Norma is one of the constellations introduced by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille following his mapping of the southern skies in 1751–52. It consists of faint stars between Ara and Lupus that were not catalogued by Ptolemy. On his 1756 planisphere Lacaille called it l’Equerre et la Regle, the Square and Rule, depicting it as a draughtsman’s set-square and ruler.
Lacaille placed it next to another of his inventions, the compasses (le Compas, now known as Circinus), and the southern triangle (Triangulum Australe); this latter figure was an earlier invention of the Dutch navigators Keyser and de Houtman which Lacaille visualized as a builder’s level, thereby creating a trio of surveying and building instruments. On the 1763 edition of the planisphere Lacaille Latinized and shortened the name of the constellation to Norma; others, though, preferred the fuller name Norma et Regula, as did Bode on his atlas of 1801 (see illustration below).
In his widely quoted book Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning, the historian R. H. Allen called this constellation “the Level and Square”. Allen said that the French edition of Flamsteed’s star atlas (i.e. the Atlas Céleste of Jean Fortin) showed it as Niveau, the level, but a glance at that atlas shows he is wrong. The alternative name “level” was actually applied to the southern triangle, Triangulum Australe. Allen seemingly misread the French map and transferred the name to the wrong constellation, in a reprise of the way in which star names were misapplied through misreadings of maps down the ages. Allen’s error has caused confusion ever since.
Norma, shown under the name Norma et Regula in the Uranographia of Johann Bode (1801). “Rule and Square” is a traditional English pub name.
The brightest stars of Norma are of only fourth magnitude and none have names. Because of changes in the constellation’s boundaries since Lacaille’s time, Norma no longer has stars labelled Alpha or Beta. The stars that Lacaille designated Alpha and Beta Normae are now part of Scorpius, where they are known as N and H Scorpii respectively. For a modern chart of this region, click here. Incidentally, Norma shares this distinction with Puppis and Vela, both of which lack stars labelled Alpha and Beta because they were once part of a much larger constellation, in their case Argo Navis; when Argo was split into three by Lacaille, the stars Alpha and Beta ended up in the third subdivision, Carina.
Although Norma is a modern constellation, its stars are at similar declination to those of its neighbours Ara and Lupus so they would have been visible to the ancient Chinese, as they were to the Greeks. The Greeks did not incorporate any of its stars into their constellations, but the Chinese did. Up to four stars in northern Norma were part of Jizu, a battalion of soldiers, the bulk of which was in Scorpius. Sun and Kistemaker identify the four stars as Delta, Epsilon, Mu and Lambda Normae. Other sources, while agreeing that stars in Norma were involved in Jizu, differ in their identity and number.
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