Pythagoras M. Zerna, MD
Since its introduction in 1993, laparoscopic ventral hernia repair has revolutionized the management of ventral hernia. To date, the laparoscopic approach has achieved better outcomes than have the historical conventional approach. Patients gain the routine benefits associated with laparoscopy, such as less pain, shorter length of hospital stay, and less blood loss. Despite good results from high-volume centers, significant complications may occur with this approach and the morbidity of ventral hernia repair may be underestimated.
The purpose of this study is to review and analyze the complications of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair according to the experiences of different authors and determine how these complications can be avoided.
Materials and methods:
This study involves the review of literatures, journals and articles, and analysis of their results. English Language articles on Laparoscopic Ventral hernia repair (LVHR) from 1995 to 2008 were extracted from electronic databases. Pubmed and MEDLINE search. Seven articles were reviewed. The following parameters were studied including age and sex of the patient, body mass index, inpatient stay, defect size, defect location, mesh size, operative time, previous abdominal surgery, haematoma, seroma, wound infection, bowel perforation, ileus, obstruction, recurrence, chronic pain and other complications. One article reviewed patients who were obese that had body mass index of >35. The article reviewed had 3266 patients that were analyzed from 34 studies. The rest of the articles had a total range of 121-150 patients who underwent LVHR. One article showed 25 patients who underwent LVHR had hernial defect size of >15cm.
Complication of LVHR includes:
In this review, 3% of patients had post operative pain
7% seromas were noted.
One of the most important outcome measurements of hernia repair is recurrence. On analysis, in our study we found a recurrence rate 5.0%.
Wound infection / trocar site cellulitis
Trocar site cellulitis seen in laparoscopic repair resolves with antibiotics.
Enterotomies have been reported to occur in up to 2.0% of patients undergoing laparoscopic ventral hernia repair
In 1-2% of patients, a wound hematoma or significant bleeding at wound/trocar site was noted. Enterocutaneous fistula was reported in less than 1% of cases in a study by Bageacu et al., Both the cases required surgical intervention for treatment. There have only been two deaths reported in the review (0.06%)
Conversion to open
Less than 2% of cases required to be converted to open procedure.
Since its introduction in 1993 by LeBlanc and Booth who first described laparoscopic repair of ventral hernia, many authors have published reports that has revolutionized the management of ventral hernia. Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) has been shown to be an effective way of treating ventral hernias. Postoperative incisional hernia is one of the most common surgical procedures being performed in General Surgery. The incidence of incisional hernia, as reported in literature is 3% to 20%.
Despite ongoing research in wound closure and reparative techniques, abdominal incisional hernia remains an unresolved problem. Approximately 100,000 ventral hernias are operated on each year in the United States. Laparoscopic techniques are being used on these cases increasingly and offer the potential benefits of a shorter hospital stay, decreased wound complications, and a lower recurrence rate. Despite good results from high-volume centers, significant complications may occur with this approach and the morbidity of incisional hernia repair may be underestimated.
Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) is fast emerging as an alternative to open technique. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze the complications of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair according to the experiences of different authors and determine how these complications can be avoided.
Materials and Methods
English Language articles on Laparoscopic Ventral hernia repair (LVHR) from 1995 to 2008 were extracted from electronic databases Pubmed and MEDLINE. The search was done using following terms "complications", "ventral hernia", "laparoscopy" and "repair" to find out relevant laparoscopic studies. Original prospective and retrospective observational studies and randomised control trials were included.
Seven articles were reviewed. The following parameters were studied including ade and sex of the patient, body mass index, inpatient stay, defect size, defect location, mesh size, operative time, previous abdominal surgery, hematoma, seroma, wound infection, bowel perforation, ileus, obstruction, recurrence, chronic pain and other complications. Operative blood loss, and body mass index >30 as parametric indicators were mentioned in the other articles. One article reviewed had 3266 patients that were analyzed from 34 studies. Another article had a total of 121 patients and likewise another article had 150 patients who underwent LVHR. In another article, 25 of the patients who underwent the procedure had hernial defect size of >15cm.
Complications of LVHR were tallied from the different articles that were reviewed. Seroma was the most common early complication with an incidence of 7%. Recurrence was the most common late complication with an incidence of about 5%. Postoperative pain, wound infection and trocar site cellulitis, hematoma, ileus, bowel obstruction, bowel perforation, enterocutaneous fistula, trocar site hernia, mortality and other complications were also taken into account.
Post-op pain 3
Bowel perforation 2
Trocar site cellulites 2
Bowel obstruction 1
Pulm embolism <1
Conversion to open <2
All the articles reviewed used peritoneal insufflation done away from the hernia site to gain intraabdominal access. , ,  Left hypochondrium / subcoastal region has been found to be the preferred site for Veress needle insertion. ,  Open Hassan technique and Visiport were other alternatives used for access. , . To obtain triangulation, working ports are placed away from defect or lateral to the rectus muscle., , , , , 
Dissection with diathermy were avoided or used sparingly because of concerns that energy transmission can cause delayed bowel perforation.  Harmonic scalpel was used with caution while doing adhesiolysis. , , ,  Hydrodissection was another alternative to divide visceral adhesions with the parietes. (35) However, sharp dissection with scissors remains the safest tool and was the often employed tool used in dissection. , , , 
A 30 degree scope was mostly used by the authors because it provided a good panoramic view. ,,,,,,, Mizrahi et al. , have used 45 degree scope for surgery.  In a series of 200 patients Le Blanc et al.,  managed with a 0 degree scope. 
Longstanding hernia with incarcerated bowel posed a technical challenge. These have a higher chance of enterotomy rate during dissection.  Though they are not a contraindication for laparoscopic repair.  Incisional hernias extending to suprapubic or xiphoid region are difficult to obtain a good overlap and fixation of mesh. Another demanding situation is repair of parastomal hernia where dissection and mesh placement is around hollow viscera.
In the series of review conducted, laparoscopic hernia repair mesh repair were done intraperitonealy ,,, or in preperitoneal / extraperitoneal space. ,, At least 3 to 5 cm mesh overlap of the defect by the mesh has been performed by different authors ,,,,,,,,, and this obtained good results.
Spiral tackers were used and placed in concentric pattern , ,  along the periphery of mesh in one or two rows. The depth of penetration for the spiral tackers is < 4 mm. . In obese patients, the tackers may not reach up to the fascial layers. However, this should not be the reason for not offering laparoscopic incisional hernia repair to a population with raised BMI (body mass index). , ,  thus Transfascial sutures were used.
Transfascial sutures were used for initial orientation, to fix the mesh and to prevent mesh migration. ,,,,, This technique can cause chronic postoperative pain. Sutures can be used to fix the mesh in centre or periphery. Some authors recommend transfascial sutures at the 12'o clock and the 6'o clock position. , The 3'o clock and the 9'o clock position is optional. 
The bowel lying underneath the mesh was covered with omentum. This serves as a barrier. It also prevents adhesions  and fistulization , , of bowel.
These complications were the common denominator in all the articles that were reviewed:
Seromas were noted in seven percent. In laparoscopic hernia repair, the hernia sac is not excised. ,, ,,,, This effectively leaves behind a potential space for seroma formation. It happens to be one of the complications inherent to this procedure. ,,,, Rarely, they would require aspiration when persistent  or symptomatic. ,,,,,, Occasionally it will give an ominous appearance of recurrence. ,
One of the most important outcome measurements of hernia repair is recurrence. Review of these articles found a recurrence rate of 5%. Some authors feel using just the tackers, without suture, increases the chances of recurrence. ,,,, Transfascial sutures prevent the migration of prosthesis and hence recurrence.  Recurrence rate is likely to improve with experience  and improved techniques of adequate mesh overlap at the periphery of hernia. 
In the series of reviews conducted, 3.0% had complained of pain in their surgical site. Sutures for mesh fixation may cause ischemic injuries to anterior abdominal wall musculature or neurovascular bundle which results in pain. Nerve entrapment in tacker is another possible explanation to the postoperative pain. , 
4. Wound infection / trocar site cellulitis
Trocar site cellulitis seen in laparoscopic repair resolves with antibiotics. 
Mesh, wherever possible, should not be brought in touch with skin to avoid contamination by skin flora
5. Intra-abdominal complications
Laparoscopic hernia repair causes decreased incidence of ileus.  This is because of less handling of the intestines and lesser tissue dissection. Ileus usually settles down spontaneously. However, mechanical obstruction should be ruled out if it tends to persist beyond 72h.  Post procedure adhesive bowel obstruction increases the morbidity and may require reoperation , .In this review, enterotomies had an incidence of 2%. Hernia repair by some surgeons was deferred in cases of recognized enterotomy. ,  Missed bowel perforation can have disastrous consequences. Intracorporeal knotting , ,  can be done to manage serosal tear of bowel, if required.
6. Other complications
Postoperative fever of unknown origin prolongs the hospital stay and overall has financial bearings  .In 1-2% of patients; a wound hematoma or significant bleeding at wound/trocar site was noted , , , , , , .This is a well known complication in laparoscopic surgery. Intra abdominal pressure during laparoscopy causes tamponade effect on vessels and hence the bleeding, arterial or venous, may manifest after surgery. . Enterocutaneous fistula was reported in less than 1% in a study by Bageacu et al.,  These cases required surgical intervention for treatment. There have only been two deaths reported in the review  (0.06%).
7. Conversion to open
Two percent of cases required to be converted to open procedure. Technical difficulties in dissection and defining the right plane resulted in the conversion. 
Complications are always a part of any surgical procedure. In LVHR however, it is necessary to analyze this complications so that we can minimize these problems and hopefully avoid them.
Seromas tend to be a common complication with LVHR, which tends to settle down conservatively. Placing tacks and transfascial sutures judiciously can avoid recurrence and chronic postoperative pain. Meticulous tissue plane dissection can avoid bowel perforation.
LVHR is still at the bottom of the learning curve. In time, complications will be expected to be at its minimum. However it just might not be fully eradicated.
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