Several states have EPR laws policies for specific products, such as carpet, mattresses, paint, etc., and at least two states have passed EPR laws on product packaging to date. Since EPR requirements effectively require producers, rather than states and municipalities, to finance the cost of recycling or proper disposal of products and packaging, one study asked whether producers subject to existing EPR policies for packaging policies simply pass on the increased recycling costs to consumers through product pricing. For instance, Maine's stewardship program for packaging exempts producers under certain gross revenue thresholds and assesses fees based on packaging volume and waste management costs; producer costs are not a direct percentage of sales or sale price, leaving open the potential for producers to recapture recycling costs in product pricing.