Disk supplier Seagate claims in its own report, "Decarbonizing Data," that, although SSDs use less electricity when active or idle than hard disk drives (HDDs), they are actually worse for the environment in emitted carbon terms because their production generates so much carbon as to outweigh their active life running cost advantage. Seagate based its calculations on a per-drive analysis and cited a 2023 paper submitted by University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of British Columbia to the journal Energy Informatics Review titled: " The Dirty Secret of SSDs: Embodied Carbon.