/*-
 * Copyright (c) 2005 David Schultz <das@FreeBSD.ORG>
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <fenv.h>
#include <float.h>
#include <math.h>

/*
 * Fused multiply-add: Compute x * y + z with a single rounding error.
 *
 * We use scaling to avoid overflow/underflow, along with the
 * canonical precision-doubling technique adapted from:
 *
 *	Dekker, T.  A Floating-Point Technique for Extending the
 *	Available Precision.  Numer. Math. 18, 224-242 (1971).
 *
 * This algorithm is sensitive to the rounding precision.  FPUs such
 * as the i387 must be set in double-precision mode if variables are
 * to be stored in FP registers in order to avoid incorrect results.
 * This is the default on FreeBSD, but not on many other systems.
 *
 * Tests on an Itanium 2 indicate that the hardware's FMA instruction
 * is almost twice as fast as this implementation.  The hardware
 * instruction should be used on platforms that support it.
 *
 * XXX May incur an absolute error of 0x1p-1074 for subnormal results
 *     due to double rounding induced by the final scaling operation.
 *
 * XXX On machines supporting quad precision, we should use that, but
 *     see the caveat in s_fmaf.c.
 */
double
fma(double x, double y, double z)
{
	static const double split = 0x1p27 + 1.0;
	double xs, ys, zs;
	double c, cc, hx, hy, p, q, tx, ty;
	double r, rr, s;
	int oround;
	int ex, ey, ez;
	int spread;

	if (x == 0.0 || y == 0.0)
		return (z);
	if (z == 0.0)
		return (x * y);

	/* Results of frexp() are undefined for these cases. */
	if (!isfinite(x) || !isfinite(y) || !isfinite(z))
		return (x * y + z);

	xs = frexp(x, &ex);
	ys = frexp(y, &ey);
	zs = frexp(z, &ez);
	oround = fegetround();
	spread = ex + ey - ez;

	/*
	 * If x * y and z are many orders of magnitude apart, the scaling
	 * will overflow, so we handle these cases specially.  Rounding
	 * modes other than FE_TONEAREST are painful.
	 */
	if (spread > DBL_MANT_DIG * 2) {
		fenv_t env;
		feraiseexcept(FE_INEXACT);
		switch(oround) {
		case FE_TONEAREST:
			return (x * y);
		case FE_TOWARDZERO:
			if (x > 0.0 ^ y < 0.0 ^ z < 0.0)
				return (x * y);
			feholdexcept(&env);
			r = x * y;
			if (!fetestexcept(FE_INEXACT))
				r = nextafter(r, 0);
			feupdateenv(&env);
			return (r);
		case FE_DOWNWARD:
			if (z > 0.0)
				return (x * y);
			feholdexcept(&env);
			r = x * y;
			if (!fetestexcept(FE_INEXACT))
				r = nextafter(r, -INFINITY);
			feupdateenv(&env);
			return (r);
		default:	/* FE_UPWARD */
			if (z < 0.0)
				return (x * y);
			feholdexcept(&env);
			r = x * y;
			if (!fetestexcept(FE_INEXACT))
				r = nextafter(r, INFINITY);
			feupdateenv(&env);
			return (r);
		}
	}
	if (spread < -DBL_MANT_DIG) {
		feraiseexcept(FE_INEXACT);
		if (!isnormal(z))
			feraiseexcept(FE_UNDERFLOW);
		switch (oround) {
		case FE_TONEAREST:
			return (z);
		case FE_TOWARDZERO:
			if (x > 0.0 ^ y < 0.0 ^ z < 0.0)
				return (z);
			else
				return (nextafter(z, 0));
		case FE_DOWNWARD:
			if (x > 0.0 ^ y < 0.0)
				return (z);
			else
				return (nextafter(z, -INFINITY));
		default:	/* FE_UPWARD */
			if (x > 0.0 ^ y < 0.0)
				return (nextafter(z, INFINITY));
			else
				return (z);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Use Dekker's algorithm to perform the multiplication and
	 * subsequent addition in twice the machine precision.
	 * Arrange so that x * y = c + cc, and x * y + z = r + rr.
	 */
	fesetround(FE_TONEAREST);

	p = xs * split;
	hx = xs - p;
	hx += p;
	tx = xs - hx;

	p = ys * split;
	hy = ys - p;
	hy += p;
	ty = ys - hy;

	p = hx * hy;
	q = hx * ty + tx * hy;
	c = p + q;
	cc = p - c + q + tx * ty;

	zs = ldexp(zs, -spread);
	r = c + zs;
	s = r - c;
	rr = (c - (r - s)) + (zs - s) + cc;

	fesetround(oround);
	return (ldexp(r + rr, ex + ey));
}

