As required by the FCA, the court trebled the jury's damages award of $136 million to $406 million and imposed an additional $542 million in statutory penalties. CVS was held jointly and severally liable for $164.8 million of the penalties, reflecting its share of the false claims. Notably, the court rejected arguments that FCA penalties should be capped at a 1:1 ratio to actual damages, instead finding that a 4:1 ratio was constitutionally permissible given the egregious and deliberate nature of the violations. The judge specifically noted that "Omnicare was aware for years of the problems posed by its dispensing practices," yet failed to implement straightforward means of resolving the problems.