US 3862265 A
Modified polymers, praticularly polyolefins having improved flow and in some instances improved adhesion properties over that of a polymeric, e.g. polyolefin, base stock used as a starting material, are produced by a controlled reaction often involving degradation in an extruder, in which an initiator is injected under conditions of either maximum distribution or intensive mixing wherein appreciable rheological, i.e., molecular weight distribution, changes in said base polymer occur. In some embodiments monomers are also grafted to said base stock, during said degradation process. In such instances, exceptional, novel, grafted polymers with high melt flow properties and other useful properties are obtained.
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United States Patent .[191
Steinkamp et al.
POLYMERS WITH IMPROVED v PROPERTIES AND PROCESS THEREFOR Inventors: Robert A. Steinkamp; Thomas J.
Grail, both of Baytown, Tex.
Exxon Research and Engineering Co., Linden, NJ.
Filed: Apr. 3, 1972 Appl. No.: 240,494
Related US Application Data Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 132,838, April 9, 1971, abandoned.
US. Cl. 260/878 R, 260/878 B, 260/885, 264/176 R, 425/376 Int. Cl. C08f 15/00 Field of Search 425/376; 264/176; 260/878 R References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 4/1965 Nowak et a1 260/878 R 4/l965 Jones et al. 260/878 R 8/1966 Nowak 260/878 R 3/1972 Favie et al. 260/878 R 10/1972 Schrage et a1. 260/878 R 10/1972 Schrage et al. 260/878 R 10/1972 Schramm et al. 260/41 AG [451 Jan. 21, 1975 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 742,340 11/1969 Belgium 260/878 R 1,042,178 9/1966 Great Britain 260/94.9 GD
OTHER PUBLICATIONS ASTM D 1238-62T, Measuring Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer.
Primary Examiner-Joseph L. Schofer Assistant Examiner-A, Holler Attorney, Agent, or Firm-David A. Roth  ABSTRACT Modified polymers, praticularly polyolefins having improved flow and in some instances improved adhesion properties over that of a polymeric, e.g. polyolefin,
80 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures PROCESS THEREFOR This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 132,838 filed Apr. 9, 1971', now abandoned, entitled "Polyolefin Acrylic Acid Graft Copolymers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Extruders have been used conventionally for many years to process all types of polymeric materials and especially polyolefins. Generally, the polymer is melted and worked to some extent in the extruder and conveyed to a particular molding means so that it is in the proper state to be handled by that specific, means.
In recent years, it has become known that various chemical reactions and modifications can take place when a polymer passes within the extruder. These modifications, in a manner, are hitching'a ride or piggybacking on a polymer which is already being routinely processed. Thus it is a tag-along process. The modifications can be accomplished in such a way that significant changes in the polymer composition and/or rheology can be effected.
There are numerous patents on such techniques of modifying polymers and many of these are specifically directed to the grafting of monomers to polymers that are being still processed. This background disclosure is restricted to those which are believed most relevant.
Very basic is British Pat. No. 679,562 which shows graft polymerization to polymers taking place when the polymer is subjected to suitable mechanical working such as high-speed stirring. shaking, milling, kneading, grinding, ultrasonic vibrations or passage through filters or capillary tubes at high linear velocities, all of which lead to degradation of the polymer and create reactive sites.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,177,269 and 3,177,270 are pertinent patents which disclose the formation of graftcopolymers by adding initiator and monomer to a polymer as it is being extruded. The polymer is malaxed" to such a low degree that no degradation takes place.
US. Pat. No. 3,013,003 also discloses polymer degradation in an extruder and utilizes a stabilizer to prevent undue degradation. US. Pat. No. 3,270,090 is a variant of US. Pat. No. 3,177,269 in which the polymer is pre-irradiated before being subjected to extru- SIOI'I.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,563,972 and 3,551,943 are relevant to polymer modification and extrusion using an oxygen-containing gas as an initiator to cause polymer breakdown at relatively high temperatures and without any special mixing modification. British Pat. No. 1,217,231 relates to grafting modifications wherein the amount of grafted polymer and homopolymer are controlled in some predefined ratio. British Pat. No. 1,042,178 teaches the preparation of modified polyolefins by shearing at extremely high shear rates in screw extruders, high-speed mills, roll mills and the like at a shear rate of at least 1,500 reciprocal seconds.
Belgium Pat. Nos. 742,340, 742,338, 742,272 and 742,339 also relate to grafting processes of interest.
As will be seen hereinafter, none of these disclose, hint or suggest in any manner whatsoever Applicants novel, unique and unobvious process and apparatus for modifying in a most unusual and desirable manner a polymer feedstock to in many instances result in novel polymers with very useful properties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to the formation and use of a special reaction zone within an extruder wherein reaction conditions can be chosen and controlled in order to effect: (I) instantaneous, intensive mixing of added reactants with a polymer or (2) intensive distribution of added reactants to a polymer, both of which in turn allow ready achievement of special rheological modifications of a polymer passing through said extruder.
Three especially important process parameters that can be controlled are the shear. pressure and temperature within very short time periods. Applicants discovery of how to effect such controls leads to the several unobvious and useful features of the invention.
Moreover, in a preferred embodiment, auxilliary reactants are introduced into that zone under conditions where maximum effects occur within minimum time parameters. Not only can a polymer be modified in terms of its rheology, e.g., molecular weight and flow characteristics, but it-can also be simultaneously modified in terms of chemical modifications. This involves chemically reacting additional materials therewith, especially to form novel grafted, shorter chain length polymers from the base polymers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is a schematic view of one preferred extruder apparatus embodiment of the invention for carrying out the process of the present invention wherein an initiator is added to a decompression zone;
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS It has been discovered and forms the substantial conceptual basis of this invention that extraordinary process and product benefits relating to polymer modifications can be achieved by the formation and use of special reaction zones and conditions within an extruder. Relatively low temperatures and high throughputs can be used. Furthermore, grafted products resulting therefrom are novel and possess unusual properties. Also, the economics of the process are quite improved.
Fundamentally, the invention resides in the discovery and utilization of either of two essential controlling factors in extruder reaction operations. That is, one of these factors is that in order for significant modifications to be made to polymers being processed under high pressure, the reagent or reagents which are to interact with the polymer must be extraordinarily thoroughly and intensively mixed with the polymer over a very short interval of time. Thus, a much higher order of magnitude of mixing is required than occurs when the teachingsof the art relevant to the introducing of a modifying reactant in conventional extruder operations are consulted.
In order to accomplish this highly,'intensive mixing or dispersion in the extremely short periods of time, it was discovered and is one of the essential features of this invention that under pressure conditions intensive.
3 extremely good mixing is obtained by utilizing a high shear-thin film zone to provide the necessary mixing.
In essence, in this embodiment, an instantaneous, high intensity mixing zone is provided where an extremely high degree of mixing occurs in a very short period of time. In its simplest aspects, mixing can occur under two different general types of conditions. These are extensive mixing and intensive mixing. They are defined as follows:
Extensive Mixing The material is constantly changing in its flow direction according to statistical laws. so that each particle moves sometimes on the surface and sometimes in the body of the mass of material. intensive Mixing Adjacent layers of materials have different speeds, i.e., there is a velocity gradient or shear rate between them, thus the mixing effect is due to the displacement of layers with respect to one another.
In the intensive, instantaneous high pressure, thin film high shear mixing zone feature of the invention, either or both of these types of mixing occur with great intensity for relatively short periods of time.
One important feature of the invention has been discussed. It relates to effecting significant changes during normal operation of an extruder with at least the high pressures after the first stage metering zone.
Another very important aspect of the invention is based on a diametrically opposed principle. It is grounded on the following consideration. Commonly in extruder design, toward the end of the extrusion run, reduced pressure areas with vents are provided for venting off any volatiles formed during the extrusion process.
The essence of this facet ofthe invention is the recognition that one or more decompression zones, i.e., reduced pressure zones accompanied by injection orif'tces or conduits should be provided at a point where the polymer is in a molten state.
This provides excellent, efficient reactions when reactants (preferably fluid) are introduced in the reduced pressure zone under a pressure head. Because of the reduced pressure, the reactants are immediately distributed over the total surface area of the molten polymer.
Moreover, in this process of the invention and means for carrying out such process, the reaction conditions accompanying either the pressure reduction embodiment or the high shear-thin film high pressure embodiment are also closely controlled. That is. temperature and melt viscosity of the polymer are controlled. Moreover, materials can be added to another portion of the extruder prior to the reaction, become mixed by extruder action, and thence conveyed to the reaction zone where they are available to participate in the reaction.
There are some preferred but optional additional features to the invention which tend to improve the quality of the product.
One of these is the concept of sealing or capping both the high pressure-high shear reaction zone or the low pressure reaction zone with a device such as a blister, defining the completed reaction portion of the reaction zone. This is generally used in conjunction with a subsequent pressure relieving vent.
The preferred embodiment of such a device or blister is an enlarged cross-sectional portion of a screw root 4 which prevents gaseous reactants from easily leaving the reaction zone.
Preferably, the capping of the reactants is accompanied by a subsequent venting under reduced pressure so that vaporous components are removed. The capping also prevents vaporous reactants from being prematurely removed from the reaction zone.
Venting serves to prevent undesirable pressure buildup, corrosion caused by reactive vapors, odoriferous products, corrosive products, easily degradable products and the like.
While the process of the invention is applicable to all polymers capable of being processed by an extruder. particularly thermoplastics such as nylons, polyesters, polycarbonates, engineering plastics, and aeetals. it is especially useful for C C preferably C -C polyolefins including copolymers of olefins with other monomers such as vinyl monomers in which the predominant constituent is the olefinic portion.
The process is also useful for elastomers, particularly polyolefins, but can include silicone clastomers and the like. Furthermore, a distinction should be drawn between polymers whose properties are largely detrmined by the ethylene content and those polymers whose properties are large determined by their (I, to C olcfinic content.
This distinction is primarily evidenced in the fact that polyethylene and ethylene-containing polymers tend to simultaneously cross-link and degrade under some of the conditions in the reactor under which C and above polyolefins would not cross-link but would tend to degrade.
Therefore, in the description of the invention as follows, from time to time certain differences in the applicable process conditions must be employed when the primary characteristics of the polymer are determined as a result of its ethylene content.
It is also to be noted that the process of the invention is applicable to elastomers of all classes which are capable of being handled by an extruder. Examples include natural rubber, polyisobutylene, butyl rubber, chlorobutyl rubber, polybutadiene, butadiene-styrene rubber, ethylene-propylene elastomers, ethylenepropylene diene terpolymer elastomers and mixtures thereof with each other and with thermoplastic polymers. Blends of elastomers and plastics in any portions particularly benefit from being processed by the technique of the invention.
Polyolefins, both plastics and elastomers, in particular but also other thermoplastics are used in many end uses where it is desired that they have the characteristics of being able to flow well during processing. This is especially true for the production of films, fibers, injection moldings and the like.
But many polymeric rheological properties depend not only on the average molecular weight of the polymer but also the molecular weight distribution (as measured by die swell) of the individual polymer molecules within the mass. Thus. it is well known that a polymer having a narrow molecular weight distribution will behave differently from a substance having the same general molecular weight but a much wider molecular weight distribution.
For a great many commercial applications, narrow molecular weight distributions are more desirable than wide ones. For some elastomers and low molecular weight plastics, M w/M n is useful for measuring molecular weight distribution. But die swell (defined hereafter) is a much more useful measure. See US. Pat. No. 3,562,804 for a description of molecular weight distribution using M w/M n as a standard. In general, narrow molecular weight distributions indicate a trend toward lower viscosities and improved flow properties.
Plainly, the best way of trying to obtain such desirable narrow molecular weight distribution would be direct synthesis of the material. That is, one would desirably control the polymerization in such a way that the desired narrow molecular weight distribution is obtained. Nevertheless, no really effective way of doing this during the synthesis of the polymer is known.
Therefore, conventional techniques of trying to achieve molecular weight changes have taken the route of heating at high temperatures in order to thermally degrade the molecules. This can result in unpleasant odors with undesirable quality discolorations, but even more disadvantageous is the pronounced loss of process effectiveness at high temperatures.
Another method relies on the use of atmospheric oxygen but this also has similar drawbacks, i.e., high temperatures are required. High temperatures result in considerably reduced product output.
It has been discovered and forms one of the major features of this invention that many polymers, particularly polyolefins, especially polypropylene, polybutylene and to some extent polyethylene (except when there are extensive accompanying cross-linking reactions), can be very suitably narrowed in their molecular weight distribution by the use of the controlled process features wherein very excellent mixing or dispersion of reactants is accomplished by using a process employing one of the extruder configurations as described herein.
When the polymer is in the molten state, at the proper temperature and at essentially reduced pressures with respect to a first stage metering section ofthe extruder or in a high shear-thin film mode (with high pressures), initiators of various types can be included with it, and very rapid diffusion or dispersion of the initiator or other reactant throughout the polymer will occur. Thus, it is possible to achieve extensive reactions with very short reaction zone residence times.
Directionally, in most instances, due to controlled degradation the length of the individual polymer molecules will all tend to become approximately the same, thus resulting in the desirable narrow molecular weight distribution as well as some concomitant reduction in molecular weights. Crystallinity and other desirable characteristics of the polymer are retained.
Moreover, in place of or to supplement the molecular weight distribution alteration described above, reactive and/or polymerizable monomers can be introduced in the presence of appropriate catalysts or initiators (usually the same compounds which cause polymer breakdown) with the monomer to cause grafting and usually, but not always polymerization of such monomers on the active sites created in the polymer by the particular reactive conditions existing in the zone at that time.
The process of the invention is particularly noteworthy since it provides for the first time a technique for simultaneously narrowing the molecular weight distribution as evidenced by lower die swell of a polymer or making the polymer substantially more flowable, while at the same time achieving a degree of grafting over a wide range.
Furthermore, a great many of the resulting grafted polymers with their unique properties are also novel compounds. For instance, grafted polypropylene with from 0.02 to 20 weight percent grafted component having a MFR of fromabout 3 to 1,000, and preferably more than 20 to 1,000, said MFR being at least 50/1 higher than the MFR of a base polymer and with die swells at least 0.05 units lower than the base polymer have never been prepared before.
ln this connection, it is important to grasp that two polymers with identical MFR can be completely different in molecular weight distribution, although roughly equal in viscosity average molecular weight. Thus, MFR is an approximate indication of viscosity average molecular weight. Die swell is a measure of molecular weight ditribution. Generally, the lower the die swell, the narrower the molecular weight distribution. The latter is controlling for most practical purposes.
Grafted polymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions are novel and preferred. The term relatively refers to the base polymer which is the polymer directly from synthesis, i.e., before any measurable scission, degradation, chain breakage, etc.
For most C to C polyolcfins, cross-linking is not a problem. But for those that contain ethylene or for polyethylene, slightly different procedures can be effected to prevent cross-linking. Among these are included the creation of activated sites on the polyethylene by initiators which do not promote crosslinking, e.g., gaseous oxygen, organic tin compounds, organic sulfur compounds, heat stabilizers, acidanhydrides and the like.
Also, either the initiators or monomers can be separately introduced at a time prior to the introduction of.
the other component, monomer, or initiator, so that the reaction tends to form. grafts rather than to form crosslinks. Furthermore, the temperatures can be controlled to minimize cross-linking.
The process of the invention is highly flexible and a great many modifications such as those proposed above are available to carry out any particular purposes desired.
For instance, if the quantity of homopolymer formed by the polymerization of the grafting monomer is desired to be decreased, it is contemplated that initiator can be added to the polymer prior to the addition of monomer (just a few microseconds prior is probably adequate) so that intimate mixing of the initiator with the polymer takes place prior to the introduction of monomer. Thus, when the monomer is introduced, large quantities of monomer do not contact large quantities of initiator, and the formation of homopolymer is minimized. The reverse of this process sequence could also be effected.
Of course, mixtures of monomer can be also added so as to achieve graft copolymers in which the graft chains have at least two different monomers therein (in addition to the base polymer monomers).
It is also possible to graft materials to the polymers which do not form polymers. For instance, it is possible to graft materials which could act as antistats, light stabilizers, photodegradation agents, nucleating agents, flame retardancy, heat stabilizers, plasticizers, slip agents, colorants, etc. One way of accomplishing this is by providing an unsaturated site accompanied by steric hindrance or bulkiness factors in the monomer itself so that only one monomer grafts on to any one site. Thus,
polymerization is discouraged. Monomers that will react directly with the functional grafts will also satisfactorily perform the above functions.
The class of preferred monomers which will form graft polymers in the process of the invention have functional groups such as carboxylic acid groups, hydroxy groups, nitrile, amine ester, polyether sequence groups, imide groups, amide groups, glycidyl groups, epoxy groups and the like in addition to at least one point of unsaturation.
These functionalities can be subsequently reacted in the extruder or later with other modifying materials in order to change the properties of the graft and result in heat stabilizers, light stabilizers or absorbers, nucleat ing agents, slip agents, photodegradation agents, flame retardancy, antistats, or plasticizers, etc.
For instance, a graft of an acid-containing monomer could be suitably modified by esterifying the resulting acid groups in the graft with appropriate reaction with hydroxy-containing compounds or varying carbon atom lengths. The reaction could take place simultaneously with the grafting or in a subsequent post modification reaction.
It is to be noted that the process of the invention differs considerably from just a high shear process such as the one described in British Pat. No. l,042,l78. There, the speed of the extruder is extremely high and produces exceptionally strong shearing activity. These shearing actions work the polymer, melt it and cause degradation very shortly after start-up. They also would wear out the screw or blades in just a very few weeks.
Although this mode might be satisfactory for some purposes, it is to be appreciated that operation of equipment of this nature requires the input of extremely high energy levels and therefore, is economically not attractive. Particularly, when compared to a process which uses relatively low energy levels in terms of shear, that is, ordinary extruder screw speeds. Thus, the process of the present invention uses relatively low shear gradients in combination with initiators which are added at very critical reaction zone points in the extruder operation.
Another advantage for the process of the invention and the products made therefrom is that the resulting materials can be blended in essentially all portions with materials which have not been modifield. Relatively high ratios of unmodified materials to modified materials can be used to create blends which partake of much of the improved properties of the modified polymer. Thus, the products of the invention have utility as additives per se.
The grafted polymer will usually contain from 0.02 to 20, preferably 0.1 to l0, and most preferably 0.2 to 8 weight percent of grafted portion.
When suitable monomers are used to form grafts, one of the outstanding properties obtained in addition to the rheological flow properties which have been discussed above are very beneficial improvements in the adhesion properties of the polymer. Thus the grafted polymers of the invention can be prepared to adhere to almost any substrate, even with relatively low graft component, i.e., 1% or less graft based on total polymer. Many nonpolar polymers such as polyolefins do not adhere very well to metal materials and other materials such as plastics, such as nylon, polyesters, fluoronated polymers, etc. Moreover, they do not accept dyes, paints, coatings, metal plating, printing and the like well, at all. After having been modified with the appropriate monomers, according to the process of the invention, modified polyolefins can possess all of these attributes, which are lacking from the characteristics of the base polymer.
Furthermore, the materials, as modified, can still be used for any purpose for which an unmodified material (base polymer) was formerly used. That is, they can be foamed, formed into plastisols, powders, dispersed as colloidal mixtures, emulsified, extruded and molded in any convenient manner.
The preferred modifying monomers are unsaturated monoand polycarboxylic-containing acids (C -,C,,,) with preferably at least one olefinic unsaturation, and anhydrides, salts, esters, ethers, amides, nitriles, thiols, thioacids, glycidyl, cyano, hydroxy, glycol, and other substituted derivatives from said acids.
Examples of such acids, anhydrides and derivatives thereof include maleic acid, fumaric acid, himic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, acrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate, cyanoacrylates, hydroxy C,C 0 alkyl methacrylates, acrylic polyethers, acrylic anhydride, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid, mesaconic acid, angelic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, himic anhydride, acrylonitrile. methacrylonitrile, sodium acrylate, calcium acrylate, and magnesium acrylate.
Other monomers which can be used either by them selves or in combination with one or more of the carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof include -C vinyl monomers such as acrylamide, acrylonitrile and monovinyl aromatic compounds, i.e., styrene, chlorostyrenes, bromostyrenes, a-methyl styrene, vinyl pyridines and the like.
Other monomers which can be used are C, to C vinyl esters, vinyl ethers and allyl esters, such as vinyl butyrate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl adipate and the like, and monomers having two or more vinyl groups, such as divinyl benzene, ethylene dimethacrylate, triallyl phosphite, dialkylcyanurate and triallyl cyanurate.
Thus, in general, any material having the ability to react with the base polymer, particularly under free radical conditions, and at the melt temperature of the base polymer is operable for the purposes of the invention.
A large proportion of the materials falling in this class will be polymerizable monomers, but not all. Some will be materials which are reactive with the base polymer, but do not form polymers, i.e., maleic anhydride.
Also, a large proportion ofthe materials falling in the class will have functionality in addition to unsaturation, but not necessarily so, i.e., styrene or ethylene.
A subgeneric definition that encompasses a class of suitable reactants is as follows:
b. when R, and R are H, R;, is H, halogen or C, to
C,,, alkyl and R is halogen,
O COOR5, Ro O-,
C to C preferably C to and most prefeibly C, to C alkyl, aryl, alkyaryl, and substituted derivatives thereof,
0 l CN, 0II, COOM, 3-01, -OHO SOC H,=,, SO C H wherein R H or R and R is a C to C hydrocarbon group and M is a metal of any valance.
c. R and R are H and R and R are connected into a strained ring compound having 4 to 50 carbon atoms such as himic acid, vinylene carbonate, norbornenes, cyclopentadienes, cyclopentenes, cyclohexenes and the like. lt has been further noted that when grafts are produced in polymers according to the process of the invention that these grafted polymers when used in fairly small quantities act as nucleating agents, thus, accelerating or shortening the time period in which the polymer starts hardening and forming solid plastic from the melt. They also tend to increase the clarity of the polymer and therefore can be used for purposes where clarity is important, e.g., films, bottles and the like. The nucleating effect can be observed at very low concentrations of graft polymer used as an additive in other polymers.
Of course, any of the standard additives can be used with these modified polymers. They include conventional heat stabilizers, slip-agents, antioxidants, antistatic agents, colorants, flame retardants, heat stabilizers, plasticizers, preservatives, processing aids and the like.
Fibrous reinforcements such as asbestos, boron filaments, carbon and graphite fibers, ceramic fibers, fibrous glass, fibers of other polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol fibers, sapphire filaments and whiskers; nonfibrous fillers such as barium sulphate, portland cement, talc fumed colloidal silica, calcium carbonate, silica, metal powders, metallic oxides (interact with carboxyl groups), calcium silicate, glass spheres, Saran spheres, Kaolin clay, Nepheline syenite and the like. Ferrous and non-ferrous wires and the like are particularly effective in the polymers prepared according to the invention. The fillers or reinforcement materials can be added as they would to unmodified materials, or they can be added in many cases to the same extruder in which the modifying reaction is taking place.
The uses for the grafted polymers of the invention are vastly expanded in scope since good bonding and fastening are obtained with these materials. They can be printed and decorated through decorative overlays, electroplated, hotstamped, painted, printed and vacuum metalized.
Tapes made from the polymers of the invention, particularly those of acrylic acid grafted polypropylene, are outstanding for adhering nails in nail stacks to be used in nail guns.
The tapes are also outstanding for strapping and other uses where adhesion and strength are important properties, especially when containing 10 to weight percent elastomer.
ln processing, they can be blow-molded by extrusion injection or preformed, calender casting, centrifugally molded, extrusion coated, powder coated, transfer coated, compression molded, extruded, foam processed, injection molded, mechanically formed, rotationally molded, reinforced molded, thermoformed, web impregnated and the like. The polymers of the invention are especially suitable as coatings or film laminates to other polymers, e.g., laminates of glycidyl acrylate grafted polypropylene to nylon, Mylar, etc.
lt is to be emphasized that in the definition of the base polymer, substituted polymers are also included; thus, the backbone of the polymer before grafting can be substituted with functional groups such as chlorine, hydroxy, carboxy, nitrile, ester, amine and the like.
Furthermore, polymers which have been grafted with monomeric substances, particularly those with functional carboxylic acid groups, can be additionally crosslinked in a conventional manner or by using metallic salts to obtain ionomeric cross-linking.
It is very desirable to have a material which initially will flow very readily upon processing and will subsequently set up very rigidly, when processing is finished, through cross-links. The materials produced by the process of the invention are capable of being employed in this manner. When cross-linking is contemplated, the polymer can be very drastically decreased in molecular weight by using much more free radical initiator, i.e., from 0.05 to 5 weight percent, based on starting polymer. Polymers having intrinsic viscosities of 0.8 and below, i.e., 500 to 6,000, preferably 1,000 to 5,000, and most preferably 2,500 to 4,500 centipoises, are especially suitable for cross-linking after grafting with monomers described herein.
Not only can these low molecular weight polymers be cross-linked, but they can also be emulsified and otherwise used for surface coatings.
Thus, it is within the scope of the invention that polymers can be treated with the process of the invention, not only in order to reduce the molecular weight and narrow the molecular weight distribution, for tradi tional plastic end uses, but also to make the polymer suitable for use for surface coatings and adding to fuels, lubricating oils, lubricants and spray oils as viscosity modifiers, sludge inhibitors, and antioxidants.
Thus, for example, a-olefins, such as ethylenepropylene copolymers whose viscosities have been reduced to a certain level and whose molecular weight distribution is narrow will exert excellent additive properties in lubricating oils over a wide range of temperatures.
The modified polymers of the invention are excellent blending agents. They impart unusual properties to other polymers even in small amounts, even when the other polymers have a considerably different MFR than the modified blending polymer. Generally, the polymers of the invention can be beneficially blended with other polyolefins, i.e., thermoplastics and elastomers in quantities of 0.001 to 99, preferably 0.01 to and most preferably 0.01 to 10 weight percent based on the weight of the resulting blend.
in an especially preferred embodiment, the process of the present invention is directed to grafting a poly mer of a C to C mono-a-olefin or its copolymers with acrylic acid. The polymers of C to C mono-a-ololefins are referred to as polyolefins and for the purpose ofthis invention are to include copolymers of the C to C mono-a-olefins with each other and with other monomers as well as the homopolymers.
Polymers containing diolefms such as butadiene and isoprene are also suitable. The polyolefins are produced, utilizing in most instances a transition metaltype catalyst, but can also be Phillips-type catalysts, cationic or anionic-type initiators and high pressure free radical technology. The processes for making the C to C polyolefins are well known and form no part of the present invention.
Examples of suitable polyolefins, both plastic and elastomeric, include low or high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene-l, poly-3-methylbutene-l, poly-4-methylpentene-l, copolymers of monoolefins with other olefins (monoor diolefins) or vinyl monomers such as ethylene-propylene copolymers or with one or more additional monomers, i.e., EPDM, ethylene/butylene copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer, propylene/4-methylpentene-l copolymer and the like.
The term copolymer includes two or more monomer constituents and substituted derivatives thereof.
The preferred polyolefins employed in the present invention contain propylene and/or ethylene, i.e., polypropylene and polyethylene. The starting polymer used as a base material in the present invention will preferably have a melt index (Ml) of 0.05 to 1000, preferably 0.5 to 50, and most preferably 005 to 10, or melt flow rate (MFR) between about 0.1 to 50 and preferably 0.1 to 5.0, most preferably 0.5 to 2.
In the preparation of normally solid polymers of lolefins, certain rheological properties are frequently utilized for control purposes. One of these rheological properties more usually employed is melt index or melt flow rate which characterizes the processability of the polymers and is also an approximate indication of polymer molecular weight.
The melt index of polyethylene is measured normally according to the ASTM text D-l238-65T. In this test the rate of extrusion in grams per 10 minutes (through an orifice 0.0825 inch in diameter and 0.315 inch in length) is determined for the polymer at 190 C. under the weight of a piston having a diameter of 0.373 inch and weighing in combination with its plunger 2160 grams.
The melt flow rate (MFR) of polypropylene is determined by the same procedure except at a temperature of 230 C. according to ASTM D-1238-65T.
The apparatus utilized for determining melt index is defined in ASTM manual as a deadweight piston plastometer."
Generally speaking, polypropylene from a reactor will have MFR below 1, while polyethylenes from a reactor can have a Ml of about 0.05 to 50 The preferred monomers to be grafted to the C to C,, polyolefin and other polymers according to the present invention are maleic anhydride, acrylic acid. methacrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate, acrylamide, hydroxy C to C alkyl methacrylates and their derivatives. Others that can be used are described elsewhere herein. However, other monomers may be added in admixture with these such as maleic anhydride (MA), styrene, acid esters, salts and the like to form graft copolymers. MA and styrene and MA and acrylic acid are preferred over MA alone when polymer grafts of MA are desired.
The grafting reaction is initiated by a free-radical initiator which is preferably an organic peroxygen compound. Especially preferred peroxides are t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, 2.5-dimethyl2,S-di-tertbutylperoxy-3-hexyne (Lupersol 130), a,a-bis(tertbutylperoxy)diisopropyl benzene (VulCup R), or any free radical initiator having a 10-hour half-life temperature over C. or mixtures thereof. Generally, the higher the decomposition temperature of the peroxygen compound, the better. See pp 66-67 of Modern Plastics, November 1971, which is incorporated hereby by reference, for a more complete list of such compounds.
An Illustrative Embodiment Referring to FIG. 1, an extruder 1, having a feed zone 2, a reaction zone or chamber 3, and a final metering zone 4 is utilized to carry out a preferred embodiment of the grafting process of the present invention.
In effect, polypropylene of a predominantly isotactic crystalline nature is introduced into a hopper 5 in the feed zone 2 of the extruder 1. The extruder screw 6 in feed zone 2 can be of various conventional designs such as a feed portion 7, a transition portion 8 and a first stage metering portion 9.
In feed zone 2, the polypropylene is heated by heaters 10 to a barrel temperature in the range of 400 to 650 F., preferably 400 to 550 F. It is one of the advantages of this invention that fairly low temperatures can be used to accomplish outstanding modification. ln processes utilizing 0 as an initiator, much higher barrel temperatures, i.e., about 600 to 800 F. are re quired and control is awkward. 1n processes utilizing heat alone, even higher temperatures and reaction times are necessary.
Extruder screw 6 has a root (sometimes called core) starting at the initial boundary of reaction zone 3 with a reduced cross-sectional area 11. This provides additional volume for reaction zone 3. When polymer under pressure reaches zone 3a, the increased available volume results in a pressure drop, i.e., decompression, so that particular mass of polymer is not subjected to the ordinarily high pressures in the extruder.
An injection line 12 connects reaction zone 3 to a source of initiator, preferably a peroxide. In some instances the peroxide will be combined with a active monomer. For the purposes of this specific embodiment, the monomer is acrylic acid and the initiator is VulCup R.
injection of initiator or initiator and monomer at this point, where low pressures in zone 3a prevail, provides thorough dispersion of the initiator in polypropylene over an extremely short period of time and appreciable scission or degradation of the polypropylene results. Appropriate controls of the polypropylene feed rate and screw speeds are maintained.
The process of the invention can be conveniently operated to give high throughputs with good quality. In this particularly preferred embodiment, the initiator and acrylic acid are added as a liquid blend to zone 3. When only degradation is desired, initiator alone or initiator dissolved in a solvent is introduced into zone 3.
It has been found that appreciable degradation of the polypropylene occurs when the back pressure against the liquid mixture of initiator and acrylic acid in injection line 12 is less than about I psig, preferably about 0 psig.
The pressure in injection line 12, therefore, provides one indicia that the polypropylene feed rate and screw speed are being appropriately controlled for the particular products desired.
The resulting graft copolymers of the present invention have been appreciably degraded and changed in molecular weight distribution as compared to the base polymer. This is demonstrated by the fact that the graft copolyme rs of the invention have a lower die swell than the polypropylene base stock used in making the copolymer. Lower molecular weights are also indicated by changes in melt flow rates.
The portion of the extruder heated by heaters 13 will have a temperature of from about 160 to 450 F., preferably 250 to 450 F. The important thing is that the polymer be substantially in a melt phase during the reaction. The extruder screw 6 in the latter portion of reaction zone 3 can have any desired root cross-sectional area desirable to provide for pumping and ancillary mixing if desired and to allow residual reactants to complete their reaction.
It is to be noted that some homopolymerization of the acrylic acid (or any other monomer) to form polyacrylic acid also occurs. But this usually does not exceed 30% of the total acrylic polymer formed, particularly at the low monomer concentrations.
Preferably, the decompression portion 3a of the screw is immediately followed with transition zone 3b of gradually increasing screw root cross-sectional area followed by a metering zone 3c of constant crosssectional screw root area.
Thereafter, extruder screw 6 has a melt seal (also called cap or blister) 14 which prevents the free escape of initiator and acrylic acid from reaction zone 3.
Screw 6 also has a second decompression portion 15 following blister l4.
Vent line 16 (which can be optionally provided with vacuum, if desired) is positioned above decompression portion 15 to remove gases or vapors. When operating without vent line 16, blister 14 and decompression zone 15 may be omitted.
The graft copolymer and homopolymer blend is then passed through metering zone 4 where it is extruded from a die 17 at the end of extruder 1.
The extruder barrel temperature heated by heaters 18 in metering zone 4 is in the range of 350 to 550 F., preferably 350 to 450 F.
Referring now to FIG. 2, extruder 20, having a feed zone 21, a reaction zone 22 and a final metering zone 23, is also utilized to carry out the grafting process of the present invention. The process is generally similar to that described above for FIG. 1, except as follows. In one preferred embodiment, the initiator and acrylic acid are injected through injection port 24 at a point where the extruder screw 25 has a root 26 of very large cross-sectional diameter. The clearance between this portion of the root and the interior of extruder 20 is very small and will vary with extruder size. For example, in a 2-inch extruder apparatus this'clearance is from 5 to 50, preferably 10 to 25, and most preferably 10 to 20 mils. I
In another preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the root of increased cross section or mixing device 26 is shown with a series of channels cut in the perimeter of the device. This results in a series of dead end channels. Under pressure, this forces the polymer out of the inlet channels and across the outer surface to the outlet channel. Other suitable devices could be used.
The novelty and unobviousness of the invention'reside in the combination of such a mixing device with means to introduce reactants at a relatively early stage in the extrusion process.
In any event, whether the embodiment of FIG. 2 or FIG. 3 is used, the polymer forms a thin fluid film under relatively high shear as compared to the other portions of the extruder.
The initiator and/or acrylic acid are injected at pressures which range between 200 and 5,000 psi or more specifically, between 500 and 3,500 psi. At these high pressures and because only a thin film of polypropylene is present at the high shearthin film zone 27 of reaction zone 22, intensive, instantaneous mixing followed by appreciable degradation of the polymer, e.g., polypropylene, occurs.
Extruder 20 is also provided with a blister 29 and a vent 30. As in the case of the FIG. 1 extruder, the vent, decompression zone, and blister may be eliminated if desired.
As illustrated by the two embodiments of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, various extruder designs may be employed to carry out the graft copolymerization process of the present invention. However, the common characteristic of each extruder design is that thorough, instantaneous mixing of the initiator and acrylic acid with the polymer, i.e., polypropylene, occurs. The extremely high degree of mixing which characterizes the process of the present invention is evidenced by appreciable degradation of the polymer. Evidence for the appreciable degradation of the polyolefin is shown by the sub stantial increase in the melt flow rate or melt index of the copolymer over the base resin. Evidence for a narrowing of the molecular weight distribution is seen from the fact that the die swell of the graft copolymer is lower than the die swell of the polyolefin base stock used in making the copolymer. It is to be emphasized that a change in molecular weight distribution leads to many useful and novel properties of the resulting polymers.
Die Swell Some high molecular weight polymers such as polyolefins when forced through a capillary die of a relatively short length produce an extrudate of a larger diameter than the diameter of the capillary.
This property of polymers has been characterized as die swell which is expressed numerically as the ratio of the diameter of the extrudate to the diameter of the capillary (by some the ratio to the first power and by others to the second power). The term die swell as used herein is defined as follows:
die swell (D /Dul where: D, is the extrudate diameter D is the capillary diameter.
The numerical value of die swell is also dependent on the geometry of the rheometer used to force the polymer through the capillary. 1n obtaining the numerical values set forth herein, and in the tables which follow, a rheometer having a rheometer barrel of /8 inch l.D. (inside diameter) was used wherein the barrel was heated to a temperature controlled to t2 F. of the recorded temperature and the polymer was forced through a capillary having a 0.03018 inch 1D. and which was 1.006 inch long. The capillary had a 90entry angle.
The measurements were made by forcing the polymer through the capillary by a plunger operating at a constant speed or a constant shear rate (y) ranging from 13.5 reciprocal seconds to 338.3 reciprocal seconds (sec'l The polymer was forced through the capillary into ambient air at room temperature (70 80 F.).
The measurement of die swell is frequently used as a gross measure of molecular weight distribution in polyolefins; high die swell resins possess broader molecular weight distribution than polymers having lower die swells.
Thus, the polymers of the invention have die swells lower than the base stock from which they were prepared, are the product of a random chain scission process, which results in molecular weight degradation and hence possess narrower molecular weight distribution than the base polymers.
It should be noted that the exceptionally high MFR grafted polymers (i.e., those having a MFR of about to 1,000) can also be made by utilizing a starting polymer having a MFR in that range and conventionally grafting and/or additively degrading.
Films and coatings made from the grafted polymers or laminated or coated on other films or structures made from polar monomers, show outstanding properties. Nylon and other polar materials can be used as a base structure.
To summarize, the graft copolymers of the present invention have outstanding utility due to their unique chemical and physical properties as bonding agents, adhesives and coatings. The graft copolymers are especially good as adhesives for metals and can be used in forms such as adhesive sheets, powders, tapes, or laminated products. They can be added to conventional adhesive compositions.
Still further, the mechanical properties of the grafted polymer, preferably polypropylene, may be enhanced by incorporating with the copolymer certain fillers to dramatically increase the bonding ability of the conventional adhesive.
For example, a polypropylene grafted with 6% acrylic acid was found to have aluminum to aluminum shear adhesion of about 1,200 psi at 72 F. and in excess of 250 psi at 250 F. These fillers are preferably asbestos talc and fiber glass, and of the types of asbestos, chrysotile asbestos is preferred. The filled acrylic acid grafted polyolefin may be injection molded into objects such as kick-panels for automobiles, washing machine tubs or other uses where enhanced mechanical properties are required.
The polymers of the invention are also very useful in powdered form, i.e., from 20 to 325 mesh or smaller.
The graft copolymers of this invention also have outstanding utility as coupling agents. Thus they can be coated in thin films on various fillers such as glass fibers which are subsequently dispersed in a polymer matrix, which polymer can be selected from a wide available variety.
An especially useful post-modification or simultaneous reaction with an acid grafted polymer is to improve the UV stability in either of two ways or a combination of the two. They are:
a. Nickel-containing basic salts, e.g., nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide, etc., are reacted with the acid groups in the polymer; and
b. The hydroxy functionality of a hydroxy benzophenone is reacted with the acid groups of the polymer.
In addition, conventional stabilizers are much more compatible with acid modified polyolefins, and the product of the invention can be used to masterbatch stabilizer or other additives which are not normally compatible with polyolefins.
For instance, a typical masterbatch will have from 10 to 70, preferably 10 to 50 and most preferably 10 to 30, weight percent additive and the balance is acidmodified polymer.
It will be understood that while the modified polymers of the invention are especially suitable for many of the end use applications discussed herein, grafted polymers prepared by processes known to the art will also be useful in many of these end uses.
The acid grafts of the invention can be used as polymerization initiators for ethers, esters, polyethers, polyamides, etc. They can also serve as initiators and growth sites for ring opening reactions such those utilizing caprolactam.
Thus many end uses, post-modifications, etc, disclosed herein have never been previously described or available to the art. Thus, these processes for modifying and using graft polymers are novel and unobvious in their own right.
General Reaction Conditions The free radical initiator is used in amounts corresponding to 0.005 to 5, preferably 0.02 to 2, most preferably 0.02 to 1.0 weight percent based on polymer.
The monomer to be graft polymerized is used in amounts of 0.01 to 100, preferably 0.05 to 50, and most preferably 0.1 to 25 weight percent of the base polymer. An especially preferred range is from 0.1 to 1.5. High graft conversions are obtained at these levels. Furthermore, adhesion properties are also greatly enhanced over the base polymer, even with such low quantities of graft.
Generally, the monomer and initiator are blended together and added simultaneously, except in the situation of a polyethylene or ethylene predominant copolymer.
Characteristics of Inventive Polymer The novel graft polymers of the invention are characterized by several important properties. These are:
1. A MFR of from 3 to 1,000, preferably 11 to 250, most preferably 21 to and at least 50% or more, preferably 100% or more, and most preferably at least or more higher than the MFR of a starting polymer having a MFR of from no-flow to 150 as measured under conditions of ASTM test No. D-1238-65T.
2. A polymerized graft comonomer content of from 0.02 to 20, preferably 0.1 to 10, and most preferably 0.2 to 8, based on the total weight of the graft copolymer. (In this connection, it has been noted that the beneficial effects of the graft are noted at Continued relatively low grafted comonomer contents, i.e., Tm lAgr li Add i r H3 r,
Product, wt. /1 1% f less') '7: Conversion of Acrylic Acid 83 87 89 90 3. A die swell at least 0.05, preferably at least 0.1 and n hmssqrc Agnins! 150 -41) 150 300 most preferably 0.15 of a unit less than that of the base polymer.
The pre sem mvfmuon Wm be further Husmned by It has been observed that when the graft monomer is the fonnwmg Speclfic examples incorporated to be about 5 wt. or less of the total pl 1 m graft polymer, graft conversions are relatively high. At A Senes of composltlons were prepared 1 lmroduc' about to wt. "/1. of the total graft, conversions are mg polypropylene having a MFR of 0.4 mto the exlower Lew to truder of 1 thr9ugh hopper Int) mlectloll me As can be seen from the above tables, the acrylic acid conflectd to a slde port was mtroduced mlxnfre percentage of the copolymer is related to the injection of acrylic acid and a peroxide (VulCup R) in the ra rate. Total conversion of acrylic acid to polymer is relaas set forth in Table 1 which follows. For compositions tively high under both Sets f conditions- A-G, inclusive, the acrylic acid and peroxide were E n 3 added with essentially no back pressure on the injec- Th compositions f E l 1 were evaluated. line 12, which was located Over the decompression The thorough dispersion and mixing of the initiator portion of the screw. 20 with the resulting appreciable degradation of the poly- FOI' compositions 1'1-K, in contrast, the acrylic acid propylene for compositions A-G is clearly apparent in and peroxide were added to a standard extruder under the lower die swell and higher melt flow rate data obconditions where the reaction zone was filled with polytained for these to the base polymer. mer and considerable melt pressure was evident against in contrast, the polypropylene acrylic acid graft cothe injection line. The conditions under which the graft 25 polymers of compositions H-K have die swells either copolymerizations were carried out are fully set forth the same or higher than the polypropylene base stock in Tables 1 and 11 as follows: and suffered very little molecular weight loss. This TABLE I (No Pressure Condition) Composition A B D E F G Barrel Temperatures Feed Zone, F. 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 -490 490 490 -490 490 -490 -490 Reactor Zone. F. 305 320 305 305 295 305 305 400 -400 400 400 -400 400 400 Metering Zone, F. 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 400 -400 -400 -400 -400 -400 -400 Output, lb/hr 92 99 95 -90 9O Screw Speed, RPM 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 gr Peroxide/ gr Acrylic 15 15 15 15 30-35 15 15 Acid Acrylic Acid Injection Rate, 3.26 6.22 6.46 6.30 6.35 -8.9 9.92 wt. Total Acrylic Acid in 2.66 5.85 5.58 5.29 6.03 -7.5 8.60 Product, wt. Conversion of Acrylic Acid 81 94 86 84 95 -85 87 Melt Pressure Against 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 Injection Line, psi
TABLE 11 clearly indicates no appreciable degradation of the compositions H-K during the grafting of the acrylic (Full Pressure Condition) I Composition H J K AC1 I I Furthermore, the increase in MFR of the graft co- 311ml Tcmpflfllurcs 5O polymers in compositions A-G over the MFR of the .n 1 7 2738 358 jig base resin shows that appreciable degradation occurred Reactor Zone, F. 300 300 300 208 in contrast to the slight increase in MFR of the graft co- -400 -400 400 1 Mcming Znmsp 450 450 450 450 polymers of compositions H K over the MFR of the 400 400 -400 400 base resin. g p b RPM 28 25 28 2 55 The die swell data and melt flow rate data are sumfi'tf l jg g gr Acrync 15 15 15 I5 marized as follows in Tables 111 and 1V. (Acrylic acid Acid I graft contents have been rounded off to the closest clcrahc Acld in ection Rate. 3.84 6.71) 7.83 9.96 Whole number) TABLE III Composition Base A B C D E F G Stock MFR 0.4 6.5 11.2 10.6 10.2 49.7 11,4 13.3 Wt. Acrylic Acid 0 3 6 6 6 6 9 (Approximate) Die Swell at 400F.
-9= 13.5 sec" 1.67 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.42 1.50 1.35 1.20 i 33.8 sec" 1.76 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.42 1.50 1.35 1.27 7" 67.7 sec 1.85 1.42 1.35 1.35 1.42 1.50 1.35 1.42 9 135.3 sec 1.94 1.50 1.42 1.35 1.42 1.50 1.50 1.42 9 338.3 sec 2.53 1.67 1.76 1.59 1.59 1.85
19 20 TABLE [V Example 5 The procedure for composition A of Example 1 was Composition H l J K essentially dupliciated except that glycidyl acrylate was MFR H 09 08 I7 substituted for acrylic acid. The resultant modified W147, Acrylic Acid 5 graft copolymer exhibited unusually high adhesion to (Approximate) aluminum foil, polyester (Mylar) and nylon film when i fg ig fr L67 "67 L67 1 76 compression molded at 450 F. The results are summai gg sec: .3 19424 rized below in Table VII.
;= 1353 220 2122 2.32 2.32 5.75 TABLE 9 338.3 sec" 2.53 2.64 2.75 3.32 l
Peel Strength lh/in Sample Al foil Mylar Example 4 Polypropylene U U To illustrate the incorporation of fillers, particularly Pt)lypropylcnc-g-glycidyl acrylatc 12.0 hm strung Chrysotile asbestos and fibrous glass, and the enhanced 15 mechanical properties obtained, the polypropylene acrylic acid graft copolymer of composition E was Example 6 compared with unmodified polypropylene homopoly- The general procedure of Example 1 was repeated mer used as a base which had a MFR of about five. The except that maleic anhydride was substituted for mechanical properties of the polypropylene acrylic 20 acrylic acid and that the maleic anhydride was added acid graft copolymers of the present invention are with the polypropylene and the initiator (dicumyl pergreatly improved as compared to the properties of a oxide,shown as DCP,or LUPERSOL 130, shown as L) filled unmodified polypropylene homopolymer. The was added in benzene or xylene solvent directly to the results are summarized below in Tables V and V1. polymer melt.
TABLE V Secant Izod Impact ft Ib/ in TABLE VI Izod lmpact ft lb/in Unnotch Unnotch Unnotch 72F 0F 20F Notch Sample 72F Polypropylene 50% Chrysotile Asbesto Poly ropylene Gra ted with 6% Acrylic Acid 50% Chrysotile Asbestos Polypropylene 20% Fiberglass Polypropylene Grafted with 9% Acrylic Acid 20% Fiberglass Hinged Composition G Flexural Tensile Unnotch Unnotch Unnotch Modulus Mpsi Heat Deflection Temperature at Strength 264 psi C psl Secant Flex- Tensile Heat Deflection ural Modulus Mpsi Strength psi Temperature at 264 psi "C The starting polypropylene had a MFR of about 0.5.
A series of runs were carried out. The conditions and data on the resulting compositions are summarized below in Table V111.
TABLE VI II Maleic Anhydride Grafts Product Maleic Maleic Maleic Com- Peroxide Anhydride Anhydride Anhydride MFR p sition Solvent Atm DCP Added Total Graft (230 C.
L Xylene Air 0.16 1.0 0.33 0.27 69 M Xylene N; 0.14 1.0 0.43 0 28 71 N Benzene Air 0.13 1.0 0.27 0 23 51 O Benzene Air 0.14 0 0 0 1 1.5 P Benzene N 0.14 1.0 0.28 0.23 46 Q Benzene Air 0 1.0 0.23 O 1.2 R Benzene N 0 1.0 0.31 0 1.1 S Benzene N 0.0851. 1.0 0.38 0.24 60 T Benzene Air 0.085L 1.0 0.33 0.21 56 U Benzene Air 0.23 3.0 0.58 0.42 56.9 V Benzene Air 0.29 3.0 0.90 0.53 W Benzene Air 0.085L 3.0
X Benzene Air 0.044L 1.0 0.25 0.17 39.0 Y Benzene Air 0.084L 1.0 0.28 0.20 57.4 Z Benzene Air 0.089L 1.0 0.29 0.22 54.8 AA Benzene Air 0.052L 1.0 0.33 0.17 24.3 BB Benzene Air 0.047L 3.0 0.33 0.20 262 CC Benzene Air 0.094L 3.0 0.41 0.29 64.2 DD Benzene Air 0.088L 3.0 0.40 0.26 69.8 EE Benzene Air 0.044L 3.0 0.35 0.20 35.9 FF Benzene Air 0.10L 0 37.9 G6 Benzene Air 0.050L 0 135 HH Benzene Air 0.045L 0 17.6 11 Benzene Air 0.087L 0 35.2 .1.1 Benzene Air 0.0491. 1.0 0.26 0.15 3 3 .0
As can be seen from the above table, grafts with good maleic anhydride conversions as well as high melt flow rates can be conveniently prepared by the method of 35 the invention. Example 7 Composition V was reinforced with an asbestos filler and compared in several important properties with the base polypropylene similarly reinforced. The resul are summarized below in Table 1X.
TABLE 1X less fiber attrition during compounding and molding of the composite due to the lower viscosity of the higher MFR material, resulting in longer length fibers. I
The modified materials of the invention also display low shrinkage and warping characteristics upon in iec tion molding.
For the purposes of this application, the polymers included in the scope thereof include polystyrene and Secant Flexural Tensile Notch Unnotch Unnotch Unnotch Modulus Mpsi lzod Impact ft lb/in Heat Deflection Strength Temperature at psi 264 psi C.
Polypropylene 35% Chrysotile Asbestos Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene 35% Chrysotile Asbestos As can be seen from the above table, improved stiffness, impact and tensile strength result, whileheat deflections are comparable to the base polypropylene.
When talc or fibrous glass is substituted for the above filler, similar results are observed.
It is also to be noted that in this connection generally from 100 to 5 weight percent of grafted polymer will impart improved results. Thus considerable savings can often be effected by using less than 100% of the grafted resin batch.
It is further to be noted that higher MFR grafted polymers, i.e.. 50 MFR. give directionally better comtetrahydro-Phthalic anhydride or acid.
The grafted polymers of the invention, particularly polyolefins and most particularly elastomer and plastic blends, are especially suitable for hot-melt adhesive constituents. Blends of acrylic acid grafted polypropylene and EPR are particularly preferred.
The grafted polymers, especially acrylic acid grafted polypropylene, are excellent additives to polyvinyl materials such as PVC as processing aids, i.e.. lubricants and heat stabilizers. About 1 to 20 weight percent of a 6% acrylic acid graft makes an outstanding novel PVC blend composition.
The grafted polymers of the invention are also very compatible with dyes and carbon black. Therefore they propylene block polymer and 20 to 40 weight percent of EPR or EPDM. From 0.5 to 15 weight percent of acrylic acid grafted to this blend is especially preferred.
Although unsaturated monomers are preferred, saturated carboxylic acid s c r be used to incorporate car boxyl functionality to the backbone of a degraded polymer.
A very important aspect of the invention which must be emphasized is that in its preferred version simultaneous polymer degradation and grafting are accomplished. This is an accomplishment unrealized by the art.
The especially preferred grafted polymer compositions of the invention are characterized by the characare especially suitable as carrying materials for master l5 teristics in the following Tables A and B:
TABLE A Predominantly Ethylene-Containing Polymers Melt Index Starting Final 0.05 to 1000 0.05 to 1000 0.05 to 50 0.05 to 250 to .05, pref. 0 to 0.1, most pref. 0 to 0.15 O to .05, pref. O to 0.1, most pref. 0 to 0.15
Die Swell Reduction at least: M1 Increase 1 to 10 l to 10 0 to .05, pref. 0 to 0.1, 0 to 20,000, pref. 0 to 1,000,
most pref. 0 to 0.15 most pref. 0 to 500 TABLE B Predominantly C to C Containing Polymers MFR Die Swell Reduction MFR Increase Starting Final at least: at least:
0.3 to 0.9 3 to 1,000, 0.05, preferably 0.10, 1,000, preferably 1500,
pref. 3 to 300, most preferably 0.15 most preferably 2,000 most preferably 3 to 200 0.91 to 5.0 to 1,000, .05, preferably 0.10, 500, preferably 700, pref. 5 to 300, most preferably 0.15 most preferably 900 most preferably 5 to 200 5.01 to 10 15.5 to 1,000, .05, preferably 0.10, 300, preferably 400, pref. 20 to 300, most preferably 015 most preferably 750 most preferably 25 to 250 10.1 to 150 to 1,000, .05, preferably 0.10, 50, preferably 100,
pref. to 300,
most preferably .15 most preferably 150 most preferably to 250 batches for dyes, carbon black, other fillers, additives and the like.
, The process of the invention is particularly suitable for preparing blends of ordinarily hard to mix or incompatible components. For instance, blends of saran and polypropylene with good flame retardancy are made in the extruder process.
Another technique which can be used in an extruder process is to use polypropylene and the like as a carrier for materials which are sometimes too slippery in fluid form for the extruder to handle, i.e., low density polyethylene, EPR, etc.
Although the above examples were carried out with the apparatus of FIG. 1, it is to be noted that the apparatus of FIGS. 2 and 3 has also been used. In many instances, the results are even better than the outstanding results obtained from the FIG. 1 apparatus.
In the above examples and specification, all weights are weight percents unless otherwise indicated.
Another especially preferred composition to be grafted comprises 20 to 60 weight percent polypropylene, 20 to weight percent polyethylene or ethylene- What is claimed is:
1. A process for modifying the rheological or chemical and rheological properties of a polymer which is normally solid at room temperature, which comprises in combination the steps of:
a. introducing said polymer into an extruder with a moving positive displacement screw of varying root cross-sectional areas to define a reaction zone;
b. generating an above-atmospheric pressure within said extruder as said polymer is conveyed therethrough;
c. applying sufficient heat in addition to working said polymer, to convert it into its fluid form;
d. conveying said fluid polymer to a reaction zone within said extruder where polymer volume is controlled to be less than said reaction zone volume, thereby causing a reduced pressure within said zone;
e. introducing into said reduced pressure zone, while said polymer is substantially fluid, sufficient of a material selected from the group consisting of i. one or more monomers;
ii. free-radical initiator;
iii. a combination of the foregoing; to measurably change either the rheological or chemical propcities or both of said properties of said polymer; and
f. conveying the resultant modified polymerr through the remainder of the extrusion process.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein said polymer is a thermoplastic polymer.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein said polymer is a C to C olefin polymer.
4. A process according to claim 3 wherein said polymer is either high or low density polyethylene.
5. A process according to claim 3 wherein said polymer is polypropylene.
6. A process according to claim 3 wherein said polymer is chosen from the group consisting of polymethyl pentene, isotactic polypropylene, polyallomers, polybutylene and mixtures thereof.
7. A process according to claim 1 wherein said polymer is an elastomer.
8. A process according to claim 7 wherein said elastomer is an ethylene-propylene copolymer or an ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer.
9. A process according to claim 1 wherein said monomer is unsaturated and has carboxylic acid functionality or a derivative of said acid functionality.
10. A process according to claim 1 wherein said monomer is acrylic acid or one of its derivatives.
11. A process according to claim 1 wherein said monomer is maleic anhydride or one of its derivatives.
12. A process according to claim 9 wherein the modified polymer resulting from the process is subsequently modified by subsequent reactions chosen from the group consisting of esterification, neutralization, amidization and imidization.
13. A process according to claim 1 wherein said freeradical initiator is introduced in the absence of freeradical reactive monomers.
14. A process according to claim 1 wherein said freeradical initiator is introduced in the presence of freeradical ractive monomers.
15. A process according to claim 1 wherein the initial,
portion of said reaction zone is at a relatively low pressure as compared to the rest of said reaction zone.
16. A process according to claim I wherein said polymer is a blend of a plastic and an elastomer.
17. A process according to claim 1 wherein said monomer is chosen from the group consisting of acrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate and maleic anhydride, and said polymer is polypropylene.
18. A process according to claim 1 wherein said monomer is chosen from the group consisting of acrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate and maleic anhydride, and said polymer is an ethylene-containing polymer.
19. A process for modifying the rheological or chemical-rheological properties of a polymer which is normally solid at room temperature, which comprises in combination the steps of:
a. introducing said polymer into an extruder with a moving positive displacement screw. of varying root cross-sectional area to define a reaction zone;
b. generating an above-atmospheric pressure within said extruder as said polymer is conveyed therethrough;
c. applying sufficient heat in addition to working said polymer, to convert it into its fluid form;
d. conveying said fluid polymer through the initial portion of said reaction zone whereby said fluid polymer is forced into a relatively thin, as compared to the portion of said extruder just prior to said initial portion of said reaction zone, fluid film under high shear;
e. introducing into said initial portion of said reaction zone while said polymer is in a thin-film, high-shear state sufficient of a material selected from the group consisting of:
i. a monomer or monomers;
ii. a free-radical initiator;
iii. a combination of the foregoing; to measurably change either the rheological or chemical properties or both of said properties; and
f. conveying the resultant modified polymer through the remainder of the extrusion process.
20. A method according to claim 19 wherein said initial portion of said reaction zone is characterized by a relatively large screw root cross-sectional area as compared to the screw root cross-sectional area immediately preceding said reaction zone.
21. A process according to claim 19 wherein said polymer is a C to C,, olefin polymer.
22. A process according to claim 21 wherein said polymer is either high or low density polyethylene.
23. A process according to claim 21 wherein said polymer is polypropylene.
24. A process according to claim 21 wherein said polymer is chosen from the group consisting of polymethyl pentene, isotactic polypropylene, polyallomers. polybutylene and mixtures thereof.
25. A process according to claim 19 wherein said polymer is an elastomer.
26. A process according to claim 25 wherein said elastomer is an ethylene-propylene copolymer or an ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer.
27. A process according to claim 19 wherein said monomer is unsaturated and has carboxylic functionality or a derivative of said acid functionality.
28. A process according to claim 19 wherein said monomer is acrylic acid or one of its derivatives.
29. A process according to claim 19 wherein said monomer is glycidyl acrylate or maleic anhydride or one of its derivatives.
30. A process according to claim 27 wherein the modified polymer resulting from the process is subsequently modified by subsequent reactions chosen from the group consisting of esterification, neutralization, amidization and imidization.
31. A process according to claim 19 wherein said free-radical initiator is introduced in the absenceof free-radical reactive monomers.
32. A process according to claim 19 wherein said free-radical initiator is introduced in the presence of free-radical reactive monomers.
33. A process according to claim 19 wherein said polymer is a blend of a plastic and an elastomer.
34. A process according'to claim 19 wherein said monomer is chosen from the group consisting of acrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate and maleic anhydride, and said polymer is polypropylene.
35. A process according to claim 19 wherein said monomer is chosen from the group consisting of acrylic acid. glycidyl acrylate and maleic anhydride, and said polymer is an ethylene-containing polymer.
36. A grafted polymeric composition, prepared from a base polymer, comprising from 0.02 to weight percent of grafted compound and having a melt flow rate of from 3 to 1,000 and at least 50% higher than said base polymer and a die swell of at least 0.05 unit less than that of said base polymer wherein said grafted composition has been prepared by the process of claim 1.
37. A composition according to claim 36 wherein said base polymer is polystyrene or a C to C polyolefin and said grafted portion of said polymer is derived from unsaturated carboxylic acids or their derivatives.
38. A composition according to claim 36 wherein said base polymer is plastic.
39. A composition according to claim 36 wherein said base polymer is elastomeric. I
40. A composition according to claim 36 wherein said base polymer is a blend of elastomeric and plastic polymers.
41. A composition according to claim 37 wherein said unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid or a derivative thereof.
42. A composition according to claim 37 wherein said unsaturated carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof is glycidyl acrylate or maleic anhydride.
43. A composition according to claim 38 wherein said grafted compound is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate, maleic anhydride or a derivative thereof.
44. A composition according to claim 39 wherein said grafted compound is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate, maleic anhydride or a derivative thereof.
45. A reactor apparatus which comprises in combination:
a. a hollow extruder barrel with exterior, interior, be-
ginning, middle and final portions;
b. an extruder screw means having a root of varying cross-sectional area operably mounted within said barrel to advance material through said barrel;
c. a reaction chamber in the middle portion of said barrel having an initial portion, said initial portion of said chamber being characterized by a decreased cross-sectional area of said screw root; and
d. orifice means communicating between said initial chamber portion and said exterior portion of said barrel.
46. A reactor apparatus according to claim 45 wherein said final portion of the reaction chamber has a root cross-sectional area only slightly smaller than the internal cross-sectional area of said barrel, whereby gaseous materials within said chamber are prevented from easily escaping from said chamber.
47. A reactor apparatus which comprises in combination:
a. a hollow extruder barrel with exterior, interior, be-
ginning, middle and final portions;
b. extruder screw means having a root of varying cross-sectional area operably mounted within said barrel to advance material through said barrel;
c. a high-shear, thin film reaction chamber in the middle of said barrel having an initial portion defined by an increased cross-sectional thin film forming means screw root to shearingly engage said material between said barrel and said segment; and
d. orifice means communicating between said initial chamber portion and said exterior portion of said barrel.
48. A reactor apparatus according to claim 47 wherein said reaction chamber has a final portion delined by a root cross-sectional area only slightly smaller than said interior crosssectional area of said barrel. whereby gaseous materials formed in said chamber are prevented from easily escaping from said chamber.
49. A reactor apparatus according to claim 47 wherein said thin-film forming means is a cylinder or cone segment means having an output end and an input end longitudinally mounted in said barrel to shearingly engage a fluid between said barrel and said cylinder comprising:
l. input grove means on the surface at the input end of said segment means terminating in dead ends before the output end;
2. output grove means on the surface of said cylinder or cone means at the output end of said segment, terminating before reaching said input end; and
3. thin-film barrier means intermediate said grove, said barrier means not contacting the interior wall of said barrel.
50. A composition according to claim 42 wherein said unsaturated carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof is glycidyl acrylate.
51. The composition of claim 36 which has an MFR of from 11 to 250 and said MFR being at least higher than the MFR of said base polymer.
52. A composition according to claim 36 having an MFR of 21 to lOO and a die swell of at least 0. l of a unit less than that of the base polymer.
53. A composition according to claim 52 having a die swell of at least 0.15 of a unit less than that of the base polymer.
54. A composition according to claim 51 in which the grafted monomer is glycidyl acrylate.
55. A composition according to claim 36 wherein said polyolefin is polypropylene and said grafted monomer is glycidyl acrylate.
56. A composition according to claim 36 wherein said polyolefin is polypropylene and said monomer is acrylic acid.
57. A grafted C,-, to C polyolefin comprising from 0.02 to 20 weight percent of a grafted component and having a melt-flow rate (MFR) of from 3 to 1,000 wherein said grafted polyolefin has been prepared by free radical attack on a base polymer in the presence of a monomer or a graftable reactive compound, wherein said base polymer has an MFR of from 0.3 to 0.9 and the MFR of said grafted polyolefin is at least 1,000% more than the MFR of said base polymer and the die swell of said grafted polyolefin is at least 0.05 less than that of said base polyolefin.
58. A grafted C to C polyolefin comprising from 0.02 to 20 weight percent of a grafted component and having a melt-flow rate (MFR) of from 5 to 1,000 wherein said grafted polyolefin has been prepared by free radical attack on a base polymer in the presence of a monomer or a graftable reactive compound, wherein said base polymer has an MFR of from 0.91 to 5.0 and the MFR of said grafted polyolefin is at least 700% more than the MFR of said base polymer and the die swell of said grafted polyolefin is at least 0. l0 less than that of said base polyolefin.
59. A grafted C to C polyolefin comprising from 0.02 to 20 weight percent of a grafted component and having a melt-flow rate (MFR) of from 20 to 300 wherein said grafted polyolefin has been prepared by free radical attack on a base polymer in the presence of a minor or a graftable reactive compound, wherein said base polymer has an MFR of from 5.01 to and the MFR of said grafted polyolefin is at least 400% more than the MFR of said base polymer and the die swell of said grafted polyolefin is at least 0.10 less than that of said base polyolefin.
60. A grafted C to C polyolefin comprising from 0.02 to weight percent of a grafted component and having a melt-flow rate (MFR) of from 20 to 300 wherein said grafted polyolefin has been prepared by free radical attack on a base polymer in the presence of a monomer or a graftable reactive compound, wherein said base polymer has an MFR of from 10.1 to 150 and the MFR of said grafted polyolefin is at least 100% more than the MFR of said base polymer and the die swell of said grafted polyolefin is at least 0.10 less than that of said base polyolefin.
61. A grafted C to C polyolefin comprising from 0.02 to 20 weight percent of a grafted component and having a melt-flow rate (MFR) of from 5 to 300 wherein said grafted polyolefin has been prepared by free radical attack on a base polymer in the presence of a monomer or a graftable reactive compound, wherein said base polymer has an MFR of from 0.91 to 5.0 and the MFR of said grafted polyolefin is at least 900% more than the MFR of said base polymer and the die swell of said grafted polyolefin is at least 0.15 less than that of said base polyolefin.
62. A grafted polymeric composition, prepared from a base polymer, comprising from 0.02m 20 weight percent of grafted compound and having a melt flow rate of from 3 to 1,000 and at least 50% higher than said base polymer and a die swell of at least 0.05 unit less than that of said base polymer, wherein said grafted composition has been prepared by the process of claim 19.
63. A grafted polymeric composition, prepared from a base polymer, comprising from 0.02 to 20 weight percent of grafted compound and having a melt flow rate of from 3 to 1,000 and at least 90 higher than said base polymer and a die swell of at least 0.05 unit less than that of said polymer, wherein said grafted composition has been prepared by the process of claim 20.
64. A composition according to claim 62 wherein said base polymer is polystyrene or a C to C polyolefin and said grafted portion of said polymer is derived from unsaturated carboxylic acids or their derivatives.
65. A composition according to claim 62 wherein said base polymer is plastic.
66. A composition according to claim 62 wherein said base polymer is elastomeric.
67. A composition according to claim 62 wherein said base polymer is a blend of elastomeric and plastic polymers.
68. A composition according to claim 62 wherein said unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid or a derivative thereof.
69. A composition according to claim 62 wherein said unsaturated carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof is glycidyl acrylate or maleic anhydride.
70. A composition according to claim 66 wherein said grafted compound is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate, maleic anhydride or a derivative thereof.
71. A composition according to claim 62 wherein said grafted compound is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, glycidyl acrylate, maleic anhydride or a derivative thereof.
72. A process according to claim 1 wherein said monomer is himic anhydride or acid.
73. A process according to claim 19 wherein said monomer is himic anhydride or acid.
74. A composition according to claim 64 wherein said unsaturated carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof is himic anhydride or acid.
75. The composition of claim 62 which has an MFR of from 1 l to 250 and said MFR being at least 150% higher than the MFR of said base polymer.
76. A composition according to claim 62 having an MFR of2l to 100 and a die swell of at least 0.1 of a unit less than that of the base polymer.
77. A composition according to claim 76 having a die swell of at least 0.15 of a unit less than that of the base polymer.
78. A composition according to claim in which the grafted monomer is glycidyl acrylate.
79. A composition according to claim 64 wherein said polyolefin is polypropylene and said grafted monomer is glycidyl acrylate.
80. A composition according to claim 64 wherein said polyolefin is polypropylene and said monomer is acrylic acid.
Citas de patentes