The plans involve increasing the number of trained nurses, therapists and other mental health professionals.
Jeremy Hunt said it was time to end the "historic imbalance" between mental and physical health services.
But Labour says the plans "offer little hope" to those already in the sector, "promising only jam tomorrow, when what is needed is action today".
The government said an extra Â£1bn already promised for mental health services in England will fund the scheme.
Ministers in England have previously acknowledged that the treatment offered to patients with mental health problems suffers in comparison with those with physical ailments.
In 2016, the government committed Â£1.3bn to transform mental health services in England, with a pledge to treat an extra one million patients by 2020-21.
These plans set out how some of that money will be spent - mostly on recruiting staff, with the main focus being on child and adolescent mental health services, therapists delivering talking therapies for adults and nurses working in crisis care.
The plans also include improving staff training, encouraging those who have left the profession to return, and addressing a high dropout rate among trainees.
However, data published last week showed that even before this latest recruitment drive, many thousands of nursing posts remain unfilled.
The current plans include:
Mr Hunt said: "We want people with mental health conditions to receive better treatment, and part of that means having the right NHS staff.
"We know we need to do much more to attract, retain and support the mental health workforce of the future - today is the first step to address this historic imbalance in workforce planning."
Mr Hunt said the measures were "ambitious" and amounted to "one of the biggest expansions of mental health services in Europe".
However, Labour's shadow minister for mental health, Barbara Keeley, said the government was "promising only jam tomorrow, when what is needed is action today".
"The workforce plan provides no real answers on how these new posts will be funded or how recruitment issues will be overcome," she added.
"And it offers little hope to those working in the sector faced with mounting workloads, low pay and poor morale."
Claire Murdoch, national mental health director at NHS England, said the plan was not just about numbers.
"It's about having a motivated and skilled workforce in place to deliver the work we need to do."
Prof Wendy Burn, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said 570 extra consultants had been promised in the plans.
"You would expect to see a consultant if you had cancer and the same applies for mental health.
"The biggest challenge to creating robust mental health services is the workforce. I am very supportive of this strategy which starts to tackle that problem."
But Janet Davies, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said the government's plans did not add up.
"There is already a dangerous lack of workforce planning and accountability and this report is unable to provide detail on how the ambitions will be met.
"It is clear the government will need to work hard just to get back to the number of specialist staff working in mental health services in 2010.
"Under this government, there are 5,000 fewer mental health nurses and that goes some way to explaining why patients are being failed."
Thousands more mental health workers are to be recruited by the NHS in England, the health secretary has said.