Apart from European anti-trust concerns over Gazprom, the Nord Stream project has also drawn opposition from the United States, which is starting to tap into European markets with liquefied natural gas. Liquefied natural gas is a super-cooled product shipped over maritime transit routes, leaving it less exposed to geopolitical risk than piped gas. The U.S. State Department said that any company that engages in Nord Stream could run afoul of the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, which imposed sanctions last year on Iran, Russia, and North Korea. Gas could flow through TurkStream by late 2019.