In Australia, the rapid growth of global battery demand will drive mining and downstream processing project activity for battery chemicals like lithium hydroxide, nickel sulphate, cobalt sulphate, high purity alumina, and vanadium pentoxide. The first lithium hydroxide refinery, owned by Tianqi Lithium Corp and IGO, is now undergoing major work to fix production bottlenecks. The second lithium hydroxide refinery, owned by Wesfarmers and SQM, is under construction, with first production expected in 2024. Pilbara Minerals and Calix are planning to construct a lithium phosphate refinery with a patented electric kiln technology that can reduce emission intensity and is powered by renewable energy.