US 3771065 A
A liquid lasing medium having internal distributed feedback by virtue of the molecular structure of a cholesteric liquid crystal material, said medium comprising a mixture of a strongly fluorescent dye, 7-diethyl-4-methyl coumarin, and a cholesteric liquid crystal solution of 40 percent cholesteryl oleyl carbonate, 30 percent cholesteryl chloride and 30 percent cholesteryl monanoate.
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent 1 1 Goldberg et al.
[ Nov. 6, 1973 TUNABLE INTERNAL-FEEDBACK LIQUID CRYSTAL-DYE LASER  lnventors: Lawrence S. Goldberg, Alexandria;
Joel M. Schnur, Springfield, both of Va.
 Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, DC.
221 Filed: Aug. 9, 1972 1211 Appl. No.2 279,162
3,726,584 4/1973 Adams et al 350/160 LC X OTHER PUBLICATIONS Shank et al., Tunable Distributed-Feedback Dye Laser, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 18, pp. 395-396, May 1, 1971 Primary ExaminerEdward S. Bauer Att0meyR. S. Sciascia et a1.
 ABSTRACT A liquid lasing medium having internal distributed feedback by virtue of the molecular structure of a cholesteric liquid crystal material, said medium comprising a mixture of a strongly fluorescent dye, 7-diethyl-4- methyl coumarin, and a cholesteric liquid crystal solution of 40 percent cholesteryl oleyl carbonate, 30 per-  Reerences Cited cent cholesteryl chloride and 30 percent cholesteryl UNITED STATES PATENTS monanoate' 3,627,408 12/1971 Fer ason 350/160 LC X 6 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures I h: 7 v C OPTICAL 0 1 PUMP PUMPING LASED LIGHT ENERGY A I I .J 10 1 'fi /|2 |4- f PATENTEU "UV 8 I973 OPTICAL 0 PUMP PUMPING ENERGY W/k/k/kk/l FIG.
LIGHT OUTPUT LASED LIGHT FIG. 2.
WAVELENGTH TUNABLE INTERNAL-FEEDBACK LIQUID CRYSTAL-DYE LASER BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to lasers and especially to laser's utilizing a mixture of a fluorescent dye and a cholesteric liquid crystal as the lasing medium.
A need exists at the present time for a compact source of coherent monochromatic light that may be tuned at will. Such light could be used in the following areas:
1. Spectroscopy a. spectrophotometry b. Excitation spectroscopy 2. Multi-color display and projection system 3. Multiwavelength-channel communications source A tunable distributed-feedback dye laser has been demonstrated. The internal feedback in this device arises from backward Bragg scattering produced in the lasing medium by introducing a spatial variation of refractive index or gain. This is accomplished by pumping the dye with the fringes formed by the interference of two coherent beams. Spectral tuning is achieved by varying the angle at which the two pump beams interfere in order to change the periodicity of the fringes. The device requires a coherent (single-frequency) pump laser and a relatively complex system of mirrors to align the two interfering beams and to change the angle between them for tuning.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The objects and advantages of the present invention are obtained by utilizing as a liquid lasing medium a mixture of a fluorescent dye and a cholesteric liquid crystal which provides internal distributed feedback for the lasing light without the use of a mirror system.
An object of this invention is to provide internal distributed feedback (i.e., mirrorless feedback) for a dye laser.
Another object is to provide an easily tunable dye laser.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention'when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 2 is an illustration of the light-output v. wavelength characteristic of the lasing medium.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The figure shows, in cross-sectional view, an embodiment of the invention comprising a pair of supporting, spaced glass plates and 12 separated by a thin film 14 of liquid, the plates being bounded by a liquid seal 16 such as a teflon O-ring. A light-blocking filter 18 is attached to the outside of one of the glass plates 12. The spacing of the plates 10 and 12 may, perhaps, be some -l,000 microns.
The liquid between the glass plates is the lasing medium and comprises a mixture ofa strongly fluorescent dye, such as 7-diethyl-4-methyl coumarin, and a cholesteric liquid crystal. The latter may, for example consist of 40 percent cholesteryl oleyl carbonate, percent cholesteryl chloride and 30 percent cholesteryl nonanoate.
The dye is pumped with light at its absorbing wavelength A,,, which is about 3,400 A, and emits light in a band centered at a wavelength A, of about 4,500 A. Pumping source may, for example, be a nitrogen laser. The light-blocking filter 18 transmits light at a wavelength of A, and blocks out light at a wavelength of A so that only lased light passes out of the device.
The system lases with circularly polarized output at wavelength M as a result of the internal reflection from the periodic molecular structure of the cholesteric liquid crystal material. Lasing occurs in the direction normal to the plane of the supporting glass plates. The wavelength of internal reflection is adjusted to overlap the fluorescent band of the dye by adjusting the pitch distance of the internal helical molecular structure. This pitch distance has been found to lie in the range of 3,000 to 15,000 A. and has been found to be a function of temperature, electric field, pressure and composition.
Thus, in FIG. 2, which shows the fluorescent light output from the dye in terms of wavelength (curve 20), the lased-light output lies between the dotted lines 22 and-24 which might, for example, be a few A. or less wide. This region can be tuned, that is, moved to the right or to the left (as indicated by the arrows) either by changing the temperature of the lasing liquid or by applying a dc. electric field across the liquid and varying the voltage between and 1,000 volts, for example.
To make the device efficient, the surfaces of the supporting glass plates must be highly polished and cleaned to give the dye-cholesteric solution a homogeneous, non-scattering texture. This involves preparation techniques such as cleaning with chromic acid and drying in water-free atmosphere, for example.
The device can be used in spectroscopy as a tunable source of circularly polarized light. The compact thinfilm form of the lasing medium makes the device useful as a multicolor display and-projection system. Films can be arranged in single units or multiple units emitting different primary colors, and can be separately addressed or tuned at various spatial positions by external means. The device can be used as a compact multiwavelength-channel communications source, as a remote temperature sensor by projection of color changes, and other applications requiring a tunable light source.
Other fluorescent dyes may also be employed as shown in the following table to change the laser output center wavelength.
Organic Component Laser Output Center Wavelength (A) BBO or 2.5-dibiphenylyloxazole 4100 Bis-MSB or pbis(O-methylstyryl)benzene 4200 POPOP or p-bis [2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)] benzene 4300 Acridine 4370 7-Diethyl-4-methyl coumarin 4500 B-Aminophthalimide S000 Pyronin B 5760 3,3"Diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide 6580 Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
What is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters patent of the United States is:
fluorescent dye means for absorbing radiant energy of one wavelength and emitting light of a different wavelength;
cholesteric liquid crystal means for providing internal distributed feedback for the lasing light.
5. A medium as in claim 4, wherein said fluorescent dye means comprises 7-Diethyl-4-methyl coumarin.
6. A medium as in claim 4, wherein said liquid means for providing internal distributed feedback comprises a solution of 40 percent cholesteryl oleyl carbonate, 30 percent cholesteryl chloride, and 30 percent cholesteryl nonanoate.