Recent events involving major U.S. producers underscore this power vulnerability. In March 2023, Alcoa Corp announced the permanent closure of its 279,000 metric ton Intalco smelter, which had been idle since 2020. Alcoa said that the facility "cannot be competitive for the long-term," partly because it "lacks access to competitively priced power." Similarly, in June 2022, Century Aluminum, the largest U.S. primary aluminum producer, was forced to temporarily idle its massive Hawesville, Kentucky smelter – North America's largest producer of military-grade aluminum – citing a "direct result of skyrocketing energy costs." Century stated the power cost required to run the facility had "more than tripled the historical average in a very short period," necessitating a curtailment expected to last nine to twelve months until prices normalized.