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A soil crust is a layer of soil whose particles cohere because of organic material including live organisms and what they produce. Soil crusts develop most commonly in arid and semi-arid environments by biological organisms from diverse lineages binding together inorganic and organic portions of the soils. Organisms may include eukaryotic algae and fungi and prokaryotic bacteria including Crinalium epipsammum, a species of cyanobacteria that works with green algae to form crusts on coastal dunes.
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