A contraceptive pill for women has been around for decades, but an equivalent for men has proved elusive.
A US study, published in the journal Cell, showed a drug could make mice temporarily infertile without hampering their sex drive.
Experts said the findings were "exciting", but needed tests in people.
It has been argued that the lack of a male contraceptive pill has contributed to the number of unplanned pregnancies.
One of the challenges is developing a drug which can cross over from the blood into the testes.
US researchers at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Baylor College of Medicine were testing a drug called JQ1. It targets a protein which exists only in the testes and is critical for sperm production.
The testes of mice taking the drug began to shrink as they produced fewer sperm, which were also less mobile. Some were rendered infertile.
When the animals were no longer taking the drug they were able to have babies.
One of the researchers, Dr James Bradner said: "This compound produces a rapid and reversible decrease in sperm count and motility with profound effects on fertility.
"These findings suggest that a reversible, oral male contraceptive may be possible."
Researchers hope to be able to target the same protein in men, however, more tests will be needed to show whether the drug is both safe and effective in people.
Dr Allan Pacey, senior lecturer in andrology at the University of Sheffield, told the BBC there was a need for such a pill.
"To date, most of the trials have attempted to stop sperm production by manipulating the male hormone testosterone through the use of injections or implants.
"These approaches work reasonably well, but none have yet made it to routine use. So the door is wide open for someone to develop a novel drug that doesn't rely on hormones."
He said it should be fairly easy to test this latest approach in humans.
Prof Moira O'Bryan, the head of male infertility at Monash University in Australia, said: "This is an exciting report that could have major scientific and social impacts."
She added: "The strong similarity between sperm production in the mouse and the human suggest that a variation of JQ1 may ultimately result in a human contraceptive.
"Although there is undoubtedly an urgent need for additional contraceptive options, the path between this paper and a new product is likely to be long."
Scientists believe they are a step closer in the difficult journey towards developing a male contraceptive pill, after successful studies in mice.