versão impressa ISSN 0004-2730
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab vol.54 no.5 São Paulo 2010
Análise molecular dos genes PROP1 e HESX1 em pacientes com displasia septo-ótica e/ou deficiência hormonal hipofisária
Juliana B. CruzI; Vania S. NunesI; Sueli A. ClaraI; Denise PeroneI; Peter KoppII; Célia R. NogueiraI
IUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
IIDivisão de Endocrinologia, Metabologia e Medicina Molecular, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed at evaluating the PROP1 and HESX1 genes in a group of patients with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) and pituitary hormone deficiency (combined - CPHD; isolated GH deficiency - GHD). Eleven patients with a clinical and biochemical presentation consistent with CPHD, GHD or SOD were evaluated.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In all patients, the HESX1 gene was analyzed by direct sequence analysis and in cases of CPHD the PROP1 gene was also sequenced.
RESULTS: A polymorphism (1772 A > G; N125S) was identified in a patient with SOD. We found three patients carrying the allelic variants 27 T > C; A9A and 59 A > G; N20S in exon 1 of the PROP1 gene. Mutations in the PROP1 and HESX1 genes were not identified in these patients with sporadic GHD, CPHD and SOD.
CONCLUSION: Genetic alterations in one or several other genes, or non-genetic mechanisms, must be implicated in the pathogenic process.
Keywords: DNA mutational analysis; septo-optic dysplasia; pituitary hormonal deficiency
OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os genes PROP1 e HESX1 em um grupo de pacientes com displasia septo-óptica (DSO) e deficiência hormonal hipofisária (combinada - DHHC; ou deficiência isolada de GH - DGH). Onze pacientes com apresentação clínica e bioquímica consistente com DHHC, DGH ou DSO foram avaliados.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Em todos os pacientes, o gene HESX1 foi analisado pelo sequenciamento direto e, nos casos de DHHC, o gene PROP1 foi também sequenciado.
RESULTADOS: Um polimorfismo no gene HESX1 (1772 A > G; N125S) foi identificado em um paciente com DSO. Foram encontrados três pacientes portadores da variação alélica 27 T > C; A9A e 59 A > G; N20S no éxon 1 do gene PROP1. Mutações no gene PROP1 e HESX1 não foram identificadas nesses pacientes com DGH, DHHC e DSO esporádicos.
CONCLUSÃO: Alterações genéticas em um ou diversos outros genes ou mecanismos não genéticos devem estar implicados nesse processo patogênico.
Descritores: Análise mutacional do DNA; displasia septo-óptica; deficiência hormonal hipofisária
The pituitary gland is composed of the adenohypophysis, which is comprised of an anterior and intermediate lobe, and the neurohypophysis, which consists of projections of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons (1). During development, the oral ectoderm invaginates to form the primordial rudimentary pituitary, also known as Rathke's pouch, which proliferates toward the third ventricle, where it merges with the posterior lobe (2). The posterior lobe is neural in origin, deriving from an evagination of the ventral hypothalamus and of the third ventricle (3).
At birth, the anterior pituitary is composed of five cell types that are defined by the hormones that they secrete: corticotrophs (ACTH), thyrotrophs (TSH), somatotrophs (GH), gonadotrophs (FSH and LH) and lactotrophs (PRL). A series of transcription factors such as Pit1 (pituitary specific transcription factor 1), PROP1 (prophet of Pit1), HESX1 (Homeobox embryonic stem cell), LHX3 (Lim homeobox gene 3), LHX4 (Lim homeobox gene 4), Pitx1/2 (Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1/2), and TPIT (T Box transcription factor), act in a temporally regulated manner to permit the progressive differentiation of these cell types (4).
Mutations in the genes encoding these factors are responsible for structural defects of the pituitary gland and hormonal deficiencies. Depending on the mutated transcription factor, these defects can be isolated, such as for example growth hormone deficiency (GHD), or they result in various forms of combined pituitary hormone deficiencies (CPHD) (5-7). The present study aimed at evaluating the PROP1 and HESX1 genes in a group of patients with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), CPHD and isolated GHD.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Informed consent, patient assent, and approval of the hospital's Ethics Committee were obtained before initiating the study.
Eleven patients with a clinical and biochemical presentation consistent with CPHD, GHD or SOD were evaluated.
The clinical data of patients were extracted from medical charts and included phenotypic characteristics, history of consanguinity, family history, auxological parameters and hormonal evaluation.
The criteria for inclusion were:
Growth hormone deficiency: Patients with a height less than two standard deviations (SD) below the mean, and two independent stimulation tests confirming growth hormone deficiency. The diagnostic criterion of GH deficiency was a peak GH level after stimulation < 7.0 ng/mL in the radioimmunoassay. In children with subnormal values of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 associated with low growth velocity and deficiency of other pituitary hormones, the stimulation tests were not performed. Deficiency of two or more pituitary hormones was established by formal biochemical evaluation of all endocrine axes.
Septo-optic dysplasia was diagnosed based on two or more of the following findings: 1) hypoplasia of the optic nerve, 2) midline abnormalities (including agenesis of the corpus callosum and absence of the septum pellucidum, 3) pituitary hypoplasia with hormonal deficiencies.
We studied three patients with SOD, three patients with GHD and five patients with CPHD.
To assess the function of the anterior pituitary the following hormones and binding proteins were determined: TSH, free T4, PRL, LH, FSH, GH, IGF-1, IGFBP3, Cortisol and Testosterone.
Measurement of TSH, free T4, PRL, LH, FSH, Cortisol - Chemiluminescence assay using Immulite 2000 Kits (DPC, Los Angeles, CA).
Measurement of IGF-I: Immunoradiometric assay after ethanol extraction utilizing a specific monoclonal antibody kit (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories Inc. (DSL), Webster, TX, USA).
Measurement of IGFBP3 - Immunoradiometric assay kit (DSL, Webster, TX, USA).
Measurement of GH and free testosterone - Radioimmunoassay (RIA). A value of less than 7 ng/mL was considered as insufficient in the GH stimulation test.
Clonidine test: (oral administration of 100 ug/m2 of body surface) with blood drawn for GH dosing at baseline, and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after administration of clonidine.
Insulin tolerance test: hypoglycemia was induced by i.v. administration of 0.1 U/kg of insulin. 200 μg of TRH and 100 μg of GnRH were administered at baseline for testing of the gonadal and thyroid axes. Peripheral blood was drawn for determining glucose, GH, cortisol, TSH, PRL, LH and FSH at the following points in time -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after administration of insulin.
The brain and specifically the hypothalamic-pituitary region were imaged by magnetic resonance to obtain coronary and sagittal cuts at T1 with TR 350 and TE = 20 using a Tesla 0.5 magnet (Sigma GE, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA).
After obtaining informed consent from all the patients and their relatives, blood was collected for genetic testing. Analysis of the HESX1 gene was performed using genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. Exons 1, 2, 3 and 4 were amplified by PCR with the following primers:
2R: 5'AAGTGAGTGGGCTTTTGCTC 3';
Amplification was performed with 100 ng of genomic DNA in a 25 μL reaction containing 20 pM of each primer, 10 X buffer (50 mM KCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.4), 1.0 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, and 1.25 U Taq DNA Polymerase (Gibco-BRL). The following PCR conditions were used: initial denaturation for 5 minutes at 94ÚC, 30 cycles with 30 s at 94ÚC, 30 s at 55ÚC, 30 s at 72ÚC and a terminal extension at 72ÚC for 10 minutes.
Analysis of the PROP1 gene was performed using genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. Exons 1, 2 and 3 were amplified by PCR with the following primers:
2R: 5' CTCAATGCAGTTGCTCCGATG3';
3R: 5' ATTTCTAATCGGTGAGCTGACCC3'.
Amplification was performed with 100 ng of genomic DNA in a 25 μL reaction containing 20 pM of each primer, 10 X buffer (50 mM KCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.4), 1.0 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, and 1.25 U Taq DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen). The following PCR conditions were used: initial denaturation for 3 minutes at 95ºC, 30 cycles of 30 s at 95ºC, 30 s at 60ºC, 2 minutes at 72ºC and a terminal extension at 72ºC for 5 minutes.
PCR products were analyzed on 1% agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide and visualized with UV light. After PCR amplification, both strands were sequenced using a Genetic Analyzer 3100 Sequencer (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA). Sequencing was performed in the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine - Unesp.
The 11 patients were divided into the following groups according to the clinical presentation (Table 1):
1. Septo-optic dysplasia (patients 1, 2, 3).
2. Isolated GH deficiency (patients 6, 7, 8).
3. Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (patients 4, 5, 9, 10, 11).
All the exons of the HESX1 gene were amplified at the expected sizes. In the SOD patient group, sequence analysis revealed an allelic variant in patient 2, consisting of a 1772 A > G transition (Figure 1) that results in replacement of an asparagine with a serine at position 125 (N125S). In the GHD patient group no sequence alterations could be identified. In the CPHD patient group, no mutations were found in the HESX1 gene. In patients 4 and 5, a monoallelic variant (27 T > C; A9A) was found in exon 1 of the PROP1 gene (Figure 2) and patient 10 was homozygous for this variant. (Figure 3). A further biallelic variant (59 A > G; A20S) was found patients 4, 5 and 10 (Figure 4).
Monoallelic and biallelic mutations in the HESX1 gene are associated with a large spectrum of clinical phenotypes. At present, eleven mutations of the gene have been described. The patients presented with midline defects, optic nerve hypoplasia, neuro-pituitary ectopia and pituitary hypoplasia associated with hormonal deficiencies (8). Individuals homozygous for the recessive mutation R160C presented with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD/Morsier's syndrome) with agenesis of the corpus callosum and CPHD (9). Nevertheless, individuals with monoallelic mutation presented with milder phenotypes suggesting that they result from haploinsufficiency of the HESX1 protein (10).
The reported incidence of SOD is 1/10,000 live births, and it is equally prevalent among males and females. Despite the generally sporadic nature of the condition, familial cases have been described. To date, Dattani and cols., have tracked more than 800 patients with SOD and pituitary hormone deficiency and identified mutations in less than 1% of individuals, confirming the rarity of mutations in HESX1 (11).
The frequency of mutations in the HESX1 gene is low, mutations in other genes are involved in the pathogenesis of SOD. For example, mutations in the SOX3 and SOX2 genes in combination with environmental factors such as very young maternal age, have been identified in individuals with SOD (8). Furthermore, mutations in other transcription factors such as PROP1; PIT1, LHX3 and LHX4 can cause CPHD, whereas mutations in the growth hormone releasing receptor (GHRHR) gene are responsible for the majority of cases of GHD (12,13).
To date, 22 mutations have been described in the PROP1 gene in more than 170 patients suggesting that mutations in this gene may be the most common cause of CPHD accounting for approximately 50% of all familial cases. The incidence of PROP1 mutations in sporadic cases is much lower (14,15). In 2005, Turton and cols. (16), performed a mutational screen in a cohort of CPHD patients, consisting of 189 sporadic cases and 44 familial cases. The prevalence of mutations in the PROP1 gene in sporadic cases was very low (1.1%) compared to familial cases (29.5%) (16). In the same year, Rainbow and cols. (17), studied the PROP1 gene in 27 children with CPHD from 26 families (there were only 3 families with more than 1 member affected); they did not find any mutations in the PROP1 gene, but a high incidence of a silent polymorphism (27 T > C; A9A). The authors attributed these latter findings to the ethnic background of the studied patients and to the probable presence of a founder effect in certain regions with a high number of affected patients (17). However, it cannot be excluded that the observed polymorphism is in linkage disequilibrium with an undiscovered disease-causing mutation in a regulatory or intronic region.
In familial cases, all affected individuals are homozygous for inactivating mutations. The majority of the mutations described to date are located in the homeo- domain of the DNA binding site, which forms a highly conserved region in mice and humans, with approximately 91% homology among the nucleotides. The loss of function in these mutations is due to a lack of DNA-binding and transactivation capacity. The most common mutation in the PROP1 gene, corresponding to 50%-72% of all familial cases, is the deletion of 2 base pairs in exon 2, resulting in a frameshift mutation in codon 101 and introduction of a stop codon at position 109 (14).
As an exception to the usual location of PROP1 mutations, Reynaud and cols. (18) described a mutation downstream from the homeodomain, leading to substitution of a tryptophan residue and introduction of a stop codon at position 194 in the transactivation domain. This truncated protein retains only 34% of transcriptional activity when compared to the wild-type (18).
In 2000, Osório and cols. (19) described a novel 263T > C transition in exon 2 of the PROP-1 gene, resulting in the substitution of phenylalanine 88 by serine. F88, which corresponds to position 20 of the homeodomain in transcription factors of this class, constitutes the hydrophobic core of the first α-helix forming the homeodomain. This finding underscores the critical role of this highly conserved hydrophobic phenylalanine in the structure and function of the homeodomain of PROP-1 (19).
In 2009, Dattani and cols. (20) ascertained three pedigrees with PROP1 mutations from a large cohort of patients with variable degrees of CPHD and described four novel mutations in PROP1 gene (20). The phenotypic variation observed in association with PROP1 mutations both within and between families, together with the evolving nature of hormone deficiencies and sometimes changing pituitary morphology indicates a need for continual monitoring of these patients (20).
We did not find any mutation of the PROP1 gene in the five CPHD patients studied. Our results are in accordance with literature, since the incidence of mutation in sporadic cases is very low. We confirmed three patients had allelic variant A9A and N2S, which has already been described as polymorphism (21).
Among the patients with SOD, we found one individual with a monoallelic variant 59 A > G; N125S, a polymorphism previously described in the Afro-Caribbean population. Brickman and cols. (19), analyzing 461 patients, found 5 patients of Afro-Caribbean descent with variable severity of SOD with this allelic variant (9). Analyzing the DNA of 42 normal individuals of Afro-Caribbean background, they encountered 5 individuals homozygous for the wild-type allele, 17 individuals homozygous and 20 heterozygous for the 59 A > G; N125S allelic variant. Brickman and cols. (9) suggested that this variation may not be entirely silent, because the replacement of a serine with a proline at position 18 corresponds to the Prop1 homeodomain mutation implicated in the phenotype of the Ames dwarf mouse (9).
The absence of HESX1 mutations in SOD patients is consistent with the findings of other mutational screens. The finding suggests that mutations in one or several other genes, possibly in conjunction with environmental factors or stochastic developmental defects, are involved in the pathogenesis of SOD phenotypes (21).
Disclosure: no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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Juliana B. Cruz
Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu
Departamento de Clínica Médica
Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/nº
18603-970 - Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Received on Jan/25/2010
Accepted on Jun/14/2010