A source of simple Banach spaces comes from considering a Cartesian space (or where is the normed field) with the norm:
where (this doesn’t strictly make sense for , but taking the limit as we arrive at the formula ).
However, the theory of these spaces is not much more complicated than that of finite-dimensional vector spaces because they all have the same underlying topology. When we look at infinite-dimensional examples, however, things become trickier. Common examples are Lebesgue spaces, Hilbert spaces, and sequence spaces.
In the literature, one most often sees Banach spaces over the field of real numbers; Banach spaces over the field of complex numbers are not much different, since they are also over . But people do study them over adic numbers too. Unless otherwise stated, we assume below.
It follows from the above that ; in particular, . A norm is a pseudonorm that satisfies a converse to this: if .
there exists a (necessarily unique) sum such that
(with the right-hand side undefined if no such sum exists).
Then a Banach space is simply a vector space equipped with a complete norm. As in the real line, we have in a Banach space that
with the left-hand side guaranteed to exist if the right-hand side exists as a finite real number (but the left-hand side may exist even if the right-hand side diverges, the usual distinction between absolute and conditional convergence).
If we do not insist on the space being complete, we call it a normed (vector) space. If we have a topological vector space such that the topology comes from a norm, but we do not make an actual choice of such a norm, then we talk of a normable space.
The three axioms for a pseudonorm are very similar to the three axioms for a pseudometric.
Indeed, in any pseudonormed vector space, let the distance be
Then is a pseudometric, which is translation-invariant in that
always holds. Conversely, given any translation-invariant pseudometric on a vector space , let be
Then satisfies the axioms (1–3) for a pseudonorm, except that it may satisfy (2) only for . (In other words, it is only a G-pseudonorm.) It will actually be a pseudonorm iff the pseudometric satisfies a homogeneity rule:
Thus pseudonorms correspond precisely to homogeneous translation-invariant pseudometrics.
Similarly, norms correspond to homogenous translation-invariant metrics and complete norms correspond to complete homogeneous translation-invariant metrics. Indeed, (1) says that the sequence of partial sums is a Cauchy sequence, while (2) says that the sequence of partial sums converges to .
Thus a Banach space may equivalently be defined as a vector space equipped with a complete homogeneous translation-invariant metric. Actually, one usually sees a sort of hybrid approach: a Banach space is a normed vector space whose corresponding metric is complete.
If and are pseudonormed vector spaces, then the norm of a linear function may be defined in either of these equivalent ways:
(Some other forms are sometimes seen, but these may break down in degenerate cases.)
For finite-dimensional spaces, any linear map has a well-defined finite norm. In general, the following are equivalent:
In this case, we say that is bounded. If is not assumed to be linear, then the above conditions are no longer equivalent.
The bounded linear maps from to themselves form a pseudonormed vector space . This will be a Banach space if (and, except for degenerate cases of , only if) is a Banach space. In this way, the category of Banach spaces is a closed category with as the unit.
The clever reader will note that we have not yet defined as a category! (surprisingly in the nLab) There are many (nonequivalent) ways to do so.
In functional analysis, the usual notion of ‘isomorphism’ for Banach spaces is a bounded bijective linear map such that the inverse function (which is necessarily linear) is also bounded. In this case one can accept all bounded linear maps between Banach spaces as morphisms. Analysts sometimes refer to this as the “isomorphic category”.
Another natural notion of isomorphism is a surjective linear isometry. In this case, we take a morphism to be a short linear map, or linear contraction: a linear map such that . This category, which is what category theorists generally refer to as , is sometimes referred to as the “isometric category” by analysts. Note that this makes the ‘underlying set’ (in the sense of as a concrete category like any closed category) of a Banach space its (closed) unit ball
rather than the set of all vectors in (the underlying set of as a vector space).
Yemon Choi: This is really here to remind myself how to make query boxes. But while I’m at it, is it really OK to refer to the “unit ball functor” as “taking the underlying set”? I notice that on the discussion about internal homs at internal hom it is claimed that “Every closed category is a concrete category (represented by ), and the underlying set of the internal hom is the external hom” which seems to require “underlying set” to be interpreted in this looser sense.
Toby: Sure, but the point of putting ‘underlying set’ in scare quotes is precisely to point out that the category-theoretic underlying set is not what one would normally expect.
Mark Meckes: I’ve expanded this section in part to be consistent with analysts’ terminology. I’ve made some assumptions about category theorists’ conventions which might not be correct. (If I find time I might write about other categories of Banach spaces that analysts think about.)
Toby: Looks good to me!
From a category-theorist's perspective, the isomorphic category is really the full image of the inclusion functor from to (the category of topological vector spaces), which may be denoted . If you're working in , then you only care about the topological linear structure of your space (although you do also care that it can be derived from some metric); if you're working in , then you care about all of the structure on the space.
Many examples of Banach spaces are parametrised by an exponent . (Sometimes one can also try , but these generally don't give Banach spaces.)
The Cartesian space is a Banach space with
(We can allow by taking a limit; the result is that .) Every finite-dimensional Banach space is isomorphic to this for some and ; in fact, once you fix , the value of is irrelevant up to isomorphism.
exists as a finite real number. (The only question is whether the sum converges. Again is a limit, with the result that .) Then is a Banach space with that norm. These are all versions of , but they are no longer isomorphic for different values of . (See isomorphism classes of Banach spaces.)
exists as a finite real number. (Again, .) Then is a Banach space. (This example includes the previous examples, for a countable set.)
exists as a finite real number. (Again, the only question is whether the integral converges. And again is a limit, with the result that is the essential supremum of .) As such, is a complete pseudonormed vector space; but we identify functions that are equal almost everywhere to make it into a Banach space. (This example includes the previous examples, for a set with counting measure.)
Any Hilbert space is Banach space; this includes all of the above examples for .
The category of Banach spaces admits small products. Given a small family of Banach spaces , its product in is the subspace of the vector-space product
consisting of -tuples which are uniformly bounded (i.e., there exists such that ), taking the least such upper bound as the norm of . This norm is called the -norm; in particular, the product of an -indexed family of copies of or is what is normally denoted as .
The category of Banach spaces admits equalizers. Indeed, the equalizer of a pair of maps in is the kernel of under the norm inherited from (the kernel is closed since is continuous, and is therefore complete). In fact every equalizer is even a section by the Hahn-Banach theorem. Every extremal monomorphism is even already an equalizer (and a section): Let be an extremal monomorphism, the embedding of into the codomain of and with restricted codomain. Since is an epimorphism, , and extremal, is an isomorphism, thus is an embedding.
The category of Banach spaces admits small coproducts. Given a small family of Banach spaces , its coproduct in is the completion of the vector space coproduct
with respect to the norm given by
where is finite and denotes the norm of an element in . This norm is called the -norm; in particular, the coproduct of an -indexed family of copies of or is what is normally denoted as .
The category of Banach spaces admits coequalizers. Indeed, the coequalizer of a pair of maps is the cokernel of under the quotient norm (in which the norm of a coset is the minimum norm attained by elements of ; here is the image , which is closed). It is standard that the quotient norm on is complete given that the norm on is complete.
To describe the tensor product of two Banach spaces (making symmetric monoidal closed with respect to its usual internal hom), let be the free vector space generated by the set , with norm on a typical element defined by
Let denote its completion with respect to this norm. Then take the cokernel of by the closure of the subspace spanned by the obvious bilinear relations. This quotient is .
In the literature on Banach spaces, tensor product above is usually called the projective tensor product of Banach spaces; see other tensor product of Banach spaces. The product and coproduct are considered direct sums; see other direct sums of Banach spaces.
To be described:
This paragraph describes some aspects of integration theory in Banach spaces that are relevant to understand the literature about AQFT. In the given context, elements of a Banach space are sometimes called vectors, a function or measure taking values in are therefore called vector functions and vector measures. Functions and measures taking values in the field that the Banach space is defined upon as a vector space are called scalar functions and scalar measures.
We will consider two types of integrals:
integrals of vector functions with respect to a scalar measure, specifically the Bochner integral,
integrals of scalar functions with respect to a vector measure, specifically the spectral integral of a normal operator on a Hilbert space.
The Bochner integral is a direct generalization of the Lesbegue integral to functions that take values in a Banach space. Whenever you encounter an integral of a function taking values in a Banach space in the AQFT literature, it is safe to assume that it is meant to be a Bochner integral. Two points already explained by Wikipedia are of interest:
reference: Joseph Diestel: “Sequences and Series in Banach Spaces” (ZMATH entry), chapter IV.
The integral with respect to the spectral measure of a bounded normal operator on a Hilbert space is an example of a Banach space integral with respect to a vector measure. In this paragraph we present a well known, but somewhat less often cited result, that is of use in some proofs in some approaches to AQFT, it is the version of the dominated convergence theorem for the given setting.
Let A be a bounded normal operator on a Hilbert space and E be it’s spectral measure (the “resolution of identity” in the terms of Dunford and Schwartz). Let be the spectrum of A. For a bounded complex Borel function f we then have
If the uniformly bounded sequence of complex Borel functions converges at each point of to the function , then in the strong operator topology.
See Dunford, Schwartz II, chapter X, corollary 8.
|algebraic structure||group||ring||field||vector space||algebra|
|(submultiplicative) norm||normed group||normed ring||normed field||normed vector space||normed algebra|
|multiplicative norm (absolute value/valuation)||valued field|
|completeness||complete normed group||Banach ring||complete field||Banach vector space||Banach algebra|
Walter Rudin, Functional analysis
Z. Semadeni, Banach spaces of continuous functions, vol. I, Polish scientific publishers. Warszawa 1971
Daniel Alpay, Guy Salomon, On algebras which are inductive limits of Banach spaces (arXiv:1302.3372)
H. H. Schaefer with M. P. Wolff, Topological vector spaces, Springer 1999