SMCs constitute "external governance structures tasked either with formulating and/or applying rules or determining the discoverability or visibility of content on social networks in addition to or instead of the platforms; or tasked with monitoring the platform's activities relating thereto" ( Kettemann/Fertmann, 7). Examples for industry self-regulation are the prominent Meta Oversight Board, the Twitter Trust and Safety Council, the TikTok Content Advisory Council, European Safety Advisory Council and Diversity and Inclusion Council, the Spotify Safety Advisory Council, and Twitch's Safety Advisory Council. Meta's Oversight Board, while also fulfilling advisory functions, is often framed to have a quasi-judicial function, adjudicating over selected content moderation cases with binding effect on Meta ( Cowls et al. ); the other Councils are exclusively of advisory nature.