|Adult male in South Africa|
The African stonechat (Saxicola torquatus) is a species of the Old World flycatcher family (Muscicapidae), inhabiting sub-Saharan Africa and adjacent regions. Like the other chats, it was long assigned to the thrush family (Turdidae), to which the chats are convergent. Its scientific name refer to its appearance and habitat and means "collared rock-dweller": Saxicola from Latin saxum ("rock") + incola ("one who dwells in a place"), torquatus, Latin for "collared".
In the past S. torquatus usually referred to the entire "common stonechat" superspecies and some sources still keep it that way, but all available evidence strongly supports full species status for the European (S. rubicola) and the Siberian stonechat (S. maurus) of temperate Eurasia, in addition to the island-endemics Fuerteventura chat (S. dacotiae) and Réunion stonechat (S. tectes) which were never unequivocally accepted into S. torquata. Also, the well-marked populations of the Horn of Africa uplands (and Arabia?) and Madagascar (and Grande Comore?) may well qualify as yet additional species.
Description and distribution
The males have a black head, a white half-collar, a black back, a white rump, and a black tail; the wings are black with a large white patch on the top side of the inner wing. The upper breast is usually dark orange-red, with a sharp or gradual transition to white or pale orange on the lower breast and belly depending on subspecies. In a few, black replaces the orange breast feathers in part or entirely.
Females have brown rather than black above and on the head with an indistinct paler eyebrow line, chestnut-buff rather than orange below, and less white on the wings. Both sexes' plumage is somewhat duller and streakier outside the breeding season.
It has a scattered distribution across much of sub-Saharan Africa, occurring locally as far north as Senegal and Ethiopia. Outlying populations are found the mountains of southwest Arabia and on Madagascar and Grande Comore. It is non-migratory, moving only locally if at all. As a result, it has developed much regional variation, being divided into about 15 subspecies.
Systematics and taxonomy
The closest relative of this species are apparently not the Eurasian populations but the Réunion stonechat (S. tectes), but still the "white-collared" Saxicola form a distinct group in the genus. S. torquatus and S. tectes form a sub-Saharan African lineage that diverged from the Eurasian one in the Late Pliocene, roughly 2.5 million years ago. Réunion was colonized shortly thereafter, indicating a rapid expansion along the Indian Ocean coast of Africa. With the Sahara drying out in the subsequent Quaternary glaciation, the African and Eurasian populations became isolated for good.
The recent separation as species was proposed after mtDNA cytochrome b sequence and nDNA microsatellite fingerprinting analysis of specimens of the subspecies Saxicola torquatus axillaris but not S. t. torquatus, and hence this species was briefly known as S. axillaris.
The subspecies differ slightly in size, and more in the extent of the orange-red on the upper breast of the males, and whether the lower breast is white with a distinct boundary from the upper breast, or pale orange with an indistinct boundary from the darker upper breast. The extent of the orange-red also varies with time of year, often extending on to the belly outside the breeding season.
- Saxicola torquatus torquatus (Linnaeus, 1766) – E South Africa
- Saxicola (torquatus) sibilla (Linnaeus, 1766), Madagascar stonechat – Madagascar
- Saxicola (torquatus) albofasciatus (Rüppell, 1845)[verification needed], Ethiopian stonechat – Ethiopian highlands
- Upper breast black, not orange-red.
- Saxicola torquatus salax (J. & E.Verreaux, 1851)[verification needed] – N Angola, W Zaire, Congo, Gabon
- Saxicola torquatus axillaris (Shelley, 1884)[verification needed] – Kenya, Uganda, NW Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, E Zaire
- Saxicola torquatus pallidigula (Reichenow, 1892) – High altitudes on Mount Cameroon, Cameroon
- The largest subspecies. Length of flattened wing c.75-78 mm (3 in).
- Saxicola torquatus jebelmarrae Lynes, 1920[verification needed] – Darfur (Sudan)
- Saxicola torquatus adamauae Grote, 1922[verification needed] – Cameroon
- Mid-sized, length of flattened wing c.70 mm (c.2.7 in).
- Saxicola torquatus promiscuus Hartert, 1922[verification needed] – Western Mozambique, eastern Zambia, central Tanzania
- Very limited orange-red on uppermost part of breast only.
- Saxicola torquatus voeltzkowi Grote, 1926[verification needed] – Grande Comore
- Saxicola torquatus nebularum Bates, 1930[verification needed] – Tropical West Africa from Sierra Leone to Côte d'Ivoire
- Extensive orange-red on breast and also flanks.
- Saxicola torquatus moptanus Bates, 1932[verification needed] – Scattered in the W Sahel from N Senegal to Niger
- The smallest subspecies.
- Saxicola torquatus felix Bates, 1936[verification needed] – SW Saudi Arabia and W Yemen
- Saxicola torquatus oreobates Clancey, 1956[verification needed] – High altitudes in the Drakensberg and other mountains of Lesotho and immediately adjacent South Africa
- Saxicola torquatus stonei Bowen, 1932[verification needed] – C southern Africa, from northernmost South Africa north to Zaire and southwestern Tanzania
- Saxicola torquatus clanceyi Latimer, 1961[verification needed] – W South Africa
- Saxicola torquatus altivagus Clancey, 1988[verification needed] – E Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi
- Previously included within promiscua, and very similar to it.
- BirdLife International (2012). "Saxicola torquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- E.g. BLI (2008)
- Wittmann et al. (1995), Urquhart & Bowley (2002), Wink et al. (2002), Woog et al. (2008)
- Urquhart & Bowley (2002)
- Wink et al. (2002)
- Boulton & Rand (1952)
- Boulton, Rudyerd & Rand, A.L. (1952): A collection of birds from Mount Cameroon. Fieldiana Zool. 34(5): 35-64. Fulltext at the Internet Archive
- Urquhart, Ewan & Bowley, Adam (2002): Stonechats. A Guide to the Genus Saxicola. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6024-4
- Wink, M.; Sauer-Gürth, H. & Gwinner, E. (2002): Evolutionary relationships of stonechats and related species inferred from mitochondrial-DNA sequences and genomic fingerprinting. British Birds 95: 349-355. PDF fulltext
- Wittmann, U.; Heidrich, P.; Wink, M. & Gwinner, E. (1995): Speciation in the Stonechat (Saxicola torquata) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b-gene. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 33(2): 116-122. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00218.x HTML abstract
- Woog, Friederike; Wink, Michael; Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar; Gonzalez, Javier; Helm, Barbara (2008): Distinct taxonomic position of the Madagascar stonechat (Saxicola torquatus sibilla) revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA. J. Ornithol. 149(3): 423–430. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00965.x PDF fulltext
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saxicola torquatus.|
- African stonechat - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.