US 7179286 B2
A stent comprises a plurality of serpentine circumferential bands and a plurality of connector columns. Each connector column is located between two adjacent serpentine circumferential bands and comprises a plurality connector struts. Each connector strut is connected at one end to one serpentine circumferential band and at another end to another serpentine circumferential band. Each connector strut has step sections and at least one riser. Each step section extends substantially in a circumferential direction and each riser extends in a substantially longitudinal direction. The steps in a connector are connected to one another via a riser.
1. A stent comprising:
a plurality of serpentine circumferential bands, at least one serpentine circumferential band having alternating peaks and troughs connected by straight elements, a first straight element being non-parallel to a second straight element when the stent is unexpanded, and
a plurality of connector columns, each connector column located between two adjacent serpentine circumferential bands, each connector column comprising a plurality of connector struts, each connector strut connected at one end to one serpentine circumferential band and at another end to another serpentine circumferential band, each connector strut having only two step sections and at least one and no more than three risers, each step section extending substantially in a circumferential direction, each riser extending in a substantially longitudinal direction, the step sections in a connector strut connected to one another via a riser, each connector strut having a greater length in the circumferential direction than in the longitudinal direction.
2. The stent of
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9. A stent having a plurality of cells, the stent comprising:
a plurality of serpentine circumferential bands, each serpentine circumferential band comprising alternating peaks and troughs, and
a plurality of connector columns, a connector column located between each two adjacent serpentine circumferential bands, adjacent serpentine circumferential bands connected by a connector column, each connector column comprising a plurality of connector struts, each connector strut connected at one end to one serpentine circumferential band and at another end to another serpentine circumferential band, the connector swats in a connector column distributed such that between each peak on one serpentine circumferential band and a facing trough on an adjacent serpentine circumferential band there are at least three different connector struts,
each cell being partially bounded by a connector strut and partially bounded by a serpentine band.
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15. The stern of
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28. A stent comprising:
a plurality of serpentine bands, each serpentine band comprising alternating peaks and troughs connected by straight struts, and
a plurality of connector columns, each connector column comprising a plurality of connector struts, each connector strut connected at a first end to a serpentine band and connected at a second end to another serpentine band;
wherein a connector column is located between each two adjacent serpentine bands, and wherein the connector struts in a connector column are distributed such that between a peak of one serpentine band and a facing trough of an adjacent serpentine band there are at least three different connector struts.
The use of stents in bodily lumen is well known. A stent is typically delivered in an unexpanded state to a desired location in a bodily lumen via a stent delivery device such as a catheter. Once the stent is at the desired bodily location, it is either expanded with a balloon or other suitable device or allowed to expand by, for example, withdrawing a restraining sheath. Typically, the stent is delivered bare to the body. During the past several years, however, there has been a great deal of interest in drug-coated stents. Specifically, a number of drug-coated stents have been developed which allow for time-release of a drug. These stents are believed to offer the possibility of reduced restenosis. The presence of drug-coatings on stents, however, presents new challenges in the area of stent design. Conventional bare stent designs may prove difficult to coat uniformly because of the proximity of different structural features.
There is a need for flexible stents that are designed to be coated with drugs.
All U.S. patents and applications and all other published documents mentioned anywhere in this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Without limiting the scope of the invention a brief summary of some of the claimed embodiments of the invention is set forth below. Additional details of the summarized embodiments of the invention and/or additional embodiments of the invention may be found in the Detailed Description of the Invention below.
A brief abstract of the technical disclosure in the specification is provided as well for the purposes of complying with 37 C.F.R. 1.72.
In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a stent comprising a plurality of serpentine circumferential bands, and a plurality of connector columns. Each connector column is located between two adjacent circumferential bands and comprises one or more connector struts. Each connector strut is connected at one end to one serpentine circumferential band and at another end to another serpentine circumferential band. Each connector strut further comprises step and riser elements. Desirably each connector strut comprises only two step sections and no more than three riser elements.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a stent comprising a plurality of serpentine circumferential bands comprising alternating peaks and troughs, and a plurality of connector columns. Each connector column is located between two adjacent circumferential bands and includes a plurality connector struts. Typical connector struts within a connector column are distributed such that between each peak on one serpentine circumferential band and a facing trough on an adjacent serpentine circumferential band, there are at least three different connector struts.
Additional details and/or embodiments of the invention are discussed below.
While this invention may be embodied in many different forms, there are described in detail herein specific embodiments of the invention. This description is an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated.
For the purposes of this disclosure, like reference numerals in the figures shall refer to like features unless otherwise indicated.
In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a stent such as that shown generally at 100 in
Each connector strut 124 may further be comprised of one or more step sections 136 and one or more risers 140. The step sections 136 may be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent 100, and the risers 140 may be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the stent 100. Thus, the connector struts 124 may be characterized as forming stair-steps. The connector struts 124 may further be characterized as being substantially straight with a jog therein.
Optionally, the step sections 136 may be slanted or arranged at a slight to moderate angle to an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent 100. Likewise, the risers 140 may be arranged at a slight to moderate angle to the longitudinal axis of the stent 100. Slanted step sections 136 and risers 140 are depicted in
As best shown in
Lateral spacing S of the step sections 136 is directly affected by the length of the risers 140 and the angle formed between the risers 140 and the step sections 136. While lateral spacing of the step sections 136 may be set to any practical configuration, the embodiment depicted in
In some embodiments, step sections which are connected to one another via a riser may be separated from one another by a spacing of less than four times the width of a step section.
A further benefit of the risers 140, and the subsequent lateral spacing of the step sections 136, may be realized when the present stent 100 is used with a coating, such as a drug coating. Because adjacent step sections 136 are not in lateral contact with each other for a substantial portion of their length, coatings may be applied more uniformly to the entire surface area of the stent 100. The lateral spacing helps to assure that the sides of the step sections 136 are properly coated.
The lateral spacing also helps to prevent a coating from forming a thick film extending across multiple adjacent step sections 136 over substantial lengths of the step sections 136. This is beneficial because a thick film extending across multiple adjacent step sections 136 can cause the step sections 136 to stick together upon expansion, interfering with proper deployment and functionality after placement.
Similarly, the stent 100 embodiment shown in
Suitable methods for manufacturing the inventive stents include laser cutting, chemical etching or stamping of a tube. The inventive stents may also be manufactured by laser cutting, chemically etching, stamping a flat sheet, rolling the sheet and welding the sheet, by electrode discharge machining, or by molding the stent with the desired design. The stent may also be manufactured by assembling a plurality of serpentine circumferential bands and welding or adhesively joining them to one another via connectors.
Any suitable stent material may be used in the manufacture of the inventive stents disclosed herein. Examples of such materials include polymeric materials, metals, ceramics and composites. Suitable polymeric materials include thermotropic liquid crystal polymers (LCP's). Where the stent is made of metal, the metal may be stainless steel, cobalt chrome alloys such as elgiloy, tantalum or other plastically deformable metals. Other suitable metals include shape-memory metals such as nickel titanium alloys generically known as “nitinol,” platinum/tungsten alloys and titanium alloys. The invention also contemplates the use of more than one material in the inventive stents. For example, the first serpentine bands and the second serpentine bands may be made of different materials. Optionally, the connectors may be made of a different material than the first and/or second serpentine bands.
The inventive stents disclosed herein may be balloon-expandable, self-expanding or a hybrid of the two.
In the case of balloon-expandable stents, a balloon catheter may be used to deliver the stent to a desired bodily location. The balloon is then expanded, causing the stent to expand. The balloon may then be deflated and the catheter withdrawn. In the case of a self-expanding stent, the stent may be delivered on a catheter suited for delivery of self-expanding stents. Typically, such catheters include will include a retention sheath to maintain the stent in position until it is to be deployed. At the time of deployment, the sheath is withdrawn and the stent allowed to expand.
The invention is also directed to a stent-delivery catheter and any of the inventive stents disclosed herein. Details of stent-delivery catheters may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,522 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,201.
The inventive stents disclosed herein may include suitable radiopaque coatings. For example, the stents may be coated with gold or other noble metals or sputtered with tantalum or other metals. The stents may also be made directly from a radiopaque material to obviate the need for a radiopaque coating or may be made of a material having a radiopaque inner core. Other radiopaque metals which may be used include platinum, platinum-tungsten, palladium, platinum-iridium, rhodium, tantalum, or alloys or composites of these metals.
The inventive stents may also be provided with various bio-compatible coatings to enhance various properties of the stent. For example, the inventive stents may be provided with lubricious coatings. The inventive stents may also be provided with drug-containing coatings which release drugs over time.
The inventive stents may also be provided with a sugar or more generally a carbohydrate and/or a gelatin to maintain the stent on a balloon during delivery of the stent to a desired bodily location. Other suitable compounds for treating the stent include biodegradable polymers and polymers which are dissolvable in bodily fluids. Portions of the interior and/or exterior of the stent may be coated or impregnated with the compound. Mechanical retention devices may also be used to maintain the stent on the balloon during delivery.
The inventive medical devices may also be provided with various bio-compatible coatings to enhance various properties of the inventive medical devices. For example, the inventive medical devices may be provided with lubricious coatings or other polymeric coatings. An example of a suitable polymeric coating is PTFE.
The inventive stents may include one or more coatings which comprise one or more therapeutic agents, cellular materials, polymeric agents, and the like. Coatings may be applied to the stent in numerous ways, including spray coatings, dip coatings, or any other method that is known in the art.
The therapeutic agent may be non-genetic or genetic. Suitable non-genetic therapeutic agents include anti-thrombogenic agents such as heparin, heparin derivatives, urokinase, and PPack (dextrophenylalanine proline arginine chloromethylketone), anti-proliferative agents such as enoxaprin, angiopeptin, or monoclonal antibodies capable of blocking smooth muscle cell proliferation, hirudin, and acetylsalicylic acid, anti-inflammatory agents such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, corticosterone, budesonide, estrogen, sulfasalazine, and mesalamine, antineoplastic/antiproliferative/anti-miotic agents such as paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, epothilones, endostatin, angiostatin and thymidine kinase inhibitors, anesthetic agents such as lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine, anti-coagulants such as D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethyl keton, an RGD peptide-containing compound, heparin, antithrombin compounds, platelet receptor antagonists, anti-thrombin antibodies, anti-platelet receptor antibodies, aspirin, prostaglandin inhibitors, platelet inhibitors and tick antiplatelet peptides, vascular cell growth promoters such as growth factor inhibitors, growth factor receptor antagonists, transcriptional activators, and translational promoters, vascular cell growth inhibitors such as growth factor inhibitors, growth factor receptor antagonists, transcriptional repressors, translational repressors, replication inhibitors, inhibitory antibodies, antibodies directed against growth factors, bifunctional molecules consisting of a growth factor and a cytotoxin, bifunctional molecules consisting of an antibody and a cytotoxin, cholesterol-lowering agents; vasodilating agents; and agents which interfere with endogenous vascoactive mechanisms.
Suitable genetic materials include anti-sense DNA and RNA, DNA coding for anti-sense RNA, tRNA or rRNA to replace defective or deficient endogenous molecules, angiogenic factors including growth factors such as acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor α and β, platelet-derived endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, tumor necrosis factor α, hepatocyte growth factor and insulin like growth factor, cell cycle inhibitors including CD inhibitors, thymidine kinase (“TK”) and other agents useful for interfering with cell proliferation, the family of bone morphogenic proteins (“BMP's”), BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6 (Vgr-1), BMP-7 (OP-1), BMP-8, BMP-9, BMP-10, BMP-11, BMP-12, BMP-13, BMP-14, BMP-15, and BMP-16. Any of BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6 and BMP-7 are particularly desirable. These dimeric proteins can be provided as homodimers, heterodimers, or combinations thereof, alone or together with other molecules. Alternatively or, in addition, molecules capable of inducing an upstream or downstream effect of a BMP can be provided. Such molecules include any of the “hedgehog” proteins, or the DNA's encoding them.
Suitable cellular materials include cells of human origin (autologous or allogeneic) or from an animal source (xenogeneic), genetically engineered if desired to deliver proteins of interest at the transplant site. The delivery media can be formulated as needed to maintain cell function and viability.
Suitable polymer coating materials include polycarboxylic acids, cellulosic polymers, including cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyanhydrides including maleic anhydride polymers, polyamides, polyvinyl alcohols, copolymers of vinyl monomers such as EVA, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl aromatics, polyethylene oxides, glycosaminoglycans, polysaccharides, polyesters including polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylamides, polyethers, polyether sulfone, polycarbonate, polyalkylenes including polypropylene, polyethylene and high molecular weight polyethylene, halogenated polyalkylenes including polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethanes, polyorthoesters, proteins, polypeptides, silicones, siloxane polymers, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxybutyrate valerate and blends and copolymers thereof, coatings from polymer dispersions such as polyurethane dispersions (BAYHDROL®, etc.), fibrin, collagen and derivatives thereof, polysaccharides such as celluloses, starches, dextrans, alginates and derivatives, hyaluronic acid, squalene emulsions. Desirably, polyacrylic acid, available as HYDROPLUS® (Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, Mass.), and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,205, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, may be used. Also desirably, the polymer may be a copolymer of polylactic acid and polycaprolactone. Other materials include selected medical-grade biodegradable materials such as PGA-TMC, Tyrosine-Derived Polycarbonates and arylates, polycaprolactone co butyl acrylate and other co polymers, Poly-L-lactic acid blends with DL-Lactic Acid, Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone co PLA, polycaprolactone co butyl acrylate and other copolymers, Tyrosine-Derived Polycarbonates and arylate, poly amino acid, polyphosphazenes, polyiminocarbonates, polydimethyltrimethylcarbonates, biodegradable CA/PO4's, cyanoacrylate, 50/50 DLPLG, polydioxanone, polypropylene fumarate, or polydepsipeptides.
Other suitable coatings include macromolecules such as chitosan and Hydroxylpropylmethylcellulose. Surface erodible materials may also be used. Coatings may also comprise maleic anhydride copolymers, zinc-calcium phosphate and amorphous polyanhydrides.
The inventive stents may also be used as the framework for a graft. Suitable coverings include nylon, collagen, PTFE and expanded PTFE, polyethylene terephthalate and KEVLAR, or any of the materials disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,046 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,770. More generally, any known graft material may be used including synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyglycolic acid, polyesters, polyamides, their mixtures, blends, copolymers, mixtures, blends and copolymers.
The above disclosure is intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive. This description will suggest many variations and alternatives to one of ordinary skill in this art. All these alternatives and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the claims where the term “comprising” means “including, but not limited to”. Those familiar with the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein which equivalents are also intended to be encompassed by the claims.
In addition to the specific embodiments claimed below, the invention is also directed to other embodiments having any other possible combination of the dependent features claimed below. As such, the particular features presented in the dependent claims can be combined with each other in other manners within the scope of the invention such that the invention should be recognized as also specifically directed to other embodiments having any other possible combination of the features of the dependent claims. For instance, for purposes of claim publication, any dependent claim which follows should be taken as alternatively written in a multiple dependent form from all prior claims which possess all antecedents referenced in such dependent claim if such multiple dependent format is an accepted format within the jurisdiction (e.g. each claim depending directly from claim 1 should be alternatively taken as depending from all previous claims). In jurisdictions where multiple dependent claim formats are restricted, the following dependent claims should each be also taken as alternatively written in each singly dependent claim format which creates a dependency from a prior antecedent-possessing claim other than the specific claim listed in such dependent claim below (e.g. claim 3 may be taken as alternatively dependent from claim 1 or claim 2; claim 11 may be taken as alternatively dependent on any of claims 9–10; claim 12 may be taken as alternatively dependent on any of claims 9–11 etc.).
Those familiar with the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein which equivalents are also intended to be encompassed by the claims attached hereto.