Voyager 2 went beyond the boundaries of the heliosphere on November 5 2018.

It  detected when the solar wind was replaced by interstellar gas.

According to Ed Stone, the mission scientific director, a professor at the California Institute of Technology,.

the density of heliosphere particles sharply decreased, and cosmic radiation increased when Voyager 2 reached interstellar space.

[72a5]. - outside the heliosphere is colder and denser than within.

There is about 70% more cosmic radiation abroad.

Data from both probes suggest that this arrangement of magnetic field lines is natural for the entire border of the Solar System.

The equipment onboard Voyager 2 are a magnetic field detector, two particle recorders in different energy ranges and two instruments for studying plasma.

Both probes have now confirmed that they are flying in plasma, which is much colder and denser than before.

In 2012, Voyager 1 noticed that after crossing the border, the plasma density was slightly higher than expected, indicating that the plasma in this region was somehow compressed.

A similar effect was noted by Voyager 2; scientists do not yet fully understand the mechanism of this phenomenon.

Stella Koch Ocker, an astrophysicist at Cornell University,.

[050a]. says the sound is weak and monotone as it is in a narrow frequency band.

The sounds are from substances from interstellar space: gas, plasma or cosmic dust.

The recording of the interstellar hum was transmitted to Earth in May 2021.

It will take Voyager 2 at least 30,000 years to exit the solar system.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When did Voyagers 1 and 2 cross into interstellar space?
A: Voyager 2 - November 5 2018. [eeebc42d-249c-4590-82a7-674939cec7df, 4f7a]A: Voyager 1 - 2012 [72a5ce0d-76fe-4c42-8301-a038e0bca26c]

Q: What was detected when the probes crossed the heliosphere boundary?
A: Solar wind was replaced by interstellar gas. [eeebc42d-249c-4590-82a7-674939cec7df]A: The density of heliosphere particles sharply decreased, and cosmic radiation increased [4f71beda-fe79-46c1-8130-0af55277a727, 55a82ea9-a41f-4588-b180-147d0293dfeb, af0b404f-88e6-4d5f-8be0-11d09b8896f3, 3b78ffc4-8120-41cb-8ff8-7af62fb52560, b98720d9-9d1f-4159-9c85-56be2393e649, 91c34e13-f3f0-47fa-a2d9-f842a03bfbeb, 8956bb3a-954e-4a51-bd5e-7c154a75edeb]A: The plasma outside the heliosphere is colder and denser than within. [4f71beda-fe79-46c1-8130-0af55277a727, 55a82ea9-a41f-4588-b180-147d0293dfeb, af0b404f-88e6-4d5f-8be0-11d09b8896f3, 3b78ffc4-8120-41cb-8ff8-7af62fb52560, b98720d9-9d1f-4159-9c85-56be2393e649, 91c34e13-f3f0-47fa-a2d9-f842a03bfbeb, 8956bb3a-954e-4a51-bd5e-7c154a75edeb]A: The magnetic field in the region just beyond the heliopause is parallel to the magnetic field  inside the heliosphere. [8956bb3a-954e-4a51-bd5e-7c154a75edeb, 72a5ce0d-76fe-4c42-8301-a038e0bca26c]

Q: What is plasma?
A: Atoms devoid of electrons [72a5ce0d-76fe-4c42-8301-a038e0bca26c]

Q: What is Ed Stone’s role?
A: The Voyager mission scientific director, a professor at the California Institute of Technology, [4f71beda-fe79-46c1-8130-0af55277a727, 8956bb3a-954e-4a51-bd5e-7c154a75edeb]

Q: How much more cosmic radiation is there in interstellar space?
A: 70 percent [4f71beda-fe79-46c1-8130-0af55277a727, 72a5ce0d-76fe-4c42-8301-a038e0bca26c, af0b404f-88e6-4d5f-8be0-11d09b8896f3, b98720d9-9d1f-4159-9c85-56be2393e649]

Q: What was confirmed about the magnetic fields?
A: Data from both probes suggest that the parallel arrangement of magnetic field lines is natural   for the entire border of the Solar System. [72a5ce0d-76fe-4c42-8301-a038e0bca26c]

Q: What equipment does the Voyager have onboard?
A: A magnetic field detector, two particle recorders in different energy ranges and two instruments for studying plasma. [b98720d9-9d1f-4159-9c85-56be2393e649, 8956bb3a-954e-4a51-bd5e-7c154a75edeb, 72a5ce0d-76fe-4c42-8301-a038e0bca26c]

Q: What did Voyager 1 note after crossing the boundary?
A: The plasma density was slightly higher than expected, indicating that the plasma in this region was somehow compressed [72a5ce0d-76fe-4c42-8301-a038e0bca26c]

Q: What did Voyager 1 record?
A: A hum from space [050a846c-adb8-442a-857a-4d2db857ce0c, 69fc2d94-e206-4ac1-ac64-4300f5776783]

Q: Who is Stella Ocker?
A: An astrophysicist at Cornell University, [050a846c-adb8-442a-857a-4d2db857ce0c]

Q: What did Ocker say about the hum?
A: The sound is weak and monotone as it is in a narrow frequency band. [050a846c-adb8-442a-857a-4d2db857ce0c]

Q: What is the source of the hum?
A: Substances from interstellar space: gas, plasma or cosmic dust. [050a846c-adb8-442a-857a-4d2db857ce0c, 69fc2d94-e206-4ac1-ac64-4300f5776783]

Q: How is this hum beneficial?
A: Scientists will be able to better understand how the interstellar medium interacts with the solar wind and how interstellar space affects the heliosphere. [050a846c-adb8-442a-857a-4d2db857ce0c, 69fc2d94-e206-4ac1-ac64-4300f5776783]

Q: When was it transmitted?
A: May 2021. [69fc2d94-e206-4ac1-ac64-4300f5776783]

Q: How long will it take Voyager 2 to exit the solar system?
A: 30,000 years [3b78ffc4-8120-41cb-8ff8-7af62fb52560]


Ingenuity, the helicopter of the Mars exploration mission that landed on the Mars with rover Perseverance, successfully lifted off from Mars at 3:30 pm on April 19, 2021.

It successfully lifted off from Mars, the first powered flight on an alien planet.

The entire first flight was recorded by rover Perseverance.

NASA held a press conference to provide detailed data about this historic flight.

The "Ingenuity" lifted off to a height of 3 meters, stayed in the air for 30 seconds and then landed.

At the same time, a video of the first flight of "Ingenuity" shot by "Perseverance" was released.

Due to the delay in message transmission between the Earth and Mars, the flight could be broadcast live.

NASA received the data live after nearly 3 hours.

Ingenuity is a solar-powered helicopter weighing about 1.8 kilograms.

Ingenuity was able to take a picture of its own shadow on Mars.

This helicopter-type robot is programmed to rise straight up to a height of about 3 meters, hover above the surface of Mars for about half a minute, and finally land on four legs.

The technical difficulty of a helicopter taking off on Mars is much more difficult than that on Earth.

The air density on Mars is only 1% of that on Earth, making it difficult for helicopters to rely on air resistance to generate propulsion.

Therefore, in order to obtain sufficient air support, the blades of Ingenuity must move in reverse direction every minute.

It is worth mentioning that in performing its fifth test flight, Ingenuity set a new milestone.

It completed its first one-way transit flight and landed at a spot 129 meters away and reached a new flight height of 10 meters.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.


The Notre Dame Fire

On the evening of April 15, 2019, a fire broke out in the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris which has a history of more than 850 years and is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

It took firefighters 15 hours to completely extinguish the fire.

The main stone structure and two towers survived.

The destruction of this precious cultural asset shocked France and the world.

Fire experts revealed that the main reason why this fire was so difficult to put out had to do with the wooden roof, stone brick exterior walls, and the height of the building.

Glenn Corbett, associate professor of fire protection at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York, USA, said that, simply put, the  flammable materials are high above (the roof), and it is difficult for firefighters to quickly spray water on these places.

Investigators conducted a preliminary assessment of the fire soon after.

There was still certain danger inside and authorities also questioned 40 Notre Dame staff, including workers responsible for repairing the spire and roof.

After an accidental fire broke out at the bottom of the spire, the fire quickly spread and turned into a conflagration.

Paris prosecutors are also investigating the short circuit in the electrical wires.

Prosecutors believe that the cause of the fire was accidental, but any possible cause of the fire cannot be ruled out at this stage.

It was revealed that workers who were renovating Notre Dame Cathedral before the fire violated the no-smoking regulations.

The construction manufacturer Le Bras Freres told AFP that it was regrettable that workers did not comply with the smoking ban, but emphasized that a single cigarette butt was definitely not the cause of the Notre Dame fire.

There are also speculations that the fire should have started at a short circuit in the wires of the elevator installed in the scaffolding.

In response, the manufacturer stated that the elevator motor could not have caused the problem, not to mention that it was located some distance away from the burning spire.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When did the fire happened?
A: On the evening of April 15, 2019.

Q: How old is the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris?
A: 850 years.

Q: What is the prestige of the Cathédrale?
A: It is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Q: What are the damages caused by the fire?
A: The roof built in the 13th century and the spire rebuilt in the 19th century burned and collapsed.

Q: What caused the fire?
A: Preliminary investigation shows that the fire was most likely caused by a short circuit in the electrical wires.

Q: Why was the fire hard to control after it got started?
A: The  flammable materials were high above (the roof), and it was difficult for firefighters to quickly spray water on these places

Q: Did the construction workers smoke while working on the renovation?
A: Yes, they did that against the regulations.

Q: Could the smoking of the workers have caused the fire?
A: There have been such speculations but the construction company denied that possibility.


Cholera after Cyclone Idai

In the Spring of 2019, tropical cyclone Idai hit Africa and killed more than 800 people in Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi.

Mozambique's devastated port city of Beira has worsened with a cholera outbreak, with several hundred cases of the serious disease.

According to comprehensive foreign media reports, Mozambican and international health personnel have worked hard to contain the cholera epidemic.

In Mozambique, the country to which Cyclone Idai brought severe disasters, approximately 1.7 million people were affected.

Main roads in the area were damaged, houses collapsed and power was all out.

After the area was swept by the cyclone, there was much stagnant water that remained and rotting corpses were not removed.

A number of cholera cases were reported locally, and the number of infections continued to increase.

The personnel from International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) who have entered the area said the situation on site was "far worse than you can imagine."

The floods provided an excellent breeding ground for malaria and cholera.

As the drinking water in the disaster area is contaminated and sanitary conditions are deteriorating, further expansion of the infection is possible.

The United Nations has called for international emergency assistance such as providing medicine and drinking water as soon as possible.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is distributing 900,000 doses of oral cholera vaccine to affected areas.

The WHO is concerned about the spread of diseases such as cholera in affected areas.

It has previously warned of the possibility of a "second disaster," referring to the outbreak of diseases.

David Wightwick, head of the World Health Organization's Beira team, confirmed that there are already seven cholera treatment centers in Beira, and two treatment centers are being established in Nhamatanda district near Beira.

He said that the 900,000 doses of vaccination should weaken the situation of a major outbreak."

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When did tropical cyclone Idai occurred?
A: In the Spring of 2019.

Q: Where did it hit?
A: Southeast Africa.

Q: What are the countries that were seriously affected?
A: Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi.

Q: How many people were killed?
A: More than 800 in the three countries.

Q: Where did a major cholera outbreak happen after the cyclone?
A: In Mozambique's port city of Beira.

Q: How many cases occurred there?
A: Several hundred.

Q: What are the main causes for the outbreak of cholera in the disaster area?
A: Stagnant water, rotting corpses, poor sanitary conditions.

Q: What are the reactions of the United Nations?
A: It has called for international emergency assistance such as providing medicine and drinking water as soon as possible.

Q: What has the World Health Organization done?
A: It is distributing 900,000 doses of oral cholera vaccine to affected areas.

Q: Has treatment of the disease become available in the disaster area?
A: Yes, 9 cholera treatment centers have been established in Beira and a nearby district.


Tasmanian Devil in Australia
Tasmanian devil is a marsupial carnivore, about the size of a puppy, but has stronger and more muscular.

It has been extinct in Australia continent for more than 3,000 years.

Recently, 26 Tasmanian devils have been reintroduced.

Experts believe that this move can restore and rebalance the forest ecology on the Australia continent.

Tasmanian devil became the largest living species of carnivorous marsupial after the thylacine became extinct in 1936.

However, due to the presence of Dingo dogs in Australia, the Tasmanian devils had long disappeared from the Australian continent.

Tasmania island had the only remaining Tasmanian devils.

In the 1990s, an unknown infectious disease called Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease.

appeared in the local area, causing a sharp decline in the number of Tasmanian devils.

Since the Tasmanian devils were discovered in 1996, unknown diseases have killed about 90% of the animal.

Today, there are only 25,000 wild Tasmanian devils left in Tasmania, so they are listed as " "Endangered".

The conservation group "Aussie Ark" has been trying to restore Tasmanian devils in the past 10 years to prevent them from becoming extinct because of facial tumor disease.

The plan started in 2011, when there were only 44 Tasmanian devils.

26 Tasmanian devils are released into the wild in a 400-hectare reserve on the Australia continent.

Radio collars, infrared cameras, etc. are used to regularly track the status of the animals.

It is expected that moew Tasmanian devils will be released into the area.

Tim Faulkner, chairman of Aussie Ark, said that the Tasmanian devils are not subject to any restraint in the reserve, although monitored.

The reserve is fenced off, and Aussie Ark's long-term goal is to one day release Tasmanian devils into the wild without fences.

The existence of Tasmanian devils have substantial impacts on other animals.

Australia’s Maria Island was once the habitat of nearly 3,000 native species of "little blue penguins".

Some years ago when 28 Tasmanian devils were released on the island, their number grew rapidly, eventually slaughtering all the 3,000 penguins on the island and some unique local waterbirds.

That almost changed the original ecological environment of the island.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is Tasmanian devil?
A: It is a marsupial carnivore.

Q: What is the size of the animal?
A: It is about the size of a puppy.

Q: Where do Tasmanian devils inhabit?
A: In Australia’s Tasmania Island.

Q: How many wild Tasmanian devils are there on the island today?
A: 25,000, and listed as endangered.

Q: What caused the sharp decrease of the number of Tasmanian devils in the 1990s?
A: An unknown infectious disease called Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD)

Q: Did Tasmanian devils once inhabit on the Australia continent?
A: Yes, 3000 years ago.

Q: What led to the disappearance of the animal from the Australia continent?
A: Due to the presence of Dingo dogs.

Q: Have there been efforts to reintroduce Tasmanian devils to the Australia continent?
A: Yes, 26 have been reintroduced and placed on a reserve.

Q: What is the purpose of the reintroducing?
A: To restore and rebalance the forest ecology on the Australia continent.

Q: Which organization(s) have been making efforts to reintroduce Tasmanian devils?
A: The conservation group named "Aussie Ark”.

Q: What is the long term goal of Aussie Ark?
A: It is to release Tasmanian devils into the wild without fences.

Q: Does the reintroduction of Tasmanian devils have an impact on other animals?
A: Yes, they slaughter large number of native animals like blue penguins and some birds.


In 2022, the European Commission officially released the "2030 Digital Compass" plan, proposing the latest goals for the development of the semiconductor industry in the next 10 years.

The 27-page document clearly states: By 2030, Europe's total production value of advanced and sustainable semiconductors shall account for at least 20% of global GDP, and the 2nm process shall be conquered.

This is not the first time that the EU’s ambitions for the 2nm process have been revealed.

There had been media reports before that the EU wanted to unite 19 European countries to build a super wafer foundry and develop 2nm advanced processes.

The release of this Digital Compass is undoubtedly a move to accelerate the launch of the 2nm plan.

The plan also includes the ambition to build the first quantum computer on its own within five years.

The entire plan focuses on chips used in vehicle-to-everything, smartphones, Internet of Things, high-performance computers and artificial intelligence.

For Europe, competing with the United States and Asia in the chip field is a big challenge.

Europe lacks heavyweight companies in the semiconductor field like Intel and TSMC that can produce large quantities of chips for data centers, smartphones, and computer industries.

It is very difficult for the EU to subvert the chip industry at this stage.

Currently, in the fields of most advanced manufacturing technology and chip design, there is a clear gap between us and American and Asian semiconductor companies.

Jan-Peter Kleinhans, an analyst at the Berlin think tank "Stiftung Neue Verantwortung", believes that because Europe lacks market for advanced chip factories to sell to, the goal set by European Commission to double the EU's global chip market share by 2030 will likely not be achieved.

Commenting on EU’s strategy, Kleinhans explained that unlike the United States or Asia, Europe does not have a meaningful chip design industry to justify the cost of building extra-large semiconductor fabrication plants.

He believes that the EU should focus on revitalizing the field of chip design.

previously announced investment of 1 billion euros to build a chip design plant in Munich, Germany, as an example, saying that the EU should focus on this work.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is 2030 Digital Compass plan?
A: An official document proposing the latest goas for the development of the semiconductor industry in the next 10 years.

Q: When was it released?
A: In 2022.

Q: What does the plan focus on?
A: On the production of advanced semiconductors and 2nm process.

Q: What is the specific goal concerning 2nm process?
A: To conquer it by 2030.

Q: Is this the first time that EU declare its ambition for 2nm process?
A: No. EU had wanted to unite 19 European countries to build a super wafer foundry and develop 2nm advanced processes in the past.

Q: What specific goal(s) does the plan include?
A: It includes the ambition to build the first quantum computer on its own within five years.

Q: What chips does the plan focus on in general?
A: It focuses on chips used in vehicle-to-everything, smartphones, Internet of Things, high-performance computers and artificial intelligence.

Q: What is the current status of EU’s chip design?
A: There is a clear gap between us and American and Asian semiconductor companies.

Q: Who is Jan-Peter Kleinhans?
A: He is an analyst at the Berlin think tank "Stiftung Neue Verantwortung".

Q: What is his view about the prospect of goals of the Digital Compass?
A: The goal set by European Commission to double the EU's global chip market share by 2030 will likely not be achieved.

Q: Why, in his opinion?
A: Because Europe lacks market for advanced chip factories to sell to.

Q: What does he think EU should focus on?
A: To revitalize chip design.


South Korea’s geostationary satellite

In December of 2018, South Korea launched the first geosynchronous satellite COMS 2A that was independently developed by the country.

The satellite was carried by Arianespace's Ariane 5 launched at the French Guiana Space Center in South America.

At this point, South Korea became the eighth country in the world to possess geosynchronous orbit satellite technology.

Previously, only 7 countries had this technology: the United States, the European Union, Japan, India, China, Russia and Israel.

South Korea began developing the COMS 2A satellite in July 2011, and it took over 7 years to finally successfully launch the satellite.

COMS 2A is used for meteorological observation.

The satellite entered the geosynchronous transfer orbit 25 minutes after liftoff, completed satellite-rocket separation 34 minutes later, and achieved its first remote communication with the Australian Tangala ground station 39 minutes later.

COMS 2 satellite project is composed of two "twin" satellites.

COMS 2A is a geostationary meteorological observation satellite.

It will always stay over the Korean Peninsula and conduct 24-hour real-time and precise monitoring of typhoons and other meteorological disasters.

COMS 2B, launched in February of 2020, is an environmental monitoring satellite.

The environmental sensors it carries will accurately measure nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and other atmospheric pollutants that form fine dust or cause climate change within 10 years.

Some sources would identify COMS 1, launched in 2010, as the first  geosynchronous satellite of Korea, by other standards.

It is worth noting that that the life of COMS 1 will be extended by 2 years to 2020.

Subsequently, South Korea developed and launched its first military geosynchronous communications satellite in 2020.

The U.S. Space Exploration Technology Company (SpaceX) used "Falcon 9" to launch South Korea's first military satellite Anasisi-II, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

South Korean military sources said that after the successful launch of "Anasisi-II", the combat execution capabilities of the South Korean army are expected to be greatly enhanced.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Has South Korea developed its own geosynchronous satellite?
A: Yes.

Q: Which countries had geosynchronous satellite technologies before South Korea?
A: The United States, the European Union, Japan, India, China, Russia and Israel.

Q: When did South Korea launch its first geosynchronous satellite?
A: In 2018.

Q: What is the name of that satellite?
A: COMS2

Q: What rocket sent the satellite to the orbit?
A: Arianespace's Ariane 5.

Q: Where was it launched?
A: At the French Guiana Space Center in South America.

Q: When did South Korea begin to develop COMS2?
A: In 2011.

Q: What is COMS 2A used for?
A: For meteorological observation.

Q: Does COMS 2 project have other satellites?
A: Yes, COMS 2B.

Q: What is COMS 1?
A: COMS 1 is also a  launched in 2010, and some sources would identify it as the first  geosynchronous satellite of South Korea.

Q: Has South Korea developed its military geosynchronous communications satellite?
A: Yes.

Q: When was the first one launched?
A: In 2020, named Anasisi-II.


The US federal government officially released an investigation report on UFOs, stating that there is no evidence to prove that there are extraterrestrial creatures, but it does not rule out the possibility.

In the past 20 years, the country has received more than 140 reports of unidentified flying objects.

Especially during the epidemic last year, there were 50% more reports.

Intelligence agencies called them "unidentified aerial phenomena."

A special task force composed of intelligence agencies believes that these cases have five possibilities, including flight interference, atmospheric phenomena, confidential research in the United States, high-end technology involving China, Russia and other countries, or other things including alien creatures.

In the end, only one case was determined to be a deflated balloon, and the remaining more than 100 cases could not be concluded as to which possibility it belonged to.

Investigators believe that in most cases there are indeed objects that may threaten flight safety and even national security, and it is necessary to continue research.

The Pentagon has established a working group to launch a formal investigation into reports of UFO sightings.

Pentagon spokesperson Susan Gough said the Navy task force, named "Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon" (UAPTF), aims to gain a better understanding of the "attributes and sources" of such phenomena.

What the Pentagon is focusing on is not the usual flying saucers piloted by “little green men”, but potential military threats posed by, for example, spy drones.

The U.S. Senate had previously asked the Pentagon to provide details about its UFO investigation plan, thereby de facto confirming the informal existence of a UFO working group.

With the establishment of an official working group, its work can now be formally defined and Congress can better conduct inspections.

Before the UAPTF is to release a relevant report to Congress, the New York Times spilled the beans, indicating that although there is no evidence that a series of incidents observed by the U.S. military in recent years involving  "unidentified aerial phenomena" are caused by alien spacecraft, there is still no reasonable explanation for these sightings.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is UFO?
A: Unidentified Flying Objects.

Q: Have there been many reports about UFO in the Unites States?
A: Yes, in the past 20 years, there have been more than 140 reports.

Q: Where did most of the detections come from?
A: Most of them were detected by naval warplanes.

Q: What is unidentified aerial phenomena?
A: It is what Intelligence agencies call UFO.

Q: Is there a U.S. government agency that conducts formal investigations?
A: Yes, the Pentagon created the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force" (UAPTF) to do it.

Q: Which military branch does UAPTF work under?
A: The Navy.

Q: What is the focus of the Pentagon on the investigations?
A: It is on potential military threats posed by, for example, spy drones, not on aliens.

Q: Is the US Congress involved in the investigations?
A: Yes, the Senate asked the Pentagon to provide details about investigation plans and conduct inspections of the investigation activities.

Q: Has UAPTF come to any conclusions?
A: No.

Q: What information is released in the UAPTF report to the Congress?
A: The report has not been released yet but New York Times revealed some details.

Q: What does New York Times say about the report?
A: The key conclusion is there is still no reasonable explanation for the sightings of UFO.


Donald Trump ordered the withdrawal of American troops from Somalia.

Reuters reported the majority of American forces will leave Somalia by January 15 and only a small group of American troops will remain in Mogadishu.

Trump had previously criticized US military interventions because of their high cost and ineffectiveness.

The Pentagon also announced that an unspecified number of U.S. troops in Somalia would be transferred to neighboring countries such as Kenya and Djibouti and will be allowed to conduct cross-border operations.

Only one group will remain in Somalia to carry out smaller counter-terrorism missions against al-Shabaab and Islamic State militants.

Al-Shabaab terrorist group is a Sunni religious group that has been fighting for power in Somalia for many years and dominates parts of the center and south of this country.

Somali officials have criticized Trump's decision.

Ayoub Ismail, one of Somalia's senators, said that this decision is really regrettable because the presence of American forces was crucial to the training of soldiers in this country.

Colonel Ahmad Abdullahi Sheikh, one of the former commanders of Somalia, has warned that the withdrawal of American forces will have a profound effect on the efforts to deal with the Islamist militias of al-Shabaab and the so-called Islamic State (ISIS) in this region.

Stephen Schwartz, the former US ambassador to Somalia, also condemned the decision of the White House as a "cakewalk operational opportunity for al-Shabaab".

Mark Esper, the former Secretary of Defense of the United States, wanted to maintain the position and presence of American forces in Somalia.

One of the American officials said that the presence of this country's forces in Somalia is the reason for the conflict between Trump and Mark Esper, the former Secretary of Defense of the United States, whom Trump fired last month.

Unlike the former head of the Pentagon, Trump’s decision is supported by Chris Miller, acting secretary of defense.

America had about 700 soldiers in Somalia and these forces were fighting al-Qaeda and al-Shabaab movement in this country for about 13 years.

According to some analysts, there are two goals behind this action of the United States:

First, to prevent further Chinese influence in Djibouti.

In 2017, Beijing established a base in Djibouti, which became the country's first overseas military base.

Second, focusing on military movements in Yemen, centered on Bab el-Mandeb.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Who ordered the withdrawal of American troops from Somalia?
A: Donald Trump. [abb60e7c-107f-4749-a57d-965bbb098034, 5382bc89-6c59-40d2-b2e6-0688e970452e]

Q: Where were the soldiers supposed to be transferred?
A: Neighboring countries of Somalia like Kenya and Djibouti. [b7ccb0eb-46ab-4612-9efa-249bec813baa, df79ea27-7b27-4414-84e6-584c8e4d705f]

Q: Why did a group of soldiers were kept in Somalia?
A: In order to carry out smaller counter-terrorism missions against al-Shabaab and Islamic State militants. [b7ccb0eb-46ab-4612-9efa-249bec813baa, df79ea27-7b27-4414-84e6-584c8e4d705f]

Q: Did al-Shabaab dominate any territory in Somalia at the time?
A: They dominated parts of the center and south of this country. [c81eaa2a-a7e8-4581-8048-8b7188e5c8c9]

Q: Who is al-Shabaab?
A: Al-Shabaab is a Sunni terrorist group that has been fighting for power in Somalia for many years. [c81eaa2a-a7e8-4581-8048-8b7188e5c8c9]

Q: Why Ayoub Ismail, a Somalian senator, criticized this decision of Donald Trump?
A: Because he believed the presence of American forces was crucial to the training of soldiers in Somalia. [abb60e7c-107f-4749-a57d-965bbb098034]

Q: Why did one of the former commanders of Somalia warned about withdrawal of US soldiers from Somalia?
A: Because he felt that the withdrawal of American forces will have a profound effect on the efforts to deal with the Islamist militias of al-Shabaab and ISIS in the region. [abb60e7c-107f-4749-a57d-965bbb098034]

Q: What was the reason that Stephen Schwartz, the former US ambassador to Somalia, also condemned the decision of the White House?
A: Because he said it could be “cakewalk operational opportunity for al-Shabaab”. [867c55c6-6e51-4249-b181-32616fc0aaf2]

Q: What happened to Mark Esper, the former Secretary of Defense of the United States, who wanted to maintain the position and presence of American forces in Somalia?
A: He was fired by Donald Trump. [b7ccb0eb-46ab-4612-9efa-249bec813baa]

Q: What was the position of Chris Miller, the acting secretary of defense of the time?
A: He supported Trump’s decision. [df79ea27-7b27-4414-84e6-584c8e4d705f]

Q: How many years were American soldiers in Somalia?
A: About 13 years. [b711f255-2c52-4935-85de-2db4e1001a7b, c717c28f-65d0-4134-9f54-41b9f27f9ec4, df79ea27-7b27-4414-84e6-584c8e4d705f]

Q: Which terrorist groups did American soldiers fight with in Somalia?
A: Al-Qaeda and al-Shabaab. [b711f255-2c52-4935-85de-2db4e1001a7b, c717c28f-65d0-4134-9f54-41b9f27f9ec4, df79ea27-7b27-4414-84e6-584c8e4d705f]

Q: According to some analysts, what was behind this decision of US president?
A: To prevent further Chinese influence in Djibouti by moving US soldiers to Djibouti. [c9c73af3-921d-458e-84d5-c07387c0be65]

Q: According to some analysts, what was behind this decision of US president?
A: Focusing on military movements in Yemen, centered on Bab al-Mandeb. [c9c73af3-921d-458e-84d5-c07387c0be65]

Q: What was the reason behind Trump’s decision to withdraw military forces from Somalia?
A: High cost and ineffectiveness of military interventions. [abb60e7c-107f-4749-a57d-965bbb098034]


The amoeba Naegleria fowleri occurs naturally in rivers and hot springs and is found worldwide.

Usually, when contaminated water enters the body through the nose and goes to the brain, it infects the brain and causes acute inflammation in the meninges and spinal cord which leads to the victim’s death in a week.

There is no possibility of contracting this infection by swallowing it, and it is not transmitted from person to person.

In people who are infected with Naegleria fowleri, symptoms such as fever, nausea and vomiting as well as stiffness and dryness of the neck and headache occur.

Most patients with this infection die within a week.

After the death of a six-year-old boy due to the disease in Texas, it was announced that the drinking water of the Lake Jackson area was contaminated.

Based on this, people of the area were told not to use tap water in any way, except for the flush tank of toilets.

Currently, the Texas counties of Lake Jackson, Freeport, Angleton, Brazoria, Richwood, Oyster Creek, Clute and Rosenberg are subject to this notice.

Lake Jackson officials have said they are disinfecting water equipment; But it is not clear how much time this will take.

City officials have also warned that children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems are particularly at risk.

Also, the American website WebMD announced that in addition to the six-year-old boy, a ten-year-old girl died due to Naegleria fowleri or brain-eating amoeba.

Although it is not known where this girl contracted the disease, it is reported that she had been swimming in a river near her house shortly before contracting the disease.

This infection is rare in the United States, with 34 cases reported from 2009 to 2018.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Where does the amoeba Naegleria fowleri naturally occur?
A: In rivers and hot springs worldwide. [59419c9d-fdd8-4c99-bca4-dec053ebf004]

Q: How does Naegleria fowleri typically infect the body?
A: Through contaminated water entering the nose and reaching the brain. [59419c9d-fdd8-4c99-bca4-dec053ebf004]

Q: What does Naegleria fowleri cause in the brain?
A: Acute inflammation in the meninges and spinal cord. [59419c9d-fdd8-4c99-bca4-dec053ebf004]

Q: What are common symptoms of Naegleria fowleri infection?
A: Fever, nausea, vomiting, stiffness and dryness of the neck, headache. [a2193178-df10-4a5d-96c3-ef867ba487ca]

Q: How long do most patients with Naegleria fowleri infection survive?
A: A week. [a2193178-df10-4a5d-96c3-ef867ba487ca]

Q: Why is social distancing not needed to prevent the spread of the disease?
A: Because it is not transmitted from person to person. [a2193178-df10-4a5d-96c3-ef867ba487ca]

Q: What area experienced contamination of drinking water due to Naegleria fowleri?
A: Lake Jackson, Texas. [b1870fd1-4fac-4c12-865c-239db3f7e85c]

Q: What precautionary measure was advised for the affected area?
A: Not to use tap water except for flushing toilets. [b1870fd1-4fac-4c12-865c-239db3f7e85c]

Q: Which Texas counties are currently under notice for water contamination?
A: Lake Jackson, Freeport, Angleton, Brazoria, Richwood, Oyster Creek, Clute, and Rosenberg. [59419c9d-fdd8-4c99-bca4-dec053ebf004]

Q: What action are Lake Jackson officials taking regarding water equipment?
A: Disinfecting it. [b1870fd1-4fac-4c12-865c-239db3f7e85c, a2193178-df10-4a5d-96c3-ef867ba487ca]

Q: Who are particularly at risk according to city officials?
A: Children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. [b1870fd1-4fac-4c12-865c-239db3f7e85c, a2193178-df10-4a5d-96c3-ef867ba487ca]

Q: How many reported cases of Naegleria fowleri infection occurred in the United States from 2009 to 2018?
A: 34 cases. [a2193178-df10-4a5d-96c3-ef867ba487ca]

Q: Who was the other victim of the disease besides the six-year-old boy?
A: A ten-year-old girl. [b1870fd1-4fac-4c12-865c-239db3f7e85c]

Q: How did the girl reportedly contract the disease?
A: By swimming in a river near her house. [b1870fd1-4fac-4c12-865c-239db3f7e85c]

Q: What is the nickname for Naegleria fowleri?
A: Brain-eating amoeba. [b1870fd1-4fac-4c12-865c-239db3f7e85c]


In 2018, scientists at the Kyoto Institute of Technology discovered a bacterium called Ideonella sakaiensis that showed a remarkable ability to use plastics made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as an energy source.

PET is a type of plastic registered in the 1940s and is currently used to make millions of tons of plastic bottles.

PET plastic can remain in the environment for hundreds of years.

Investigations showed that this bacterium does decomposition work through a pair of enzymes, one of which is called PETase.

After realizing that this enzyme helps bacteria break down or digest PET plastic, researchers at the University of Portsmouth, England, decided to manipulate its structure by adding some amino acids so that it can break down the plastic faster.

They have now managed to combine this enzyme with its co-enzyme called MHETase to increase the speed of plastic digestion.

The speed of the natural version of this enzyme is not enough to break down the significant amount of plastic waste that is produced annually in the world, but the production of an engineered version can increase the rate of decomposition.

PET is a strong plastic material that takes hundreds of years to break down in the environment.

But a modified enzyme, or PTEA, can start breaking down PET in just a few days.

In the UK alone, people consume about 13 billion PET water bottles every year, but only about three billion of them are recycled.

Polyesters, which are industrially produced from oil, are widely used in the production of bottles and clothes.

In current recycling processes, polyester materials suffer a gradual loss of quality, meaning they lose some of their properties every time they are recycled.

But the PET-eating enzyme reverses the production process and turns polyester back into raw materials.

In a report published by Yale University, the researchers of this university discovered an organism in the mushrooms of the Amazon rainforest, which can be a new way to get rid of polymeric waste.

A researcher at Yale University discovered that a family of endophytes secrete an enzyme that destroys polyurethane rubber.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is Ideonella sakaiensis known for?
A: This is a bacterium that can use PET as a source of energy. [d91d27e8-792f-42d6-8fa2-eb0d6e6111c3]

Q: What is one of the usages of PET?
A: It is used for making plastic bottles. [d91d27e8-792f-42d6-8fa2-eb0d6e6111c3]

Q: By what means does Ideonella sakaiensis decompose PET?
A: It does decomposing through a pair of enzymes. [f00e234e-2953-4590-8ca1-f86a457516df, d91d27e8-792f-42d6-8fa2-eb0d6e6111c3]

Q: How did the researchers make the plastic decomposing enzyme act faster?
A: By adding some amino acids to it. [f00e234e-2953-4590-8ca1-f86a457516df, d91d27e8-792f-42d6-8fa2-eb0d6e6111c3]

Q: For what purpose do the scientists want to increase the speed of the enzyme’s decomposition?
A: The speed of the natural version of this enzyme is not enough to break down the significant amount of plastic waste that is produced annually in the world. [f00e234e-2953-4590-8ca1-f86a457516df]

Q: Why aren’t there naturally evolved bacteria to decompose PET?
A: PET has only been around for the last 50 years which is not a long enough time for a bacterium to evolve to digest it. [de843d92-c188-43cb-b2eb-78580bb48d54]

Q: Roughly what percentage of plastic water bottles used by people in the UK are recycled?
A: One fourth (three billion out of 13 billion). [de843d92-c188-43cb-b2eb-78580bb48d54]

Q: What is the reason that we cannot endlessly recycle and reuse PET?
A: It’s because in current recycling processes, polyester materials suffer a gradual loss of quality, meaning they lose some of their properties every time they are recycled. [de843d92-c188-43cb-b2eb-78580bb48d54]

Q: What is the advantage of PET-eating enzymes over the current recycling process?
A: It reverses the production process and turns polyester back into raw materials. These can be used to produce more plastic, which reduces oil consumption. [de843d92-c188-43cb-b2eb-78580bb48d54]

Q: What is the source of another plastic decomposing enzyme that Yale University researchers found?
A: They discovered an enzyme in the mushrooms of the Amazon rainforest which can be a new way to get rid of polymeric waste. [59c3c2fd-7c97-4f47-abb2-5a3ef03ef80e]

Q: What is the significance of this enzyme from endophytes in Amazon?
A: This enzyme destroys plastic without needing oxygen, which can be used to destroy buried waste. [59c3c2fd-7c97-4f47-abb2-5a3ef03ef80e]

Q: What is the co-enzyme that is added to PETase to increase the speed of plastic digestion?
A: MHETase. [f00e234e-2953-4590-8ca1-f86a457516df, d91d27e8-792f-42d6-8fa2-eb0d6e6111c3]

Q: How long does it take for PET to decompose in nature?
A: Hundreds of years. [de843d92-c188-43cb-b2eb-78580bb48d54, 936c722a-970f-423f-ac6b-e1ebc598caa8]

Q: In presence of the modified enzyme, how long does it take for PET to decompose?
A: It can start breaking down in just a few days. [de843d92-c188-43cb-b2eb-78580bb48d54, 936c722a-970f-423f-ac6b-e1ebc598caa8]


In 2018, scientists at the Kyoto Institute of Technology discovered a bacterium called Ideonella sakaiensis that showed a remarkable ability to use plastics made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as an energy source.

PET is a type of plastic registered in the 1940s and is currently used to make millions of tons of plastic bottles.

PET plastic can remain in the environment for hundreds of years.

Investigations showed that this bacterium does decomposition work through a pair of enzymes, one of which is called PETase.

After realizing that this enzyme helps bacteria break down or digest PET plastic, researchers at the University of Portsmouth, England, decided to manipulate its structure by adding some amino acids so that it can break down the plastic faster.

They have now managed to combine this enzyme with its co-enzyme called MHETase to increase the speed of plastic digestion.

The speed of the natural version of this enzyme is not enough to break down the significant amount of plastic waste that is produced annually in the world, but the production of an engineered version can increase the rate of decomposition.

PET is a strong plastic material that takes hundreds of years to break down in the environment.

But a modified enzyme, or PTEA, can start breaking down PET in just a few days.

PET has only been around for the last 50 years which is not a long enough time for a bacterium to evolve to digest it.

In the UK alone, people consume about 13 billion PET water bottles every year, but only about three billion of them are recycled.

Polyesters, which are industrially produced from oil, are widely used in the production of bottles and clothes.

In current recycling processes, polyester materials suffer a gradual loss of quality, meaning they lose some of their properties every time they are recycled.

But the PET-eating enzyme reverses the production process and turns polyester back into raw materials.

These can be used to produce more plastic, which reduces oil consumption.

In a report published by Yale University, the researchers of this university discovered an organism in the mushrooms of the Amazon rainforest, which can be a new way to get rid of polymeric waste.

A researcher at Yale University discovered that a family of endophytes secrete an enzyme that destroys polyurethane rubber.

This enzyme destroys plastic without needing oxygen, which can be used to destroy buried waste.


On Sunday, March 4, a 66-year-old man and his 33-year-old daughter were found unconscious on a bench near a shopping center in Salisbury, England.

This man's name was Sergei Skripal, who once worked for the counterintelligence of the Russian army and then for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and was sentenced to 13 years in prison in 2006 for the crime of espionage for the benefit of the West.

He was accused of selling the names of dozens of Russian secret agents in Europe to the British for $100,000.

Skripal was pardoned during the presidency of Dmitry Medvedev.

He was then able to come to the West and seek asylum in Britain during the exchange of some Russian agents who were caught in America.

Their sudden poisoning reminds us of the mysterious death of some of Vladimir Putin's opponents.

Alexander Litvinenko, a disgruntled Russian agent, died in 2006 in Britain.

He was poisoned with a radioactive substance.

Sometime later it became clear that Skripal and his daughter were poisoned by Novichok nerve agent.

More than 500 people who went to this restaurant and bar in the center of Salisbury in the south of Britain that day were told to wash their clothes and belongings, following the discovery of nerve agent traces in the restaurant and bar where the former Russian spy and his daughter went.

England considered this to be an action by Russia and announced yesterday that 23 Russian diplomats would be expelled from England.

Following Britain, 30 countries including a number of EU member states as well as America, Canada, Norway, and Ukraine expelled nearly 150 Russian diplomats from their countries.

The US, in support of England, closed one of the three remaining Russian consulates in this country.

The Guardian claims that maybe Russians are using these frequent assassinations to discredit and humiliate the British government.

Those who assassinated Skripal in England know that the British government avoided direct confrontation with Russia before and in the case of Litvinenko.

On September 5, British prosecutors charged Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov, two Russian nationals, with four crimes, including the attempted murder of Skripal and British police officer Nika Bailey.

British Prime Minister Theresa May claimed that the suspects are officers of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Russian military.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Who were charged in regard with Skripal’s attempted murder?
A: Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov, two Russian nationals. [f1dfcaaa-9c78-4e22-89df-7253092d6b5f]

Q: According to Theresa May, what were the two suspects?
A: They were officers of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Russian military. [f1dfcaaa-9c78-4e22-89df-7253092d6b5f]

Q: Based on the Guardian’s experts, what was the reason behind Russia’s attempt to kill Skripal?
A: They thought maybe Russians are using these frequent assassinations to discredit and humiliate the British government. [13686ee5-c6a2-42d0-a3f4-3da3b9eee06d]

Q: What was the reaction of Russia against assassination charges?
A: Moscow strongly denied this charge. [f1dfcaaa-9c78-4e22-89df-7253092d6b5f]

Q: What penalties did Britain apply to Russia?
A: Britain expelled 23 Russian diplomats. [1cc77928-06a3-491f-a14d-e868e0927561]

Q: Altogether how many Russian diplomats were expelled?
A: 150. [46a8a5c7-04f2-4aa4-ad22-ec9b80713f6e]

Q: Which countries supported Britain against Russia?
A: A number of EU member states as well as America, Canada, Norway, and Ukraine [f1dfcaaa-9c78-4e22-89df-7253092d6b5f]

Q: In order to reduce the risk of exposure to Novichok nerve agent, what precautions were taken?
A: People who had gone to the restaurant and bar where Skripal had gone that day were told to wash their clothes and belongings. [414ae460-9a88-4455-8d7b-471364a873ce]

Q: What poison had been used to kill Sergei Skripal and his daughter?
A: Novichok nerve agent. [bd226a2d-ac5d-4e00-b522-67afd9f27243]

Q: What precedents are there for Skripal poisoning?
A: It reminds us of the mysterious death of some of Vladimir Putin's opponents including Alexander Litvinenko, a disgruntled Russian agent. [c6986655-5f8d-4d6e-835d-10ae9a76eb57, 414ae460-9a88-4455-8d7b-471364a873ce]

Q: Who was Sergei Skripal?
A: Former counterintelligence agent of Russia. [2fccdc6d-2df4-4358-8813-84725e04c4d9, c6986655-5f8d-4d6e-835d-10ae9a76eb57]

Q: Due to what charge he was sentenced to prison?
A: Espionage for the benefit of the West. [c6986655-5f8d-4d6e-835d-10ae9a76eb57]

Q: He was sentenced to how many years in prison?
A: 13 years. [c6986655-5f8d-4d6e-835d-10ae9a76eb57]

Q: What had he done that was considered a crime punishable with prison?
A: He was accused of selling the names of dozens of Russian secret agents in Europe to the British. [c6986655-5f8d-4d6e-835d-10ae9a76eb57]

Q: How much did he get in return for selling the names of Russian secret agents?
A: $100,000. [c6986655-5f8d-4d6e-835d-10ae9a76eb57]

Q: What did Skripal do after being pardoned by the Dmitry Medvedev government?
A: He went to Britain through an exchange of agents between Russia and the US. [c6986655-5f8d-4d6e-835d-10ae9a76eb57]


US President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un signed a joint statement following the historic summit in Singapore on June 12 2018.

The statement had four main points:
The US and the DPRK undertake to establish relations between the countries in accordance with the desire of the peoples of these states to achieve peace and prosperity.

The United States and the DPRK will jointly make efforts to establish a stable and lasting state of peace on the territory of the Korean Peninsula.

The DPRK reaffirms its commitment to the Panmunjom Declaration, signed on April 27, 2018, and the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.

The United States and North Korea are committed to the return of the remains of prisoners of war and missing persons, including the return of already identified remains.

Also, the United States, in response to Pyongyang’s agreement to abandon its nuclear program, promises guarantees of personal security to Kim Jong-un.

The presidents undertook to promptly implement all the provisions as soon as possible.

At a press conference following the summit, Trump announced the imminent end of the Korean War.

The statement consisted just of one page.

The main provisions of the document indicate that this statement is, rather, a declaration of intent.

The document did not include the timing of its implementation, or a detailed road map.

There are also no clear definitions of exactly how the United States will verify North Korea's nuclear disarmament, or of the American security guarantees.

Experts also doubted whether Kim’s intentions could be trusted, given his history of volatility.

According to media reports, both leaders expressed extreme satisfaction with the progress and results of the negotiations and exchanged invitations to visit their countries.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When did the summit in Singapore between the US President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un take place?
A: On June 12 2018A: In June 2018

Q: Where did the June 2018 summit between the US President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un take place?
A: In Singapore

Q: What did Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un sign following the June 2018 summit in Singapore?
A: A joint statement

Q: How many main points did the joint statement that Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un signed following the June 2018 summit in Singapore have?
A: Four

Q: What was the main point of the statement that Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un signed?
A: Establishing peaceful relations between the US and the DPRK

Q: What was the main point of the statement that Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un signed?
A: Peace on the Korean Peninsula

Q: What was the main point of the statement that Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un signed?
A: Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula

Q: What was the main point of the statement that Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un signed?
A: Return of the remains of prisoners of war and missing personsA: Return of the remains of prisoners of warA: Return of the remains of missing persons

Q: What did the United States promise to guarantee to Kim Jong-un in the document?
A: Personal security

Q: When did the two leaders promise to implement the provisions?
A: As soon as possible

Q: What did Trump announce at the press conference following the summit?
A: The imminent end of the Korean War

Q: How long was the joint statement?
A: One page

Q: What type of document did the statement most closely resemble?
A: A declaration of intent

Q: What important information was not included in the statement?
A: The timing of its implementationA: A detailed road mapA: Clear definitions of how the United States will verify North Korea's nuclear disarmamentA: Clear definitions of the American security guarantees

Q: What doubts did experts have about Kim’s intentions?
A: They doubted whether he could be trusted

Q: What feelings did both leaders express after the summit?
A: Satisfaction with the progress and results of the negotiationsA: Satisfaction with its results

Q: What invitations did the leaders extend to each other after the summit?
A: To visit each other’s countries


It was discovered early in the pandemic during 2020 that dogs could detect COVID-19 quite easily.

According to the results of preliminary tests carried out by a research group at the Faculty of Veterinary Science of the University of Helsinki, dogs were able to detect the virus by smell with almost 100% accuracy.

They could detect the presence of the virus several days before the first symptoms appeared, and in that regard they were better than laboratory tests at that point.

In September 2020, a special squad of dogs began working at Helsinki Airport, which have been trained to recognize the COVID-19 coronavirus by smell.

Passengers who agreed to undergo free testing did not have direct physical contact with animals.

They  were asked to wipe their skin with a tissue, which was then taken to the dog in a special container.

During testing, airport employees did not collect personal data.

The experiment using dogs lasted over four months.

It involved 16 dogs: four dogs per shift.

The dogs used in the project have previously been trained to detect cancer, diabetes and other diseases.

It only took 10 seconds for a dog to detect a person showing signs of COVID-19.

After this, the passenger was invited to take a free coronavirus test at the airport medical center.

According to Anna Hielm-Bjorkman from the University of Helsinki, the use of sniffing dogs could provide a cheap and fast alternative to PCR testing at airports.

The experiment currently cost the hub about 300,000 euros, but experts said it was cheaper than traditional testing.

Later that year, the honorary title of superhero was given to the coronavirus-detecting dogs Kessi, Miina, ET and Valo by the Finnish Dog Breeders' Association, which annually honors dogs that have saved human lives.

The honorees worked at Helsinki airport.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When was it discovered that dogs could detect COVID-19 quite easily?
A: Early in the pandemicA: During 2020

Q: What were the results of preliminary tests carried out by a research group at the Faculty of Veterinary Science of the University of Helsinki?
A: Dogs were able to detect coronavirus by smell

Q: What was the accuracy of dogs detecting coronavirus by smell, according to the results of preliminary tests carried out by a research group at the Faculty of Veterinary Science of the University of Helsinki?
A: Almost 100%

Q: Why were dogs better in detecting the coronavirus than laboratory COVID tests early in the pandemic?
A: They could detect the presence of the virus several days before the first symptoms appeared

Q: When did a special squad of dogs begin working at Helsinki Airport?
A: In September 2020

Q: What were the passengers who agreed to undergo testing asked to do?
A: Wipe their skin with a tissue

Q: Where was the tissue placed after a passenger wiped their skin with it?
A: In a special container

Q: How long did the experiment using dogs last at Helsinki Airport?
A: Over four months

Q: How many dogs did the experiment at Helsinki Airport involve?
A: 16

Q: How many dogs per shift did the experiment at Helsinki Airport involve?
A: 4

Q: What disease had the dogs used in the project been previously trained to detect?
A: Cancer

Q: What disease had the dogs used in the project been previously trained to detect?
A: Diabetes

Q: How long did it take a dog to detect a person showing signs of COVID-19?
A: 10 seconds

Q: What were the passengers invited to do after a positive dog test?
A: To take a free coronavirus test

Q: What did the experiment cost the airport?
A: About 300,000 euros

Q: Why was the experiment with dogs cost-efficient?
A: Because it was cheaper than traditional COVID-testing

Q: How were the coronavirus-detecting dogs Kessi, Miina, ET and Valo honored later that year?
A: The honorary title of superhero was given to them

Q: By whom were the coronavirus-detecting dogs Kessi, Miina, ET and Valo given the title of superhero?
A: By the Finnish Dog Breeders' Association


Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin company is working on the New Shepard suborbital tourism system, the New Glenn heavy rocket, the Blue Moon lander, and the BE-4 and BE-7 rocket engines.

Blue Origin actively uses reusable technologies.

Bezos sees the ultimate goal of Blue Origin as creating infrastructure for the exploration of the celestial bodies of the Solar System.

The launch of New Shepard, including a descent capsule and a single-stage rocket, took place at a test site in Texas.

The capsule reached an altitude of about 105 kilometers, that is, the boundary between the Earth's atmosphere and space.

The flight duration was approximately 11 minutes, of which four were spent in zero gravity.

The NS-16 mission was New Shepard's 16th and the first to be conducted with humans.

The small and reliable New Shepard system is meant for suborbital space tourism.

However, Blue Origin is also working on New Glenn, which will be capable of reaching low orbit.

In December 2020, Jeff Bezos presented a floating landing pad for the first stage of the New Glenn launch vehicle named after his mother Jacklyn.

Blue Origin is also developing a lunar module that will be used to deliver cargo and manned flights to the Moon.

Its technology is more robust and safe for repeated lunar missions.

The lander uses liquid hydrogen as fuel.

Not only is hydrogen the most efficient rocket fuel, it can also be mined on the Moon.

Another project of Blue Origin is a rocket engine manufacturing plant in Huntsville, Alabama, which produces BE-7 engines for the Blue Moon module, BE-3U engines for the New Glenn launch vehicle, and the BE-4 rocket engine, which is under development.

In 2020 Blue Origin delivered the first BE-4 rocket engine, meant to replace the Russian RD-180, to ULA (United Launch Alliance) for testing.

ULA aimed to launch its first mission in 2021 on the VulcanCentaur launch vehicle.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Who owns the company Blue Origin?
A: Jeff Bezos

Q: What project is Blue Origin company working on?
A: The New Shepard suborbital tourism system

Q: What project is Blue Origin company working on?
A: The New Glenn heavy rocket

Q: What project is Blue Origin company working on?
A: The Blue Moon lander

Q: What project is Blue Origin company working on?
A: The BE-4 and BE-7 rocket enginesA: The BE-4 rocket engineA: The BE-7 rocket engine

Q: What kind of technologies does Blue Origin actively use?
A: Reusable technologies

Q: What is the ultimate goal of Blue Origin?
A: Creating infrastructure for the exploration of the celestial bodies of the Solar SystemA: Exploration of the celestial bodies of the Solar System

Q: Where did the launch of New Shepard take place?
A: At a test site in TexasA: In Texas

Q: What did the New Shepard system include?
A: A descent capsule

Q: What did the New Shepard system include?
A: A single-stage rocket

Q: What altitude did the New Shepard capsule reach?
A: About 105 kilometers

Q: How long was the flight of the New Shepard?
A: 11 minutes

Q: What is the New Glenn rocket capable of?
A: Reaching low Earth orbit

Q: What part of the New Glenn launch vehicle did Jeff Bezos present in December 2020?
A: A floating landing pad for it first stageA: A floating landing pad

Q: What will Blue Origin’s lunar module be used for?
A: Delivering cargo and manned flights to the MoonA: Delivering cargo to the MoonA: Delivering manned flights to the Moon

Q: What is the advantage of Blue Origin’s lunar module technology?
A: It is more robust and safe for repeated lunar missionsA: It is more robust for repeated lunar missionsA: It is more safe for repeated lunar missions

Q: What does the Blue Origin’s lander use as fuel?
A: Liquid hydrogen

Q: Where does Blue Origin have a rocket engine manufacturing plant?
A: In Huntsville, Alabama

Q: What does the Blue Origin plant in Huntsville, Alabama produce?
A: BE-7 engines for the Blue Moon moduleA: BE-7 engines

Q: What does the Blue Origin plant in Huntsville, Alabama produce?
A: BE-3U engines for the New Glenn launch vehicleA: BE-3U engines

Q: What does the Blue Origin plant in Huntsville, Alabama produce?
A: BE-4 rocket engines


market is experiencing rapid growth and transformation, driven by significant investments from both domestic and foreign players.

Chinese companies like Baidu, Xiaomi, Huawei, and traditional car manufacturers are entering the EV market, raising questions about competition and technological capabilities.

While China aims to achieve self-sufficiency in key components and core technologies, challenges remain in areas such as automotive chips and consumer affordability.

The rise of Chinese EV startups like NIO, Xpeng, WM Motor, and Byton poses stiff competition to established automakers, backed by powerful Chinese internet companies like Tencent and Alibaba.

These startups not only produce electric vehicles but also venture into autonomous driving technology.

Meanwhile, Beijing New Energy Vehicle Company.

has emerged as the largest pure EV manufacturer in China, second only to Tesla globally.

Government policies play a crucial role in shaping the EV market.

China's ambitious targets aim for 40% of sales to come from EVs or plug-in hybrid vehicles by 2030.

Subsidies and regulatory measures incentivize EV adoption, while restrictions on traditional vehicles drive demand for electric alternatives.

Foreign automakers face pressure to meet EV quotas or purchase new energy vehicle quotas to compete in the Chinese market.

Forecasts suggest exponential growth in China's EV sales, with projections reaching 14 million vehicles by 2030.

Factors like improved battery technology, increased efficiency, and competitive pricing contribute to this optimistic outlook.

China's dominance in photovoltaic components, lithium batteries, and wind turbines positions it as a disruptive force in the global EV revolution.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What are some of the Chinese companies investing in electric vehicles, and what industries are they originally from?
A: Companies like Baidu, Xiaomi, Huawei, and traditional car manufacturers are entering the EV market, despite their origins in industries like mobile phones, internet, and real estate [363fe319-fd5a-4023-8886-2f82b008842a, ca862d86-691a-4252-b112-380fe1261245]

Q: What role do Chinese EV startups play in the market, and what distinguishes them from traditional automakers?
A: Chinese EV startups like NIO, Xpeng, WM Motor, and Byton pose stiff competition to established automakers, backed by powerful Chinese internet companies. They not only produce electric vehicles but also venture into autonomous driving technology [008d217e-2f53-4711-ae96-b31c36e20731]

Q: How does Beijing New Energy Vehicle Company (BJEV) compare to Tesla in the global EV market?
A: BJEV is the largest pure EV manufacturer in China and the second-largest globally, second only to Tesla [6086cf5b-befb-4fc2-993b-62220a6cb624]

Q: What are some government policies influencing the Chinese EV market?
A: Government policies include subsidies, regulatory measures incentivizing EV adoption, restrictions on traditional vehicles, and EV quotas for foreign automakers [6086cf5b-befb-4fc2-993b-62220a6cb624]

Q: What are the forecasts for China's EV sales by 2030, and what factors contribute to this growth?
A: Forecasts suggest China's EV sales could reach 14 million vehicles by 2030, driven by factors like improved battery technology, increased efficiency, and competitive pricing [a3d1cd03-3d2d-48cd-a9e6-1ebc07ade5ce]

Q: How does China's dominance in certain industries position it in the global EV revolution?
A: China's dominance in photovoltaic components, lithium batteries, and wind turbines positions it as a disruptive force in the global EV revolution, potentially subverting the current automotive industry structure [a3d1cd03-3d2d-48cd-a9e6-1ebc07ade5ce]

Q: What are some challenges faced by Chinese companies entering the electric vehicle market, particularly regarding technological capabilities?
A: Chinese companies face challenges in achieving self-sufficiency in key components and core technologies, such as automotive chips, which are essential for EV production [363fe319-fd5a-4023-8886-2f82b008842a]

Q: How do government policies in China incentivize consumers to adopt electric vehicles?
A: Government policies in China include subsidies for EV purchases, restrictions on traditional vehicles, and incentives like green license plates and reduced traffic congestion for EV owners [6086cf5b-befb-4fc2-993b-62220a6cb624]

Q: What role do foreign automakers play in China's electric vehicle market, and how do they compete with domestic companies?
A: Foreign automakers must meet EV quotas or purchase new energy vehicle quotas to compete in China's market. While they bring technology and brands, they face pressure from domestic companies like BJEV and startups like NIO and Xpeng [6086cf5b-befb-4fc2-993b-62220a6cb624]

Q: In what ways does China's ambition to dominate the electric vehicle market align with its broader economic and environmental goals?
A: China aims to combat pollution, reduce oil imports, and establish a competitive electric vehicle industry. This aligns with broader economic and environmental goals, as reflected in government policies promoting EV adoption and domestic production [6086cf5b-befb-4fc2-993b-62220a6cb624]


Insomnia or lack of sleep significantly impacts heart health.

Maintaining a consistent sleep duration of six to seven hours per night is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease and stroke, whereas deviations elevate cardiovascular risks.

Individuals with regular, good sleep habits demonstrate a lower risk of heart failure compared to those with poor sleep patterns.

Sleep disorders are linked to an increased risk of heart failure, emphasizing the importance of addressing sleep disturbances in cardiovascular care.

Sleep disruption, particularly frequent awakenings during the night, is associated with elevated cardiovascular mortality risk.

Integrating sleep management strategies into cardiovascular care protocols is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes and reducing cardiovascular risks.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: How does consistent sleep duration impact the risk of heart disease and stroke?
A: Sleeping six to seven hours per night reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke [fc4e3f48-9e85-4b5e-b2cf-13ff87171f9b]

Q: What are the risks associated with sleeping less than six hours per day?
A: Sleeping less than six hours increases the risk of coronary heart disease by 48% [2e254044-29d5-422e-b9ab-414d3c95f18d]

Q: How does sleep quality affect the risk of heart failure?
A: Individuals with regular, good sleep habits have a lower risk of heart failure [06eb5b51-0057-4b34-92e8-c32159624fe4]

Q: What proportion of patients with sleep disorders develop heart failure?
A: One in six patients with sleep disorders develops heart failure [1b818023-4d29-4597-ab94-2ef00fa0dda1]

Q: How does sleep disruption impact cardiovascular mortality?
A: Sleep disruption, particularly frequent awakenings during the night, is associated with elevated cardiovascular mortality risk [6ba41a46-9b7e-4325-a617-8c9ac387604b]

Q: What is the significance of integrating sleep management into cardiovascular care?
A: Integrating sleep management strategies into cardiovascular care protocols is crucial for reducing cardiovascular risks and optimizing patient outcomes [8a6b7b50-6cc6-47a9-a0c3-d81fad354256]

Q: Does deviating from optimal sleep duration impact heart health?
A: Deviating from the optimal sleep duration elevates cardiovascular risks [fc4e3f48-9e85-4b5e-b2cf-13ff87171f9b, 2e254044-29d5-422e-b9ab-414d3c95f18d]

Q: How does sleep duration affect the likelihood of coronary heart disease?
A: Sleeping less than six hours or more than nine hours per day increases the risk of coronary heart disease [2e254044-29d5-422e-b9ab-414d3c95f18d]

Q: What factors contribute to a lower risk of heart failure?
A: Regular, good sleep habits and avoiding sleep disorders contribute to a lower risk of heart failure [06eb5b51-0057-4b34-92e8-c32159624fe4, 1b818023-4d29-4597-ab94-2ef00fa0dda1]

Q: What is the relationship between sleep disturbances and cardiovascular mortality?
A: Sleep disturbances, particularly frequent awakenings during the night, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality [6ba41a46-9b7e-4325-a617-8c9ac387604b]


The WannaCry ransomware affected thousands of companies and hundreds of thousands of users in the summer of 2017 around the world.

The threat was spread using the ETERNALBLUE and DOUBLEPULSAR exploits, exploiting a vulnerability in the SMB protocol and using NSA tools published by the hacker group The Shadow Brokers.

It was successfully neutralized by British cybersecurity specialist Marcus Hutchins in May 2017.

The malware, prior to engaging, checks if the domain iuqerfsodp9ifjaposdfjhgosurijfaewrwergwea.com exists.

Hutchins registered the domain, thereby activating the “kill switch”, after which the number of successful WannaCry infections decreased sharply, and almost disappeared.

At present, many patches for WannaCry have been released, the malware itself has been “neutralized,” and the ransomware is detected by any anti-virus solution.

Hutchins claimed he discovered this kill switch “somewhat by accident.”

He believes that the malware did not self-destruct, but was “scared” by the so-called virtual machine - a secure platform used to detect viruses and read their program code.

The press managed to reveal that MalwareTech was 22-year-old Briton Marcus Hutchins.

Kryptos Logic, where Hutchins worked, still support the operation of this “emergency switch”, together with specialists from Cloudflare, who protect the domain from further DDoS attacks.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: How many users did the WannaCry ransomware affect?
A: thousands of companies and hundreds of thousands of users around the world. [66626190-fb31-4776-bdcc-017eb12e3645, 22d038fb-ed9b-4ba8-a507-a7fb72c6c225, 8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7]

Q: When did the attack take place?
A: in the summer of 2017 [66626190-fb31-4776-bdcc-017eb12e3645, 22d038fb-ed9b-4ba8-a507-a7fb72c6c225, 8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7]

Q: How was WannaCry spread?
A: using the ETERNALBLUE and DOUBLEPULSAR exploits, exploiting a vulnerability in the SMB protocol and using NSA tools [c054b02e-ce0b-428b-b345-a67b9e542f96]

Q: Who shared the NSA tools?
A: hacker group The Shadow Brokers. [c054b02e-ce0b-428b-b345-a67b9e542f96]

Q: Who successfully neutralized the spread of WannaCry?
A: British cybersecurity specialist Marcus Hutchins [66626190-fb31-4776-bdcc-017eb12e3645, 22d038fb-ed9b-4ba8-a507-a7fb72c6c225, 8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7, c054b02e-ce0b-428b-b345-a67b9e542f96, a570d9b6-2538-4156-b832-6500eb92dc68, 43b36b9d-7af6-47f6-b269-daef0e6f5ba5, b92a9dd8-708b-4276-8595-dd36d0328a27, 301bcb00-a84e-47e2-99df-7ce7aabd4ba4]

Q: How did he neutralize the threat?
A: He discovered an emergency kill switch in the malware code. [66626190-fb31-4776-bdcc-017eb12e3645, 8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7, c054b02e-ce0b-428b-b345-a67b9e542f96]

Q: How does this kill switch work?
A: The malware checks for a particular domain. If the domain is not registered, the malware begins to encrypt files. However, if the domain exists, the ransomware stops the infection process. [66626190-fb31-4776-bdcc-017eb12e3645, 22d038fb-ed9b-4ba8-a507-a7fb72c6c225, 8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7, c054b02e-ce0b-428b-b345-a67b9e542f96, a570d9b6-2538-4156-b832-6500eb92dc68, 43b36b9d-7af6-47f6-b269-daef0e6f5ba5, b92a9dd8-708b-4276-8595-dd36d0328a27, 301bcb00-a84e-47e2-99df-7ce7aabd4ba4]

Q: What is the domain he discovered?
A: iuqerfsodp9ifjaposdfjhgosurijfaewrwergwea. com [66626190-fb31-4776-bdcc-017eb12e3645, 22d038fb-ed9b-4ba8-a507-a7fb72c6c225, 8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7, c054b02e-ce0b-428b-b345-a67b9e542f96, a570d9b6-2538-4156-b832-6500eb92dc68, 43b36b9d-7af6-47f6-b269-daef0e6f5ba5, b92a9dd8-708b-4276-8595-dd36d0328a27, 301bcb00-a84e-47e2-99df-7ce7aabd4ba4]

Q: What did Hutchins do with the information he found?
A: registered the domain, thereby activating the “kill switch” [66626190-fb31-4776-bdcc-017eb12e3645, 8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7, c054b02e-ce0b-428b-b345-a67b9e542f96]

Q: What happened after he activated the kill switch?
A: the number of successful WannaCry infections decreased sharply, and almost disappeared. [66626190-fb31-4776-bdcc-017eb12e3645, 8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7, c054b02e-ce0b-428b-b345-a67b9e542f96]

Q: What protections against WannaCry exist at present?
A: There are many patches for WannaCry, the malware itself has been “neutralized,” and the ransomware is detected by any anti-virus solution. [22d038fb-ed9b-4ba8-a507-a7fb72c6c225]

Q: How did Hutchins discover the kill switch?
A: Somewhat by accident [43b36b9d-7af6-47f6-b269-daef0e6f5ba5]

Q: How does the kill switch work per Hutchins?
A: the malware did not self-destruct, but was “scared” by the so-called virtual machine - a secure platform used to detect viruses and read their program code. [43b36b9d-7af6-47f6-b269-daef0e6f5ba5]

Q: How does a virtual machine function differently than a real computer in this scenario?
A: A real computer cannot access the meaningless address as opposed to a virtual machine that can pretend to connect to it as if it were a genuine website. [43b36b9d-7af6-47f6-b269-daef0e6f5ba5]

Q: What is Hutchins’ pseudonym?
A: MalwareTech [66626190-fb31-4776-bdcc-017eb12e3645, 22d038fb-ed9b-4ba8-a507-a7fb72c6c225, 8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7, c054b02e-ce0b-428b-b345-a67b9e542f96, a570d9b6-2538-4156-b832-6500eb92dc68, 43b36b9d-7af6-47f6-b269-daef0e6f5ba5, b92a9dd8-708b-4276-8595-dd36d0328a27, 301bcb00-a84e-47e2-99df-7ce7aabd4ba4, 22d038fb-ed9b-4ba8-a507-a7fb72c6c225]

Q: Where does/did he work?
A: Kryptos Logic [8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7]

Q: How does Kryptos Logic defend against this malware?
A: support the operation of this “emergency switch”, together with specialists from Cloudflare, who protect the domain from further DDoS attacks. [8f6dcbf8-e7b1-4252-a61e-986d131f30d7]


The largest deep-sea neutrino telescope in the Northern Hemisphere, Baikal-GVD, was launched on Lake Baikal in March 2021, and will give students and scientists opportunities for physics research, to study galaxies and the Universe, to answer the questions of astronomy and astrophysics by studying ultra-high energy neutrinos.

The new telescope will be engaged in catching neutrinos and searching for sources of neutrino radiation in space.

Baikal-GVD can detect more high-energy particles than before, even particles older than the solar system.

Clean water from reservoirs such as Baikal exclude impurities that can affect neutrino movement.

It’s depth protects the setup from light left by atmospheric muons.

Neutrinos are neutral particles that have no charge, low mass, travel close to the speed of light, and interact weakly with the surrounding matter.

Scientists believe that neutrinos can provide information about what happened in the Universe billions of years ago.

They can help us understand of the origin of the Universe and the fundamental laws of physics.

The Baikal-GVD is designed to detect weak flashes of light.

The construction of the telescope is an international effort between Russia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and Poland.

and is part of a global neutrino network that has existed since 2013.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is the Baikal-GVD?
A: The largest deep-sea neutrino telescope in the Northern Hemisphere [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993, 2bc86444-c440-4339-be10-65d30404e0dd, a1e44188-66f0-45e3-b668-0606386f4882, 3bdbbcb9-cbd7-433b-8c08-1352a2789574, 22f892a9-ac8a-41dc-b051-5b43246aa253, 9bee19dd-5580-4f89-8c79-353c860b1714, d01016cb-1f92-415c-a30e-515e69f44be3, 64219175-670b-4e10-9cb7-4d9509eba704, 87f39541-e9fd-49e8-bd08-b90b731b58ac]

Q: When was it launched?
A: March 2021 [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993, a1e44188-66f0-45e3-b668-0606386f4882, 3bdbbcb9-cbd7-433b-8c08-1352a2789574]

Q: What opportunities does it give to students and scientists?
A: physics research, to study galaxies and the Universe, to answer the questions of astronomy and astrophysics by studying ultra-high energy neutrinos. [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993, 2bc86444-c440-4339-be10-65d30404e0dd, a1e44188-66f0-45e3-b668-0606386f4882, 3bdbbcb9-cbd7-433b-8c08-1352a2789574, 22f892a9-ac8a-41dc-b051-5b43246aa253, 9bee19dd-5580-4f89-8c79-353c860b1714, d01016cb-1f92-415c-a30e-515e69f44be3, 64219175-670b-4e10-9cb7-4d9509eba704, 87f39541-e9fd-49e8-bd08-b90b731b58ac]

Q: What will the Baikal-GVD telescope be doing?
A: catching neutrinos and searching for sources of neutrino radiation in space. [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993]A: a

Q: What is Baikal-GVD capable of detecting?
A: More high-energy particles than before, even particles older than the solar system. [d01016cb-1f92-415c-a30e-515e69f44be3]

Q: What are the benefits of having this telescope in Lake Baikal?
A: Its clean water excludes impurities that can affect neutrino movement. The large volume of water in Baikal increases the space through which a neutrino can pass. [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993]A: The unique purity of Baikal makes it possible to determine accurately the direction of neutrinos. Its depth protects the setup from light left by atmospheric muons. [3bdbbcb9-cbd7-433b-8c08-1352a2789574]

Q: What are neutrinos?
A: neutral particles that have no charge, low mass, travel close to the speed of light, and interact weakly with the surrounding matter. [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993, 2bc86444-c440-4339-be10-65d30404e0dd, a1e44188-66f0-45e3-b668-0606386f4882, 3bdbbcb9-cbd7-433b-8c08-1352a2789574, 22f892a9-ac8a-41dc-b051-5b43246aa253, 9bee19dd-5580-4f89-8c79-353c860b1714, d01016cb-1f92-415c-a30e-515e69f44be3, 64219175-670b-4e10-9cb7-4d9509eba704, 87f39541-e9fd-49e8-bd08-b90b731b58ac]

Q: What do scientists believe neutrinos can teach us?
A: Neutrinos can provide information about what happened in the Universe billions of years ago. [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993, 3bdbbcb9-cbd7-433b-8c08-1352a2789574, d01016cb-1f92-415c-a30e-515e69f44be3, 64219175-670b-4e10-9cb7-4d9509eba704, 87f39541-e9fd-49e8-bd08-b90b731b58ac]A: help us understand the origin of the Universe and the fundamental laws of physics. [22f892a9-ac8a-41dc-b051-5b43246aa253, 64219175-670b-4e10-9cb7-4d9509eba704, 87f39541-e9fd-49e8-bd08-b90b731b58ac]

Q: How does the Baikal-GVD detect neutrinos?
A: It detects weak flashes of light that arise as a result of the interaction of neutrinos with water. [067c05f2-a845-4f55-be0f-00456efc5153, 64219175-670b-4e10-9cb7-4d9509eba704]

Q: What are these weak flashes of light called?
A: Cherenkov radiation [64219175-670b-4e10-9cb7-4d9509eba704]

Q: What countries were involved in the construction of the Baikal-GVD?
A: Russia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and Poland. [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993, 2bc86444-c440-4339-be10-65d30404e0dd, a1e44188-66f0-45e3-b668-0606386f4882, 3bdbbcb9-cbd7-433b-8c08-1352a2789574, 9bee19dd-5580-4f89-8c79-353c860b1714, d01016cb-1f92-415c-a30e-515e69f44be3]

Q: What network is the telescope part of?
A: The global neutrino network (ANTARES, KM3NeT, IceCube, Baikal-GVD) [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993]A: How long has this network been active?A: since 2013 [041d2dd1-84b3-42fb-a9a2-9fdd35c6c993]

Q: Is the project open or closed?
A: The project is open to other international partners. [3bdbbcb9-cbd7-433b-8c08-1352a2789574]


NASA Kepler Space Telescope has changed our understanding of planet formation and planetary systems.

The goal of the Kepler mission is to find planets that are in the potentially habitable zone of a star: neither too hot nor cold and water can exist in liquid form.

At least 160 billion planets revolve around stars of the Milky Way.

During 9.5 years in orbit, Kepler found more than 2,500 planets located beyond our solar system.

Using Kepler, NASA has evidence of the existence of 219 exoplanets.

10 similar in size to Earth, and orbits potentially suitable for life.

It has been focused on the constellation Cygnus.

New data reduced the number of candidates to 4034, and 2335 are confirmed exoplanets.

21 are similar to the size of the Earth and are located in a potentially habitable zone.

In 2011, Kepler had found the first 2 Earth-sized exoplanets.

In 2012, it found the first exosolar system of 4 planets.

In May 2016, NASA announced that of the 1,284 discovered exoplanets, one hundred are similar to Earth, with 9 of them located in the habitable zone.

The analysis was carried out based on 2015 data from a catalog of planet candidates from the Kepler telescope.

The first discovered exoplanet similar to Earth was Kepler-186f, named thus because it was found using Kepler.

In 2017, Kepler found an exosolar system of 8 planets.

Theoretically habitable planets orbit approximately every third visible star.

Kepler-1649c is similar in size to Earth and revolves around its star in the so-called habitable zone.

The Kepler False Positive group suggested that Kepler-1649c is the most similar to Earth of all the exoplanets found.

Of the 2,681 exoplanets discovered by Kepler during its lifespan, it is the closest in size and possibly temperature to Earth.

In 2017, analysis of data from the Kepler orbiting telescope using a self-learning neural network revealed a rocky planet just 30% larger than Earth orbiting the star Kepler-90 in the constellation Draco.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What has the Kepler Space Telescope changed?
A: our understanding planet formation and planetary systems. [b36cc4c4-9426-447b-a108-5939dd3f1a60]

Q: What is Kepler’s goal?
A: to find planets that are in the potentially habitable zone of a star [d9d4fbfc-abec-4ce7-969f-3d359a18c46a]

Q: What does a habitable zone mean?
A: neither too hot nor cold and water can exist in liquid form. [d9d4fbfc-abec-4ce7-969f-3d359a18c46a]

Q: How many planets are thought to be in the Milky Way?
A: 160 billion [80fff818-8987-4972-b5d5-0e44b62ed65e]

Q: How many years was Kepler in orbit?
A: 9.5 [80fff818-8987-4972-b5d5-0e44b62ed65e]

Q: How many planets did Kepler discover during that time?
A: 2,500 planets located beyond our solar system. [80fff818-8987-4972-b5d5-0e44b62ed65e]

Q: What constellation was Kepler focused on?
A: Cygnus [d38fcfd5-d8e3-42d4-996d-124ece9783d4]

Q: How many planet candidates did new data reduce the number to?
A: 4034 [d38fcfd5-d8e3-42d4-996d-124ece9783d4]

Q: How many are confirmed exoplanets?
A: 2335 [d38fcfd5-d8e3-42d4-996d-124ece9783d4]

Q: How many are similar to Earth in size and possible habitable zone?
A: 21 [d38fcfd5-d8e3-42d4-996d-124ece9783d4]

Q: Name some discoveries from Kepler and when they occurred:
A: 2011: Earth-sized exoplanets. In 2012, the first exosolar system of 4 planets. In April 2013 - 3 exoplanets, comparable to Earth and in a habitable zone. [80fff818-8987-4972-b5d5-0e44b62ed65e, fa197246-a977-44de-a506-60d5700acca8]A: In 2017, a rocky planet just 30% larger than Earth orbiting the star Kepler-90 in the constellation Draco. [0addb74b-1b23-4873-a586-34b88abb6756]

Q: What did NASA announce in in May 2016?
A: of the 1,284 discovered exoplanets, one hundred are similar to Earth, with 9 of them located in the habitable zone. [80fff818-8987-4972-b5d5-0e44b62ed65e, fa197246-a977-44de-a506-60d5700acca8]

Q: Provide some details about Kepler-1649c:
A: is similar in size to Earth and revolves around its star in the so-called habitable zone. [456dd264-4276-470c-aaee-3728724764bd]

Q: What did the Kepler False Positive group suggest?
A: Kepler-1649c is the most similar to Earth of all the exoplanets found. [456dd264-4276-470c-aaee-3728724764bd]


A recent NASA study reveals that over the past century, Earth has deviated by approximately 10 meters from its axis.

They attribute this shift to global warming, which has led to redistributions of weight across the planet's surface.

Studies indicate that human activities have caused Earth to deviate from its axis during rotation which resulted in Earth deviating more than 10 meters from its axis over the past century.

The alignment of the north and south axes of the earth have shifted towards the east with increasing speed.

The drift speed of the poles along with the change of their direction and the axis of the earth is due to the melting speed of the Greenland ice, which has increased sevenfold compared to the 1990s and has been unprecedented in the last 350 years.

The movement of Earth along an irregular path is attributed to its uneven mass distribution.

As Earth is not perfectly spherical but slightly oblate, it wobbles and sways during rotation, a process known as "polar motion."

There are 3 primary factors that contribute to Earth's deviation: ice melting, glacial isostatic adjustment, and glacial rebound.

While traditional explanations attribute Earth's axis shift to glacial rebound, other processes may also have significant impacts.

Recent redistributions of mass on Earth's surface, particularly due to ice melt and merging with Greenland's oceans, have affected the planet's natural rotation.

Greenland, given its location, is a primary suspect for such effects.

During the 20th century, 7500 gigatons of Greenland's ice have melted into the ocean.

Glacial rebound, occurring after the last glacial period approximately 26,000 years ago, causes Earth's surface to slowly return to its original state following glaciation.

This phenomenon, known as "glacial rebound," has left lasting effects on Earth's axis due to its slow process.

Glacial isostatic adjustment, a movement in Earth's subsurface plates resulting from core heat, also contributes to Earth's shifting axis.

While humans cannot control glacial rebound or mantle motion, managing mass distribution due to ice melt remains feasible.

If Greenland continues to lose ice due to climate change, polar motion may accelerate.

This glacier is considered a time bomb for the earth!

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What did a recent NASA study reveal about Earth's deviation from its axis over the past century?
A: It has deviated by approximately 10 meters.

Q: What is the primary cause attributed to Earth's axis deviation according to the study?
A: Global warming, leading to redistributions of weight across the planet's surface.

Q: How have human activities contributed to Earth's deviation from its axis?
A: By causing the melting of ice, resulting in a shift in Earth's rotation.

Q: What is the significance of Greenland's ice melt in relation to Earth's polar motion?
A: The melting speed of Greenland ice has increased sevenfold compared to the 1990s, affecting Earth's polar motion.

Q: What is the process known as "polar motion" attributed to?
A: Earth's uneven mass distribution and its slightly oblate shape.

Q: Besides ice melting, what are the other primary factors contributing to Earth's deviation from its axis?
A: Glacial isostatic adjustment and glacial rebound.

Q: How has Greenland's ice melt affected Earth's natural rotation?
A: It has resulted in redistributions of mass on Earth's surface, affecting its rotation.

Q: What phenomenon, occurring approximately 26,000 years ago, contributes to Earth's shifting axis?
A: Glacial rebound, following the last glacial period.

Q: What role does glacial isostatic adjustment play in Earth's shifting axis?
A: It contributes to movement in Earth's subsurface plates resulting from core heat.

Q: What potential consequence of continued ice loss in Greenland is highlighted in the passage?
A: Accelerated polar motion if Greenland continues to lose ice due to climate change.