Haas Research Intelligence
New Research Finds Red Flags to Uncover Accounting Fraud
Growth companies suffering deteriorating operating performance are most likely to cook their books, according to a comprehensive analysis of Securities and Exchange Commission enforcement releases by Accounting Professor Patricia Dechow.
Other common characteristics of firms who manipulate financial results include unusually high growth in cash sales but declines in cash profit margins and earnings growth; declines in order backlog and employee headcount; and abnormally high increases in financing and related off-balance sheet activities such as operating leases.
Those were the findings from the most comprehensive analysis ever of Securities and Exchange Commission Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases, which the agency issues to document enforcement actions against companies, auditors, and officers for alleged accounting misconduct. The analysis was conducted by Dechow; Weili Ge of the University of Washington Business School; Chad Larson of the University of Michigan's Stephen Ross School of Business; and Richard Sloan of Barclay's Global Investors.
Dechow and her coauthors outlined the results of their analysis in a recent working paper titled "Predicting Material Accounting Manipulations," which has drawn interest from ratings firm Moody's Investors Service and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a nonprofit corporation created by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to oversee auditors. Their research was sponsored by the Research Advisory Board established by the big four accounting firms (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Deloitte & Touche USA LLP, Ernst and Young LLP, and KPMG LLP) to develop a model to help identify firms that manipulate earnings or commit fraud.
Dechow and her coauthors examined more than 2,000 SEC releases from 1982 to 2005, which resulted in a final sample of 680 firms alleged to have manipulated financial statements.
"A consistent theme among manipulating firms is that they have shown strong performance prior to the manipulations," the researchers noted in their paper. "Manipulations appear to be motivated by managements' desire to disguise a moderating financial performance."
Managers may want to disguise such performance to ensure their stock-based compensation remains valuable or to raise capital at better prices, Dechow notes.
Based on the research, Dechow and her co-authors devised a so-called Fraud-Score, or F-Score, to be used by investors, auditors, and regulators as a preliminary assessment of "earnings quality" to determine whether further investigation into possible fraud is warranted.
Enron, for instance, received an F-score almost twice a high as the average firm. "Enron comes up as a very high risk firm," Dechow says.
Overall, alleged manipulations are more common in large firms. About 15 percent of the manipulations occur in the largest 10 percent of firms, most likely because of the SEC's incentive to identify only the most material and visible manipulations involving large losses to numerous investors.
In addition, more than 20 percent of manipulating firms were in the computer industry, but the computer industry only comprised 11.9 percent of public companies. Retail firms made up 13 percent of manipulating firms, compared with 9.7 percent of public companies. And service firms such as telecommunications and health care made up 12.4 percent of manipulating firms, compared with 10.4 percent of public companies.
The most manipulations occurred in 1999 and 2000, perhaps because slowing growth during this time gave managers incentive to manipulate earnings.
Manipulations of inventory and cost of goods sold occurred in 25 percent of sample firms. Manipulations of allowances, including the allowance for doubtful debts (an estimate of how many customers who purchased goods on credit will not pay), occurred in 10 percent of sample firms.
Two Case Studies
Dechow and her coauthors took a deeper look at Enron and Waste Management, two very well-known fraud firms, to provide more intuition for how manipulating firms differ from a broader population of firms.
Both firms showed a large jump in cash sales – more than 60 percent for Enron and 140 percent for Waste Management – during their manipulating years, yet cash margins and earnings declined.
Enron and Waste Management's change in receivables was also twice that of the average firm. In addition, both firms were cutting back on their number of employees relative to their asset base, with Enron showing an abnormal decline in employee count that was six times as large as that of the average firm and a decline at Waste Management that was twice that of the average firm.
Dechow's latest research builds on her previous work, which examined how corporate governance is correlated to accounting manipulations. In that work – first published in 1996, years before the most recent round of accounting scandals – she found that manipulating firms have a higher number of insiders on the board and a CEO who is more powerful and entrenched.
For a copy of the paper titled "Predicting Material Accounting Manipulations," visit http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=997483.
(July 5, 2007)
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