Trapped null surface
We take a (compact, orientable, spacelike) surface, and find its outward pointing normal vectors. The basic picture to think of here is a ball with pins sticking out of it; the pins are the normal vectors.
Now we look at light rays that are directed outward, along these normal vectors. The rays will either be diverging (the usual case one would expect) or converging. Intuitively, if the light rays are converging, this means that the light is moving backwards inside of the ball. If all the rays around the entire surface are converging, we say that there is a trapped null surface.
More formally, if every null congruence orthogonal to a spacelike two-surface has negative expansion, then such surface is said to be trapped. See also Raychaudhuri equation.
- S. W. Hawking and G. F. R. Ellis (1975). The large scale structure of space-time. Cambridge University Press. This is the gold standard in black holes because of its place in history. It is also quite thorough.
- Robert M. Wald (1984). General Relativity. University of Chicago Press. This book is somewhat more up-to-date.