human sexual behaviourArticle Free Pass
- Types of behaviour
- Physiological aspects
- Psychological aspects
- Social and cultural aspects
- Sexually transmitted diseases
Sexual problems may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin. Any given problem may involve all three categories; a physiological problem, for example, will produce psychological effects, and these may result in some social maladjustment.
Physiological problems of a specifically sexual nature are rather few. Only a small minority of people suffer from diseases of or deficient development of the genitalia or that part of the neurophysiology governing sexual response. Many people, however, experience at some time sexual problems that are by-products of other pathologies or injuries.
Vaginal infections, for example, retroverted uteri, prostatitis, adrenal tumours, diabetes, senile changes of the vagina, and cardiovascular conditions may cause disturbance of the sexual life. In brief, anything that seriously interferes with normal bodily functioning generally causes some degree of sexual trouble. Fortunately, the great majority of physiological sexual problems are solved through medication or surgery. Generally, only those problems involving damage to the nervous system defy therapy.
Psychological problems constitute by far the largest category. They are not only the product of socially induced inhibitions, maladaptive attitudes, and ignorance but also of sexual myths held by society. An example of the latter is the idea that good, mature sex must involve rapid erection, protracted coitus, and simultaneous orgasm. Magazines, marriage books, and general sexual folklore reinforce these demanding ideals, which cannot always be met and hence give rise to anxiety, guilt, and feelings of inadequacy.
Premature ejaculation is a common problem, especially for young males. Sometimes this is not the consequence of any psychological problem but the natural result of excessive tension in a male who has been sexually deprived. In such cases, more frequent coitus solves the problem. Premature ejaculation is difficult to define. The best definition is that offered by the American sexologists, William Howell Masters and Virginia Eshelman Johnson, who say that a male suffers from premature ejaculation if he cannot delay ejaculation long enough to induce orgasm in a sexually normal female at least half the time. This generally means that vaginal penetration with some movement (although not continuous) must be maintained for more than one minute. The average American male ejaculates in two or three minutes after vaginal penetration, a coital duration sufficient to cause orgasm in most females the majority of the time. Various methods of preventing premature ejaculation have been tried. One is for the male to excite the female more during the foreplay so that she reaches orgasm more rapidly after penetration, but this technique often excites the male as well and defeats its purpose. Another common method is for the male to think of nonsexual matters, which may prove effective but reduces his pleasure. The most effective therapy is that advocated by Masters and Johnson in which the female brings the male nearly to orgasm and then prevents the male’s orgasm by briefly compressing the penis between her fingers just below the head of the penis. The couple come to realize that premature ejaculation can thus be easily prevented, their anxiety disappears, and ultimately they can achieve normal coitus without resorting to this squeeze technique.
Erectile impotence is almost always of psychological origin in males under 40; in older males physical causes are more often involved. Fear of being impotent frequently causes impotence, and, in many cases, the afflicted male is simply caught up in a self-perpetuating problem that can be solved only by achieving a successful act of coitus. In other cases, the impotence may be the result of disinterest in the sexual partner, fatigue, distraction because of nonsexual worries, intoxication, or other causes—such occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy.
Some males, however, are chronically impotent and require psychotherapy or behaviour therapy. Such impotency is thought to be the result of deep-seated causal factors such as unconscious feelings of hostility, fear, inadequacy, or guilt. Primary impotence, the inability to ever have achieved erection sufficient for coitus, is more difficult to treat than the far more common secondary impotence, which is impotence in a male who was formerly potent.
Ejaculatory impotence, the inability to ejaculate in coitus, is quite rare and is almost always of psychogenic origin. It seems associated with ideas of contamination or with memories of traumatic experiences. Occasional ejaculatory inability may be expected in older men or in any male who has exceeded his sexual capacity.
Vaginismus is a powerful spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the vagina so that penetration is painful or impossible. It seems wholly due to antisexual conditioning or psychological trauma and serves as an unconscious defense against coitus. It is treated by psychotherapy and by gradually dilating the vagina with increasingly large cylinders.
Dyspareunia, painful coitus, is generally physical rather than psychological. It is mentioned here only because some inexperienced females fear they cannot accommodate a penis without being painfully stretched. This is a needless fear since the vagina is not only highly elastic but enlarges with sexual arousal, so that even a small female can, if aroused, easily receive an exceptionally large penis.
Disparity in sexual desire constitutes the most common sexual problem. It is to some extent inescapable, since differences in the strength of the sexual impulse and the ability to respond are based on neurophysiological differences. Much disparity, however, is the result of inhibition or of one person having been subjected to more sexual stimuli during the day than the other. The partner who has been seeing sexually attractive persons periodically during the day and who may have had an opportunity to relax on the way back from the office or store is naturally more interested in coitus than the partner who has not been exposed to sexual stimuli. Another cause of disparity is a difference in viewpoint. Perhaps one person anticipates coitus as a palliative to compensate for the trials and tribulations of life, whereas another may be interested in sex only if the preceding hours have been reasonably problem-free and happy. Even in cases of neurophysiological differences in sex drive, the less-motivated partner can be trained to a higher level of interest, since most humans operate well below their sexual capacities.
Psychological fatigue, a growing disinterest in sexual behaviour with a particular partner, sometimes constitutes a problem. Humans are subject to monotony, and coitus may become routine or even a chore. Lessening frequencies of marital coitus are more often the result of this than of age. The solution lies in varying the time, the setting, and in breaking away from habitual techniques and positions.
Preferences for or antipathies toward particular positions, techniques, or times frequently cause trouble. One partner may desire mouth-genital contact or anal stimulation that the other partner finds disagreeable or perverse. Some wish to have coitus in the light, others insist upon darkness; some prefer morning, others evening. The possibilities for disagreement are legion. Even if disagreements stemming from needless inhibition are overcome, there still remain disparities in preference, and these should be met by the philosophy that, by giving pleasure to another, one obtains pleasure. Needless to say, no partner should insist upon that which is abhorrent to the other after the latter has made honest attempts to cooperate.
Lack of female orgasm, anorgasmy, is a very frequent problem. One should differentiate between females who become sexually aroused but do not reach orgasm and those who do not become aroused. Only the latter merit the label frigid. It is common for females not to achieve orgasm during the first weeks or months of coital activity. It is almost as though many females must learn how to have orgasm, for after having had one they respond with increasing frequency. In some cases, the female initially has no idea how to copulate effectively and simply lies passive, expecting the male to bring her to orgasm. Other females resist orgasm because the feeling of being swept away and losing control is frightening. In most cases, however, anorgasmy is simply the result of years of inhibition—having been trained since childhood to avoid yielding to the sexual impulse, it is difficult to metamorphose into a responsive and orgasmic being. In the final analysis, anorgasmy is psychological in origin; few, if any, females lack the neurophysiology necessary for orgasm, and anthropology shows that in sexually permissive societies virtually all females have little difficulty in attaining orgasm in coitus.
Anorgasmy is treated by removing inhibitions, by teaching coital techniques, and by inducing orgasm through noncoital methods. The effective therapist should also impress upon the female that not reaching orgasm is no sign of failure or inadequacy on her part or her partner’s and that sexual activity is very pleasurable to both, even if orgasm does not ensue. Indeed, some females derive great pleasure and satisfaction without orgasm, a fact that should be made known to anxious male partners. Too great a concern over orgasm defeats itself. As Kinsey once pointed out, thinking is the enemy of sexual pleasure, and a female can scarcely have orgasm if she is worrying about whether she will attain it or not and if she senses that her partner is mentally turning the pages of a marriage manual.
Lastly, sexual problems are often perpetuated by the inability of the partners to communicate freely their feelings to one another. There is a curious and unfortunate reticence about informing one’s partner as to what does or does not contribute to one’s pleasure. The partner must function on a trial-and-error basis, ever on the alert for signs indicating the efficacy of his or her efforts. This muteness is even more pronounced when it comes to an individual making suggestions to the partner. Many persons feel that a suggestion or request would be interpreted by the partner that he or she had been inept or at least remiss. As with any other problems, sexual problems can be overcome or ameliorated only if the individuals concerned communicate effectively.
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