Traditionally, the battery recycling process involves a smelting process that results in high emissions and recovery of less than 50% of the materials. Li-Cycle recovers up to 95% of the materials found in lithium-ion batteries through its patented, Spoke & Hub Technologies™. The zero-waste process converts manufacturing scrap and end-of-life batteries into intermediate products, including "black mass," a powder substance containing cobalt, nickel, lithium and other valuable elements. The "black mass" is processed through a hydrometallurgical circuit to produce critical, battery grade-materials that can be returned to the economy. This minimizes the overall environmental footprint of the end-to-end resources recovery process and reduces the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions that would otherwise be produced from mining these finite resources.