In response, Walmart threatened to stop all efforts to build in Chicago if it passed – prompting then Mayor Richard Daley to veto the bill, his first veto in 17 years. But today, with multiple stores now open in Chicago, the long-term impacts of Mayor Daley's veto have proven disastrous. In 2011, David Merriman and Joseph Persky conducted a study on the Walmart's Chicago impact noting: "Based on the disproportionate number of business closures close to Wal-Mart, we concluded that, after two years, the number of jobs lost by Wal-Mart's nearby retail competitors essentially offset the number of jobs created at the new Wal-Mart." As predicted, Walmart's first urban foothold did little to increase overall jobs, and in fact, decreased job standards and quality.