Manuel Sanguily Garritte
Manuel Sanguily (March 26, 1848 - January 23, 1925) was a Cuban statesmen, independence activist, historian, and patriot who participated in the Ten Years' War.

Biography
Early life
Manuel Sanguily y Garritte was born on March 26, 1848, in Havana, La Habana Province, Spanish Cuba. He was the younger brother of Julio Sanguily.President of The United States, Transmitting, in Response to Senate Resolution of the 6th of January, a Report from the Secretary of State Accompanied by Copies of Correspondence Concerning the Arrrest, Imprisonment, Trial, and Condemnation to Perpetual Imprisonment in Chains of Julio Sanguilty, a Citizen of the United States, by the Authorities of Spain in Cuba. (1897). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Sanguily was educated in his early years at the El Salvador school under the mentorship of José de la Luz y Caballero.Cuba and Its Right to Freedom. (1987). United States: Editorial Laurenty Pub..

Ten Years' War
From the United States, the Sanguily brothers landed in Camagüey Province on the Galvanic expedition led by Manuel de Quesada in December 1868.
Manuel Sanguily and nine other patriots managed to land on Cayo Romano, crossed by canoe to La Guanaja, and enlisted in the mambises infantry.La Enciclopedia de Cuba. (1974). Puerto Rico: Enciclopedia y Clásicos Cubanos.

He served as a colonel in the Cuban Liberation Army during the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).Tarragó, R. E. (2017). Understanding Cuba as a Nation: From European Settlement to Global Revolutionary Mission. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Before the war's end, Manuel left the island with his brother Julio in 1876, departing to the United States.

In April 1886, he published the text Habana while in Matanzas. After freedom of the press was implemented in Cuba in 1891, Sanguily expressed his separatist views in the Cuban press. In 1893, he published his widely known work Hojas Literarias.Hojas literarias. (1893). Cuba: A. del Monte.

Cuban War of Independence
Sanguily, who did not fight in the war of 1895, dedicated himself to journalism during his time in exile in the United States.Tarragó, R. E. (2017). Understanding Cuba as a Nation: From European Settlement to Global Revolutionary Mission. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Sanguily addressed a gathering of Cubans at Chickering Hall in New York City on May 19, 1896, in commemoration of José Martí's first death anniversary.The Cuban Republic and José Martí: Reception and Use of a National Symbol. (2006). United Kingdom: Lexington Books.

U.S. occupation of Cuba
In December 1898, Col. Manguily joined a Cuban delegation headed by Gen. Calixto García who met U.S. President William McKinley in Washington. McKinley used the meeting to address severance pay for the Cuban Liberation Army  following the Spanish–American War.Pérez, L. (2018). Sugar, Cigars, and Revolution: The Making of Cuban New York. United States: NYU Press. 

Sanguily represented Cuba at the First Hague Peace Conference in The Hague, Netherlands, which concluded on July 29, 1899.Biographic Register of the Department of State. (1917). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Appointed by the Military Governor of Cuba Leonard Wood's government, Manuel Sanguily became a professor of Rhetoric and Poetic Art at the Institute of Secondary Instruction of Havana on December 16, 1899. He was also named the institute's director.Annual Report of the Secretary of War. (1900). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.Human Rights Documents: Compilation of Documents Pertaining to Human Rights : U.S. Laws on Human Rights ; Basic U.N. Human Rights Instruments ; U.N. Instruments in Selected Human Rights Areas ; Regional Human Rights Instruments ; War Crimes and International Humanitarian Laws (laws of Armed Conflict) ; Human Rights Bodies Established by U.S. Laws Or Multilateral Instruments. (1983). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.

On February 16, 1900, American Chief of Staff Adna Chaffee announced that Sanguily had been appointed to a commission to formulate rules and regulations for municipal elections.Annual Report of the Secretary of War. (1901). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.

When Governor Leonard Wood introduced the Platt Amendment in March 1901, Sanguily proposed a new election for the public to vote on Cuba–United States relations and elect delegates to discuss the amendment. On September 28, 1901, Gen. Máximo Gómez led a manifesto, signed by Sanguily, Domingo Méndez Capote, Gonzalo de Quesada, and others, promoting the election of Tomás Estrada Palma before the 1901 Cuban general election.Foner, P. S. (1972). The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism Vol. 2: 1898–1902. United Kingdom: Monthly Review Press.

Manuel Sanguily was elected as a senator of Matanzas on February 24, 1902.Wood, L. (1902). Civil Report of the Military Governor, 1902: Civil orders and circulars issued from January 1st 1902 to May 20th 1902 ... Guggenheimer, Weil & co., printers, Baltimore, Md. United States: (n.p.). In 1902, a teacher certification guide in Cuba included contributions from Sanguily, Vidal Morales y Morales, Nicolás Heredia, Carlos de la Torre, Manuel Valdés Rodríguez, and Esteban Borrero.Iglesias Utset, M. (2011). A Cultural History of Cuba During the U.S. Occupation, 1898-1902. United States: University of North Carolina Press. The Board of Superintendents of Public Schools of the Island of Cuba approved it on November 25, 1903.Alvarez Conde, J. (1951). Carlos de la Torre, su vida y su obra. Cuba: Impr. 'El Siglo XX'.

thumb|Amending the treaty (). Cuban-American Reciprocity Bureau. Washington, D.C., 1903.
In 1903, the president of the Republic of Cuba Tomás Estrada Palma appointed Manuel Sanguily as Cuban Secretary of State. He was involved in the Bliss-Palma protocol, which included various provisions on sugar tariffs in the proposed treaty between the United States and Cuba.

Sanguily was President of the Senate in the Congress of Cuba from April 5, 1905, to April 11, 1906.

September 1906, marked the beginning of the Second Occupation of Cuba. In 1907, he attended the Second Hague Peace Conference in The Hague, Netherlands, as a delegate of Cuba.Dollero, A. (1916). Cuban Culture. Cuba: Impr. "El Siglo XX" de A. Miranda.

Secretary of State
Sanguily served as Minister of Foreign Affairs during the Gómez administration which began on January 28, 1909.Whitaker, J. (1913). An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord .... United Kingdom: J. Whitaker.Guerra, L. (2006). The Myth of José Martí: Conflicting Nationalisms in Early Twentieth-Century Cuba. United States: University of North Carolina Press. On July 14, 1910, an extradition treaty between Cuba and Venezuela was signed in Havana and Manuel Sanguily was assigned as the plenipotentiary.Supplement to the American Journal of International Law: Official Documents. (1913). United States: American Society of International Law. He served as the principal official and Secretary of State of the Republic of Cuba to the U.S. Department of State.Acts of Congress, Treaties, Proclamations, and Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, and Opinions of the Attorney General Relating to Noncontiguous Territory, Cuba and Santo Domingo, and to Military Affairs .... (1912). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office. He opened negotiations with the U.S. Ambassador in Cuba for a revision of the 1902 Reciprocity Treaty in February 1911.A study on Cuba: the colonial and republican periods, the socialist experiment, economic structure, institutional development, socialism and collectivization. (1965). (n.p.): University of Miami Press. Sanguily, acting as the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Cuba, made a speech at a banquet given by President Gómez to U.S. Secretary of State Philander Chase Knox, in Havana on April 11, 1912.Speeches Incident to the Visit of Philander Chase Knox, Secretary of State of the United States of America, to the Countries of the Caribbean. February 23 to April 17, 1912. (1913). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office. Secretary Sanguily met Knox at the Hotel Telégrafo on April 13, 1912, to address pending issues, with Arthur M. Beaupre also present.Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. (1918). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.

War of 1912
Amid the War of 1912, Sanguily, as Secretary of the Interior (), called for volunteers on May 23, 1912, registering 280 men at Castillo de Atarés in Havana to suppress the movement.Helg, A. (1995). Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912. United Kingdom: University of North Carolina Press.

He was named to the Commission of Statistics by President Gomez before the 1912 Cuban general election and appointed by President Mario García Menocal to be Inspector General of the Cuban National Army with the rank of brigadier general.The Cuba Review and Bulletin. (1913). United States: Munson Steamship Line.

Death
Manuel Sanguily died on January 23, 1925, in Havana, Cuba.

Honors
Following his death, a city and sugarmill in Pinar del Río, Cuba was named after him.Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts. (1963). United States: (n.p.). A stamp series was released on January 27, 1949, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Manuel Sanguily.Mackay, J. A. (1976). Encyclopedia of world stamps, 1945-1975. Brazil: McGraw-Hill.

References

Category:Cuban revolutionaries
Category:19th-century Cuban military personnel
Category:Cuban independence activists
Category:1848 births
Category:1925 deaths
Category:People of the Ten Years' War
Category:People from Havana