/* CSCI2467 Shell Lab
 * tsh - A tiny shell program with job control
 * 
 * Emmanuel Adefuye eaadefuy@uno.edu
 * 03/2020
 */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

/* Misc manifest constants */
#define MAXLINE    1024   /* max line size */
#define MAXARGS     128   /* max args on a command line */
#define MAXJOBS      16   /* max jobs at any point in time */
#define MAXJID    1<<16   /* max job ID */

/* Job states */
#define UNDEF 0 /* undefined */
#define FG 1    /* running in foreground */
#define BG 2    /* running in background */
#define ST 3    /* stopped */

/* 
 * Jobs states: FG (foreground), BG (background), ST (stopped)
 * Job state transitions and enabling actions:
 *     FG -> ST  : ctrl-z
 *     ST -> FG  : fg command
 *     ST -> BG  : bg command
 *     BG -> FG  : fg command
 * At most 1 job can be in the FG state.
 */

/* Global variables */
extern char **environ;      /* defined in libc */
char prompt[] = "tsh> ";    /* command line prompt (DO NOT CHANGE) */
int verbose = 0;            /* if true, print additional output */
int nextjid = 1;            /* next job ID to allocate */
char sbuf[MAXLINE];         /* for composing sprintf messages */

struct job_t {              /* The job struct */
    pid_t pid;              /* job PID */
    int jid;                /* job ID [1, 2, ...] */
    int state;              /* UNDEF, BG, FG, or ST */
    char cmdline[MAXLINE];  /* command line */
};
struct job_t jobs[MAXJOBS]; /* The job list */
/* End global variables */


/* Function prototypes */

/* Here are the functions that you will implement */
void eval(char *cmdline);
int builtin_cmd(char **argv);
void do_bgfg(char **argv);
void do_redirect(char **argv);
void waitfg(pid_t pid);

void sigchld_handler(int sig);
void sigtstp_handler(int sig);
void sigint_handler(int sig);

/* Here are helper routines that we've provided for you */
int parseline(const char *cmdline, char **argv); 
void sigquit_handler(int sig);

void clearjob(struct job_t *job);
void initjobs(struct job_t *jobs);
int maxjid(struct job_t *jobs); 
int addjob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid, int state, char *cmdline);
int deletejob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid); 
pid_t fgpid(struct job_t *jobs);
struct job_t *getjobpid(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid);
struct job_t *getjobjid(struct job_t *jobs, int jid); 
int pid2jid(pid_t pid); 
void listjobs(struct job_t *jobs);

void usage(void);
void unix_error(char *msg);
void app_error(char *msg);
typedef void handler_t(int);
handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler);

/*
 * main - The shell's main routine 
 */
int main(int argc, char **argv) 
{
    char c;
    char cmdline[MAXLINE];
    int emit_prompt = 1; /* emit prompt (default) */

    /* Redirect stderr to stdout (so that driver will get all output
     * on the pipe connected to stdout) */
    dup2(1, 2);

    /* Parse the command line */
    while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "hvp")) != EOF) {
        switch (c) {
        case 'h':             /* print help message */
            usage();
	    break;
        case 'v':             /* emit additional diagnostic info */
            verbose = 1;
	    break;
        case 'p':             /* don't print a prompt */
            emit_prompt = 0;  /* handy for automatic testing */
	    break;
	default:
            usage();
	}
    }

    /* Install the signal handlers */

    /* These are the ones you will need to implement */
    Signal(SIGINT,  sigint_handler);   /* ctrl-c */
    Signal(SIGTSTP, sigtstp_handler);  /* ctrl-z */
    Signal(SIGCHLD, sigchld_handler);  /* Terminated or stopped child */

    /* Ignoring these signals simplifies reading from stdin/stdout */
    Signal(SIGTTIN, SIG_IGN);          /* ignore SIGTTIN */
    Signal(SIGTTOU, SIG_IGN);          /* ignore SIGTTOU */


    /* This one provides a clean way to kill the shell */
    Signal(SIGQUIT, sigquit_handler); 

    /* Initialize the job list */
    initjobs(jobs);

    /* Execute the shell's read/eval loop */
    while (1) {

	/* Read command line */
	if (emit_prompt) {
	    printf("%s", prompt);
	    fflush(stdout);
	}
	if ((fgets(cmdline, MAXLINE, stdin) == NULL) && ferror(stdin))
	    app_error("fgets error");
	if (feof(stdin)) { /* End of file (ctrl-d) */
	    fflush(stdout);
	    exit(0);
	}

	/* Evaluate the command line */
	eval(cmdline);
	fflush(stdout);
	fflush(stdout);
    } 

    exit(0); /* control never reaches here */
}

/* 
 * eval - Evaluate the command line that the user has just typed in
 * 
 * If the user has requested a built-in command (quit, jobs, bg or fg)
 * then execute it immediately. Otherwise, fork a child process and
 * run the job in the context of the child. If the job is running in
 * the foreground, wait for it to terminate and then return.  Note:
 * each child process must have a unique process group ID so that our
 * background children don't receive SIGINT (SIGTSTP) from the kernel
 * when we type ctrl-c (ctrl-z) at the keyboard.  
*/
void eval(char *cmdline) //---------Referenced the Textbook and Slides----------
{
	char *argv[MAXARGS]; //handling max amount of chars in the cmd argument
	pid_t pid; //storing myPid
	int bg; //handle job running in background
	sigset_t mask; //refrenced book on pg.765/766
	bg = parseline(cmdline, argv);//parsing the command
    	
	if(argv[0] == NULL) //do nothing if the command argument is blank
        	return;
	if(!builtin_cmd(argv))//if argument is a builtin_cmd()
    {
        //Block signals(sigchild) before execv to prevent race condition
        //refrenced book on pg.765/766
        sigemptyset(&mask);
        sigaddset(&mask, SIGCHLD);
        sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, NULL);

        if((pid = fork()) < 0)//if the pid(fork) is less than zero there's an error
			unix_error("forking error");
		else if(pid == 0)//child process
        {
            sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &mask, NULL);//unblock child signal
            setpgid(0, 0);
			if(execve(argv[0], argv, environ) < 0)//checking if the command exists by trying run it
            {
				printf("%s: Command Not Found\n", argv[0]);//returns error string
				exit(1);		
			}
		}else{
            //addjobs (sigchild should get blocked) then unblock after jobs have been added
            if(!bg){
                addjob(jobs, pid, FG, cmdline);
            }
            else {
                addjob(jobs, pid, BG, cmdline);
            }
            sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &mask, NULL);//unblocking the child signal

            if(!bg)//referenced Slides
            {
                //parent waitng for bg process to term.
                waitfg(pid);
            }
            else{//following tshref format for bg process
                printf("[%d] (%d) %s", pid2jid(pid), pid, cmdline);
            }
        }
	}
    return;
}

/* 
 * parseline - Parse the command line and build the argv array.
 * 
 * Characters enclosed in single quotes are treated as a single
 * argument.  Return true if the user has requested a BG job, false if
 * the user has requested a FG job.  
 */
int parseline(const char *cmdline, char **argv) 
{
    static char array[MAXLINE]; /* holds local copy of command line */
    char *buf = array;          /* ptr that traverses command line */
    char *delim;                /* points to first space delimiter */
    int argc;                   /* number of args */
    int bg;                     /* background job? */

    strcpy(buf, cmdline);
    buf[strlen(buf)-1] = ' ';  /* replace trailing '\n' with space */
    while (*buf && (*buf == ' ')) /* ignore leading spaces */
	buf++;

    /* Build the argv list */
    argc = 0;
    if (*buf == '\'') {
	buf++;
	delim = strchr(buf, '\'');
    }
    else {
	delim = strchr(buf, ' ');
    }

    while (delim) {
	argv[argc++] = buf;
	*delim = '\0';
	buf = delim + 1;
	while (*buf && (*buf == ' ')) /* ignore spaces */
	       buf++;

	if (*buf == '\'') {
	    buf++;
	    delim = strchr(buf, '\'');
	}
	else {
	    delim = strchr(buf, ' ');
	}
    }
    argv[argc] = NULL;
    
    if (argc == 0)  /* ignore blank line */
	return 1;

    /* should the job run in the background? */
    if ((bg = (*argv[argc-1] == '&')) != 0) {
	argv[--argc] = NULL;
    }
    return bg;
}

/* 
 * builtin_cmd - If the user has typed a built-in command then execute
 *    it immediately.  
 */
int builtin_cmd(char **argv) 
{
    if(strcmp(*argv,"quit") == 0) //if the cmd is 'quit'
        exit(0);
    if(strcmp(*argv,"fg") == 0 || strcmp(*argv, "bg") == 0){//if the cmd is 'fg' or 'bg' (they call the same function)
        do_bgfg(argv);//do_bgfg() will handle the command
        return 1;
    }
    if(strcmp(*argv,"&") == 0){//if the cmd is '&'
        return 1; //returning 1 to create a background process
    }
    if(strcmp(*argv,"jobs") == 0){ //if the cmd is 'jobs'
        listjobs(jobs);
        return 1;
    }

    return 0;   //should create a child process
}


/* 
 * do_redirect - scans argv for any use of < or > which indicate input or output redirection
 *
 */
void do_redirect(char **argv)
{
        int i;

        for(i=0; argv[i]; i++)
        {
                if (!strcmp(argv[i],"<")) {
                        /* add code for input redirection below */

                        /* the line below cuts argv short. This
                           removes the < and whatever follows from argv */
                        argv[i]=NULL;
                }
                else if (!strcmp(argv[i],">")) {
                        /* add code for output redirection here */

                        /* the line below cuts argv short. This
                           removes the > and whatever follows from argv */
                        argv[i]=NULL;
                }
        }
}

/* 
 * do_bgfg - Execute the builtin bg and fg commands
 */
void do_bgfg(char **argv) 
{
    
    // '363636' regular number is Process ID
    pid_t pid; //process ID
    int jid; //job id
    char *id = argv[1]; //this represents the ID number typed after the bg or fg command
    

    if(id == NULL){//if the process id or job id doesnt exist in the command line
        printf("%s command requires PID or %%jobid argument\n", argv[0]);
        return;
    }
    struct job_t *job;//will be needed to access the job process's memory address

    if(id[0] == '%'){// checking if Job id ('%1' or '%2' etc.)
        jid =  atoi(&id[1]);
        job = getjobjid(jobs, jid);// returns the job at current memory location
        if(job == NULL){
            printf("%s: No such job\n", id);
            return;
        }else{
            pid = job -> pid;//access the pid from the job struct and assign it
        //we will use this pid to kill the job process after it has finished running
        }
    }
    //checking if the argument passed in is a numerical value (if so: assume its the pid)
    else if(isdigit(id[0])){ //for BG process
        pid = atoi(id); //convert the given argument (id) to the pid
        job = getjobpid(jobs, pid);//using the pid to access the specific job
        if(job == NULL){
            printf("(%d): No such process\n", pid);//using tshrf format
            return;
        }
    }
    else {
        printf("%s: argument must be a PID or %%jobid\n", argv[0]);
        return;
    }kill(-pid, SIGCONT); //kill the process everytime after finished executing
    if(strcmp(argv[0], "fg") == 0){//for FG process (if the command is fg)
        //will have to wait for the FG process to finish executing before running anything else
        job->state = FG; //acessing the state from the job struct and assigning it to FG variable
        waitfg(job->pid);//have to wait for the inputted process to finish 
        //executing in the foreground
    } 
    else{
        //if the command was bg instead, we would print the details of the process as it runs 
        //in the background
        int JobID = job -> jid;//jid from jopb stuct
        int ProcID = job -> pid;//pid from jopb stuct
        printf("[%d] (%d) %s", JobID, ProcID, job->cmdline);
        job->state = BG;//we dont have to wait for the BG process bc its in the background
        //we can run other processes without waiting for this to finish executing
    }
}

/* 
 * waitfg - Block until process pid is no longer the foreground process
 */
void waitfg(pid_t pid)
{
    struct job_t* job = getjobpid(jobs, pid);
    //put the prcess on hold
    if(job != NULL){
        while(pid==fgpid(jobs)){}//do nothing to keep the fg processs on hold
    }
    if(pid == 0)//if there's no process running
        {return;}
    return;
}

/*****************
 * Signal handlers
 *****************/

/* 
 * sigchld_handler - The kernel sends a SIGCHLD to the shell whenever
 *     a child job terminates (becomes a zombie), or stops because it
 *     received a SIGSTOP or SIGTSTP signal. The handler reaps all
 *     available zombie children, but doesn't wait for any other
 *     currently running children to terminate.  
 */
void sigchld_handler(int sig) //(/bin/kill -9 -pid)
{//signal will handle deleting jobs from the jobs list once the process has been terminated
    int status;//status needed for when terminating the process
    pid_t pid; 
    //needed for accessing the process
    while((pid = waitpid(fgpid(jobs), &status, WNOHANG|WUNTRACED)) > 0)//referenced book pg.744
    {//referenced book pg. 745
        if(WIFSTOPPED(status))//if child process has stopped
        {
            getjobpid(jobs, pid) -> state = ST;
            int jid = pid2jid(pid);
            printf("Job [%d] (%d) Stopped by signal %d\n", jid, pid, WSTOPSIG(status));//tshref format
        }
        else if(WIFSIGNALED(status))//if stopped due to uncaught signal
        {
            int jid = pid2jid(pid);  
            //prints what signal caused the process to stop
            printf("Job [%d] (%d) terminated by signal %d\n", jid, pid, WTERMSIG(status));
            deletejob(jobs, pid);
        }
        else if(WIFEXITED(status))//if stopped due to an exit call
        {
            deletejob(jobs, pid);
        }
    }

    return;
}

/* 
 * sigint_handler - The kernel sends a SIGINT to the shell whenver the
 *    user types ctrl-c at the keyboard.  Catch it and send it along
 *    to the foreground job.  
 */
void sigint_handler(int sig) 
{
    //kill process if the pid isn't an existing id
    pid_t pid = fgpid(jobs);
    if(pid != 0)
    {
        kill(-pid, sig);
    }
    return;
}

/*
 * sigtstp_handler - The kernel sends a SIGTSTP to the shell whenever
 *     the user types ctrl-z at the keyboard. Catch it and suspend the
 *     foreground job by sending it a SIGTSTP.  
 */
void sigtstp_handler(int sig) 
{
    //kill process if the pid isn't an existing id
    pid_t pid = fgpid(jobs);
    if(pid != 0)
    {
        kill(-pid, sig);
    }
    return;
}

/*********************
 * End signal handlers
 *********************/

/***********************************************
 * Helper routines that manipulate the job list
 **********************************************/

/* clearjob - Clear the entries in a job struct */
void clearjob(struct job_t *job) {
    job->pid = 0;
    job->jid = 0;
    job->state = UNDEF;
    job->cmdline[0] = '\0';
}

/* initjobs - Initialize the job list */
void initjobs(struct job_t *jobs) {
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
	clearjob(&jobs[i]);
}

/* maxjid - Returns largest allocated job ID */
int maxjid(struct job_t *jobs) 
{
    int i, max=0;

    for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
	if (jobs[i].jid > max)
	    max = jobs[i].jid;
    return max;
}

/* addjob - Add a job to the job list */
int addjob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid, int state, char *cmdline) 
{
    int i;
    
    if (pid < 1)
	return 0;

    for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++) {
	if (jobs[i].pid == 0) {
	    jobs[i].pid = pid;
	    jobs[i].state = state;
	    jobs[i].jid = nextjid++;
	    if (nextjid > MAXJOBS)
		nextjid = 1;
	    strcpy(jobs[i].cmdline, cmdline);
  	    if(verbose){
	        printf("Added job [%d] %d %s\n", jobs[i].jid, jobs[i].pid, jobs[i].cmdline);
            }
            return 1;
	}
    }
    printf("Tried to create too many jobs\n");
    return 0;
}

/* deletejob - Delete a job whose PID=pid from the job list */
int deletejob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid) 
{
    int i;

    if (pid < 1)
	return 0;

    for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++) {
	if (jobs[i].pid == pid) {
	    clearjob(&jobs[i]);
	    nextjid = maxjid(jobs)+1;
	    return 1;
	}
    }
    return 0;
}

/* fgpid - Return PID of current foreground job, 0 if no such job */
pid_t fgpid(struct job_t *jobs) {
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
	if (jobs[i].state == FG)
	    return jobs[i].pid;
    return 0;
}

/* getjobpid  - Find a job (by PID) on the job list */
struct job_t *getjobpid(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid) {
    int i;

    if (pid < 1)
	return NULL;
    for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
	if (jobs[i].pid == pid)
	    return &jobs[i];
    return NULL;
}

/* getjobjid  - Find a job (by JID) on the job list */
struct job_t *getjobjid(struct job_t *jobs, int jid) 
{
    int i;

    if (jid < 1)
	return NULL;
    for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
	if (jobs[i].jid == jid)
	    return &jobs[i];
    return NULL;
}

/* pid2jid - Map process ID to job ID */
int pid2jid(pid_t pid) 
{
    int i;

    if (pid < 1)
	return 0;
    for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++)
	if (jobs[i].pid == pid) {
            return jobs[i].jid;
        }
    return 0;
}

/* listjobs - Print the job list */
void listjobs(struct job_t *jobs) 
{
    int i;
    
    for (i = 0; i < MAXJOBS; i++) {
	if (jobs[i].pid != 0) {
	    printf("[%d] (%d) ", jobs[i].jid, jobs[i].pid);
	    switch (jobs[i].state) {
		case BG: 
		    printf("Running ");
		    break;
		case FG: 
		    printf("Foreground ");
		    break;
		case ST: 
		    printf("Stopped ");
		    break;
	    default:
		    printf("listjobs: Internal error: job[%d].state=%d ", 
			   i, jobs[i].state);
	    }
	    printf("%s", jobs[i].cmdline);
	}
    }
}
/******************************
 * end job list helper routines
 ******************************/


/***********************
 * Other helper routines
 ***********************/

/*
 * usage - print a help message
 */
void usage(void) 
{
    printf("Usage: shell [-hvp]\n");
    printf("   -h   print this message\n");
    printf("   -v   print additional diagnostic information\n");
    printf("   -p   do not emit a command prompt\n");
    exit(1);
}

/*
 * unix_error - unix-style error routine
 */
void unix_error(char *msg)
{
    fprintf(stdout, "%s: %s\n", msg, strerror(errno));
    exit(1);
}

/*
 * app_error - application-style error routine
 */
void app_error(char *msg)
{
    fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", msg);
    exit(1);
}

/*
 * Signal - wrapper for the sigaction function
 */
handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler) 
{
    struct sigaction action, old_action;

    action.sa_handler = handler;  
    sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask); /* block sigs of type being handled */
    action.sa_flags = SA_RESTART; /* restart syscalls if possible */

    if (sigaction(signum, &action, &old_action) < 0)
	unix_error("Signal error");
    return (old_action.sa_handler);
}

/*
 * sigquit_handler - The driver program can gracefully terminate the
 *    child shell by sending it a SIGQUIT signal.
 */
void sigquit_handler(int sig) 
{
    printf("Terminating after receipt of SIGQUIT signal\n");
    exit(1);
}



