She went on to rule that a range of licensing practices employed by the company caused anti-competitive harm, including its "no license, no chips" policy of supplying modem chips only on condition that mobile manufacturers agree to its license terms, charging unreasonably high royalty rates for standard essential patents (SEPs), and exclusive chip supply agreements. A permanent injunction was warranted, said the judge, and she recommended a number of remedies to address the concern that Qualcomm may repeat the infringements. Among these are a prohibition on Qualcomm making the supply of modem chips conditional on entering a license, a requirement to grant SEP licenses on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms, a bar on Qualcomm entering exclusive chip supply agreements, and a requirement for the company to submit to FTC monitoring for seven years.