Bulgarians in Romania
Bulgarians (Romanian: bulgari) are a recognized minority in Romania (Bulgarian: Румъния, Rumaniya), numbering 8,025 according to the 2002 Romanian census, down from 9,851 in 1992. Despite their low census number today, Bulgarians from different confessional and regional backgrounds have had ethnic communities in various regions of Romania, and during the Middle Ages Bulgarian culture has exerted considerable influence on its northern neighbour . According to one estimate, Romanian citizens of Bulgarian origin number around 250,000.
Historically, Bulgarian communities in modern Romania have existed in Wallachia (Bulgarian: Влашко, transliterated: Vlashko), Northern Dobruja (Bulgarian: Северна Добруджа, translit. Severna Dobrudzha) and Transylvania (Bulgarian: Седмиградско, translit. Sedmigradsko). Currently, however, the Bulgarian community in present-day Romania that has retained most efficiently its numbers, social integrity and strong ethnic identity is that of the Banat Bulgarians, a Roman Catholic minority in the Banat who account for the bulk of the Bulgarian-identifying population of Romania. In Wallachia, they are only few Bulgarians who preserved their national identity, though the numbers of those who speak Bulgarian and affirm to have Bulgarian ancestors is still high.
The Torlak-speaking Roman Catholic Krashovani are also sometimes considered of Bulgarian origin, but to have lost their Bulgarian identity in favour of the Croatian. In Austria-Hungary, they were regarded as Bulgarians.
The population of undisputed Bulgarian origin aside, Bulgarian researchers also claim that the Hungarian minority of the Székely in central Romania is of Magyarized Bulgar (Proto-Bulgarian) origin and the Şchei of Transylvania were Romanianized Bulgarians (a view also supported by Lyubomir Miletich and accepted by Romanian writers).
While the modern Romanian word for Bulgarians is "bulgari", throughout the history they have been known by other names.
The old Bulgarian population—which existed in Romania by the time of the founding of the principality of Wallachia and the inclusion of Transylvania in the Hungarian Kingdom—was referred as Şchei. This word, currently obsolete, derives from the Latin word sclavis, referring to all South Slavs. Currently, the word appears in many place names in Wallachia and Transylvania, among which, Şcheii Braşovului, a neighborhood of Braşov.
The Bulgarians who migrated during the 19th century were known as sârbi (Serbians). This word may have been used by Romanians to refer to all South Slavs, but it has also been proposed that they used this ethnic identification to prevent the Ottomans from demanding the Wallachian authorities to return the refugees to their place of origin. Even today, the Bulgarians from Wallachia are called "sârbi" (=Serbians) though they speak Bulgarian and define themselves as "bulgari" (=Bulgarians).
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Antiquity and medieval Bulgarian Empire
In Antiquity, both Bulgaria and Romania were inhabited by Thracian tribes, contributing to the ethnogenesis of the Romanian people and possibly the Bulgarian people (along with Slavs and Bulgars), although this is a matter of dispute. During the Migration Period, both the Slavs and the Bulgars crossed what is today Romania to settle in the plains south of the Danube, establishing the First Bulgarian Empire in the 7th century. In the Middle Ages, the lands between the Danube and the Carpathians were scarcely settled, but they were often at least nominally under Bulgarian control in the 9th and 10th century, as well as during some periods of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
The Golden Age of Bulgarian culture under Simeon I exerted considerable influence on the empire's transdanubian possessions. Old Bulgarian was established as the language of liturgy and written communication along with the Cyrillic script created in Bulgaria, which was used for the Romanian language until the 1860s; the first written text in the Romanian language, Neacşu's letter of 1512, illustrates this trend: it was written in Cyrillic, intermixed with Bulgarian sentences and phrases. To this day, a notable part of Romanian's core vocabulary is of South Slavic origin, although much of it was replaced by Romance loanwords in the 19th century.
Under the Ottomans
As the Second Bulgarian Empire fell under full-scale Ottoman rule in the 14th-15th century whereas the lands north of the Danube were still contested between the Europeans and the Ottomans and then came under Ottoman suzerainty, but retained their internal autonomy, many Bulgarian fled the Ottoman occupation in various periods and settled in what is today Romania. These included both Bulgarian Orthodox and some Roman Catholics (either former Paulicians from the central Bulgarian north or from Chiprovtsi in the northwest). The migratory waves were particularly strong after the Austro-Turkish and Russo-Turkish Wars of the 17th-19th century. The Orthodox Bulgarians settled all around the Principality of Wallachia; however, many of them gradually lost their Bulgarian identity and became Romanianized. Catholics primarily migrated to the Austrian-ruled Banat and Transylvania, establishing still-extant communities in modern Timiş County and Arad County; some former Paulicians also settled around Bucharest, in Cioplea and Popeşti-Leordeni. The Transylvanian city of Braşov (Kronstadt) grew into an international merchant centre attracting Bulgarian merchants ever since the 14th century (it was given trade rights in Bulgaria by Bulgarian tsar Ivan Sratsimir's Braşov Charter of 1369-1380) and rivalled Constantinople and Thessaloniki in importance, particularly for the people from northern Bulgaria, with many Bulgarian merchants opening offices and shops in the city. As early as 1392, Bulgarian settlers arrived in the city, contributing to the construction of the city church, today known as the Black Church, and populating the once-Bulgarian city neighbourhood of Şcheii Braşovului.
In the mid-19th century the cities of southern Romania such as Bucharest, Craiova, Galaţi and Brăila attracted many Bulgarian revolutionary and political émigrés, such as Sophronius of Vratsa, Petar Beron, Hristo Botev, Lyuben Karavelov, Georgi Rakovski, Panayot Hitov, Evlogi and Hristo Georgievi. In his 1883 novelette Nemili-Nedragi ("Unloved and Unwanted"), Bulgarian national writer Ivan Vazov (1850–1921) describes the life of poor and nostalgic Bulgarian revolutionaries in Wallachia known as hashove (хъшове). Romania also turned into a centre for the organized Bulgarian revolutionary movement seeking to overthrow Ottoman rule: the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee was founded in Bucharest in 1869. In the same year, the Bulgarian Literary Society (modern Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) was established in Brăila. Some of the Bessarabian Bulgarians were also ruled by Moldavia/Romania between 1856 and 1878 (during this time, in Bolgrad the first Bulgarian gymnasium has been opened: the Bolhrad High School), and all of them were under Romanian rule between 1918 and 1940. Today, they live in Ukraine and Moldova.
According to one estimate, the Bulgarian-originating population of the Romanian Old Kingdom and Transylvania (not including Bessarabia) by the time of the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878 may have numbered up to one million. According to official data from 1838, 11,652 Bulgarian families lived in Wallachia, meaning up to 100,000 people.
After the Liberation of Bulgaria
Following the Liberation, members of all Bulgarian communities moved to the newly established Principality of Bulgaria, but a significant Bulgarian population remained in Romania. Although set to be ceded to Bulgarian as per the Treaty of San Stefano, the region of Northern Dobruja was awarded to Romania by the Congress of Berlin of 1878. The region had a compact Bulgarian population in the Babadag region, with Northern Dobruja Bulgarians numbering 35-45,000 in the late 19th century. Romania also ruled the Bulgarian-majority Southern Dobruja between 1913 and 1940, when it was ceded back to Bulgaria, with a population exchange between the Bulgarians of Northern Dobruja and the Romanian and Aromanian colonists in Southern Dobruja. Today, as an officially-recognized ethnic minority, Bulgarians have one seat reserved in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies. There exist several organizations of the Bulgarians in Romania.
- This list includes people of Bulgarian origin born in what is today Romania or people born in Bulgaria but mainly active in Romania.
- Vasile Lupu (1595–1661) — ruler of the Principality of Moldavia (born in Arbanasi, of likely Albanian ancestry)
- Manuc Bei (1769–1817) — Bulgarian Armenian merchant, diplomat and innkeeper
- Stefan Bogoridi (1775/1780–1859) — ruler of the Principality of Moldavia
- Anton Pann (1790s–1854) — composer, musicologist, poet and author of the music to the Romanian anthem (born in Sliven, of disputed ancestry)
- Colonel Stefan Dunjov (1815–1889) — revolutionary, participant in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and member of Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces during the Italian unification
- Nicolae Vogoride (1820–1863) — ruler of the Principality of Moldavia
- Eusebius Fermendžin (1845–1897) — historian, high-ranking Franciscan cleric, theologian, polyglot and active member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts
- Carol Telbisz (1853–1914) — long-time mayor of Timişoara (1885–1914)
- Christian Rakovsky (1873–1941) — communist revolutionary and diplomat
- Panait Cerna (1881–1913) — poet and translator
- Iorgu Iordan (1888–1986) — linguist, philologist and politician
- Boris Stefanov (1893–?) — communist politician and general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party
- Petre Borilă (1906–1973) — communist politician and vice-premier of Romania
- Dumitru Coliu (1907–1979) — communist politician
- Mircea Cărtărescu (born 1 June 1956) — Romanian poet and novelist, author of 'Nostalgia' and 'Orbitor'
Şcheii Braşovului, the once-Bulgarian-inhabited neighbourhood of medieval Braşov (Kronstadt)
The Evlogi and Hristo Georgievi tomb in the Bellu cemetery of Bucharest
- Banat Bulgarians
- Bessarabian Bulgarians
- Şchei, Şcheii Braşovului
- Minorities of Romania
- Romanians in Bulgaria
- Bulgarians in Hungary
- Bulgarians in Serbia
- "Structura Etno-demografică a României" (in Romanian). Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- "Bulgari: perioada contemporana" (in Romanian). Divers.ro. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- "Динамика на българските етнически идентичности" (in Bulgarian). Коронал. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, Vienna 1902
- File:Austria-Hungary (ethnic).JPG
- Балкански, Т. (1996). "Окръзи Ковасна и Харгита". Трансилванските (седмиградските) българи. Етнос. Език. Етнонимия. Ономастика. Просопографии (in Bulgarian). Велико Търново: ИК “Знак ‘94”. pp. 99, 102.
- Енциклопедия България, т.1 А-В (in Bulgarian). София: Издателство на БАН. 1978. p. 380.
- Милетич, Любомир (1896). "Брашов и брашовските българите („шкеи”, bolgárszeg)". Дако-ромънитѣ и тѣхната славянска писменость. Часть II (in Bulgarian). София: Сборникъ за Народни Умотворения, Наука и Книжнина.
- Muşlea, Ion (1928). Şcheii de la Cergău şi folclorul lor (in Romanian).
- "Bulgarii din Sârbi, în campanie agro-electorală" (in Romanian). Adevarul. 2008-05-26. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- "Bulgarii din Gauriciu" (in Romanian). Jurnalul Naţional. 2006-10-24. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- Нягулов, p. 56, note 47.
- Anton Manea Breştea, 150 de ani, monografie, Ed. Helicon, Timişoara, 1997; reprinted in Gândul literar, Aprilie 2007
- "Bulgarii" (in Romanian). Institutul Intercultural Timişoara. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- Даскалова, Ангелина; Мария Райкова (2005). Грамоти на българските царе (in Bulgarian). София: Академично издателство "Марин Дринов". pp. 7–11. ISBN 954-322-034-4.
- Thomas Tartler und Josef Trausch. Collectanea zu einer Geschichte v. Kronstadt. Original text in German:
"Den ersten Anfang des Anbanes dieser Vorstadt setzen alle Nachrichten, die ich finde, in die Zeit des 14 Seculi, in welchem die hiesige Stadkirche 1385 gebauet za werden anfing. Da es nämlich bei diesem wichtigen Bau an genugsamen Handleuthen aus iler Ursache fehlte, weil die Burzenländer Märkte und Dörfer zu gleicher Zeit mit Erbauung ihrer Kirchen und Schlösser beschäftigt waren and daher ausser der Zufuhr der Steine nicht zulängliche Arbeiter an die Stadt abgeben konnten: so waren die Kronstädter genöthigt, sich aus den benachbarten Provinzen Arbeitsleute kommen zu lassen. Auf diese Veranlassung kammen aus Bulgarien die von uns sogenannten Belger hieher, welche theils wegen der Langwierigkeit des Kirchenbaues, theils wegen der damaligen hier sehr wohlfeilen Zeit sich gefallen liessen, an diesem Orte, welchen wir noch die Belgerey nennen, mit Vergünstigung des löblichen Magistrates sich wohnhaft niederzulassen."
- Muşlea, Ion (1928). Şcheii de la Cergău şi folclorul lor (in Romanian). Cluj.
- Милетич, pp. 10-22.
- Suciu, Coriolan (1967). Dicţionar istoric al localităţilor din Transilvania, vol. I (in Romanian). Bucureşti. p. 102.
- Колев, p. 190.
- "Организации на българските общности: Румъния" (in Bulgarian). Държавна агенция за българите в чужбина. Retrieved 2008-08-13.[dead link]
- Колев, Йордан (2005). Българите извън България (in Bulgarian). София: Тангра ТанНакРа. pp. 159–183, 190–204, 413–415. ISBN 954-9942-73-2.
- Готев, Горан. "Вековете между Била и БИЛЛА" (in Bulgarian). Дума. Retrieved 2008-08-13.[dead link]
- Prof. Ivanciov Margareta (2006). Istorijata i tradicijite na balgarskotu malcinstvu ud Rumanija (in Banat Bulgarian). Timişoara: Balgarsku Družstvu ud Banát — Rumanija, Editura Mirton.
- Нягулов, Благовест (1999). Банатските българи. Историята на една малцинствена общност във времето на националните държави (in Bulgarian). София: Парадигма. ISBN 978-954-9536-13-3.
- Павлов, Пламен. "Българите извън Република България: Румъния" (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2008-08-18.
- The website of Banat Bulgarian publications Náša glás and Literaturna miselj, offers PDF versions of both publications, as well as information about the Banat Bulgarians (in Banat Bulgarian)
- The webpage of the historically Bulgarian Roman Catholic parish in Cioplea, Bucharest (in Romanian)
- The webpage of the historically Bulgarian Roman Catholic parish in Popeşti-Leordeni (in Romanian)