While neither he, nor any Air Canada executive, cites WestJet by name, FlightGlobal schedules data shows that in September the low-cost carrier was the largest source of growth between Canada and Europe after Air Canada itself. Low-cost competition is here to stay across the Atlantic. Norwegian and WestJet both plan to expand, Ryanair chief Michael O'Leary has long talked of the potential for a transatlantic proposition, and JetBlue Airways has just announced that it has conversion rights to the long-range Airbus A321neo from 2019, something that would allow it to begin transatlantic flying from its Boston and New York bases. The combination of expanding LCCs, economic uncertainty and possible Brexit fallout paints a complicated picture for transatlantic flying going forward. While immunised joint ventures continue to control more than 80% of the market, carriers like American and United cannot continue to see yield declines while growing their already large share of the market.