be appreciated that, while the logic 18 of the present invention is in the form of suitably programmed computer software in one embodiment of the present invention, the logic 18 may take other forms, such as conventional firmware or
hardware logic circuitry, or combinations of software, firmware, and hardware, without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
Once deemed acceptable, either by the operator, or by a compare function 32 in the logic 18, a set of mold filling process parameters may be recorded on storage memory in a suitable format for transfer and input to an RTM mold control.
Alternatively, a direct communication link (see FIG. 2) may be employed to transfer selected process data directly to an RTM mold control for use in the molding process. Similarly, suitable CAD data including the optimal vent port locations determined
by the logic 18 may be recorded on storage memory (or transferred via a hardwire link) to a CAD system for rendering a graphic display of the optimal design. Again, alternatively, the data could also be transferred directly to a machine tool control for
direct use in designing the mold such as by determining the number and/or locations of the vent ports.
Referring to FIG. 2, system 34 represents another embodiment of the present invention which includes substantially the same components 12-32 of system 10, as well as a communication link 36 to a conventional mold control 38 for direct input of
process parameters into the control 38 for use in operating a mold 40 to produce liquid composite plastic parts directly using mold process parameters developed by the simulator 28.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the system 10 utilizes a finite element mesh to describe the surface of the preform. As previously described, in one embodiment, the system utilizes a conventional PATRAN.TM. program to develop the finite element mesh.
Other systems are available for performing this function and may, of course, be utilized in place of PATRAN.TM. without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
The mesh is divided into finite sections, triangular elements 46, bounded in the Figure by solid lines which interconnect the nodes 48 in the finite element mesh. Control-volumes 50, which surround each node 48, are also defined, and are
graphically represented by the areas bounded by the solid lines and broken lines in FIG. 3. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, a single element 52 is shown as being bounded by solid lines 53, 54, 55 which join nodes 56, 57, and 58. One of the control
volumes associated with node 58 is defined by a portion of line 54, and lines 59, 61, and 53.
The Control-Volume Approach
In the standard finite element approach, the governing equations are solved using a variation method or a weighed residual method. Thus, the governing equations (also known as the conservation equations) are satisfied only in an approximate
In the control-volume approach utilized herein, the governing (or the conservation) equations are balanced for each control-volume 50. When one quantity is transported out of a control-volume 50, the same quantity is transported into the
adjacent control-volume(s). This approach is very conservative and is less sensitive to mesh size than the standard finite element approach.
Theoretical Basis of Simulation
During mold filling, heat transfer takes place between resin and the fiber mat, and resin and the cavity walls. The resin may cure if the temperature is sufficiently high. The composition and viscosity of the filling mixture change as the mold
is being filled. Moreover, two phases (gas and liquid) besides the solid phase (mat and mold walls) coexist. Under certain mold design and/or mold filling process conditions, it may not be possible to displace all the gas from the mold, in which case
the cured part will contain dry spots.
For a rigorous description of the mold filling process, one should take into account all the above-described effects. It has been found, however, that the following assumptions may be utilized to limit the complexities of the process, while at
the same time allowing for a useful simulation:
(1) The resin flow is two dimensional in a direction generally parallel to the preform surface;
(2) The process is isothermal and the curing rate is low;
(3) There is negligible expansion or shrinkage of the resin during the mold filling;
(4) The fiber mat (or preform) is already pre-placed in the mold, is rigid, and does not deform during the flow;
(5) The resin velocities are low and the inertial effects are negligible;
(6) The effect of gravitational forces is negligible;
(7) Surface effects are negligible;
(8) Darcy's Law for flow through a porous medium may be used to relate pressure and flow rates; and
(9) The resin permeability in the preform remains constant throughout the filling process.
As described above, in most RTM processes the part or cavity thickness is very small compared to the other dimensions and the flow can be considered parallel to the preform surface. When the surface effects are negligible, the resin thoroughly
wets the fiber bundles. A direct consequence of assumptions (3) and (4) is that the resin-preform system can be considered incompressible.
If a cavity is divided into filled and unfilled regions, all the resin that flows into the cavity through feed ports or channels must leave through the flow front to the unfilled regions. The steady-state form of the equation of continuity can
be solved along with Darcy's Law to give the pressure and velocity profiles in the filled region and at the flow front. Therefore, for the filled region
The fluid velocity is related to the pressure gradient through Darcy's Law, ##EQU1## Here .gradient. is the gradient operator, v is the velocity vector, K is the permeability tensor for anisotropic material, .mu. is the resin viscosity, and P
is the resin pressure. The resin viscosity depends upon the resin temperature and the degree of cure.
In case the heat effects are significant, the above equations should be solved simultaneously with the equations of energy conservation and species mass balance: ##EQU2## Here c.sub.P is the specific heat of the resin-filled preform, c.sub.PR is
the specific heat of the resin, .epsilon. is the preform porosity, k is the conductivity tensor for the resin-filled preform, m is the rate of curing, .DELTA.H is the heat of reaction, and .alpha. is the degree of cure. Equations 1-4, along with the
kinetic expression for the curing rate and the equation describing the dependence of viscosity on the resin temperature and the degree of cure, are solved to simulate mold filling. As previously described, these equations are solved using a
control-volume/finite element approach.
In order to solve these equations, the boundary conditions at the feed ports and at the flow front must be specified. At the feed ports, either the feed pressure or the feed flow rates are known. At the flow front, the pressure is equal to the
pressure in the unfilled region. Equations 1 and 2, along with the boundary conditions, are solved to provide pressure and velocity distribution in the filled region and the velocity at the flow front.
Once the velocity at the flow front is determined, the time to fill the next node is calculated. The new position of the front is obtained when the next node is filled, and the corresponding time is calculated from the fluid velocity at the
front. The filled region, unfilled region, and the flow front are adjusted to accommodate the newly filled node. The process of calculating pressure distribution in the filled region and moving the flow front is repeated until all the nodes are filled
or the total flow rate falls below a minimum value.
The Governing Equations
The net flow rate out of a control-volume is given as: ##EQU3##
Here, v is the velocity vector and V is the volume over which the above integral is evaluated. By using the divergence theorem, the integral over the volume in the above equation can be converted to the integral over the surface of the
Here, S is the boundary surface of the control-volume 50 and s is the unit vector perpendicular to the surface. For incompressible fluid, the net flow rate is zero if the control-volume is already filled. For a control-volume that is being
filled, the net flow rate is negative (into the control-volume). The velocity vector v is related to pressure through Darcy's law for porous medium. ##EQU5##
Here, K is the permeability tensor for anisotropic material.
For two dimensional cases, flow is parallel to the preform surface (the elemental plane) and s can be considered as a unit vector perpendicular to the line (curve) enclosing the element surface. If h.sub.z is the element thickness, the Equations
(19) and (20) can be rewritten as: ##EQU6##
Here, V.sub.x and V.sub.y denote the x and y components of the velocity. The above equations are the working equations for the resin transfer molding process subjected to the assumptions listed earlier.
The functional form of the solution within an element is described in terms of shape functions: ##EQU7##
Here, P.sub.i is the pressure at the ith node and Ni is the ith shape function for the element under consideration. The linear shape functions for triangular elements are given as: ##EQU8## where
and i, j, and k permute in natural order
Here, A denotes the element area. Note that x and y are the axes of the local coordinate system and that the xy plane in the local coordinate system is parallel to the elemental plane.
It should be noted that finite element models usually involve two systems of coordinates, a global coordinate system and a local coordinate system. The global coordinate system is the frame of reference for the entire continuum. All the points
are located in space using a global coordinate system. The local coordinate system is attached to an element in such a way that its orientation with respect to the element is independent of the element orientation with respect to the global coordinate
system. It typically, however, has the same units as the global coordinate system.
In RTM simulations, another useful coordinate system is the material coordinate system (denoted herein by x.sup.*, y.sup.*, z.sup.*. x.sup.* and y.sup.* represent two principle flow directions in the plane of the fiber mat, and z.sup.* is
perpendicular to the plane of the mat. The fiber permeabilities are usually measured along these axes. Since most of the finite element computations are done in the local coordinate systems, the permeability tensor in the material coordinate system is
transformed to the permeability tensors in the local coordinate systems.
For two-dimensional flow, the fiber mat is parallel to the elemental plane and there is no flow in the direction perpendicular to the elemental plane. The permeabilities along the x and y axes of the local coordinate system are given by the
following coordinate transformation: ##EQU9##
Here, .omega. is the material angle defined as the angle between the x.sup.* axis of the fiber mat and the x axis of the local coordinate system. This material angle is specified for each element.
Since the quantities such as pressure, fill time, and total flow rate in the simulation are independent of the coordinate system, any frame of reference with x and y axes on the elemental plane can be selected. In doing so, the local coordinate
system follows the fiber mat as it is being stamped into a preform. The stamping process can be considered as a rotation of the fiber mat (or rotation of the normal to the fiber mat plane) at every location. The local coordinate system of an element is
therefore obtained by rotating the z axis of the global coordinate system such that it is perpendicular to the elemental plane. If there is no excessive fiber reorientation in the mat, the material angle (the angle between the x.sup.* axis of the
material coordinate system and the x axis of the local coordinate system) will be the same as the angle between the x.sup.* of the material coordinate system and the X axis of the global coordinate system. This choice of local coordinate system allows
for specification of material angles with respect to the global coordinate system.
The following equation is used to transform global coordinates into local coordinates: ##EQU10##
Here, n.sub.x, n.sub.y and n.sub.z are the components in the global coordinate system of the unit vector perpendicular to the elemental plane, X, Y and Z are the global coordinates of a point, and x, y, and z are the local coordinates of that
point. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the matrix operation of equation 16 is a conventional method for transforming the coordinates of one coordinate system into another coordinate system. Examples of this coordinate transformation
are also illustrated in "Mold Filling Simulation in Molds With Pre-Placed Fiber Mats," W. B. Young et. al., Report to the National Science Foundation, Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing, No. ERC/NSM-P-90-20, June, 1990, which is
As previously described, to employ the control-volume 50 based finite element scheme, each triangular element is divided into three sub-regions (or control-volumes) by the broken line segments connecting the centroid of the elements to the
midpoints of each side of the triangle as shown in FIG. 3. Each node is associated with a control-volume which contains all the control-volume-segments surrounding the node. Each control-volume-segment consists of two segments of straight lines over
which the line integral in Equation (4) is to be evaluated. Since linear shape functions are utilized for pressure, the velocity is constant within an element. If the thickness is also constant within an element, Equation (8) can be rewritten as
Here, m is the number of control-volume-segments associated with a node, L.sub.x1 and L.sub.x2 are the x components, and L.sub.y1 and L.sub.y2 are the y components of the normal vector to the line segments 1 and 2. In FIG. 4, the normal vectors
to the line segments are denoted by L.sub.1 and L.sub.2. These vectors are given as:
Here, x.sub.c =[x(1)+x(2)+x(3)]/3 and y.sub.c =[x(1) +x(2)+x(3)]/3 are the local coordinates of the center point. Note in FIG. 4 that c3=2cf. Substituting Equations (9-14) in Equation (18), yields the following expression for the net flow rate
out of a node: ##EQU12## Above is the final form of the working equations.
At each iteration of the simulation, the status of a mode can be characterized as: (1) filled, (2) partially filled flow front nodes, and (3) unfilled nodes. The pressure at the flow front nodes and the unfilled nodes is developed by employing
the algorithm described herein, taking into account the gas mass in the unfilled regions, the pressure gradient in the immediate surroundings of the unfilled region, and the status (open or closed) of the outlet ports. The pressures for the nodes in the
filled region are found by solving Equation (20). The net flow rate for all the nodes in the filled region is zero except for the feed nodes.
The feed nodes are treated as source nodes, i.e., there is always a net flow out of the feed nodes. The feed rate is equal to the sum of the flow rates out of all the feed nodes: ##EQU13##
Here, N.sub.F is the number of nodes in the feed. All the feed nodes are assumed to have the same pressure P.sub.F. The above equation can be solved for the feed flow rate if the feed pressure is specified, or for the feed pressure if the feed
flow rate is specified.
For a flow front node, there is a net flow into the node (-ve flow rate). Knowing the fraction of the control-volume filled and the flow rate into a flow front node, the time required to completely fill the node is calculated. Since a node
cannot be overfilled, the minimum time to fill the next node is used as the time step. Next, the fraction filled of the control-volume for the flow front nodes are calculated. The lists of filled, unfilled, and the flow front nodes are adjusted
accordingly. The open vent nodes act as sinks with unlimited capacities and the node pressures are always equal to open vent pressure.
Thus, the process of mold filling can be summarized as follows:
1) Solve the working equations for all filled nodes;
2) Calculate the net flow rate for each node and the minimum time to fill the next control-volume of a flow front node;
3) Calculate next position of the flow front by using the time step calculated in the previous step;
4) Recalculate the physical and chemical properties which depend upon time, pressure, velocity, or filling status of the element; and
5) Repeat steps 1-4 until all the nodes are filled, or the operator stops the simulations
The process is depicted in greater detail in FIG. 5, and will be further described hereinafter.
The Input Data
As previously discussed, the input variables required by the simulator can be divided into the following groups:
1) Design parameters;
2) Physical property parameters;
3) Process parameters; and
4) Numerical parameters.
The design parameters are a function of the mold design only. The design parameters include the parameters for the part geometry and location of the feed and vent paths. In the embodiment described herein, the parameters used to describe the
part geometry are the X, Y and Z coordinates of each node and the corner nodes of each element. The parameters which describe the location of a feed path are the identifier of the nodes in the feed path. There can be more than one feed path for a given
part geometry. The parameters that describe the location of a vent path are the identifiers of the nodes in the vent path. Again, there can be more than one vent path for a given part geometry.
In one embodiment, the design parameters are entered by activating the Preform Properties command, then selecting the appropriate dialog box from a drop list. FIG. 20 illustrates the Assigned Properties dialog box, which allows the operator to
add a property record, delete a record, rename a record, and edit the quantities in the various property records associated with each of the finite elements. FIG. 21 illustrates a Feed Path dialog box which preferably includes a drop list containing all
the Feed Paths in the system, along with commands which may be activated to add, delete, and rename Feed Paths, as well as commands which may be activated to choose nodes to be included in a selected Feed Path. FIG. 22 illustrates a Vent Path dialog box
which may be employed to facilitate design parameter inputs for the Vent Paths. Other design parameters may be entered through similar dialog boxes.
Before the design parameters can be specified, the part (the preform or the cavity) must be divided into finite, triangular elements. The finite element discretization may be accomplished by using PATRAN directives.
Physical Property Parameters
The physical property parameters include the thickness of the fiber material, the permeability parameters, the material angle, the porosity of the fiber mat, and the racetracking factor. These parameters can be adjusted for the individual
manufacturing of the parts. However, these parameters cannot be changed after the preform has been placed in the mold and the mold has been clamped.
All the physical property parameters have to be specified for each finite element. However, their values can be different for different elements. The thickness of the fiber material is usually the same as the cavity thickness, except when foam
pieces or other materials are inserted in the preform. The permeability parameters include the coefficients in the following expression for calculating the permeabilities: ##EQU14## Here, k.sub.i is the permeability along the i axis of the material
coordinate system, v.sub.i is the absolute value of the velocity along the i axis, and e is the porosity of the fiber mat. The x.sup.* and y.sup.* axes of the material coordinate system are along the two principal flow directions in the plane of the
fiber mat and the z.sup.* axis is perpendicular to the plane.
The permeability parameters, (the "a" coefficients in the above equation), are associated with each fiber material and are usually stored in a database. Each element is then assigned a material-id which refers to the fiber material in that
The material angle is the angle between the x.sup.* axis of the material coordinate system and x axis of the global coordinate system.
The porosity of the fiber mat is set at a value proportional to, and preferably equal to, the void fraction in the fiber mat.
The racetracking factor is the ratio of the permeability of the fiber mat in an element to the permeability of the undeformed fiber mat. During preforming, the fiber mat can be deformed which may cause a change in the permeability. Also, there
can be a fiber-free region along the preform edges which can contribute toward a higher permeability in that region.
In one embodiment the physical property parameters are entered by activating the Fiber Mat command, then selecting the appropriate dialog box from a drop list. For example, referring to FIG. 23, the Fiber Mat data dialog box allows the operator
to choose from a drop list of Fiber Mats, as well as enter desired values for the permeability constants. FIG. 24 illustrates a Preform Properties dialog box which preferably includes text and data entry boxes which facilitate the input of element
properties relating to the Fiber Mat preform such as the type of mat, the thickness, the permeability angle, the fiber volume fraction in the mat, the voids fraction in the element, and the racetracking factor. Other physical property parameters may be
similarly entered through dialog boxes opened via activation of the appropriate commands.
The process parameters include the resin viscosity, the initial pressure, the pressure or the flow rate for each feed, the vent pressure, and the open/close status of each vent. It should be noted that in the preferred embodiment, these
parameters can be changed while the resin is being injected into the mold. In order to effectively simulate the molding of the part, these important molding process parameters should be taken into account.
The resin viscosity is a function of the resin chemistry and the resin temperature. During the injection, we assume that the resin chemistry and the resin temperature, and therefore the resin viscosity, remain constant.
The initial pressure is the pressure in the cavity before the resin is injected into the cavity.
The feed conditions for each feed path can be one of the two types: a specified feed pressure or a specified feed flow rate. The feed type, the feed value at time zero, and the feed ramp rate must also be specified for each feed path. During
the execution of the analysis program, the feed value is increased according to the ramp rate. For example, if the feed pressure at time zero is 2.0E5 Pa and the ramp rate is 1.0E3 Pa/second, then the feed pressure after 100 seconds will be 3.0E5 Pa.
Moreover, the type of the feed conditions and the feed ramp rate can be changed during the execution of the analysis program.
The vent pressure is the pressure assigned to each node in a vent path whenever that vent is open.
The open/close status of the vents at the beginning of the resin injection is described by the parameter "filling mode". The filling mode can be 0, 1, or 2. When the filling mode is 0, the system does not take air entrapment into account. It
assumes that the pressure in the unfilled region remains equal to the initial pressure. The vent pressure is irrelevant, but must be specified. When the filling mode is 1, the analysis program takes into account the air entrapment. All the vent paths
are initially open and pressure in the mold cavity is equal to the vent pressure. The initial pressure is irrelevant in this case, but must be specified. When the filling mode is 2, the analysis program takes into account the air entrapment and all the
vent paths are initially closed. At the beginning of the mold filling, pressure in the mold cavity is equal to the initial pressure.
During the execution of the program, one can change the open/close status of any vent. FIG. 25 illustrates a Vent Status dialog box utilized in the interface of one embodiment of the present invention. This dialog box preferably includes a drop
list containing all the vent paths in the data base, as well as radio buttons or other point-and-click commands which allow the operator to open or close a selected vent.
Again, in one embodiment of the invention, the process parameters may be entered by activation of a suitable command which opens one or more dialog boxes. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 26, a drop list box may be activated to allow for a
specification of the feed pressure or feed flow rate, the appropriate initial value and ramp rate for the pressure or flow, as well as the pressure units for these quantities (where pressure is specified). FIG. 27 illustrates a Miscellaneous Process
Parameters dialog box which allows the operator to access a drop list of resins to select a particular resin, specify initial pressures and temperatures, and desired units, as well as indicate whether the system should take into account dry spot
formation, or account for viscosity changes due to curing (identified as "Reaction" mode). Again, other process parameters may be similarly initialized, or may be changed at any time during the simulation (as further described hereinafter) by opening
the appropriate dialog box and entering the desired parameter.
The numerical parameters control the solution of the governing equations. They include the convergence tolerance, maximum number of iterations for solving the system of algebraic equations, and the minimum dry spot volume. These parameters also
preferably include the initial Variable Convergence Tolerance and the initial Variable Relaxation Parameter, in addition to the other error, convergence, and relaxation parameter minimum and maximum values employed by the error computation and
predictor/corrector logic employed by the system (as illustrated in FIGS. 16-19 and as discussed in detail hereinafter).
The convergence tolerance should have a value between 0-1. When the tolerance is low, the results are more accurate, but more iterations are needed to converge to the solution. If the solution does not converge in the given number of
iterations, the analysis program stops after writing an appropriate message on the screen.
An incipient dry spot is considered to have disappeared if its volume decreases below the minimum dry spot volume.
FIG. 28 illustrates a dialog box employed in one embodiment of the invention for specifying different numerical parameters utilized in solving the governing equations. This dialog box preferably includes a radio button or other similar command
for selecting Auto Convergence (which activayes the predictor/corrector logic of FIGS. 16-19, which employs an automatically varying convergence tolerance and relaxation parameter). When Auto Convergence is selected (as shown in FIG. 27), the maximum
percentage error as well as the maximum number of iterations may be input, while the convergence tolerance will be automatically adjusted by the system. It will be appreciated that the system preferably allows the operator to de-select Auto Convergence
and thereby permit the operator to specify a maximum error, a maximum number of iterations, and a convergence tolerance which remain constant during a selected simulation. Data entry boxes are also preferably provided for other numerical parameters, to
facilitate quick and easy control over the processing of the governing equations.
The Output Data
The data generated by the system can be divided into the following groups:
1) Summary of the mold filling status;
2) Node data; and
3) Element data.
Summary of the Mold Filling Status
The summary mold filling status data includes the following parameters:
a) present time,
b) total number of nodes filled,
c) feed pressure,
d) feed flow rate,
e) flow rate through open vents,
f) % error in the flow rate, and
g) number of iterations.
This summary data is generated after completing the computations for each time step. In the preferred embodiment, this summary data is also displayed on the screen for each time step.
The node data is a graphic representation of the pressure, fill time, fractions of the control volume filled, and degree of cure for each node at a particular selected point in the mold filling simulation. This data is can be displayed as the
simulation proceeds when requested by the operator. In one embodiment, the file is formatted in PATRAN neutral format, and can be directly read by the PATRAN interface for post-processing.
The element data includes the X, Y and Z components of the resin velocity in the global coordinate system for each element. As with the node data, this information is graphic and can be displayed continuously during the simulation. This data
may also be written to a data file in PATRAN neutral format so that it can be directly read and post-processed by PATRAN interface.
Thus, the system of the present invention includes logic for identifying the existence and location of incipient dry spots and tracking the change or disappearance in those incipient dry spots during the process. In the flow charts of FIGS. 5
and 6, respectively, the algorithms are displayed for identifying the incipient dry spots, and for the mold filling operation which incorporates incipient dry spot identification and evolution in the mold filling simulation process.
As previously described, the simulation is based on the front advancement scheme. It is assumed that the pressure distribution, flow rates, and the gas mass in the incipient dry spots remain constant during a time interval and their values are
used to find the new position of the front. After the new position of the front has been calculated, the governing equations are solved to calculate new pressure distribution. The gas is allowed to escape from an incipient dry spot if its pressure is
greater than the minimum of the resin pressures in the immediate surroundings.
As previously discussed, the whole preform is divided into triangular elements and the control-volume/finite element method is used to solve the governing equations. The outlet or the vent nodes can be opened or closed any time during the mold
filling. The open vent nodes are treated like sinks of infinite capacities and the node pressures are always equal to the vent pressure. When the vent nodes are closed, they behave like other interior nodes, i.e., their resin capacities are equal to
their control volumes and the node pressures are determined by solving Equations (1) and (2).
All the nodes, including the vent nodes, are divided into three groups, filled nodes, unfilled-connected nodes and unfilled-unconnected nodes. The filled nodes are the ones which are completely filled, i.e. fraction of the control-volume filled
is one. The unfilled-unconnected nodes are the ones which are not completely filled and are connected to the open vent nodes either directly or through other unfilled-connected nodes. The unfilled-unconnected nodes are the ones which are not completely
filled and are blocked from the open vent nodes by the filled nodes.
The unfilled-unconnected nodes may consist of one or more sub-regions, or so-called incipient dry spots, which are separated from each other by filled nodes. Nodes in an incipient dry spot form a subset of the unfilled-unconnected nodes and
every unfilled-unconnected node is a part of an incipient dry spot. In order to trace the dynamics of various incipient dry spots, we assign dry spot names or "IDs" to every unfilled node. The dry spot id of an unfilled-unconnected node is the number
of the dry spot to which it belongs. All the unfilled-connected nodes are assigned a dry spot id of zero.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the algorithm for identifying the incipient dry spots. The characterization of each of the nodes (as described above) and the identification of incipient dry spots is the most important task in the simulation
of dry spot formation.
First, the subroutine variables are initialized, then a list of unfilled-connected nodes is made (at 80). To do so, the system starts from the open vent nodes and employs a front tracking method. The open vent nodes are always
unfilled-connected nodes and make the initial set of front nodes. The system then searches (at 82) for all the unfilled nodes which are connected to the front nodes. These nodes form the second set of front nodes. The process is repeated until the set
of front nodes is a null set at which point (84) we have a complete list of unfilled-connected nodes. All these nodes are assigned zero as the dry spot id (at 86) and the system begins searching for the unfilled-unconnected nodes.
The unfilled nodes which are not unfilled-connected are unfilled-unconnected nodes. The system begins (at 88) by finding an unfilled-unconnected node which has not yet been flagged (i.e., LCHK is false). If an unfilled-unconnected node is
found, it becomes the first node in the newly formed incipient dry spot. In the subsequent discussion, this node is referred to as node UU1. The node UU1 must be a part of a dry spot which is named as DS1. A front tracking scheme is employed to create
a list of nodes in the dry spot DS1. The node UU1 makes the initial set of front nodes. The s unfilled nodes connected to the front nodes make the next set of front node. The process is repeated (at 90 and 92) until the set of front nodes is a null
set, at which point we have a complete list of nodes in the dry spot DS1. The search for another dry spot then begins (at 88) by searching for another unfilled-unconnected node for which LCHK is false (i.e., an unfilled-unconnected node which is not
included in an already identified dry spot). If another such node is found, the front tracking scheme is again employed to create a list of nodes connected to the node in this new dry spot. Once all the unconnected-unfilled nodes have been identified
and associated with a dry spot (i.e., LCHK=true for all unfilled-unconnected nodes), the system has developed a complete list of the incipient dry spots and the constituting nodes.
Returning now to FIG. 5, the system then determines, at 110, the volume and pressure for each incipient dry spot. The volume of an incipient dry spot is equal to the sum of the unfilled control volumes of all the nodes in the incipient dry spot. The pressure in the incipient dry spot is equal to the pressure of nodes in the incipient dry spot. All the nodes in an incipient dry spot have the same pressure. However, different incipient dry spots may be at different pressures. The pressures of
the unfilled-connected nodes are always equal to the vent pressure.
The pressure at the unfilled nodes and at the open vent nodes provide the one set of boundary conditions for equations (1) and (2). The feed flow rate, or the feed pressure, provides the other set of boundary conditions. The feed values at the
present time are calculated from the feed values from the previous time step and the ramp rate (at 112). The physical properties for all the partly filled and the completely filled elements are evaluated as well.
The governing equations are solved (at 116) to determine the pressures at the filled nodes. During the solution, the system also calculates a Relaxation Parameter Decrement Indicator (RPDI) signal, which is an indicator of whether the solutions
to the governing equations are oscillating within acceptable limits. It should be noted that the escape of air, in the form of small bubbles, from an incipient dry spot occurs if the dry spot pressure is greater than the minimum of the pressures at the
filled nodes in the immediate surroundings of the incipient dry spot. The incipient dry spot pressure and the pressures at the nodes in the incipient dry spot are therefore set (at 118) to be equal to the minimum of the pressures at the filled nodes in
the immediate surroundings of the incipient dry spot.
The adjustments (at 118) in incipient dry spot pressure change the boundary conditions for Equations (1) and (2). If such changes have occurred, these equations are solved again, at 116, with the new boundary pressure conditions. The process of
solving the governing equations and adjusting the incipient dry spot pressure is repeated until the incipient dry spot pressure is not greater than the minimum of the pressures at the filled nodes in the immediate surroundings of the incipient dry spot.
Note that the governing equations have to be re-solved only when the incipient dry spot pressure is greater than the minimum of the pressures at the filled nodes in immediate surroundings of the incipient dry spot and some gas escapes out of the
incipient dry spot.
After the governing equations have been solved such that no further adjustment in the incipient dry spot pressures are needed, the dry spot pressures, as well as the volumes, and mass of the gas in the dry spots is then determined at 120 using
the ideal gas law. It should be noted that the node pressures, the node flow rates, and mass of air in the incipient dry spots remain constant during the front advancement.
Once the pressure distribution in the preform is known, Equation (2) can also be solved to determine, at 122, the velocity in the filled and partly filled elements and, at 124, the net flow rate of the resin into the control volumes of the nodes. The net flow rate will be greater than zero only for the front nodes and will be zero for all other nodes. At 124, the time, DEL TIME1, required to fill the next node is calculated.
The system preferably estimates the error in the flux computations periodically during the process of solving the governing equations. Most preferably, this error estimation is conducted after the nodal flow rates are calculated (as indicated at
126 of FIG. 5). The error estimation logic determines the relative error in the flux (of, for example, mass, momentum or energy) through each control volume. In the preferred method, the following formulas are utilized:
______________________________________ TOTAL FLUX IN = NET INLET FLUX INTO THE CONTROL VOLUME THROUGH THE CONTROL VOLUME BOUND- ARIES + FLUX FROM A SOURCE IN THE CONTROL VOLUME. TOTAL FLUX OUT = NET INLET FLUX OUT OF THE CONTROL VOLUME
THROUGH THE CONTROL VOLUME BOUND- ARIES + FLUX TO A SINK IN THE CONTROL VOLUME. AND ERROR = [TOTAL FLUX IN - TOTAL FLUX OUT] /TOTAL FLUX IN ______________________________________
The overall error may be obtained by using different averaging and integrating techniques such as the simple integration of the error over the entire domain of interest, integration of the absolute errors over the entire domain of interest, or
integration of the squares of the errors over the entire domain of interest. If the entire domain of interest has a definite boundary (whether continuous or discontinuous) through which the flux is entering the domain of interest and a boundary (whether
continuous or discontinuous) through which the flux is leaving the domain of interest, the whole domain of interest can be considered as one control volume. It will be appreciated that the relative error can be calculated by other methods without
departing from the spirit of the present invention.
In one embodiment, the estimated error for the flux computation is utilized by predictor/corrector logic (at 126) which modifies a Variable Relaxation Parameter (VRP) and a Variable Convergence Tolerance (VCT) to keep the estimated error within
specified limits in a minimum number of iterations, thereby maximizing the chance of converging to the correct solution in an efficient manner. One particular algorithm for monitoring the estimated error and modifying the VRP and VCT to achieve accuracy
and computational efficiency in solving the governing equations is illustrated and described hereafter in connection with FIGS. 16-19.
The next step (at 128) is to determine the time interval, DEL TIME2, which is the minimum of the time required to raise the incipient dry spot pressures to the maximums of the pressures at the filled nodes in the immediate surroundings of the
incipient dry spots. The pressure of an incipient dry spot cannot be greater than the maximum of the filled node pressures in the immediate surroundings of the incipient dry spot. Knowing the time intervals and the resin flow rates at the front nodes,
the fraction filled of control-volumes of all the front nodes are calculated. This provides the new position of the front and the database for the filled nodes, unfilled nodes, and the front nodes are adjusted accordingly at 130.
During the front advancement, the mass of the air in the incipient dry spot remains constant but its volume decreases. The new volume of an incipient dry spot is determined (at 132) from the unfilled fractions of the control volumes of all the
nodes in the incipient dry spot. The incipient dry spot pressure is calculated using the ideal gas law. The incipient dry spot pressure is assigned to all the nodes in the incipient dry spot. Next, the pressure distribution in the preform is
The process is thus calculating nodal and dry spot variables for a given front position and advancing the front. This process is repeated until all the nodes are filled or the user chooses to stop the program.
As previously described, the system allows the user to open or close any of the vent ports at preselected stopping points in the simulation. When the vent ports are opened, the pressure associated with any unfilled connected nodes is set to the
open vent pressure, and the associated parameters for the filled nodes, unfilled nodes, and the front nodes are adjusted accordingly.
The above-described algorithm thus takes into account all of the following phenomena that may take place during the course of mold filling:
1) the formation of a new incipient dry spot;
2) air escaping from an incipient dry spot;
3) the disappearance of an incipient dry spot when a vent is opened; and
4) the split of an incipient dry spot into more than one incipient dry spot.
It should be noted that two or more incipient dry spots are not allowed to coalesce in the simulation, since it has been observed that the front at an incipient dry spot moves only into the dry spot. In other words, once some part of the preform
is filled, it cannot be unfilled. While slight movements of the vent side of the front away from the dry spot (toward the vent) occurs when the dry spot pressure is significantly and suddenly reduced by opening the vent, this movement is negligible
compared to the movement of the feed side of the front into the incipient dry spot, and may be ignored.
An implicit assumption is that the air bubbles always find their way to an open vent after they leave an incipient dry spot. While this assumption may not be true in all the cases, air bubble movements through a filled region are not tracked,
and it is assumed that the operator keeps the vents open for a sufficient time to allow all bubbles to reach open vents.
As also previously described, the system may be configured to allow the user to modify one or more process variables at any time during the simulation, so that the simulation can continue with the modified process variables, thereby obviating the
need to repeatedly re-run the simulation based upon the results of the previous simulation. In one embodiment of the system where the analysis engine and the system interface operate in parallel, the interface and the analysis engine run as two separate
processes on a multi-tasking computer. The operator may modify input variables via the interface. After the operator has made the desired modifications, the interface communicates the new values of the input variables to the analysis engine. The
analysis engine implements these changes after it completes the computations for the current time step. The analysis engine in this parallel mode also preferably communicates the values of the output variables to the interface at the end of each time
step. In this parallel mode, the operator may thus modify process variables without any interruption of the simulation.
In another embodiment of the invention, the analysis engine and interface operate in series. In this configuration, the in-process variable modification feature (generally shown in FIG. 15) may be implemented by allowing the operator to press a
control button or other special key to signal the analysis engine that a process variable is to be changed. When the analysis engine detects the signal, it relinquishes control to the interface. The user can then change the values of input variables
and continue the simulation. When the analysis engine detects the signal, it preferably first finishes its computations for the current time step, and then relinquishes control to the interface as described above. Alternatively, the analysis engine may
immediately relinquish control to the interface. In this case, each input variable that may be changed during the process utilizes two memory allocations, one memory allocation for the values being used by the analysis engine, and the other memory
allocation for any new values programmed during the simulation. When the operator continues the simulation, the analysis engine works with the old values of the input variables until it finishes the computations for the current time step, at which point
the new values received from the interface are copied to the variable memory locations utilized by the analysis engine.
The system can be run to simulate mold-filling under a selected variety of conditions, and may provide output useful for a variety of analyses, including for the following purposes:
1) Determination of the mold fill time;
2) Determination of the best pack and bleed sequence;
3) Determination of the best feed conditions; and
4) Determination of the best locations for the vent ports.
Determination Of The Fill Time
The system may be run to mimic the flow of resin inside the mold during the actual injection. In this mode, the user specifies the location of the feed and vent ports, the feed conditions (i.e., the resin feed velocity or pressure), and the pack
and bleed sequence. The system determines the flow front positions at various times until all the nodes are filled, or until the operator chooses to terminate the simulation.
Determination of the Best Pack and Bleed Sequence
The system may also be utilized to determine the best pack and bleed sequence given certain target criteria. For example, the system could generate the optimal pack and bleed sequence for generating the least amount of dry spots. Alternatively,
the system could generate the optimal pack and bleed sequence for minimum resin wastage.
The formation of small voids or air pockets (microvoids) between the filaments in the fiber mat preform depends upon the resin velocity at the front. The resin velocity at the front should not be less than an optimum value. Therefore, to
minimize the formation of microvoids, resin should be packed into the preform until the velocity at a dry spot front decreases below the optimum value, at which time bleeding should commence.
FIG. 7 illustrates the flow chart for this mode of use. In this mode, the user must provide the location of the feed and vent ports, and the feed conditions. The simulation is begun, at 60. A query time (i.e., a stopping point) is selected at
62, and the program continues to run until that point. The simulation stops at 64, when the cavity has been completely filled. If the cavity is not completely filled by the selected stopping time, the system identifies any incipient dry spots (at 66).
If there are no dry spots, the next query time is selected and the system resumes operation (at 62). If any incipient dry spots were discovered, the system determines, as 68, whether any of the vents is currently open. If no vents are open, the system
determines, at 70, whether the resin flow rate to any incipient dry spot is below a preset minimum value. If it is not, the next query time is set and the system resumes at 62.
If the resin flow rate has dropped below a minimum value at any dry spot, the vent nearest that incipient dry spot is open, at 72, and the simulation continues.
If the system determined that one or more of the vents were opened at 68, the system would then check to determine whether any open vent is open for a time greater than the preset maximum bleed time. If any of the vents have been open for a
period longer than the preselected maximum, at 74, the system closes those vents, at 76 to begin a packing sequence, and continues. If none of the vents have been open for a period longer than the preselected maximum bleed time, the system continues.
The system continues in operation until the cavity is completely filled, resulting in a mold filling process which may include one or more packing and/or bleeding sequences. It will be appreciated if no incipient dry spots are discovered, the
process will continue unabated until the mold fills. It is only upon the determination of incipient dry spots that the vents may be opened or closed to initiate bleeding or packing sequences, respectively, in order to eliminate the incipient dry spots.
Determination of the Best Feed Conditions
The flow chart illustrating this operation is shown in FIG. 8. The system finds the feed pressure as a function of time such that the resin velocity at the flow front is approximately equal to the resin velocity which will give the least amount
The operator specifies the location of the feed and vent ports and the recommended flow front velocity. The system begins the simulation, at 78, and the next query time (i.e. stopping point) is set at 80. At the preset stopping point, the
system determines, at 82, whether the mold has been completely filled. If it has, the simulation is complete. If the cavity is not filled, the system then determines, at 84, whether a preset pack or bleed sequence should be initiated. The system then
determines, at 86, whether the front velocity is greater, by a preselected amount, than the recommended velocity. If so, the feed pressure is decreased by a preselected increment. Similarly, the feed pressure is determined to be less by a preselected
amount than the recommended velocity, the feed pressure is increased by a preselected increment. Otherwise, the feed pressure is left the same.
After this operation (at 86), the next query time is set, and the program continues (at 80), until the cavity has been completely filled.
Determination of the Best Locations for the Vent Ports
This operation is illustrated in FIG. 9. Initially no vents are specified. The other process parameters, including the feed conditions, are initialized at 90. The system begins the simulation, at 92, and the next query time (i.e., stopping
point) is set at 94. At the next query time, the system determines, at 96, whether the mold has been completely filled. If it has, the simulation is complete.
If the mold is not completely filled, the system then determines, at 98, the existence and location of any incipient dry spots. If no incipient dry spots are found, the next query time is set and the system continues at 94.
If any incipient dry spots are found, the system determines, for each incipient dry spot, if there is a vent at a nearby edge node (at 100). If there is a vent, the system determines, at 102, whether a predefined pack or bleed sequence should be
If there is no vent at an edge node near each incipient dry spot, the system adds a vent, at 104, at a nearby edge node for each such dry spot. If a vent is added, the simulation is stopped and a new simulation is initiated, at 90, this time
with the installed vent(s). This process is repeated until the vents have been installed at all appropriate locations and all the nodes are filled.
FIGS. 10-16 illustrate output from two exemplary simulations performed by the system of the present invention. In both cases, the part geometry was "H" shaped, as shown in each of FIGS. 10, 11 and 13-15. The mold 200 had linear feed ports
(paths) 202, 204 at the bottom of the left and right sections of the mold 200. The mold 200 was provided with only one vent port (port) 206 located at the top of the left section of the mold 200.
The resin permeability in the preform was 1.0 E-9 m.sup.2, and racetracking was neglected. The resin viscosity was 3.0 E-2 Pa-s. The initial pressure in the mold cavity and the vent pressure were 1.0 E-5 Pa. The initial feed pressure was 2.0
E-5 Pa. The feed pressure was increased at a ramp rate of 2.0 E-3 Pa/s for 400 seconds, after which the feed ramp rate was set to 0.
In the first simulation, air entrapment was not taken into account, and the mold cavity filled in 220 seconds. The flow front positions at various times are shown in FIG. 10. In particular, the fronts at 208, 210 existed at 50 seconds. The
next front at 212, 214 existed at 100 seconds. The next front at 216-222 existed at 150 seconds. The last front, indicated at 224, 226 was measured at 200 seconds, and the mold filled completely in 220 seconds.
FIG. 11 illustrates the predicted pressure distribution at the end of the first mold filling simulation. At 220 seconds, the feed pressure was 6.5 E-5 Pa and the vent pressure was 1.0 E-5 Pa. The pressures at 228, 230 was 6.0 E-5 Pa. At 232,
234, the pressure was 5.0 E-5 Pa. At 236, the pressure was 4.0 E-5 Pa. At 238, the pressure was 3.0 E-5 Pa, and at 240 the pressure was 2.0 E-5 Pa. It should be noted that the mold is completely filled and there is no flow into the top portion of the
right section. Hence, the pressure gradient is 0 in that region.
When the system does not take air entrapment into account, it assumes that the pressure in the unfilled region is always equal to the initial pressure. Such simulations may work well if the vents are always open and the feed and vent ports are
located such that the air displaced by the resin always finds its way to an open vent. However, in real RTM processes, the vents may be closed initially to reduce the resin wastage. Also, a pack and bleed sequence may be employed. Under these
circumstances, the trapped air pressure is usually higher than the initial pressure. Since the difference between the feed pressure and the pressure in the unfilled region provides the driving force for the resin flow, simulations which do not take air
entrapment into account predict shorter than actual mold filling times.
In addition to the mold filling times, it is also important to know not only the locations of the incipient dry spots, but also the number of times a pack and bleed cycle should be applied in order to expel the trapped air.
In the second simulation, the pack and bleed sequence shown in FIG. 12 was imposed during the mold filling simulation. In the Figure, an X indicates when the vent was closed, and a circle indicates when the vent was opened. The continuous line
illustrates the feed flow rate in cubic centimeters per second. The part geometry, the resin feed pressure, the resin viscosity, the initial and vent pressures, and the resin permeability in the preform were the same as those of the first simulation
As illustrated in FIG. 13, the incipient dry spot configuration changed as the flow front advanced into the mold cavity 200. At the beginning of the mold filling, all the nodes were unfilled and the vent was closed. At this point, the entire
mold cavity could be considered an incipient dry spot. The predicted flow front at 50 seconds is shown at 242, 244. At 100 seconds, 246, 248. At 150 seconds, 250-256. At time equal to 150 seconds, three incipient dry spots were identified. These dry
spots, referred to as IDSP 1 (at the space between the resin flow front 256 and the vent 206). The second dry spot, referred to as IDSP 2 was located in the space between flow fronts 252 and 254. The third incipient dry spot, referred to as IDSP 3 was
then located in the space between the front 250 and the top right section 274 of the mold 200. As the flow front advanced past 250-266, the incipient dry spots shrank and their pressure increased. At 300 seconds, 258, 260, and at 500 seconds, 262, 264.
It should be noted that, by comparing the flow fronts in FIG. 13 with those shown in FIG. 10, it is evident that the trapped air slowed down the resin flow into the cavity. Indeed, approximately 500 seconds after starting the mold filling, the
pressure in the unfilled region approached the feed pressure and more resin could not be packed into the cavity. All of the mold cavity was then at the same pressure, 10.0 E-5 Pa.
Since a mold with trapped air cannot be completely filled without allowing the trapped air to escape through an open vent, the vent port was opened at about 500 seconds. The pressure distribution immediately after opening the vent path (at 500
seconds) is illustrated in FIG. 14. The pressure at fronts 280 and 282 was predicted to be at 9.0 E-5 Pa. The pressures at 284, 286 were predicted at 8.0 E-5 Pa. The pressures at 288, 290 were predicted at 7.0 E-5 Pa. The pressures at 292, 294 were
predicted at 6.0 E-5 Pa. At 296, 298, the pressures were predicted to be at 5.0 E-5 Pa. And, fronts 298, 300, and 302, the pressures were predicted at 4.0 E-5, 3.0 E-5 and 2.0 E-5 Pa, respectively.
Before opening the vent path, three incipient dry spots were identified, IDSP.sub.-- 1 at the top of the left section, IDSP.sub.-- 2 at the center of the middle section, and IDSP.sub.-- 3 at the top of the right section. The incipient dry spot
IDSP.sub.-- 1 contained the vent path as well. When the vent path was opened, all the trapped air escaped. Moreover, IDSP.sub.-- 1 disappeared because the nodes which were once part of IDSP.sub.-- 1 are directly connected to the open vent and the air
is not trapped at those nodes. Pressure at the nodes which were once part of IDSP.sub.-- 1 instantaneously decreased to the vent pressure. The incipient dry spots which contain the vent path are referred to as Type I incipient dry spots.
In this simulation, sufficient amounts of air escaped instantaneously to the open vent from the incipient dry spots IDSP.sub.-- 2 and IDSP.sub.-- 3 to make the pressures equal to the minimums of the pressures in their immediate surroundings.
While the pressure in IDSP.sub.-- 2 was uniform, there was significant difference between the minimum and the maximum of the immediate surrounding pressures while the vent was still open. As shown in FIG. 10, the IDSP.sub.-- 2's volume decreased sharply
after opening the vent path and IDSP.sub.-- 2 disappeared within 15 seconds (before the vent path was closed). The incipient dry spots for which there is a significant difference between the minimum and maximum of the immediate surrounding pressures
during bleeding are called Type II incipient dry spots.
There was no significant difference between the minimum and maximum pressures at the immediate surroundings of IDSP.sub.-- 3. As can be seen in FIG. 10, there was no significant reduction in the IDSP.sub.-- 3's volume during bleeding. The
reduction in volume during packing depended upon the ratio of the IDSP.sub.-- 3's pressure during bleeding and the feed pressure. In our simulation experiment, the feed pressure was 10.0 E-5 Pa and the IDSP.sub.-- 3's pressure during bleed was 9.2 E-5
Pa. There was approximately 9 percent reduction in the dry spot volume during one packing and bleed cycle. The incipient dry spots for which there is no significant difference between the minimum and maximum of the immediate surrounding pressures
during bleeding are called Type III incipient dry spots.
In the simulation, the system assumed that air escaped instantaneously from the incipient dry spots as soon as the vent was opened. This assumption may be valid for incipient dry spots of Type I, which contain one or more closed vent paths, and
the air can escape without trickling through the filled part of the preform. The assumption may also be valid for incipient dry spots of Types II and III if the porosity of the preform is sufficiently high. But, when the preform's porosity is low, the
escape of air is a rate process. Since the system does not include in the analysis the dynamics of air momentum through the filled cavity or preform, the process engineer must bleed for times long enough to allow the air bubbles that escaped from the
incipient dry spots to find their way to open vents, or else these bubbles will be trapped again and more dry spots or patches will appear. The dynamics of air bubbles through the filled cavity or preform depends mainly upon the preform porosity. The
higher the porosity, the faster the trickling rate.
Categorization of the dry spots provides valuable information as to how to eliminate them. The user divides the incipient dry spots into three types. The Type I incipient dry spot contains the closed vent paths, and will disappear after the
vent paths are opened. The Type II incipient dry spot is one for which there is a significant difference between the minimum and the maximum of the resin pressures in the immediate surroundings during the bleed step. The Type II dry spots fill during
packing as well as bleeding and the trapped air escapes to the open vent throughout the duration of bleeding. Type III incipient dry spots are the ones for which there is no significant difference between the minimum and the maximum pressures in the
immediate surroundings during the bleeding step. These dry spots are the most difficult to eliminate except, by adding vents to the mold at suitable locations.
FIGS. 16-19 illustrate one embodiment of the predictor/corrector logic which may employed by the present invention. Referring to FIG. 16, when called (such as at 97 in FIG. 5), this subroutine first determines the changes in the values of the
variable(s) of interest for the entire domain of interest. As previously described, the variable of interest may be mass, momentum or energy. The domain of interest may be a set of all of the control volumes illustrated in FIG. 3, a selected subset of
these control volumes, or another predefined set of control volumes. And, as previously described, the whole domain of interest may be considered as one control volume if it has a definite boundary through which the flux is entering the domain of
interest and a boundary through which the flux is leaving the domain of interest. As also previously described, this subroutine is called periodically during the iterative solution of the governing equations, and is preferably called at each iteration
in the solution of the governing equations.
At the end of the ith iteration, the variable changes may be denoted as RC(i, i-1). The system next determines the Relative Change Product (RCP) for each variable by multiplying RC(i, i-1) by RC(i, i-2). The system next determines the Relative
Change Product Signal (RCPS) value. This value may be the average of all the RCP values, the minimum of the RCP values, or the RCP value for a particular control volume in the domain of interest.
If the RCPS is below an RCPS Threshold, the Relaxation Parameter Decrement Indicator (RPDI) is set. It should be noted that the value of the RCPS Threshold may be determined by trial and error. In simulations of the type described herein, an
RCPS Threshold of approximately 0.1-0.4 has been utilized.
Referring now to FIG. 17, the estimated error is preferably determined once the nodal flow rates have been calculated, (such as at 126 in FIG. 5). If the RPDI is on, the VRP is reduced by a specified value. If the number of iterations is less
than the maximum number of allowed iterations and the absolute value of the estimated error is greater than the Intolerable Error Threshold (IET), the VCT is reduced by a specified value to urge convergence to the solution. If the number of iterations
is greater than the maximum allowed iterations, a system error may be generated to indicate that the system is not converging to a solution within the specified number of iterations.
Referring to FIG. 18, the system checks to see if the VRP is greater than a specified VRP Maximum Value and, if so, the VRP is set to the Maximum Value. After setting the VRP equal to the Maximum Value, the system decreases the VCT, again to
urge convergence to the solution. If the VRP is not greater than the VRP Maximum Value, then the system checks to see if the VRP is less than a specified VRP Minimum Value. If the VRP is less than the specified Minimum Value, the system sets the VRP to
the VRP Minimum Value and returns. If the RPDI is off, the system proceeds to the logic illustrated in FIG. 19.
Referring now to FIG. 19, if the number of iterations is less than the maximum iterations, the system proceeds to determine whether the absolute value of the estimated error is greater than an Intolerable Error Threshold (IET). If so, the system
increases the VRP by a specified value to speed up the convergence to the solution), and reduces the VCT to force convergence to the solution. If the absolute value of the estimated error is not greater than the IET, but is greater than an Acceptable
Error Threshold (AET), the system increases the VRP by a specified value to speed up the convergence to the solution. If the absolute value of the estimated error is less than the AET, but greater than a Low Error Threshold (LET), the system continues
as described in FIG. 18. If the absolute value of the estimated error is less than the LET, however, the VCT is increased by a specified value to force convergence to the solution within the acceptable error limit in the least number of iterations, and
the system proceeds as illustrated in FIG. 18.
It should be noted that the thresholds and amounts, as well as the specified amounts by which the VCT and VRP are incremented and/or decremented may be determined by trial and error. For example, it has been determined that an LET of
approximately 1-10% of the AET is useful, and, in one embodiment it was found to be particularly useful to set the LET at about 0.5%, set the AET at about 5%, and set the IET at about 10%.
It will be appreciated that the above-described predictor/corrector regime is preferable over methods which employ unchanging convergence tolerances and relaxation parameters, since the system can automatically relax or tighten the parameters
depending upon the change in the variables and the estimated error encountered at each iteration of the process of attempting to solve the governing equations. Thus, by dynamically varying the convergence tolerance and the relaxation parameter, the
system can more efficiently converge to a correct solution to the general equations.
While the best mode for carrying out the invention has been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention as defined by the