Who is at risk?
There is a strong genetic component to Dupuytren’s contracture, and people of northern European descent have the highest incidence. For instance, Scandinavia, England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland have a very high incidence. However, Dupuytren's can be found in patients with other genetic backgrounds.
The incidence of Dupuytren’s contracture is about seven times higher among men than among women.
Most of the time, Dupuytren’s contracture doesn't’t show up until after age 40. However, a very aggressive form may rarely appear in teenagers and children.
Diabetics and people taking anticonvulsant drugs for epilepsy.
Signs and symptoms
The first sign is a thickening (nodule) in the palm of the hand that most frequently develops near the base of the ring or little finger. The nodule, which can resemble a callus, is painless but may be tender to the touch. Gradually, a thickened tissue of palmar fascia forms from the pre-tendinous band and becomes a cord. This may extend across a joint, causing a contracture as the cord shortens. The overlying skin begins to pucker, and rough cords of tissue extend into the finger. As the process continues, these cords tighten and pull the finger in toward the palm. The ring finger is usually affected first, followed by the little, long and index fingers. The problem is not pain, but the restriction of motion and the deformity it causes.
The progress of the disease is often sporadic and unpredictable. Exactly what triggers the formation of nodules and cords is unknown. As the disease progresses, the diseased tissue wraps itself around and between normal tissue.
Many people do not seek medical care until the contracture is well advanced. The only treatment for this condition is surgery, which is usually reserved for individuals who have developed deformity as a result of the progressive contracture. Because many nodules do not progress to contracture and because scar tissue from previous surgeries can make excision of recurrent nodules more difficult, surgical removal of isolated nodules is not indicated in most cases.
A good guideline for determining when to consider surgery is the "table top test." Try to place the palm of your hand completely flat on a hard surface. If you can’t, the contracture has progressed to a point where surgical intervention could be helpful.
It is important to realize that there is no "cure" for Dupuytren's. Just like gray hair and wrinkles, there is only management. The main management option is surgery, although there are other options which have come on the horizon, needle aponeurotomy and injections of bacterial collagenase. Read the section below.
The indication for surgery is to restore function to the hand. Several different surgical techniques can be used to remove the thickened fascia and correct the contracture. I feel that the traditional technique, called open fasciectomy, is tried and true and gives great results. There are several other techniques: the McCash "open palm" technique, needle aponeurotomy, and injection of bacterial collagenase. The aim of the surgery is to release the contracture and improve hand function by removing the diseased tissue.
It is very important that the patient understand what to expect. Surgery does not "cure" the disease. The results of surgery are usually good, and the fingers can return to near normal extension after therapy, unless they have been flexed into the palm for many months. However, the disease usually will "return" some years after the initial surgery (see section below on Recurrence.). Dupuytren’s contracture usually does not recur beneath a skin graft, so this may be an option in especially aggressive forms of the disease.
Hand after surgery.
It’s important to keep the appointment with hand therapy after surgery (we will give you a prescription for hand therapy before surgery, and you are to make the appointment for five days after surgery. Be sure to call PRIOR to surgery!) You will probably have to wear a splint so that the fingers stay extended. The splint is usually worn full time immediately after the surgery and then only at night for several months. You will also have to do some active range-of-motion exercises so that the finger retains mobility and strength.
Dupuytren's flare refers to a condition that occurs in some patients in which the hand has a lot of swelling, redness, stiffness of the joints, and sometimes pain. The hand has some resemblance to RSD, but in fact it is a different phenomenon. The cause of the flare is not known, but we have some idea. Surgical scars heal by the body laying down collagen (scar is just collagen), and Dupuytren's patients have a genetic abnormality in their collagen. It is hard to determine how many patients get it, but low-grade flare might occur in 20% and high-grade flare might occur in <5% of patients. Patients can get just a little bit of redness, swelling, and stiffness, and it is treated with a bit more therapy. They can also have a lot of the redness, swelling, stiffness, and some pain, and need a lot more therapy. The recovery from the surgery and the ultimate success of the surgery can be compromised by the flare reaction. In the worst cases, patients may have more limited range of motion and more scarring than they did prior to surgeries, but this is rather rare.
The flare can also happen after injuries such as a distal radius fracture, in patients with very minor Dupuytren's, and result in the same problems: redness, welling, and stiffness, with some chance of increased pain. Again, we are not sure why it occurs, other than it has to do with abnormal collagen metabolism.
Duputyren's disease is due to a genetic trait that comes from your parents that becomes expressed as we age. Every cell in your body has the same parents, so each cell has the Duputyren's DNA. The contracted tissue (the cord) will not come back, because it is surgically excised. But some of the adjacent tissues, since they have the genetic trait, may become involved with time as the patient ages, but we never know which tissues will become involved. It is more common than not for the Duputyren's contractures to occur in adjacent tissues, often between 5 and 10 years after initial surgery. These tissues were not involved at the time of the initial surgery, so it would have been impossible to know they were going to become involved, and therefore they are not removed initially. If they become involved, they may need removal. This process, where previously uninvolved tissues become involved is called "extension." So, Duputyren's disease does not "recur", in a technical sense, because the cords were removed; from a patient's point of view it does "recur", but it is really extension.
If the Dupuytren's occurs, it should be treated based on the criteria listed above. Don't wait until the joints are contracted, as then it is too late.