List of translations
Hear it spoken!
Warning: Unless stated differently, all the
nouns and adjectives in this lexicon are
masculine and singular. Non obvious
feminines are shown. Adverbs formed from
adjectives (those ending in –ment) are not
a /a/ prep. from Lat. ad. Use ad /ad/ before vowels or “h”.
ajutre /a"jutre/ v. from Lat. adiutare. ajuté /aju"te/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense.
anoustja /a"nowstja/ fem. sing. n. from Lat. angustia.
atacre /a"takre/ v. from It. attacare.
auc. /aw"ku/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. aliquis unus.
bainvenat /bajnve"nat/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. bene venire.
bell /beL/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. bellus.
casa /"kasa/ fem. sing. n. from Lat. casa.
cert /kert/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. certus.
chantre /"tSantre/ v. from Lat. cantare, influenced by Fr. cognate chanter.
cjude /"kjude/ masc. sing. n. from old Eng. cild.
cõ /ko/ prep. from Lat. cum.
cosa /"kosa/ fem. sing. n. from Lat. causa.
depüi /de"pu:i/ adv. from Lat. de post.
deure /"dewre/ v. from Lat. debere. deurèms /dew"rems/ 1st pers. pl. “futur” tense.
Dïo /"di:o/ masc. sing. n. from Lat. deus.
dorm.re /"dorm@re/ v. from Lat. dormire.
dorma /"dorma/ 2nd pers. sing. “imperatïu” tense.
durant /du"rant/ prep. from Lat. durare.
es.re /"es@re/ v. from Lat. esse > *essere.
esabems /e"sabems/ 1st pers. pl. “umperfet” tense. eh /E/ 3rd pers. sing. “present” tense. esarïen /esa"ri:en/ 3rd pers. pl. “condicjònal” tense.
façre /"fasre/ v. from Lat. facere. façé /fa"se/ 3rd pers. sing “undefinat” tense. façrèms /fas"rems/ 1st pers. pl. “futur” tense.
fer.re /"fer@re/ v. from Lat. ferire.
grã /gra/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. grandis.
haure /"awre/ v. from Lat. habere. hast /aSt/ 3rd pers. sing. “present” tense.
heu /ew/ interj. It is untranslatable. It is used at the beginning of a story to receive the attention of everybody.
ill /iL/ masc. sing. prn. from Lat. ille. Used as a subject pronoun.
itemaix /ite"maS/ adv. from Lat. item magis.
ïu /"i:u/ masc. sing. prn. from Lat. illum. Used as an indirect object pronoun.
jer /jer/ adv. from Lat. heri.
jocre /"jokre/ v. from Lat. iocare.
llançre /"Lansre/ v. from Lat. lanceare.
mal /mal/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. malus.
mangg.re /"mandZ@re/ v. from Lat. manducare. manggé /man"dZe/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense.
meh /mE/ conj. from Lat. magis.
meu /mew/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. meus.
ne /ne/ prep. from Lat. in.
nõ /no/ adv. from Lat. non.
nou /now/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. nostrum > *nosso > *noo. Fem. sing. is na /na /.
ou /ow/ masc. sing. art. and masc. sing. prn. from Lat. illud > *ilu > *eu. Fem. sing. is a from Lat. illa > *ila > *ea. Cf. Port., Gal. and Arag. o, a.
per /per/ prep. from Lat. per.
piceu /pi"kew/ masc. sing. adj. probably from It. piccolo.
poliza /po"liza/ fem. sing. n. from Gr. πολιτει'α, through Lat. politia.
potre /"potre/ v. from Lat. *potere, formed analogically from potes, 2nd pers. sing. present tense of possum. poté /po"te/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense. potabems /po"tabems/ 1st pers. pl. “umperfet” tense.
pur /pur/ prep. from Lat. pro, influenced by Lat. per.
qwe /kwe/ pron. from Lat. quis, quae, quod.
qwestjõ /kwes"tjo/ fem. sing. n. from Lat. quaestio.
rimanant /rima"nant/ masc. sing. n. from Lat. remanens.
secur /se"kur/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. securus.
silenç /si"lens/ masc. sing. n. from Lat. silentium.
sou /sow/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. suus. Fem. sing. is sa /sa /.
sucedre /su"kedre/ v. from Lat. succedere.
sucedé /suke"de/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense.
tot /tot/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. totus. . /u/ masc. sing. art. from Lat. unus. Fem. sing. is una /"una /.
vadre /"vadre/ v. from Lat. vadere.
varjes /"varjes/ masc. pl. det. from Lat. varius.
ven.re /"ven@re/ v. from Lat. venire. Vené /ve"ne/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense.
ver /ver/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. verus.
voll.re /"voL@re/ v. from Lat. velle > *vollare. volle /"voLe/ 1st pers. sing. “present” tense.
wardre /"wardre/ v. from Germanic *wardôn > *warda. Cf. Sp. cognate guardar.
adj. = adjective
* = hypothetical etymological word
adv. = adverb
Arag. = Aragonese
art. = article
cf. = confer (compare, see also)
cj. = conjunction
det. = determiner (determinative adjective)
fem. = feminine
Eng. = English
Fr. = French
Gal. = Galician
Gr. = Greek
interj. = interjection
It. = Italian
Lat. = Latin
masc. = masculine
n. = noun
pers. = person
pl. = plural
prep. = preposition
prn. = pronoun
Port. = Portuguese
sing. = singular
Sp. = Spanish
v. = verb
Atencjõ, cjude mal!
Pur amor de Dïo! Qwe cosa hast sucedat?
Heu, jer certa bella persona vené a na casa per chantre ad ou piceu. Façé tot qwe
poté per jocre cõn ou cjude: Illa jocé varjes jocs cõn ill, illa chanté-ïu: “dorma, mou
piceu, dorma”, et ajuté. Meh depüi, ou cjude atacé-a e feré-a! Ill manggé-a e post llançé
ous rimanants pur a fenestra. Qwe potabems façre? Si, verament nos esabems n’una
grana anoustja! Qwe cosa façrèms? Heu, durant aucũ temp nos deurèms wardre silenç
super qwe sucedé. Itemaix, jo nõ volle vadre ad a poliza! S’eh secur qwe sas qwestjonas
nõn esarïen bainvenatas.
Attention, naughty boy!
For God’s sake! What happened?
Well, yesterday a nice person came home to sing to our little child. She did all that
she could to play with the child: She played some games with him, she sang to him:
“sleep, my young, sleep”, and helped. But then, the child attacked her and injured her!
He ate her and then threw the remains through the window. What could we do? Yes, we
were in fact in a tight spot! What will we do? Well, for some time we will have to keep
silent about what happened. What’s more, I don’t want to go to the police! Surely their
questions wouldn’t be welcome.
/ ateN"kjo "kjude mal
pur a"mor de "di:o kwe "kosa aSt suke"dat
ew jer "kerta "beLa per"sona ve"ne a na "kasa per "tSantre ad ou pi"kew fa"se tot kwe
po"te per "jokre kon ou "kjude "iLa jo"ke "varjes joks con iL "iLa tSan"te "i:u "dorma
mow pi"keu "dorma et aju"te mE de"pu:i ow "kjude ata"kea e fe"rea iL man"dZea e
poSt Lan"se ows rima"nants pur a fe"neStra kwe po"tabems "fasre si ,,vera"ment nos
e"sabems "nuna "grana a"nowstja kwe "kosa fas"rems ew du"rant aw"ku temp nos
dew"rems "wardre si"lens su"per kwe suke"de ite"maS jo no "voLe "vadre ad a po"liza
sE se"kur kwe sas kwes"tjonas non esa"ri:en bainve"natas /
Angelian (“Aingeljã” /ajNge"lja/ in the language) is a neo-Romance language
belonging to the Western branch, East-Iberian subdivision. It is therefore very next to
other romance languages such as Spanish, Aragonese and Catalan, although it has
important similarities with Galician-Portuguese, Occitan, French and Italian. There are
some traces of Germanic influences, especially from English and German. Its
phonology is quite near to that of the Catalan dialect spoken in Valencia, Spain (the socalled
Valencian). If you can speak or read a text in Spanish, Catalan, Occitan or Italian,
I don’t think you will have any problems with Angelian.
About the tildes
In Angelian there are some graphic symbols which are written over the vowels in
order to give them a special meaning. They are the nasal tilde (~), the accute accent (´),
the grave accent (`), the diaeresis (··) and the breve symbol (ă):
ã ă à è é ĩ ì ï õ ò ũ ù ü
These tildes have different meanings that you needn’t know. Bear in mind that
they only help to pronounce correctly every word in Angelian, as they show the stressed
syllable. Pay special attention for the nasal tilde (~), as it appears when an etymological
ending -n has been removed in Angelian.
http://es.geocities.com/aingelja/introduction/tildes.htm to see if you
can read these Unicode characters. If you have any problem, please let me know as soon
as possible and I’ll send you a GIF/JPEG file with the text.
Nouns can be masculine or feminine, singular or plural.
- As a general rule, in singular all the feminine nouns end in -a and the
masculine, in any other letter. There are of course several exceptions that
you won’t find in the text.
- As a general rule, to form the plural, you have to add an -s. When a noun
ends in -ix, -ll, -nn, -s, -z, -ç, you add -es.
Adjectives can be masculine or feminine, singular or plural. They can appear
before or after the noun they accompany, but always after other possible determiners,
like articles, possessives or demonstratives, among others. Adjectives always agree in
gender and in number with the noun they accompany.
These articles are used mainly to constrain the extension of the noun they
accompany to entities already known by the interlocutors.
- Ou and a are used before singular nouns beginning with a consonant,
other than h (it is a mute letter). They are also used with nouns beginning
with the semiconsonants j or w.
- Oul' and al' are used before singular nouns beginning with a vowel or an
h. In this case, there is a bonding or ligature, this is, the last letter of a
word (in this case, the article) is bonded when pronouncing to the first
letter of the following word. This is represented with the apostrophe (').
These words are also written without intermediate blank spaces. You
won’t find them in the text.
- There is no distinction about the first letter of the following word for the
plural (ous, as).
These articles are used with the noun they accompany, to show that it represents
an unknown entity for the interlocutors, which is mentioned for the first time in the
conversation, or which is going to be described in a vague and indefinite way.
- Ũ and una are used before singular nouns beginning with a consonant,
other than h (it is a mute letter). They are also used before nouns
beginning with the semiconsonants j or w.
- Ũn' and un' are used with singular nouns beginning with a vowel or with
h. In this case, there is a bonding or ligature. This is represented with the
apostrophe ('). These words are also written without intermediate blank
spaces. You won’t find them in the text.
- There is no distinction about the first letter of the following word for the
plural (ũns, unas).
The possessive indicate who the owner of something is. The possessed thing is
specified by the noun they accompany. They agree in gender and number with this
noun, but as well, they agree in person and number with the owner/s. These determiners
have the same form as the corresponding pronouns in Angelian, so in order to
distinguish them, you have to look for the accompanied noun.
|Singular||1st p.||mou / moul'||mous||ma / mal'||mas||2nd p.||tou / toul'||tous||ta / tal'||tas
||3rd p.||sou / soul'||sous||sa/ sal'||sas
||Plural||1st p.||nou / noul'||nous||na / nal'||nas
||2nd p.||vou / voul'||vous||va / val'||vas
||3rd p.||sou / soul'||sous||sa / sal'||sas
(p. = Person)
The forms ending in –l’ are used in the same cases as the articles oul’ or al’ (see
Prepositions + article unions
Some prepositions followed by determinate articles are contracted into one single
word. One of them is ne. In case the following word starts in vowel or h (including the
indeterminate articles), it suffers a bonding and becomes n'. Bear in mind that the
preposition a is never contracted with an article, and it becomes ad when followed by a
word starting in vowel or h.
|Preposition + Article
|ne +||+ ou ||= nou|
|+ ous ||= nous|
|+ a ||= na|
|+ as ||= nas|
|Preposition + Article
|ne +||+ ũ ||= n'ũ|
|+ ũn' ||= n'ũn'|
|+ ũns ||= n'ũns|
|+ una ||= n'una|
|+ un' ||= n'un'|
|+ unas ||= n'unas|
|Preposition + Article
||Without contraction nor bonding|
|a +||+ ou ||= ad ou|
|+ ous ||= ad ous|
|+ a ||= ad a|
|+ as ||= ad as|
|a +||+ ũ ||= ad ũ|
|+ ũn' ||= ad ũn'|
|+ ũns ||= ad ũns|
|+ una ||= ad una|
|+ un' ||= ad un'|
|+ unas ||= ad unas|
The personal pronouns indicate the grammatical persons. There are two types:
- Tonic, with full meaning and stress.
- Atonic, without full meaning, nor stress, so they cannot be used alone in a sentence.
Some atonic pronouns are used with the so-called pronominal verbs. These
pronouns just give a special meaning to the verb (which usually presents both versions,
a pronominal one and a non-pronominal one), usually a reflexive or reciprocal meaning.
You won’t see any of them in the text.
(P. = Person)
|ou / oul' / ïu / si|
a / al' / ïa / si
|ous / ïus / si|
as / ïas / si
- Direct object pronouns in third person are: ou, oul’, a, al’, ous, as.
- Indirect object pronouns in third person are: ïu, ïa, ïus, ïas.
- Impersonal sentences do not have a real subject. In practice, the pronoun se is used, which compensates the lack of a subject. The corresponding verb is always conjugated in the third person of singular. Examples: se plugge (it is raining), se njeixe (it is snowing), s'eh fret (it is cold), s'eh caude (it is warm).
Verbs in Angelian are much easier than in other languages:
- All the verbs are regular.
- There is only one conjugation (all the verbs converged into the Latin 1st
conjugation in –are > -re).
- There is no subjunctive.
The only irregular verbs are auxiliary: esăre, which is used in the passive voice,
and haure, which is used in the compound tenses. They are irregular only in “present”
tense, but regular in the other tenses.
All the infinitives end in –re, the present participles (or gerunds) in –ant (some in
–ent) and the past participles in –at.
Every tense is formed out of the verbal lexeme plus some special endings for each
person. It is not mandatory (but recommendable) that the subject of the sentence always
appears, as it can be identified by the verbal ending.
|“Present” of haure verb
||“Present” of esăre verb
There is only indicative mode, with two kind of tenses:
- Simple, formed out of the lexeme of the verb plus personal endings. There
are six tenses: present, umperfet (imperfect past), undefinat (undefined
past), futur (future), condicjònal (conditional) and imperatïu
- Compound, formed with haure + past participle (-at). There are five
tenses: perfet (perfect), pluixqweperfet (pluperfect), undefinat perfet
(undefined past perfect), futur perfet (future perfect) and condicjònal
perfet (conditional perfect).
There are three kind of verbs according to their lexeme (you only need to know
two of them):
- Strong verbs, whose lexeme can be obtained from the infinitive by
removing the –re ending. The infinitive of these verbs is a paroxitone
word, this is, the stressed syllable is the last but one. Example: chantre
/ "tSantre / chant–. They don’t have any ending for the 1st person
singular in “present” tense (jo chant).
- Weak verbs, for which there is an intermediate –ă– (pronounced / @ / )
between the lexeme and the ending –re. The infinitive of these verbs is a
proparoxitone word, this is, the stressed syllable is the last but two.
Example: esăre / "es@re / es–, venăre / "ven@re / ven–. They have
an –e for the 1st person singular in “present” tense (jo vene).
|“Present” of chantre (strong verb)
||“Present” of venăre (weak verb)
Word bonding or ligature
When a word ends in a nasal vowel (which has a tilde ~) and the following one
begins with a vowel or an h, a bonding or ligature of words is produced. Generally, you
just have to add an n after the nasal vowel. The last syllable keeps being the stressed
one. For example, qwĩ (who) appears before consonant and qwĩn before vowel or h.
Thus: Qwĩn eh aceu mouser? (Who is that guy?), but Qwĩ parle tant aut? (Who is
talking so loudly?). Any word ending in a nasal vowel behaves this way, independently
of its grammatical classification (noun, adjective, adverb, etc.).
Smooth translation of the text received
Attention, naughty boy!
God’s name! What happened?
Now, yesterday a nice person (literally: pretty woman) came home to sing to our little
child. She did all that she could do to play with the child: She made some games with
him, she sang to him: “sleep, my young, sleep”, and helped. But then, the child attacked
her and injured her! He ate her then threw the remains (literally: lost the remnants)
through the window. What could we do? Yes, we were deeply in the shit! What will we
do? Now, after some time we will have to keep the silence about what happened. In
more, I don’t want to go to the police! It’s sure, their questions wouldn’t be welcome.