Oxidant stress due to non ionic low osmolar contrast medium in rat kidney.
Background & objectives: Contrast media may cause
contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in risk group. This study was taken
up to establish possible effects of non ionic low osmolar contrast
medium administration on oxidant/antioxidant status and nitric oxide
(NO) levels in rat kidney tissues.
Methods: Fourteen female, 14 wk old Wistar-albino rats were divided into 2 groups of 7 rats each (control and contrast groups). Non ionic low osmolar contrast medium was administered iv to the animals in the contrast group. The day after, animals were sacrificed and malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO levels and activities of antioxidant [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT)] and oxidant [xanthine oxidase (XO)] enzymes were measured in kidney tissues. Serum creatinine levels were measured to evaluate kidney functions.
Results: Contrast medium administration caused an increase in MDA levels and a decrease in NO levels in kidney tissues.
Interpretation & conclusions: The results suggest that non ionic low osmolar contrast medium administration leads to accelerated oxidant reactions and decreased NO level in rat kidney tissues. Further studies need to be done to assess the role of these changes in CIN.
Key words Nephrotoxicity--non ionic low osmolar contrast medium--oxidant/antioxidant status
|Article Type:||Clinical report|
(Care and treatment)
Kidney diseases (Research)
Antioxidants (Health aspects)
Oxidative stress (Health aspects)
Oxidative stress (Research)
Erguder, Imge B.
|Publication:||Name: Indian Journal of Medical Research Publisher: Indian Council of Medical Research Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Biological sciences; Health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2009 Indian Council of Medical Research ISSN: 0971-5916|
|Issue:||Date: Oct, 2009 Source Volume: 130 Source Issue: 4|
|Topic:||Event Code: 310 Science & research|
|Geographic:||Geographic Scope: India Geographic Code: 9INDI India|
Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is defined as an acute
deterioration of renal function following administration of contrast
medium in the absence of any other known reason. It is characterized by
an increase in serum creatinine of more than 25 per cent above baseline
level within 48 h. The risk factors for CIN are pre-existing renal
failure, presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), volume of contrast medium
used, dehydration, congestive heart failure, advanced age and
simultaneous usage of nephrotoxic drugs. (1) Renal medullary ischaemia
following contrast induced intrarenal vasoconstriction, direct
cytotoxicity, oxidative tissue damage and apoptosis are possible
pathophysiological mechanisms implied for CIN. (2) Various properties of
contrast media such as osmolality, ionic or non ionic nature and
viscosity have been suggested to contribute to CIN. (3)
It has been proposed that there is a balance between oxidants and antioxidant defense mechanisms under normal conditions, and disturbance in this balance lead to oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radicals ([O.sub.2.sup.-].) are known as potent oxidants and ischaemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of oxidative stress. (4) Nitric oxide (NO) has physiological functions such as vasodilator in regulation of blood pressure, neurotransmitter in the brain, and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. (5)
In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of non ionic low osmolar contrast medium administration on oxidant/antioxidant status and NO levels in rat kidney tissues.
Material & Methods
Contrast medium: Low osmolar and non ionic iomeprol (Iomeron 300 produced by Santa Farma, Italy) having 300 mg iodine per milliliter was used as contrast medium in this study. Osmolality and viscosity of the contrast medium were 521 [+ or -] 24 mOsm/kg-water at 37 [degrees]C and 4.5 [+ or -] 0.4 mPas at 37 [degrees]C, respectively.
Animals: Female Wistar-albino rats (14 wk old, 200 [+ or -] 10g body weight) were purchased from Laboratory Animals Unite of Ankara Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara. They were divided into 2 groups of 7 rats each (control and contrast groups). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ankara Teaching and Research Hospital. The contrast medium was given as a single dose of 10 ml/kg (iodin e load in 3 g/kg) by iv route to the animals in the contrast group. (6) This dose is higher than the clinical doses. (7) (approx. 600 mg/kg of human body) used in basic clinical care. Animals in the control group were given physiological saline (0.9 % NaCl solution in distilled water) as control vehicle at the dose of 10 ml/kg. (6) Twenty four hours after the administration of contrast medium or control vehicle, the animals were treated with ketamine--HCl (100 mg/kg) and were sacrificed. Their kidney tissues were removed for biochemical analyses. Blood samples were obtained from inferior vena cava of the animals just before sacrifice for the determination of serum creatinine levels.
Biochemical analysis: Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO, andactivities of antioxidant [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT)] and oxidant (xanthine oxidase, XO) enzymes were measured in kidney tissues. The tissues were homogenized in physiological saline (1 g in 5 ml) using a homogenizer (B. Braun MelsungenAG 853202, Germany) and then, centrifuged at 4000 x g for 20 min (Heraus Labofur 200, Germany). Clear supernatants were removed to be used in the analyses. Protein levels were measured by using the Lowry's method8, MDA levels by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method, (9) and XO activity was determined by measuring uric acid formation from xanthine substrate at 293 nm. (10) GSH-Px activity was measured by following changes in NADPH absorbance at 340 nm. (11) and CAT activity by measuring decrease of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] absorbance at 240 nm. (12) In the activity calculations (IU--international unit), extinction coefficients of uric acid, [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] and NADPH were used for XO, CAT and GSH-Px, respectively. SOD activity was measured by the method based on nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction rate. One unit for SOD activity was expressed as the enzyme protein amount causing 50 per cent inhibition in NBT reduction rate. (13) Level of NO was measured by the method based on the Griess reaction. (14) Since nitrate anion does not give reaction, the samples were treated with cadmium to reduce nitrate anions into nitrite anions before NO assay. (15) Serum creatinine levels were measured by the method based on the colour reaction between alkaline picrate and creatinine. (16) All spectrophotometric measurements were made by using an UV-visible spectrophotometer (Unicam He[lambda]ios alpha, England).
Statistical analysis: Student's t test was used to determine differences between the groups. P<0.05 were considered as significant.
Results & Discussion
It was found that MDA levels increased (0.804 [+ or -] 0.176 vs. 0.553 [+ or -] 0.068 nmol/mg; P<0.01) and NO levels decreased (2.160 [+ or -] 0.247 vs. 2.768 [+ or -] 0.412 [micro]mol/mg; P<0.01) significantly in contrast group as compared with control group (Table).
CIN is known to be one of the most important complications of the use of contrast media. It causes hospital-acquired acute renal failure (ARF). (17) Three mechanisms viz, direct or indirect haemodynamic effects, direct contrast medium molecule tubular toxicity, and endogenous biochemical disturbances have been proposed for the pathophysiology of contrast-induced ARF. (18) Haemodynamic effects include pre-renal dehydration and hypotension, medullary ischaemia, increased endothelin and adenosine, and decreased NO. Endogenous biochemical disturbances are increases in ROS production and/or decreases in antioxidant defense capacity resulting in oxidative stress. Any of these mechanisms may cause CIN separately or together. (18) It is suggested that serious vasoconstriction can contribute to additional renal injury by the release of ROS. (19) Sandhu et al (20) showed that urinary MDA to creatinine ratio increased following contrast medium infusion and suggested a relation between contrast medium infusion and free radical generation. In another study, Ribeiro et al (21) investigated NO production in rat renal artery smooth muscle cells primary culture (rVSMC) exposed to contrast medium and found that non ionic iobitridol, low-osmolar ioxaglate and high-osmolar ioxitalamate caused decreases in NO levels as compared to control. They suggested that decreased NO may explain vasoconstriction and ARF by contrast media use. (21)
We found that non ionic low osmolar iomeprol administration to rats caused an increase in MDA and a decrease in NO levels in rat kidney tissues. No difference was however observed in creatinine levels between the groups indicating that contrast medium did not cause ARF. Oxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities did not change after contrast administration as compared with those of the control group. Increase in MDA level indicated that contrast medium use caused oxidative stress in rat kidney tissues. NO levels decreased following contrast medium administration. This might cause vasoconstriction in rat kidneys, which may be the reason of contrast-inducedARF. Haemodynamic effects like decreased NO levels and endogenous biochemical disturbances resulting in oxidative stress may be the mechanisms that cause CIN. (18) In this study, non ionic low osmolar contrast medium caused oxidative stress and some haemodynamic changes like decrease in NO level in the rat kidney tissues. However, the alterations in MDA and NO levels may not be associated with clinically apparent changes as no significant changes were observed in the analysis parameters relevant to kidney function like serum creatinine levels between the two groups.
In conclusion, our results showed that non ionic low osmolar contrast medium administration led to an increase in MDA levels indicating accelerated oxidant reactions, and a decrease in NO levels in rat kidney tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate possible roles of vasoconstriction caused by the decrease in kidney tissue NO level together with oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of CIN.
Received May 9, 2008
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Reprint requests: Dof. Dr Erdinf Devrim, Ankara Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Biyokimya Anabilim Dali, Dekanlik Binasi Sihhiye--06100, Ankara, Turkey e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Erdinc Devrim, Meltem Cetin*, Mehmet Namuslu, imge B. Erguder, Recep Cetin** & Ilker Durak
Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Department, 'Ankara Oncology Teaching & Research Hospital, Radiology Clinics & "Ankara Diskapi Teaching & Research Hospital General Surgery Clinics Ankara, Turkey
Table. Measured parameters in serum and kidney tissues from rats Parameters Control group Contrast group Kidney MDA (nmol/mg) 0.553 [+ or -] 0.068 0.804 [+ or -] 0.176 * XO (mIU/mg) 0.153 [+ or -] 0.011 0.158 [+ or -] 0.011 SOD (U/mg) 47.87 [+ or -] 3.61 45.57 [+ or -] 3.37 GSH-Px (mIU/mg) 92.03 [+ or -] 12.06 88.16 [+ or -] 12.12 CAT (IU/mg) 85.30 [+ or -] 8.22 78.98 [+ or -] 14.88 NO (nmol/mg) 2.768 [+ or -] 0.412 2.160 [+ or -] 0.247 * Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.44 [+ or -] 0.09 0.40 [+ or -] 0.13 CAT, catalase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; SOD, superoxide dismutase; XO, xanthine oxidase Values are mean [+ or -] SD (n=7) * P<0.01 compared to control group
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