Whether you dismiss UFOs as a fantasy or believe that extraterrestrials are visiting the Earth and flying rings around our most sophisticated aircraft, the U.S. government has been taking them seriously for quite some time.

“Project Blue Book”, commissioned by the U.S. Air Force, studied reports of “flying saucers” but closed down in 1969 with a conclusion that they did not present a threat to the country.

As the years went by UFO reports continued to be made and from 2007 to 2012 the Aerospace Threat Identification Program, set up under the sponsorship of Senator Harry Reid, spent $22 million looking into the issue once again.

Later, the Pentagon formed a “working group for the study of unidentified aerial phenomena”.

This study, staffed with personnel from Naval Intelligence, was not aimed at finding extraterrestrials, but rather at determining whether craft were being flown by potential U.S. opponents with new technologies.

In June, 2022, in a report issued by the Office of the Director for National Intelligence and based on the observations made by members of the U.S. military and intelligence  from 2004 to 2021 it was stated that at that time there was, with one exception, not enough information to explain the 144 cases of what were renamed as “Unidentified Aerial Phenomena” examined.

The report noted that in 80 cases the UFOs were tracked by multiple devices.

Unusual trajectories and flight characteristics were reported in 18 cases.

Only one case could be explained, and that was a deflating weather balloon.

The report listed five categories into which the UFO reports might fall: balloons, drones, trash or birds, natural weather phenomena, and new technologies, either U.S. or from countries such as China and Russia.

It came to no conclusions as to whether UFOs represented visits from extraterrestrial intelligent life.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What was the name of the first serious study of UFOs conducted by the U.S. government?
A: That  would be Project Blue Book.

Q: What was the conclusion of Project Blue Book regarding the threat posed by UFOs?
A: that they did not constitute a threat to national security.

Q: How many cases out of the 144 examined in the most recent reported study did the U.S. government manage to explain, and what was the explanation?
A: Only one case, and it was a weather balloon.

Q: The recent study cited was put together by which organization?
A: the office was staffed by members of U.S. Naval Intelligence.

Q: What was an important point about 80 of the 144 cases examined in the recent report?
A: that in 80 out of 144 cases the objects or phenomena were tracked by multiple systems.

Q: What was another characteristic of recently reported UFOs behavior?
A: unusual flight trajectories and flight characteristics.

Q: Which foreign countries were generally considered to possibly possess the technology evidenced by some of the UFOs?
A: China and Russia were cited as countries which might possess such technologies.

Q: Besides unusual weather phenomena and foreign technologies, into what other categories could UFOs be placed?
A: balloons, drones, and trash or birds.

Q: What was the conclusion of the latest study as to the identification of UFOs?
A: They had not enough information to identify what 143 of the 144 objects studied were.

Q: What did the latest report say about possible extraterrestrial intelligent life piloting UFOs?
A: the report came to no conclusions on the subject of extraterrestrials.

Q: A new abbreviation for UFOs has been adopted, what is it?
A: UAP, unidentified aerial phenomena.


Why was the Tupolev-144 withdrawn from service?

The Soviet Union’s only supersonic passenger aircraft, the Tupolev-144, beat the Anglo-French Concorde into the air, its first flight taking place on December 31, 1968.

However, this aircraft, of which 16 were produced, only entered regular passenger service 10 years later and only for a relatively short time.

In the Russian press, the main reason given for the aircraft’s withdrawal was that it was “problematic and not economical”.

For example, the Soviet-designed engines of the TU-144 used twice as much fuel as those of the Concorde as well.

In addition, the plane’s airframe had a relatively short life of 500 hours.

Another issue affecting the use of the aircraft were regulations issued that prohibited it from flying at night, in icing conditions, and on wet runways.

Although the TU-144 was certified to fly to 18 airports in the Soviet Union, it only ended up flying to two.

In its seven months of passenger service, the TU-144 carried 3284 passengers.

According to Vladimir Putin, the tickets, which had been planned to be sold at a price of 80 rubles, an average citizen’s monthly salary, could not come close to meeting the costs of operating the flights.

Also, there were two fatal crashes in a relatively short time, with 16 people being killed, 8 on board the aircraft and 8 on the ground.

These occurred during demonstration and testing flights in Paris and Moscow and no paying passengers were involved.

In the end, only two of the 16 TU-144 aircraft produced operated a regular service between Moscow and Alma Ata in Soviet Kazakhstan for 7 months, between November, 1977 and May, 1978.

Although during the 1980’s some TU-144 aircraft hosted a flying laboratory and broke speed and altitude records, its commercial flying days were definitely over.

Ultimately,  Putin would propose that one of the remaining aircraft become a museum.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When was the TU-144’s first flight?
A: The TU-144 first flew on December 31, 1968

Q: When did the TU-144 enter service?
A: The TU-144 entered regular passenger service in November 1977.

Q: What routes were flown by the TU-144?
A: The only commercial route flown by the TU-144 was Moscow - Alma Ata .

Q: Where did the two crashes involving the TU-144 occur?
A: in Paris and near Moscow.

Q: Were there fatalities in accidents involving the TU-144?
A: No passengers were killed,  but the flight crews and people on the ground were lost.

Q: What was the main reason it was withdrawn from service while Concorde survived?
A: It was not  economical to operate.

Q: What was one disadvantage of the TU-144 compared to Concorde?
A: Engines used twice as much  fuel.

Q: How many TU-144’s were produced?
A: 16 aircraft were produced.

Q: What did Vladimir Putin propose to do with one of the remaining TU-144’s?
A: Use it as a museum.


The EU's 2030 Digital Compass, outlined in a 27-page plan, sets ambitious goals for digital transformation in Europe.

Amidst concerns over Europe's dependence on non-EU key technologies and large technology companies, the plan proposes 11 measures to accelerate digital transformation over the next decade.

A key objective is to boost Europe's semiconductor industry, aiming for at least 20% of global GDP from advanced semiconductors by 2030, alongside advancements in energy efficiency and semiconductor production capacity.

To support these goals, the EU plans to invest over $150 billion in the next decade, sourced from the Recovery and Resilience Facility, with a focus on closing the gap with U.S. and East Asian competitors in technologies such as chips and artificial intelligence.

This strategic investment aims to reduce Europe's reliance on non-EU technologies and enhance its digital sovereignty, particularly in light of disruptions to the global chip supply chain.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is the name of the EU plan that outlines goals for digital transformation in Europe?
A: The plan is called "2030 Digital Compass: the European way for the Digital Decade" [becf0a9e-d205-4f90-9e82-a28f2ac0eeb5]

Q: What specific objectives does the EU aim to achieve by 2030 in terms of semiconductor production?
A: By 2030, Europe aims for its total production value of advanced and sustainable semiconductors to account for at least 20% of global GDP, with advancements in energy efficiency and semiconductor production capacity [becf0a9e-d205-4f90-9e82-a28f2ac0eeb5, 5f42c090-a336-4585-a182-c27fc948c739]

Q: How much funding does the EU plan to invest in developing the next-generation digital industry over the next decade?
A: The EU plans to invest over $150 billion, sourced from the Recovery and Resilience Facility, in the next 10 years [009c5256-24bf-423b-adcb-70f447f4e370]

Q: What percentage of the Recovery and Resilience Facility funding is committed to promoting Europe's digital transformation?
A: At least 20% of the Recovery and Resilience Facility funding is committed to promoting Europe's digital transformation [009c5256-24bf-423b-adcb-70f447f4e370]

Q: What is one of the specific goals outlined in the EU's plan regarding Europe's semiconductor output by 2030?
A: One of the specific goals is for Europe to account for at least 20% of global semiconductor output by 2030 [009c5256-24bf-423b-adcb-70f447f4e370]

Q: What challenges has the EU faced in its efforts to bolster its semiconductor industry?
A: The EU has faced challenges in reducing its dependence on non-EU technologies and large technology companies, particularly amid disruptions to the global chip supply chain [5f42c090-a336-4585-a182-c27fc948c739, 75ff5a56-fcc1-4194-92c4-a1705ffcdf26]

Q: How does the EU plan to enhance its digital sovereignty?
A: The EU plans to enhance its digital sovereignty by investing in the development of its semiconductor industry and reducing reliance on non-EU technologies [5f42c090-a336-4585-a182-c27fc948c739, 75ff5a56-fcc1-4194-92c4-a1705ffcdf26]

Q: What strategic investment does the EU plan to make to close the gap with its competitors in advanced technologies?
A: The EU plans to invest in technologies such as chips and artificial intelligence to close the gap with its competitors in advanced technologies [009c5256-24bf-423b-adcb-70f447f4e370]

Q: What is the significance of the EU's 2030 Digital Compass in light of disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic?
A: The EU's 2030 Digital Compass aims to address Europe's dependence on non-EU technologies, which was highlighted by disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic [becf0a9e-d205-4f90-9e82-a28f2ac0eeb5]

Q: What are some key objectives of the EU's plan for digital transformation in Europe?
A: Some key objectives include boosting Europe's semiconductor industry, enhancing energy efficiency, and reducing dependence on non-EU technologies [becf0a9e-d205-4f90-9e82-a28f2ac0eeb5, 5f42c090-a336-4585-a182-c27fc948c739]


The Kepler Space Telescope, launched by NASA on March 6, 2009, embarked on a mission to search for Earth-like planets capable of sustaining life within galaxies near the Milky Way.

Over its nine-year tenure, Kepler confirmed 1,030 exoplanets, revolutionizing our understanding of planetary systems.

Among its significant discoveries is "Kepler 452b," dubbed "Earth 2.0," located 1,400 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus.

This planet, 1.6 times the volume of Earth, orbits a star similar to our sun and may possess conditions conducive to life.

Kepler's findings expanded further with the detection of Kepler-22b, the first exoplanet within the habitable zone, confirming the existence of distant "cousins" to Earth.

The mission culminated in Kepler's retirement on November 15, 2018, following the transmission of its final "Goodnight" command.

Furthermore, Kepler's legacy endures through the wealth of data it collected.

Recent analysis revealed the potential existence of KOI-456.04, a "Super Earth'' in the habitable zone of the Kepler-160 star system.

The telescope's observations also led to the discovery of Kepler-1649 c, a planet with similarities to Earth, orbiting a red dwarf star.

Despite these triumphs, challenges persist, such as the threat of atmospheric erosion due to stellar activity.

The ongoing analysis of Kepler's data continues to unveil the complexities of exoplanetary systems, offering tantalizing prospects for future exploration.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is the name of the planet discovered by NASA in the constellation Cygnus, known as "Earth 2.0"?
A: "Kepler 452b" [8a5ae256-89cf-4cc5-861e-9c573797bb18]

Q: How many exoplanets did Kepler confirm during its mission?
A: 1,030 [8a5ae256-89cf-4cc5-861e-9c573797bb18]

Q: When was Kepler's retirement announced?
A: November 15, 2018 [5ea6cc6e-cb1b-4c63-b514-1197a95fe484]

Q: What is the potential name of the planet in the Kepler-160 star system, if confirmed?
A: Kepler 160d [05ceefad-f39e-4a07-9521-ffa74eeedd4d]

Q: What method did Kepler use to search for alien planets?
A: The "transit method" [5273a5d0-a183-4a7f-a5bd-17ca6a0fd664]

Q: How many candidate planets were identified by Kepler?
A: 4,496 [5273a5d0-a183-4a7f-a5bd-17ca6a0fd664]

Q: What is the name of the planet discovered 300 light-years away, similar in size and temperature to Earth?
A: Kepler-1649 c [d78001ab-d4a1-45d4-b7e5-01c8a265c94d]

Q: What type of star does Kepler-1649c orbit?
A: A red dwarf star [d78001ab-d4a1-45d4-b7e5-01c8a265c94d]

Q: How many Earth days does it take for Kepler-1649 c to orbit its star?
A: Approximately 19.5 Earth days [d78001ab-d4a1-45d4-b7e5-01c8a265c94d]

Q: What is the main challenge mentioned regarding the habitability of Kepler-1649 c?
A: Threat of atmospheric erosion due to stellar activity [d78001ab-d4a1-45d4-b7e5-01c8a265c94d]


The "Baikal-GVD Project" involves the construction of the largest deep-water neutrino telescope in the northern hemisphere, located at the bottom of Lake Baikal.

Initiated in 2015, this collaborative effort between scientists from the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Russia, and Slovakia aims to observe neutrinos, the smallest particles, which are notoriously difficult to detect.

The telescope is positioned 4 kilometers from the lake's edge, at depths ranging from 750 to 1,300 meters.

Lake Baikal's pristine waters and depth make it an ideal location for this endeavor.

Neutrinos, often referred to as the "ghost riders of the universe," carry information from various cosmic sources, including the sun's core, exploding stars, nuclear reactors, and the big bang.

They possess minuscule mass and interact minimally with other particles, allowing them to traverse vast distances through various mediums.

The "Baikal-GVD Project" aims to capture and study these elusive particles to unravel mysteries of the cosmos.

The project's significance lies in its potential to enhance our understanding of fundamental astrophysical phenomena and cosmology.

By detecting and analyzing neutrinos, scientists can probe the inner workings of celestial objects and phenomena that are otherwise obscured from traditional observation methods.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Where is the "Baikal-GVD Project" located?
A: At the bottom of Lake Baikal [b5de99fc-d9c6-4411-980a-985b5109359f, d844acf9-0ed4-4588-8806-3d2e437d92c9]

Q: What is the scientific objective of the project?
A: Observing neutrinos, the smallest particles [b5de99fc-d9c6-4411-980a-985b5109359f, d844acf9-0ed4-4588-8806-3d2e437d92c9]

Q: Why is Lake Baikal considered an ideal location for the project?
A: Due to its pristine waters and depth [b5de99fc-d9c6-4411-980a-985b5109359f, d844acf9-0ed4-4588-8806-3d2e437d92c9]

Q: What are neutrinos often referred to as?
A: The "ghost riders of the universe" [be99fb6e-5722-436b-b538-dc6720b1d40b]

Q: What information do neutrinos carry from cosmic sources?
A: Information from sources like the sun's core, exploding stars, and the big bang [be99fb6e-5722-436b-b538-dc6720b1d40b]

Q: How do neutrinos interact with other particles?
A: Minimally [be99fb6e-5722-436b-b538-dc6720b1d40b]

Q: What is the significance of studying neutrinos in astrophysics?
A: To enhance understanding of fundamental astrophysical phenomena [be99fb6e-5722-436b-b538-dc6720b1d40b]

Q: What is one achievement of neutrino research mentioned in the report?
A: Use of liquid gallium to capture neutrinos emitted by the sun's core [be99fb6e-5722-436b-b538-dc6720b1d40b]

Q: How does the "Baikal-GVD Project" contribute to neutrino astronomy?
A: By detecting and analyzing neutrinos to unravel mysteries of the cosmos [be99fb6e-5722-436b-b538-dc6720b1d40b]

Q: When was the "Baikal-GVD Project" initiated?
A: In 2015 [b5de99fc-d9c6-4411-980a-985b5109359f, d844acf9-0ed4-4588-8806-3d2e437d92c9]


In 2019, Cyclone Idai hit south-east Africa, most affecting Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe.

At the early stages of the disaster, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned that the humanitarian crisis in African countries, provoked by Cyclone Idai, could lead to an outbreak of a number of dangerous diseases, including cholera.

The possibility of a cholera outbreak was a major concern for hundreds of thousands of cyclone survivors who are forced to cope without clean water or sanitation.

In the aftermath of the cyclone, Mozambican authorities were organizing cholera prevention and treatment centers in the areas affected.

The first officially confirmed cases of cholera in Mozambique were recorded in the heavily damaged city of Beira.

According to Mozambican authorities, all the cases are residents of the poor urban district of Munhava.

After the initial cases were detected, doctors recorded about 200 new cases of suspected cholera infection every day.

Since the city suffered from a lack of drinking water, as well as sewage systems destroyed by floods and damage to the water supply system, the disease was spreading at tremendous speed.

WHO sent 900,000 vaccines to Mozambique.

In Malawi, floods, hurricanes and downpours caused by the Idai cyclone affected about a million people in the country.

Church organizations worked in collaboration with WHO to help deliver first aid kits and infection prevention medications to affected areas, especially as doctors feared cholera outbreaks.

At the same time, wells were being drilled to provide the population with high-quality drinking water and prevent epidemics.

Doctors from the international humanitarian organization Doctors Without Borders were engaged in disease prevention, distributing hygiene kits.

Primary services for the prevention and treatment of cholera were deployed.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Which African country did Cyclone Idai affect?
A: Mozambique

Q: Which African country did Cyclone Idai affect?
A: Malawi

Q: Which African country did Cyclone Idai affect?
A: Zimbabwe

Q: What consequence of Cyclone Idai did the World Health Organization warn about?
A: An outbreak of dangerous diseases, including choleraA: An outbreak of dangerous diseasesA: An outbreak of cholera

Q: Why was the possibility of a cholera outbreak a major concern for hundreds of thousands of cyclone survivors?
A: Because they were without clean water or sanitationA: Because they were without clean waterA: Because they were without sanitation

Q: What kind of facilities were Mozambican authorities organizing in the aftermath of the cyclone in the areas affected?
A: Cholera prevention and treatment centers

Q: In what Mozambican city were the first officially confirmed cases of cholera recorded?
A: In Beira

Q: What city district were the first victims of cholera in Beira from?
A: Munhava

Q: How many new cases of suspected cholera infection a day did doctors record in Beira?
A: about 200

Q: Why was the disease spreading at tremendous speed in Beira?
A: Because of a lack of drinking waterA: Because sewage systems were destroyed by floodsA: Because of damage to the water supply system

Q: What did the World Health Organization send to Mozambique?
A: Cholera vaccines

Q: How many cholera vaccines did the World Health Organization send to Mozambique?
A: 900,000

Q: How many people in Malawi did floods, hurricanes and downpours caused by the Idai cyclone affect?
A: About a million

Q: What organizations worked in Malawi to deliver infection prevention supplies to affected areas?
A: Church organizations

Q: What organizations worked in Malawi to deliver infection prevention supplies to affected areas?
A: The World Health Organization

Q: What organizations worked in Malawi to deliver infection prevention supplies to affected areas?
A: Doctors Without Borders

Q: What measure was taken in Malawi to provide the population with high-quality drinking water and to prevent epidemics?
A: Wells were drilled

Q: What services were deployed in Malawi by Doctors Without Borders?
A: Primary services for the prevention and treatment of cholera


The amoeba Naegleria Fowleri was discovered in 1965.

Over the past 10 years 34 cases of this infection have been reported in the United States.

Over its entire history, 145 people have suffered from it, only four surviving.

In Texas, a ten-year-old girl called Lily Mae Avant fell victim to the brain-damaging amoeba after swimming in a river.

The girl contracted it during her swim at the family's Labor Day celebration on the Brazos River.

The rare amoeba lives in warm fresh water: in rivers, lakes, and streams.

The single-celled organism enters the brain through the nose and causes amoebic meningoencephalitis.

Soon she began to behave strangely, and in a semi-conscious state she was sent to the hospital, where she was placed in a medically induced coma.

The mortality rate for this infection is 97%.

The efforts to save the girl were unsuccessful.

In another case, authorities in the Texas city of Lake Jackson banned local residents from drinking tap water after the amoeba was discovered in it.

The Brazoria County Health Department noted that a six-year-old child was admitted to the hospital after doctors found Naegleria Fowler.

After interviewing the boy and his parents, a range of possible causes of infection was determined.

Experts took eleven samples, three of which showed that the deadly pathogen was in the water supply.

Initially, citizens were urged not to drink tap water, not to give it to pets, and not to use it for washing, but later they were allowed to use the water after boiling.

At the same time, experts explained that a person cannot become infected with naegleria by drinking water, since this organism dies from gastric juice.

However, the danger is that water gets into your nose.

To conclude, a Naegleria Fowleri infection is extremely rare, but highly dangerous.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When was the amoeba Naegleria Fowleri discovered?
A: In 1965

Q: How many cases of Naegleria Fowleri infection have been reported in the United States over the past 10 years ?
A: 34

Q: How many people have suffered from Naegleria Fowleri infection over its entire history?
A: 145

Q: Of the 145 people who have suffered from Naegleria Fowleri infection over its entire history, how many survived?
A: 4

Q: In what state did the case of Lily Mae Avant happen?
A: In Texas

Q: How old was Lily Mae Avant when she contracted Naegleria Fowleri?
A: 10 years old

Q: How did Lily Mae Avant contract Naegleria Fowleri?
A: During a swimA: During the family's Labor Day celebration

Q: Where does the Naegleria Fowleri amoeba live?
A: In warm fresh water: in rivers, lakes, and streamsA: In warm fresh waterA: In rivers, lakes, and streams

Q: In what river did Lily Mae Avant contract Naegleria Fowleri?
A: In the Brazos River

Q: How does Naegleria Fowleri enter the brain?
A: Through the nose

Q: What disease does Naegleria Fowleri cause?
A: Amoebic meningoencephalitis

Q: What symptoms did Lily Mae Avant have?
A: Headache

Q: What symptoms did Lily Mae Avant have?
A: Strange behavior

Q: What is the mortality rate for Naegleria Fowleri infection?
A: 97%

Q: How did the doctors try to save Lily Mae Avant?
A: They put her in a medically induced coma

Q: What was the outcome of Lily Mae Avant’s case?
A: She died

Q: In what city in Texas did a six-year-old child contract Naegleria Fowleri?
A: In Lake Jackson

Q: What did the authorities in the Texas city of Lake Jackson ban the local residents from after a case of Naegleria Fowleri was discovered?
A: Drinking tap waterA: Giving tap water to pets,A: Using tap water for washing

Q: What kind of tap water did the authorities in the Texas city of Lake Jackson allow the local residents to drink after the initial ban?
A: Boiled

Q: Why is it not possible to get infected with Naegleria Fowleri through drinking water?
A: Because Naegleria Fowleri is killed by gastric juices


In Europe, tuberculosis is particularly common in the former Soviet republics of Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova.

In Ukraine a tuberculosis epidemic was declared in 1995, and it has not yet been overcome.

Ukrainian patients often cannot receive qualified care due to the high cost of drugs in Ukraine.

The funding gap for anti-tuberculosis institutions reaches 80%.

Many sources blame the recent public health reform in Ukraine for closure of many TB-care facilities and limited access to TB care.

In the fall of 2020, Doctors Without Borders warned Ukraine about the rate of spread of tuberculosis in addition to the coronavirus.

Overload of the healthcare system during the Covid-19 quarantine period could lead to a manifold increase in tuberculosis cases.

The US State Department Special Representative for Ukraine Kurt Volker stated that there is a rapidly developing outbreak of tuberculosis in the occupied territories of Donbass, which is highly dangerous because it has a very complex strain.

It is almost impossible to deliver antibiotics to patients, since during the four years of war, the infrastructure of Donbass.

electricity water heating communications roads

Another cause of TB outbreaks is drug-resistant strains.

Almost half of all new cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis occur in India, China and Russia, according to a report from the World Health Organization (WHO).

The main reason for the appearance of this strain is interruption of the course of treatment.

Since TB is a “social disease”, outbreaks are often detected at “crowded” places, like schools or prisons.

For example, in the German city of Bad Schönborn, 109 students and staff of a school became infected with tuberculosis, four people with an active form, and the rest as latent carriers.

In 2017 and 2018 there were two outbreaks of TB at school # 51 in Novosibirsk, Russia.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: In what European country is tuberculosis particularly common?
A: In Belarus

Q: In what European country is tuberculosis particularly common?
A: In Ukraine

Q: In what European country is tuberculosis particularly common?
A: In Moldova

Q: When was a tuberculosis epidemic declared In Ukraine?
A: In 1995

Q: Why cannot Ukrainian patients often receive qualified care for TB?
A: Due to the high cost of drugs in Ukraine

Q: What is the funding gap for anti-tuberculosis institutions in Ukraine?
A: 80%

Q: In what way did the recent public health reform in Ukraine negatively impact TB care?
A: Many TB-care facilities were closedA: TB care access became more limited

Q: What did Doctors Without Borders warn Ukraine about in the fall of 2020?
A: About the rate of spread of tuberculosis

Q: Why was there a danger of tuberculosis outbreak in Ukraine in the fall of 2020?
A: Due to an overload of the healthcare system during the Covid-19 quarantine period

Q: In what Ukrainian region occupied by Russia is there currently a rapidly developing outbreak of tuberculosis?
A: In Donbass

Q: Why is the current outbreak of tuberculosis in the occupied territories of Donbass highly dangerous?
A: Because it has a very complex strain

Q: Why is the current outbreak of tuberculosis in the occupied territories of Donbass highly dangerous?
A: Because it is almost impossible to deliver antibiotics to patients

Q: Why is it almost impossible to deliver antibiotics to patients during the current outbreak of tuberculosis in the occupied territories of Donbass?
A: Because the infrastructure of Donbass has been almost completely destroyed during the war

Q: According to the World Health Organization, in what country is drug-resistant tuberculosis especially common?
A: India China Russia

Q: According to the World Health Organization, in what country is drug-resistant tuberculosis especially common?
A: India

Q: According to the World Health Organization, in what country is drug-resistant tuberculosis especially common?
A: China

Q: According to the World Health Organization, in what country is drug-resistant tuberculosis especially common?
A: Russia

Q: What is the main reason for the appearance of drug-resistant tuberculosis?
A: Interruption of the course of treatment

Q: How many people became infected with tuberculosis during a school outbreak in the German city of Bad Schönborn?
A: 109

Q: In what Russian city were there two outbreaks of TB in 2017 and 2018 at the same school?
A: In Novosibirsk


It took the ransomware virus WannaCry just a few days in May 2017 to become the largest cyberattack of its kind in history.

It affected tens of thousands computers around the world.

Hackers attacked computers in 74 countries, with the largest number of hacking attempts recorded in Russia.

The virus was stopped thanks to the registration of the domain name iuqerfsodp9ifjaposdfjhgosurijfaewrwergwea.com.

Programmer @MalvareTechBlog, together with colleague Darian Hass, discovered that the virus was accessing this address and decided to register the domain to monitor its activity.

The address was hardcoded into the virus in case it needed to be stopped.

Thus, the spread of the virus was stopped, but only temporarily.

If you detect a suspicious process on your device, you should immediately disconnect it from the Internet or home Wi-Fi - this will prevent the spread of the virus.

If you were unable to secure your computer in advance, you should perform several steps to remove the WannaCrypt virus.

You need to restart the computer in safe mode loading network drivers.

To restore files, one can use decryptors, as well as the Shadow Explorer utility, which will return shadow copies of files and the original state of encrypted files, or Stellar Phoenix Windows Data Recovery.

However, these methods do not guarantee complete file recovery.

If your computers are infected with ransomware, under no circumstances should you pay the attackers.

There is no guarantee that once they receive payment, they will decrypt the files rather than demand more.

All that remains is to wait for the decryption program: in the case of WannaCry, it took Adrien Guinier, a specialist from the French company Quarkslab, a week to create it.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When did the ransomware virus WannaCry attack computers all over the world?
A: In May 2017

Q: How many computers did WannaCry affect?
A: Tens of thousands

Q: In how many countries did hackers attack computers with WannaCry?
A: 74

Q: In what country was  the largest number of WannaCry hacking attempts recorded?
A: In Russia

Q: What person stopped the spread of WannaCry?
A: Programmer @MalvareTechBlog

Q: What person stopped the spread of WannaCry?
A: Programmer Darian Hass

Q: What did Programmer @MalvareTechBlog and his colleague Darian Hass do to stop the spread of WannaCry?
A: They registered the domain name iuqerfsodp9ifjaposdfjhgosurijfaewrwergwea.com

Q: Why did registering the domain name iuqerfsodp9ifjaposdfjhgosurijfaewrwergwea.com stop WannaCry activity?
A: The address iuqerfsodp9ifjaposdfjhgosurijfaewrwergwea.com was hardcoded into the virus in case it needed to be stopped

Q: What should a user do if they detect a suspicious process on their device to prevent the spread of the virus?
A: They should immediately disconnect it from the Internet or home Wi-Fi

Q: What can a user do to restore files if their computer is affected with WannaCry?
A: One can use decryptorsA: One can use Stellar Phoenix Windows Data Recovery

Q: What is the advice to users regarding paying the attackers?
A: Under no circumstances should you pay the attackers

Q: Why should you not pay the attackers if your computer is affected with WannaCry?
A: There is no guarantee they will decrypt the filesA: There is no guarantee they will not demand more

Q: Who created a decryption program for WannaCry?
A: Adrien Guinier, a specialist from the French company QuarkslabA: Adrien Guinier from QuarkslabA: Adrien Guinier

Q: How long did it take Adrien Guinier, a specialist from the French company Quarkslab, to create a decryption program for WannaCry?
A: A week


In September 2020, researchers from the University of Portsmouth were able to engineer a “super enzyme” that could eat and break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic at a remarkable rate.

Two years earlier, in 2018, Japanese scientists at the Kyoto Institute of Technology discovered a type of bacteria, called ideonella sakaiensis, that had a natural appetite for plastic.

It demonstrated a significant ability to use PET plastics as an energy source; it could completely decompose PET within a few weeks.

The bacteria uses a pair of enzymes, one of which is PETase, to decompose the plastic.

Scientists at the University of Portsmouth (UK), engineered this enzyme in the laboratory so that plastics could be more rapidly decomposed.

In September 2020, the University of Portsmouth scientists succeeded in combining PETase with its co-enzyme called MHETase, in order to increase the speed of the digestion of the plastic.

According to Professor John McGeehan, initial experiments at that time showed that the two enzymes worked better together.

The scientists therefore decided to physically combine the two enzymes, producing a “super enzyme” that can break down plastic three times faster than individual enzymes that occur naturally.

Following the initial experiments, the University of Portsmouth teamed with researchers from the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory to “optimize” the structure of the enzyme in such a way that it can break down PET plastic in just a few days.

The research team intended to continue work on further improving this enzyme so that it could be used in the decomposition of plastics on an industrial scale.

According to Professor John McGeehan, the breakthrough may be used in the coming years to break down and sustainably recycle PET as well as other plastics.

In addition, researchers have discovered that wax moth caterpillars have a special species of bacteria in their intestines that digests plastic, and can survive on plastic for a year.

Siberian scientists were apparently pursuing the same line of investigation.

According to Sergei Shakhmatov, the Executive Director of Green Russia and the Deputy of Krasnoyarsk City Council, Russian scientists intended to produce an enzyme or bacteria that destroys polymers, so they analyzed the enzyme secreted by a type of moth.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Scientists from which country discovered a type of bacteria that had a natural appetite for plastic?
A: Japan

Q: In what year did the scientists make this discovery?
A: 2018

Q: What was the name of the bacteria?
A: ideonella sakaiensis

Q: What type of plastic did the bacteria break down?
A: PET plastics

Q: How long did it take the bacteria to completely break down the plastic?
A: Within a few weeks

Q: What is the name of one of the enzymes in the bacteria that it uses to break down plastic?
A: PETase

Q: Scientists at the University of Portsmouth in the UK created a “super enzyme” out of which two enzymes?
A: PETase and MHETase

Q: How much faster can the “super enzyme” break down plastics than individual enzymes that occur naturally?
A: Three times faster

Q: Which U.S. organization worked with University of Portsmouth scientists to “optimize” the structure of the enzyme so that it can break down plastics within a few days?
A: The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Q: Scientists discovered another bacteria that can break down plastic in the intestines of which animal?
A: Wax moth caterpillar

Q: How long can this bacteria survive on plastic?
A: A year

Q: Scientists from which country were pursuing similar research on bacteria produced by an animal?
A: Russia (Siberia)


South Korea successfully developed and launched at least two geostationary satellites in 2020.

The first one, launched in early 2020, was a new geostationary satellite named Chollian-2B, designed for oceanographic and meteorological earth observation.

The second satellite, Anasis-II, was launched in July 2020, and its purpose is solely for military communications.

The Chollian-2B was developed by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute and launched from a space center in French Guiana on 19 February, 2020.

The purpose of this satellite was to observe and monitor 20 types of air pollutants in a fixed location 36,000 kilometers above the Earth's equator.

The instrument onboard the satellite was the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS), the first such instrument to be launched into space.

According to the South Korean Ministry of Defense, the Anasis-II was its first satellite with the sole purpose of providing military communications, and was launched in cooperation with the U.S. private company SpaceX from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on July 19, 2020.

The launch vehicle was a Falcon 9 rocket.

The South Korean Army was to have control over the satellite,.

[2]. which was apparently South Korea’s first completely classified military satellite.

This satellite was capable of providing continual, secure military satellite communications for the South Korean Army.

While there was little public information available about the purpose of the satellite, it was surmised that the satellite would be directly positioned over the Korean peninsula.

This satellite was built by Airbus Defence and Space.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Which two geostationary satellites did South Korea launch in 2020?
A: Chollian-2B and Anasis-IIA: What was the purpose of the satellite launched in February 2020?A: oceanographic and meteorological earth observation

Q: What was the purpose of the satellite launched in July 2020?
A: military communications

Q: Which Korean organization developed the satellite launched in February?
A: Korea Aerospace Research Institute

Q: Which Korean organization developed the satellite launched in July?
A: South Korean Ministry of Defense

Q: What instrument did the satellite launched in February have on board?
A: The Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS)

Q: Which company cooperated with Korea to launch the second satellite?
A: SpaceX

Q: Which company manufactured the second satellite?
A: Airbus Defense and Space

Q: Where was the second satellite launched?
A: Kennedy Space Center in Florida

Q: Where was the first satellite launched?
A: French Guiana

Q: Which Korean entity is in charge of the second satellite?
A: The South Korean Army

Q: What capability will the second satellite provide?
A: Providing continual, secure military satellite communications for the South Korean Army


A fire broke out at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, on Monday, 15 April, 2019.

Although the main reason for the fire was not officially announced at that time, authorities surmised that the ongoing renovations at the cathedral were the probable cause of the fire.

The renovations had been undertaken because of cracks in the cathedral.

Officials conducting an initial investigation into the cause of the fire believed that it was probably caused by an electrical problem or a cigarette not being properly extinguished.

A preliminary investigation into the situation was carried out on Wednesday, 17 April, but due to safety issues, it was not possible to carry out a detailed search on the partially burned interior of the cathedral.

After further investigation of cathedral staff and the workers who were repairing and renovating the cathedral at the time of the fire, officials concluded that the fire was an accident.

On 19 April, French officials released a report stating that investigators believed that it was mostly likely an electrical short circuit that had caused the fire.

The conical spire and roof were destroyed in the fire,.

and its main tower and walls were severely damaged.

Based on photos and videos collected as part of the investigation, the fire at the cathedral broke out in the central part of the roof next to the conical spire.

In addition, police studied the workings of fire safety sensors and the elevator, which was built by the employees working on the cathedral’s renovation.

In June 2019, French experts announced that, after extensive investigation, it was determined that the Notre Dame Cathedral fire was not intentional or criminal in any way, and that the probable cause was a half-extinguished cigarette or an electrical short circuit.

In April, a spokesman for the scaffolding company that was working on the cathedral renovations before the fire admitted that its employees sometimes smoked on the site; however he rejected the hypothesis that a cigarette butt could be the main cause of the fire.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When did a fire break out at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris?
A: Monday, 15 April, 2019

Q: What did authorities initially surmise had caused the fire?
A: Ongoing renovations

Q: Why were renovations taking place at the Cathedral prior to the fire?
A: Cracks in the cathedral

Q: What did investigators conducting an initial investigation into the cause of the fire believe were two possible causes for the fire?
A: An electrical problem, or a cigarette not being properly extinguished

Q: What parts of the cathedral were destroyed in the fire?
A: The conical spire and roof

Q: What parts of the cathedral were severely damaged in the fire?
A: Its main tower and wallsA: What prevented a detailed search of the partially burned interior of the cathedral on 17 April?A: Safety issues

Q: Which people, who were in the cathedral at the time of the fire, did investigators question to conclude that the fire was an accident?
A: Cathedral staff and the workers renovating the cathedral

Q: Based on photographic and video evidence, where did investigators conclude that the fire had started?
A: The central part of the roof next to the conical spire

Q: What devices did police study that workers had installed at the cathedral as part of the renovations?
A: Fire safety sensors and elevator

Q: What did a spokesman for the scaffolding company working on the cathedral renovations before the fire admit about the company’s workers?
A: That they occasionally smoked on the worksite

Q: What hypothesis did the same spokesman reject as a main cause of the fire?
A: That a cigarette butt could be the main cause of the fire


NASA engineers confirmed on 19 April 2021 that the helicopter “Ingenuity” had successfully executed a short flight over Mars at 3:34 in the morning.

and was able to land again on the surface of Mars without difficulty.

This was a historical flight, because for the first time, the human race had flown a motorized vehicle over a planet other than planet Earth, and controlled the flight from Mars itself.

The helicopter Ingenuity took a black and white photograph of its shadow on the surface of Mars at the moment it was “airborne.”.

This helicopter, built of metal and steel cables, flew for a period of 39.1 seconds at an elevation of 3 meters above the surface of Mars before it landed on the surface of Mars.

The helicopter weighed only 1.8 kilos and was 1.2 meters tall.

This small helicopter had four large blades made of carbon fiber, which were 1.2 meters long.

It was made with two rotors, each rotating in the opposite direction.

The rotation speed of the rotors was 2,400 to 2,900 rotations per minute, which is ten times that of helicopters on Earth.

The reason that the rotor blades had to rotate so quickly was because Mars’ atmospheric pressure is only 1% of the Earth’s.

The helicopter did not carry any scientific equipment,.

but had two cameras on board that recorded flight information.

Also, this helicopter used solar panels to charge the lithium-ion battery and to power its flight.

Ingenuity communicated with NASA’s ground base with the help of NASA's Perseverance probe, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and NASA's Deep Space Network.

Ingenuity was designed to investigate the technologies needed to fly to other planets.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: On what date and time did the helicopter “Ingenuity” execute its first successful flight over Mars?
A: 19 April 2021, 3:34 am, Eastern Time Zone

Q: Why was this a historical flight?
A: Because for the first time, the human race had flown a motorized vehicle over a planet other than planet Earth, and controlled the flight from Mars itself.

Q: What was the duration of Ingenuity’s first flight?
A: 39.1 seconds

Q: At what elevation did it fly above Mars’ surface?
A: 3 meters

Q: What was the helicopter made of?
A: Metal and steel cables

Q: How much did it weigh?
A: 1.8 kilos

Q: How tall was it?
A: 1.2 meters

Q: How many blades did it have?
A: Four

Q: How long was each blade?
A: 1.2 meters

Q: What were the blades made of?
A: Carbon fiber

Q: How many rotors did it have?
A: Two

Q: In which direction did the rotors rotate?
A: In the opposite direction from each other

Q: What was the rotation speed of the rotors?
A: 2400-2900 rotations per minute

Q: Why did the rotors have to rotate at a speed ten times faster than on Earth?
A: Mars’ atmospheric pressure is only 1% of that of Earth

Q: What was on board the helicopter?
A: Cameras

Q: What did the helicopter use to charge its lithium ion batteries?
A: Solar panels

Q: How did the helicopter communicate with its ground station?
A: With the help of NASA's Perseverance probe, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN).A: What was the helicopter designed to do?A: To investigate the technologies needed to fly to other planets


Malala Yousafzai, Nobel Peace Prize winner, UN Peace Ambassador, and human rights activist, began her studies in the fields of philosophy, politics, and economics at Oxford University in the UK in the fall of 2017.

In an interview with British Vogue magazine, she explained that at the university she finally had time for herself.

She stated that she enjoyed every moment of life at university, because prior to that, she didn’t have much opportunity to be with people of her own age.

Before entering university, she traveled to many countries, wrote a book, and produced a documentary film, among other things.

While at the university, she continued her activism along with her studies.

She is an activist for human rights and children’s rights and a member of the Pakistani girls’ education campaign.

One of her major causes is the promotion of women’s rights to an education.

In the fall of 2017, Ms. Yousafzai spoke to the BBC in Oxford and in a message addressed to Aung San Suu Kyi, the de facto leader of Myanmar, she condemned the violence against the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar.

Ms. Yousafzai said that the entire world was waiting for the leader of Myanmar, who was also a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, to condemn this violence and take practical action to stop the shameful treatment of Muslims.

Ms. Yousafzai asked several countries, including her own country, Pakistan, to give asylum to Rohingyan refugees.

In the spring of 2018, Ms. Yousafzai returned to Pakistan for the first time in six years.

During her visit, she met with Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi in his office.

She also met with a group of women’s rights activists from all over Pakistan, headed by reporter and Oscar-winning filmmaker Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy.

Ms. Yousafzai has a close relationship with other young activists, including environmental activist Greta Thunberg.

During her last year at Oxford, Ms. Yousafzai met Ms. Thunberg, who, according to Ms. Yousafzai, texts her for advice.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What did Malala Yousafzai study at Oxford University?
A: Philosophy, politics, and economics

Q: What did she finally have time for at university?
A: Time for herself

Q: Why did she enjoy her time at the university?
A: She enjoyed being with people her own age

Q: What causes does Malala support with her activism?
A: Human and children’s rights, and women’s rights to an education

Q: Who did Malala address while speaking with the BBC in Oxford in the fall of 2017?
A: Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of Myanmar

Q: What did Malala ask her to do?
A: Condemn violence against Rohingya Muslims and take practical action to stop the shameful treatment of Muslims.

Q: What did Malala ask other countries, including Pakistan, to do?
A: Grant asylum to Rohingya Muslim refugees

Q: When did Malala visit Pakistan for the first time since leaving it?
A: 2018, six years after leaving it

Q: Which Pakistani official did she meet?
A: The Prime Minister, Shahid Khaqan Abbasi

Q: Who else did she meet with while in Pakistan?
A: A group of women’s rights activists from all over Pakistan

Q: With which other young activist is Malala in fairly regular contact?
A: Greta Thunberg

Q: When did Malala first meet her?
A: During Malala’s last year at university


The Settlement of the Vale Dam Disaster in Brazil
The Vale dam disaster in Brazil was one of the deadliest mining accidents in the nation's history.

It occurred on January 25, 2019, in Brumadinho of Brazil.

The collapse of the tailings dam, owned by Brazilian mining giant Vale S.A., resulted in massive environmental devastation, loss of lives, and substantial displacement of communities.

In the aftermath, legal proceedings ensued.

Vale S.A. signed an agreement with the Minas Gerais State Government and other relevant departments in Brazil to compensate the local government and communities US$6.9 billion.

Vale agreed provide cash compensation to the towns and victims affected by the accident, and fund local restoration of the damaged environment and facilitate the construction of livelihood projects.

Although the amount of compensation finally reached was lower than the figure originally proposed by the state government, it was still the highest amount ever paid by a company due to a production accident in Brazil.

Vale S.A. reached a settlement agreement with various stakeholders, including government authorities, affected communities, and environmental organizations.

The settlement aimed to provide compensation for the damages caused by the disaster and implement measures to prevent similar incidents in the future.

Vale agreed to a  US$6.9 billion settlement to compensate the victims of the disaster, including families who lost loved ones, individuals injured, and those whose properties were damaged or destroyed.

The compensation package also extended to cover environmental remediation costs and restoration efforts.

During the negotiations and legal battles prior to and after the settlement, there were substantial criticisms against Vale, mainly concerning the amount of the compensation, claiming that it would not be sufficient for the loss and damages and that an appeal would be submitted to the Brazil’s higher court.

Despite the criticisms, the settlement reached represents a significant step towards addressing the extensive damages and providing restitution to the affected parties.

The settlement seeks to mitigate the long-term impacts of the disaster.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What happened at the Vale Dam in Brazil?
A: It collapsed.

Q: When did it happen?
A: On January 25,  2019.

Q: Who owned the dam?
A: Brazilian mining giant Vale S.A.

Q: What is the scope of the disaster, including casulties and property losses?
A: Massive environmental devastation, loss of lives, and substantial displacement of communities.

Q: What are the long term impacts on the local environment as a result of the disater?
A: Serious damage to local environment.

Q: What are the negotiations on the settlement?
A: Mainly on the compensation.

Q: What was the financial amount of the settlement?
A: US$6.9 billion.

Q: What will the compensation cover?
A: The victims of the disaster and their families, individuals injured, properties damaged or destroyed, environmental remediation costs and restoration.

Q: Were the victims and the legal professionals who represented them satisfied with the settlement?
A: No.

Q: What were the major disagreement about the settlement?
A: The amount of the settlement was believed to be not sufficient for the loss and damages.

Q: Will there be further actions from the victims and their representatives?
A: Yes.


Voyager Missions in Interstellar Space
In August and September 1977 respectively, NASA launched spacecrafts Voyager 2 and Voyager 1, and now they have flown into interstellar space, returning images that have given us our first glimpse of what this mysterious space is really like.

As the first human-built objects to leave the solar system, the two spacecrafts are exploring uncharted territories billions of miles from Earth.

Their original purpose was only to perform a five-year mission, but they have been operating to this day.

Voyager 1 entered interstellar space in 2012, and Voyager 2, which departed half a month earlier, entered interstellar space in 2018.

The first finding is about the thickness of heliopause which refers to the boundary of the solar system.

Voyager 2 and Voyager 1 passed through the heliopause in less than a day, confirming that this area is very thin.

When Voyager 2 passed through the heliopause, its plasma wave instrument detected that the density of plasma there increased sharply by 20 times, just like the interaction of two different liquids, and continued to detect particles from the solar system spreading outward.

People used to think in the past that the solar wind would slowly fade away as it entered interstellar space from the solar system, but Voyager 2’s findings show that there is a very clear boundary there.

After analyzing the data, a research team led by Cornell University discovered weak but persistent sounds of interstellar gas.

These findings make researchers believe that there are more low-level activities going on in the interstellar gas, prompting them to further explore the distribution of plasma in space, and help scientists gain a deeper understanding of the interaction between the interstellar medium and the solar wind.

When Voyager 1 crossed the boundary of the heliosphere, the heliosphere was shrinking, but when Voyager 2 crossed the boundary, the heliosphere was expanding.

Voyager spacecrafts use nuclear batteries.

The efficiency of plutonium fuel has limits.

As the nuclear battery power continues to decline, some instruments on the spacecrafts must be shut down.

NASA hopes to be able to communicate with them till 2027.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What are Voyager 1 and Voyager 2?
A: Two spacecrafts that have entered interstellar space.

Q: When were they launched?
A: In August and September 1977 respectively.

Q: What is the original purpose of the projects?
A: It was only to perform a five-year mission.

Q: Where are they now?
A: - They have both entered interstellar space.

Q: What is heliopause?
A: It is the boundary of the solar system.

Q: What did Voyagers find about heliopause?
A: They found it was very thin.

Q: Other findings in interstellar space:
A: Voyager 1 detected the frequency of plasma waves.

Q: Other findings in interstellar space:
A: Voyager 2 detected a very clear boundary of the solar system in terms of solar wind’s strength.

Q: Different findings:
A: Voyager 1 found the heliosphere shrinking while Voyager 2 found it expanding.

Q: What powers the two spacecrafts?
A: Nuclear batteries.

Q: How hong might the nuclear batteries continue to support the operation?
A: Likely till 2027.


Trump Kim Singapore Summit
On June 12, 2018 U.S. President Trump and North Korean Chairman Kim Jong-un held a historic summit meeting at the Capella Sentosa Hotel in Singapore.

They signed a joint statement on four agreements including denuclearization.

At this point, the United States and North Korea broke about 70 years of hostility and took the first step towards building a relationship of trust.

Before the meeting eventually took place, both Trump and Kim had expressed friendly gestures about the upcoming meeting.

Trump said he would be "honored" to meet Kim Jong-un and said, "We are going to have a great relationship."

Kim Jong-un said, "It was not easy to get here."

"Old prejudices and practices were roadblocks, but we have overcome them, and we are here today."

During the brief but historic one-on-one conversation between Trump and Kim, only two interpreters were present.

In other words, they were the only ones in the world who knew the content of the conversation between Trump and Kim Jong-un.

But reports about the atmosphere of the meeting and eventually the Joint Statement signed by the two leaders were reported and released.

Trump tweeted that he was getting along very well with Kim Jong-un and that North Korea had made significant progress in denuclearizing.

The Joint Statement, signed by the two leaders in the afternoon of the day, stated that Trump and Kim conducted a comprehensive, in-depth and candid exchange of views on establishing a new type of relationship between the United States and North Korea and establishing a long-lasting and stable peace mechanism on the Korean Peninsula.

The four agreements reached as stated in the Joint Statement are:.

[aeec]. 1. US and North Korea commit to establish new US-DPRK relations in accordance with the desire of the peoples of the two countries for peace and prosperity.

The two countries will join their efforts to build a lasting and stable peace regime on the Korean Peninsula.

Reaffirming the April 27, 2018 Panmunjom Declaration, North Korea commits to work towards the complete denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula.

4. US and North Korea commit to recovering remains of prisoners of war including the immediate repatriation of those already identified.

After the meeting, Trump is quoted to have said to the media that the meeting was "very, very, very good".

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When did the Trump/Kim summit take place in Singapore?
A: On June 12, 2018.

Q: Where in Singapore did the meeting take place?
A: At Capella Sentosa Hotel.

Q: What is the significance of the meeting?
A: It broke about 70 years of hostility between the United States and North Korea.

Q: Were Trump and Kim optimistic about the meeting before it happened?
A: Yes, they both were.

Q: Who else was present at the meeting?
A: Only two interpreters.

Q: Were there news reports about the meeting immediately after it was held?
A: Yes, some details were reported by the media, and Trump also tweeted.

Q: Was a joint statement signed?
A: Yes, a formal Joint Statement was signed.

Q: When was it signed?
A: In the afternoon of the day of the meeting.

Q: Was the Joint Statement released?
A: Yes, it was released.

Q: What was the main key information in the statement?
A: Four agreements were reached, the most important one being on denuclearisation.


US Troops Withdraw from Somalia
The U.S. military began performing humanitarian missions in Somalia when it fell into civil war in the early 1990s, but after a battle in the capital Mogadishu in 1993 left 18 Americans dead, the U.S. military withdrew from the country in the next year.

In 2007 the Somali Al-Shabaab, a Somali armed group which is allied with al Qaeda, took the advantage of the chaos in the country and launched attacks in Somalia and neighboring countries.

The United States deployed troops to the country again in the same year.

During the Obama administration the U.S. military stepped up air strikes against al-Shabab in Somalia, and under Trump, the number of air strikes was also significantly increased.

At one point during Trump administration, the United States significantly increased its military presence in Somalia, mainly to train Somali government forces in its fighting against al-Shabaab.

Then, under Trump’s administration, the United State decided to withdraw troops from Somalia.

The President of Somalia lobbied to no avail.

The US Department of Defense stated in a statement that Trump ordered most personnel and equipment to be transferred out of Somalia by early 2021, with only some remaining to stay in Mogadishu.

However, it emphasized that the United States is not withdrawing from Africa and "will continue to fight against violent extremist organizations that pose a threat to the United States and will also ensure that the United States maintains its strategic advantage in the competitions between major powers."

When the Trump administration was considering a plan to withdraw hundreds of U.S. troops from Somalia and deploy them to countries surrounding Somalia, it was to shift the focus from training Somali government forces to directly attacking al-Shabaab.

About 700 U.S. soldiers stationed in Somalia were expected to be transferred to bases in Kenya and Djibouti, from where they could enter Somalia to perform shorter-term counterterrorism missions, mainly against al-Shabab.

Trump’s withdraw order showed his determination to end America's never-ending wars abroad.

With only a few weeks left in his term, he was determined to fulfill his campaign promises.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When did US military begin to have missions in Somalia for the first time?
A: In 1990.

Q: In what nature was that mission?
A: It was to perform humanitarian missions.

Q: When did the U.S. withdraw its troops from that mission?
A: In 1994.

Q: The reason for that withdraw:
A: Somalia fell into civil war and a battle in the capital Mogadishu in 1993 left 18 Americans dead.A: Q: When did the U.S. deploy troops again in Somalia?A: In 2007.

Q: What happened in that year?
A: Somali Al-Shabaab, a Somali armed group, launched attacks in Somalia and neighboring countries.

Q: Did the U.S. increase its military actions in Somalia after 2007?
A: Yes, under the administration of the Obama and Trump.

Q: When did the U.S. decided to withdraw troops from Somalia again?
A: In 2020.

Q: For what reason?
A: To shift the focus from training Somali government forces to directly attacking al-Shabaab.

Q: What was Trump’s consideration at the end of his term?
A: To end America's never-ending wars abroad.


This is my report on “Space Technologies of Blue Origin”.

Founded by Jeff Bezos in 2000, Blue Origin is a private aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company.

It claims to be dedicated to reducing the cost of space travel and enabling the colonization of space.

Since founding, it has developed a range of innovative technologies in space exploration.

The following is a brief summary of the areas in which Blue Origin has made substantial achievements:
1.

Suborbital Tourism:
Blue Origin focuses much on suborbital tourism.

It is designed to carry passengers on brief journeys to the edge of space.

The rocket propels the capsule to an altitude exceeding 100 kilometers, allowing passengers to experience several minutes of weightlessness and witness the curvature of the Earth before safely returning to the ground.

2.      Reusable Rocket Technology:
Another innovative technology approach of Blue Origin is the development of reusable rocket technology.

By landing and reusing rockets, the company  aims to significantly reduce the cost of space travel.

Blue Origin's rockets feature vertical takeoff and vertical landing (VTVL) capabilities, allowing them to return to Earth and be refurbished for subsequent flights.

This technology has the potential to revolutionize space transportation by making it more economical and sustainable.

3.      Lunar Exploration:
Blue Origin is actively involved in lunar exploration and has won recognition from NASA for partnership.

The company is developing a lunar lander known as Blue Moon, which is intended to transport cargo and eventually astronauts to the lunar surface.

Blue Moon is designed to be versatile and capable of supporting a variety of lunar missions, including scientific research, resource utilization, and human exploration.

Heavy-duty Launch Vehicle:
Blue Origin is also working on the development of a heavy-lift launch vehicle known as New Glenn that is designed to deliver payloads to orbit and beyond, for moon exploration and space colonization.

It is also worth mentioning that the engines of Blue Moon lunar lander it has developed use liquid hydrogen and do not emit carbon.

Liquid hydrogen is said to be able to obtain eventually on the moon.

Conclusion:
Blue Origin, as a private company, is at the forefront of space technology innovation, with a diverse portfolio of projects aimed at expanding humanity's presence beyond Earth.

It has developed some key innovative technologies since the company was founded that are important contributions to human beings’ space exploration.

.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is Blue Origin?
A: It is a private aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company.

Q: When was it founded?
A: In 2000.

Q: and who founded it?
A: by Jeff Bezos.

Q: In what areas has Blue Origin developed innovative technologies that has made the company stand out?
A: It has made substantial achievements in reducing the cost of space travel and enabling the colonization of space.

Q: What is suborbital tourism?
A: It is to carry passengers on brief journeys to the edge of space.

Q: Would the passengers experience weightlessness in suborbital tourism?
A: Yes, they would experience several minutes of weightlessness.

Q: What would the passengers see during suborbital tourism?
A: They would witness the curvature of the Earth.

Q: What unique technologies does Blue Origin have in providing suborbital tourism?
A: The development of reusable rocket technology.

Q: What rocket technologies in specific does Blue Origin have?
A: The development of New Glenn, a heavy-lift launch vehicle.

Q: What is the importace of Blue Origin’s reusability of rockets in space launching services?
A: It has the potential to revolutionize space transportation by making it more economical and sustainable

Q: Does Blue Origin participate in NASA’s projects?
A: Yes, in NASA’s lunar exploration rpoject.

Q: Will Blue Origin use liquid hydrogen as fuels for rocket engines?
A: Yes, for its Blue Moon lunar lander.


Electric cars have a significant share of the Chinese car market.

The Chinese government wants to reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels and reduce air pollution in cities.

Electric vehicles play an important role in achieving these two strategic goals.

One of the most important reasons for the popularity of electric vehicle sales in China has been the support of the government.

Currently, the Chinese government has taken several steps with the aim of increasing the sale of electric cars, one of which is subsidizing the sellers of these cars.

The increasing use of electric cars and use of renewable energies in China has cut the consumption of more than 500,000 tons of gasoline per year.

In order to increase the sales of electric cars, China has allocated a 10% tax discount for the sale of these cars.

This country has also provided the necessary infrastructure for the production of electric vehicles and increased the number of charging stations for electric cars with the aim of increasing the use of electric cars.

Fast charging batteries as well as the method of replacing batteries are among other technologies that make buying new energy cars more attractive.

China has also been successful in exporting electric cars.

A new SUV called Aiways U5 is going to be released to the market of European countries from next year, which is the first Chinese electric car in this continent.

Changan Automobile Company of China, as one of the four largest Chinese automobile manufacturers, is one of the leaders in the production of electric vehicles in China.

Xiaomi, the mobile phone giant, has also entered the electric car industry.

China welcomes electric cars more than other countries because it is the largest consumer of oil and fuel derivatives in the world and the production of electric cars is affordable for them.

Now more than 200 different brands are selling all kinds of electrified models in China, the most famous of which are Tesla, BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler, Ford, General Motors, Nissan and Mitsubishi.

Tesla is now the most popular electric car make in China.

Apparently, China has joined countries such as France and Britain, which plan to ban the sale of cars that use fossil fuels by 2040.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What are the two main reasons Chinese government supports EV’s?
A: Reducing fossil fuel dependence and air pollution. [10955bc8-48bd-4a6d-baf2-e8b7dd34e90b]

Q: What is one reason for popularity of electric vehicles in China?
A: The government’s support. [aea5 101c]

Q: What steps has the Chinese government taken to encourage the use of EV’s?
A: subsidizing the car dealers. [aea5 101c]

Q: How much has China cut the consumption of gasoline by using electric cars and renewable energy?
A: 500,000 tons. [aea5 f6c0 5cca]

Q: What are the two factors that make buying EV’s more attractive in China?
A: Using fast charging batteries and the easy way of changing batteries. [f6c0d669-a2d2-4988-befe-d98a6abf601e]

Q: What electric car is China exporting to Europe?
A: A new SUV called Aiways U5. [253cdafa-5336-4d45-9112-6e11ed8919a0]

Q: What is the largest car manufacturer of China that is a leader of EV production?
A: Changan Automobile Company. [f6c0d669-a2d2-4988-befe-d98a6abf601e]

Q: What is the mobile phone giant, which has entered EV market?
A: Xiaomi. [766085dc-eca0-46a9-92c9-3b55e6504cf7]

Q: For what reason does China welcome EV’s more than other countries?
A: China is the largest consumer of oil and fuel derivatives in the world and the production of electric cars is affordable for them. [fe6974b1-118c-4a81-a33a-2185ecddcf52]

Q: How many EV makes are there in China’s market?
A: More than 200. [fe6974b1-118c-4a81-a33a-2185ecddcf52]

Q: What is the most popular EV in China?
A: Tesla. [0d7816bd-87aa-4a27-a9e2-9d939b049b63]

Q: What countries plan to ban fossil fuel cars?
A: France, Britain, and China. [80ea 0386]

Q: By what year does China plan to ban gas-consuming cars?
A: 2040

Q: What steps has the Chinese government taken to encourage the use of EV’s?
A: 10% tax discount. [aea5 f6c0 5cca]

Q: What steps has the Chinese government taken to encourage the use of EV’s?
A: Increasing the number of charging stations. [aea5 f6c0 5cca]


Over the last 100 years, the Earth's axis has shifted by 10 centimeters, according to NASA.

This is due to rising temperatures melting glaciers and mantle matter convection.

Since Greenland is located at an angle of 45 degrees to the North Pole, the mass of the melt could influence the tilt of the earth’s axis.

[b3db]. , or the position of the rotation axis, more than any other mass at another location.

Scientists used data on gravitational anomalies obtained from the American-German GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite.

[a47e]. , which allowed them to draw conclusions that the Earth's axis is especially sensitive to changes in water mass in mid-latitudes.

The mass of Greenland's glaciers decreased by a record 532 billion tons in 2019.

The Earth is not perfectly round, and its axis is not static, but oscillates - precession (tilts) and nutation (oscillations relative to the earth's crust).

Usually, the Earth’s wobble can be attributed to glacier movement.

NASA, however established three reasons: Mantle matter convection, glacial movement, and cryosphere melt-off.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Greenland has lost 750 gigatons of ice.

It flowed into the ocean, which led to rising sea levels and contributed to a shift in the planet's rotation axis.

The melt-off leads to a redistribution of matter from the northern regions, in particular, Greenland, to the equator, as a result of which the planet’s rotation around its axis will slow down and cause the length of the day to increase.

An international group of polar researchers found that the rate of ice melt in Greenland has increased sevenfold from 1992 to 2018.

They analyzed nearly 30 years of satellite imagery and compared changes to the coastlines.

Since 1992, Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tons of ice, which corresponds to an increase in sea levels of 10.6 millimeters.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is shift from the normal tilt of the Earth’s axis?
A: 10 centimeters [8a288125-6f13-4ccd-9c93-54895da576db]

Q: Who has determined this shift?
A: NASA [8a288125-6f13-4ccd-9c93-54895da576db]

Q: Why does the melt-off from Greenland affect the Earth’s axis?
A: Since Greenland is located at an angle of 45 degrees to the North Pole, the mass of melt could influence the tilt of the earth’s axis [b3db366f-952b-4bee-b3c1-52a7d5cb97a7]A: The melt-off leads to a redistribution of matter from the northern regions, in particular, Greenland [7ddc5bab-96ec-4a9f-ad98-3055ab0bfe5d]A: the Earth's axis is especially sensitive to changes in water mass in mid-latitudes. [ad2e75c4-c562-4094-9188-4a1a9472b519]

Q: What satellite did researchers use?
A: American-German GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite [a47e9ce9-3b24-463d-af3a-8d08ce765299]

Q: By how much did the ice mass decrease in Greenland in 2019?
A: A record 532 billion tons. [e029a66e-b808-4ba7-98e2-e593c975c287]

Q: What does the Earth’s axis normally do?
A: Oscillates - precession (tilts) and nutation (oscillations relative to the earth's crust). [8a288125-6f13-4ccd-9c93-54895da576db]

Q: What can the axis wobble normally be attributed to?
A: Glacier movement. [8a288125-6f13-4ccd-9c93-54895da576db]

Q: What reasons has NASA discovered causes the wobble?
A: Mantle matter convection, glacial movement, and cryosphere melt-off. [8a288125-6f13-4ccd-9c93-54895da576db]

Q: How much ice has Greenland lost?
A: Since the beginning of the 20th century, Greenland lost 750 gigatons of ice. [8a288125-6f13-4ccd-9c93-54895da576db]A: Since 1992, Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tons of ice [9ad158cc-4811-4a31-82bf-e41afa5e3c69]A: In 2019, the glacier lost 600 billion tons of ice, about 197 billion in July alone. [6462f7bd-61d5-4659-8289-3c3ff4f54ba2]

Q: The loss of ice corresponds to how much increase in sea levels?
A: 3.8 trillion tons corresponds to an increase in sea levels of 10.6 millimeters. [9ad158cc-4811-4a31-82bf-e41afa5e3c69]A: 600 billion tons raised sea levels by 2.2 mm. [6462f7bd-61d5-4659-8289-3c3ff4f54ba2]

Q: Has Greenland’s melt-off rate increased and if so, how much?
A: Rate of ice melt in Greenland has increased sevenfold from 1992 to 2018. [9ad158cc-4811-4a31-82bf-e41afa5e3c69, 6462f7bd-61d5-4659-8289-3c3ff4f54ba2]

Q: Who discovered this rate increase and how?
A: An international group of polar researchers analyzed nearly 30 years of satellite imagery and compared changes to the coastlines. [9ad158cc-4811-4a31-82bf-e41afa5e3c69]


28 EU countries agreed on introducing sanctions against four GRU officers.

(aka Ruslan Boshirov). , whom the UK suspects of trying to poison ex-GRU agent Sergei Skripal and his daughter on March 4, 2018.

The UK, US, Germany and France have called the poisoning of Skripal the first use of a nerve agent in Europe since World War II.

A joint statement by the leaders noted that Russia was responsible for what happened, and called the incident an attack on the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.

London and Paris proposed sanctions after the attack on Skripals, as well as after the chemical attacks in Syria, proposing limiting entry into EU countries and freezing the foreign accounts of Russian intelligence leaders and their closest associates.

The UK will seek to expand sanctions against Russia after the publication of the findings of the investigation into the Salisbury incident.

British Prime Minister Theresa May announced that they intent to contact our partners in the EU and work through the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).

The EU has decided to extend for a year until October 16, 2020.

sanctions on chemical weapons against individuals and legal entities, including against four Russians allegedly involved in the incident with the poisoning of the Skripals.

The restrictions include a ban on entry into the EU and an asset freeze on 4 people linked to the Salisbury poisoning.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov tried to drive a wedge between the US and the EU by claiming losses of EU countries from sanctions, according to some estimates, significantly exceeded 100 billion, while America did not incur a loss.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: How many EU countries agreed on sanctions?
A: 28 EU countries [6e9fc382-6276-4dc7-9442-f633458bb6fa]

Q: Against whom did they impose sanctions?
A: Four GRU officers [6e9fc382-6276-4dc7-9442-f633458bb6fa]

Q: What are the names of these officers?
A: Alexander Mishkin (aka Alexander Petrov) and Anatoly Chepiga (aka Ruslan Boshirov), [6e9fc382-6276-4dc7-9442-f633458bb6fa]

Q: What did the UK suspect them of doing?
A: Trying to poison ex-GRU agent Sergei Skripal and his daughter [6e9fc382-6276-4dc7-9442-f633458bb6fa]

Q: When did this poisoning occur?
A: On March 4, 2018. [6e9fc382-6276-4dc7-9442-f633458bb6fa]

Q: How was the poison administered?
A: They apparently applied a Novichok-class nerve agent to the door handle. [6e9fc382-6276-4dc7-9442-f633458bb6fa]

Q: What did the UK, Germany, France and US call this poisoning?
A: The first use of a nerve agent in Europe since World War II. [86ffe7cf-1e7c-40b3-9a4e-2b92a4265fb4]A: An attack on the sovereignty of the United Kingdom. [86ffe7cf-1e7c-40b3-9a4e-2b92a4265fb4]

Q: What will happen to those who are sanctioned?
A: Limited entry into EU countries and freezing the foreign accounts of Russian intelligence leaders and their closest associates. [04ca9d24-8225-452f-867a-2c14183f4eec]A: A ban on entry into the EU and an asset freeze on 4 people linked to the Salisbury poisoning. [a21d6ef1-f237-4247-9016-9533ac1136d8]

Q: After the investigation, what did British PM May say the UK will do?
A: The UK will seek to expand sanctions against Russia. Also, they will contact partners in the EU and work through the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). [38837c7b-d947-4678-a84e-0ab9559836da]

Q: Until what day did the EU decide to extend the sanctions?
A: Until October 16, 2020 [c5289580-0758-4325-b4b2-a9130995eff9]

Q: What did Russian FM Lavrov try to do?
A: Lavrov tried to drive a wedge between the US and the EU by claiming losses of EU countries from sanctions, which according to some estimates, significantly exceeded 100 billion, while America did not incur a loss. [977e3f75-aae5-4855-bd3a-5ad317ac2104]


Helsinki Airport conducted a 4-month trial using dogs, who were taught to recognize COVID-19 by smell.

Four dogs of different breeds already trained to detect cancer, diabetes, and other diseases were the first to be used.

The volunteers had no direct contact with the dog.

The trial involved testing about 100 passengers a day.

As of 6 November 2020, about 2,200 passengers and 16 dogs working in shifts took part in the trial, which cost around €300,000 ($390,000.

[1e18]. ), cheaper than carrying out PCR tests.

The dogs currently working at Helsinki Airport are trained to detect the smell of the virus in sweat samples collected on the napkins of passengers arriving.

The dog only needs 10 seconds to detect a person with signs of Covid.

The passenger is offered a free Covid PCR test.

During the second wave of the pandemic, Helsinki Airport used dogs to detect Covid.

A dog can determine whether its owner has been infected as early as 5 days before symptoms develop.

Ukraine, the U.K. and France plan to follow the Finnish example.

This method could be used in hospitals, nursing homes, at sporting and cultural events.

The Pirogov Surgical Center in Russia began a project to develop a method for detecting Covid using dogs for Aeroflot.

The airport in Dubai also started using dogs to detect Covid.

Dogs in France and Lebanon were trained to determine whether a person had Covid by sniffing their armpits.

It took one dog only 7 minutes to learn what to look for.

The Veterinary Faculty of the University of Helsinki reported that specially trained service dogs are able to recognize the smell typical of COVID-19 patients with almost 100% accuracy.

They can detect the presence of the virus several days before the first symptoms appear.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: How long was the trial to have dogs detect Covid at Helsinki Airport?
A: 4 months [d1b70c71-3366-483f-a5de-c168d61ee7a0, 2fa7f836-70c4-4abf-92b1-35a691cd88f4, 22c98ea6-5380-484d-9bfe-be352f0f6a18, ed802a82-b771-48d9-9ee9-d993d4866439]

Q: How many dogs were used?
A: Four dogs of different breeds [d1b70c71-3366-483f-a5de-c168d61ee7a0, 2fa7f836-70c4-4abf-92b1-35a691cd88f4]

Q: What were the dogs trained for?
A: To detect cancer, diabetes, and other diseases [d1b70c71-3366-483f-a5de-c168d61ee7a0, 2fa7f836-70c4-4abf-92b1-35a691cd88f4]A: ; to detect the smell of the virus in sweat samples [2d8fb2e6-9624-4a7d-b0b5-a2bd4e8cf5af, ed802a82-b771-48d9-9ee9-d993d4866439]

Q: How quickly do the dogs learn to detect Covid?
A: It took one dog only 7 minutes [1e18fd13-3bb7-4533-bd21-32a882c5e721]

Q: How was the trial run?
A: International passengers wiped their skin with a tissue, then it was taken to the dog in a special container. [d1b70c71-3366-483f-a5de-c168d61ee7a0, 2fa7f836-70c4-4abf-92b1-35a691cd88f4, 22c98ea6-5380-484d-9bfe-be352f0f6a18, ed802a82-b771-48d9-9ee9-d993d4866439]

Q: How successful were the dogs in detecting Covid?
A: Trained service dogs are able to recognize the smell typical of COVID-19 patients with almost 100% accuracy. [517491b2-ecfa-4928-b2eb-e392ac2c24ac, d84438ab-6249-487a-927f-8a06ce7d6afd, acda3d14-bd4f-4771-b31c-5b4739e7fa08]

Q: How quickly can a dog detect Covid?
A: 10 seconds [2d8fb2e6-9624-4a7d-b0b5-a2bd4e8cf5af, ed802a82-b771-48d9-9ee9-d993d4866439, f61154fc-cd1f-4c04-8d3d-caef5be6dc79]

Q: When in the stages of the disease can the dog detect Covid?
A: As early as 5 days before symptoms develop. [1e18fd13-3bb7-4533-bd21-32a882c5e721]A: Several days before the first symptoms appear. [acda3d14-bd4f-4771-b31c-5b4739e7fa08]

Q: How many passengers were tested?
A: 100 passengers a day. [3095ac10-6751-4cc8-a2fd-9a3a98d47a74]A: As of 6 November 2020, about 2,200 passengers [3095ac10-6751-4cc8-a2fd-9a3a98d47a74]

Q: How much did the trial cost?
A: €300,000 [3095ac10-6751-4cc8-a2fd-9a3a98d47a74]A: ; $390,000 [1e18fd13-3bb7-4533-bd21-32a882c5e721]

Q: Is this trial more or less expensive than other methods?
A: Cheaper than carrying out PCR tests. [3095ac10-6751-4cc8-a2fd-9a3a98d47a74]

Q: Did Helsinki Airport add more dogs, if so how many?
A: Later, 4 dogs per shift were added, a total of 16 dogs. [517491b2-ecfa-4928-b2eb-e392ac2c24ac, d84438ab-6249-487a-927f-8a06ce7d6afd]

Q: What other venues can the dogs be used to detect Covid?
A: Hospitals, nursing homes, at sporting and cultural events. [ed802a82-b771-48d9-9ee9-d993d4866439]

Q: What other countries are considering or have started using dogs to detect Covid?
A: Estonia, [acda3d14-bd4f-4771-b31c-5b4739e7fa08]A: ; Ukraine, the U.K. and France [2d8fb2e6-9624-4a7d-b0b5-a2bd4e8cf5af, f61154fc-cd1f-4c04-8d3d-caef5be6dc79, 30688862-1361-441c-b274-742450663c73]A: ; Russia, the UAE [a4694805-c53a-47b4-89bb-f53c89f72ef2]A: ; France and Lebanon [fba25ed4-fbf0-4104-91b0-086ec6f59738]


Multiple global studies have shown that lack of sleep or insomnia has a negative impact on heart health.

Adults between 18 - 65 of age need from 6 - 9.

The Mayo Clinic has discovered that poor sleep can lead to hypertension, a major risk factor for the development of heart and vascular diseases.

University of Michigan found people with insomnia had a 29% increased risk of atrial fibrillation.

Frequent awakenings at night negatively affect the sympathetic nervous system, which increases the heart rate and blood pressure.

A glaring example of how lack of sleep can impact heart health: there is a 24% increase in the rate of heart attacks the next day after spring Daylight Savings, when we lose one hour of sleep.

Women’s heart health is slightly more affected by lack of sleep than men.

Blood pressure drops significantly during sleep, which reduces the strain on the cardiovascular system.

Good sleep helps reduce the risk of strokes, heart disease and hypertension.

If a person feels like they have amnesia.

or has recently become confused about facts and is haunted by false memories, sleep deficiency may be to blame.

In order to sleep better, maintain a regular schedule, exercise daily, limit artificial light before bed.

Avoid eating and drinking a few hours before bed, especially fatty or sugary foods, and alcohol.

The bedroom should be cool, dark and quiet.

If one has a genetic predisposition to heart disease, they can reduce their risk factors by 18% by sleeping 6 to 9 hours.

Lastly, sleeping more than an hour during the day can cause developing cardiovascular diseases.

Napping less than an hour poses no danger.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: How does lack of sleep affect cardiovascular disease?
A: frequent awakenings at night negatively affect the sympathetic nervous system, which increases the heart rate and increases blood pressure. [3fdb9a75-eb04-4321-a023-8e791b82f6c4]A: Sleep volunteers in a Greek study underwent an ultrasound examination to assess the thickness of the inside walls of the heart's arteries. Thickening of these walls indicates the accumulation of specific plaques associated with an increased risk of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. Those who slept less than 6 hours had a 54% increased risk of developing these plaques, while those who slept more than 8 hours faced a 39% increased risk of developing plaques. [0af0d9ab-d1b5-47e2-9008-65d6787f7c33]

Q: What is the effect of lack of sleep on heart rhythm?
A: Researchers at the University of Michigan found that people with insomnia had a 29% increased risk of atrial fibrillation compared to people without insomnia [9dfc4daa-a20e-4d13-a3c6-a13c0bd8d645]

Q: How does sleep affect blood pressure?
A: When you sleep, your blood pressure drops significantly, which reduces the strain on your cardiovascular system. At the same time, the stress hormone cortisol is stopped. So, good sleep helps reduce the risk of strokes, heart disease and hypertension. [fffc9714-33e0-4059-95f6-35821742686c]A: If you don't get enough sleep, you don't get your cardiovascular system recharged, so your blood pressure rises. [0af0d9ab-d1b5-47e2-9008-65d6787f7c33]

Q: How does one recognize that someone is suffering from insomnia or lack of sleep?
A: If a person has recently become confused about facts and is haunted by false memories, sleep deficiency may be to blame. [fffc9714-33e0-4059-95f6-35821742686c]A: You feel like you have amnesia [d1ca5cee-bba2-4508-8d84-77be926f93db]

Q: What is the optimum amount of sleep?
A: One group slept for less than six hours, the second for more than eight hours, and the third for six to eight hours. They found that both too little and too much sleep were associated with an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease and death from coronary heart disease or stroke over a period of about 9 years [99f1644f-5e72-49e0-b013-d372aa43def5]A: One study found that compared to those who slept six to nine hours a night, those who slept less than six hours were 20% more likely to have a heart attack over the entire seven years. Those who slept more than nine hours were 34% more likely to have an attack. [3c49f7b9-399f-4373-98ce-79e98ff5dd3e]A: six to nine hours a day [8193db62-271d-476a-adf2-2bf107fc212c]

Q: What can a person do to achieve better sleep?
A: Maintain a regular sleep schedule, exercise every day, limit artificial light before bed [including your smartphone]A: Avoid eating and drinking a few hours before bed, especially fatty foods, sugary foods and alcohol. Your should be cool, dark and quiet. Meditate 20 minutes a day. [2732ec14-cc2c-44fe-9e7f-aa355bf798d5]A: Reduce caffeine consumption [0769d307-9c71-4109-b76e-24750e19b77d]

Q: Does sleep help a person with a genetic predisposition for heart disease?
A: Looking at people with a genetic predisposition to heart disease, scientists found that getting six to nine hours of sleep reduced the risk of a heart attack by 18%. [3c49f7b9-399f-4373-98ce-79e98ff5dd3e]

Q: How does attitude play into better sleep?
A: By meditating, one can create peace of mind in order to sleep better. [2732ec14-cc2c-44fe-9e7f-aa355bf798d5]

Q: How does age factor into sleep cycles?
A: A Norwegian study showed that it takes 5-7 days for the body to fully recover after one sleepless night. And the older a person is, the more difficult it is to synchronize biorhythms again. If sleep problems become chronic, then the resources of our main muscle - the heart - are depleted faster, and myocardial cells do not have time to renew themselves. Which can lead over time to premature aging of the heart and potentially heart failure already by 45-55 years. [ba4caaae-3c76-4644-afc2-44718b514f2d]

Q: How does insomnia affect heart health?
A: Researchers at the University of Michigan found that people with insomnia had a 29% increased risk of atrial fibrillation compared to people without insomnia [9dfc4daa-a20e-4d13-a3c6-a13c0bd8d645]

Q: What can people with a genetic predisposition for heart disease do to combat it?
A: University of Boulder researchers noted that getting six to nine hours of sleep reduced the risk of heart attack in people genetically predisposed to heart disease by 18 percent. [19025ec8-183c-45a6-834f-1436c68cb798]

Q: What is one piece of evidence that poor sleep can lead to heart attacks?
A: There is a 24 percent increase in the rate of heart attacks the next day after Daylight Savings, when we lose one hour of sleep. [d1ca5cee-bba2-4508-8d84-77be926f93db]

Q: How does napping during the day impact heart health?
A: People who have trouble sleeping and end up sleeping more than an hour during the day are at risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Napping less than an hour poses no danger [b5b4a544-bc25-4794-83fa-e8a334f6fb6e]

Q: Are women or men more affected by lack of sleep?
A: Women who suffered from insomnia were slightly more likely to have strokes and heart disease than men with insomnia. However, the differences were not statistically significant. [dcb9]


Tasmanian devils have been born in the wild on mainland Australia for the first time in more than 3,000 years.

Aussie Ark, inspired by the experience of returning wolves to Yellowstone National Park,.

[4b0f]. began a Tasmanian devil restoration project on the Australian mainland in 2011.

That same year, they brought 44 Tasmanian devils to Australia, where more than 390 cubs have been born under human care.

Last year, scientists released 26 Tasmanian devils into the wild at the 400-hectare Barrington Wildlife Sanctuary in New South Wales.

These 26 are the first wild Tasmanian devils in Australia since they were exterminated.

At least 7 cubs have now been born to wild devils, with the actual number likely to be closer to 20.

Tasmanian devils are at risk of extinction after the population was hit by a malignant disease known as Tasmanian devil facial tumor.

Since its discovery in 1996, about 90 percent of the population has died.

It wiped out almost the entire population of the animals in the island state of Tasmania.

There are currently fewer than 25,000 Tasmanian devils living in the wild, although there were around 150,000 in the 1990s.

However, in the late 1990s, they began to die en masse due to DFTD,.

which is transmitted through bites and kills the infected animal within a year and a half.

On mainland Australia, these animals were destroyed by packs of dingo dogs about 3 thousand years ago.

In 2012, a small number of Tasmanian devils were sent to Maria Island, east of Tasmania, Australia in order to protect them from DFTD.

However, the population of little penguins, which in 2012 numbered about 3 thousand nesting pairs, has completely disappeared from the island, due to the devils hunting them.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Before they were reintroduced, how long ago did Tasmanian Devils live in Australia?
A: 3,000 years [7f92987f-440a-44b0-a2ad-e5647c36668d, b609d796-59f8-4f8d-bae5-b8fba31e76e6, 4b0f3352-1377-4903-8894-51fe920e62aa, 473f6494-e5aa-4c65-aa85-147f7f68a238]

Q: When were they reintroduced to the wild?
A: October 2020 [b609d796-59f8-4f8d-bae5-b8fba31e76e6]

Q: What organization began reintroducing Tasmanian Devils to the wild?
A: Aussie Ark [7f92987f-440a-44b0-a2ad-e5647c36668d, b609d796-59f8-4f8d-bae5-b8fba31e76e6, cbd760e1-d9b4-483d-b64e-d3227fab2887, 4b0f3352-1377-4903-8894-51fe920e62aa, f8745eed-c8be-43a4-a447-160503a3e5ec]

Q: What inspired Aussie Ark to reintroduce the Tasmanian Devils?
A: Returning wolves to Yellowstone National Park, [4b0f3352-1377-4903-8894-51fe920e62aa]

Q: How many animals did they start with?
A: 44 Tasmanian devils to Australia [7f92987f-440a-44b0-a2ad-e5647c36668d]

Q: How many cubs were born under human care?
A: 390 [7f92987f-440a-44b0-a2ad-e5647c36668d]

Q: How many animals were released into the wild?
A: 26 [7f92987f-440a-44b0-a2ad-e5647c36668d, cbd760e1-d9b4-483d-b64e-d3227fab2887, 4b0f3352-1377-4903-8894-51fe920e62aa, f8745eed-c8be-43a4-a447-160503a3e5ec]

Q: How man cubs were born in the wild?
A: 7 cubs [7f92987f-440a-44b0-a2ad-e5647c36668d, b609d796-59f8-4f8d-bae5-b8fba31e76e6, cbd760e1-d9b4-483d-b64e-d3227fab2887, 4b0f3352-1377-4903-8894-51fe920e62aa, f8745eed-c8be-43a4-a447-160503a3e5ec]A: ; Possibly as many as 20 [7f92987f-440a-44b0-a2ad-e5647c36668d]

Q: What disease has been decimating the Tasmanian Devil population?
A: Tasmanian devil facial tumor (DFTD) [cbd760e1-d9b4-483d-b64e-d3227fab2887, c200af56-d0a4-4a22-bf3b-61af5ba17ee2]

Q: How is DFTD transmitted?
A: Transmitted through bites [473f6494-e5aa-4c65-aa85-147f7f68a238]

Q: When was the disease discovered?
A: 1996 [cbd760e1-d9b4-483d-b64e-d3227fab2887, c200af56-d0a4-4a22-bf3b-61af5ba17ee2]

Q: What percentage of Tasmanian Devils were believed to have died from DFTD?
A: 90 percent of the population has died. [cbd760e1-d9b4-483d-b64e-d3227fab2887, c200af56-d0a4-4a22-bf3b-61af5ba17ee2]

Q: How many Tasmanian Devils were there in the 1990s?
A: 150,000 [cbd760e1-d9b4-483d-b64e-d3227fab2887, c200af56-d0a4-4a22-bf3b-61af5ba17ee2]

Q: How else were Tasmanian Devils destroyed?
A: Destroyed by packs of dingo dogs about 3 thousand years ago. [c200af56-d0a4-4a22-bf3b-61af5ba17ee2, cbd760e1-d9b4-483d-b64e-d3227fab2887, 4b0f3352-1377-4903-8894-51fe920e62aa, 473f6494-e5aa-4c65-aa85-147f7f68a238]

Q: What happened when Tasmanian Devils were sent to Maria Island in 2012?
A: The population of little penguins completely disappeared from the island, due to the devils hunting them. [e52a5829-ae25-4ef2-88b0-820f596658cc, 2e70580c-dc1b-49cd-a3bb-957f439e416f, 947ec1a8-fe1b-4eeb-b490-8c68b94f0a68]