Notwithstanding all the clamor for increased board gender diversity, including by institutional investors such as BlackRock and State Street Global Advisors, the study found that "a staggering 20 percent of firms in the Russell 3000 index still have no female representatives on their board." While progress has occurred, as noted above, it has been slow. According to a recent study from Equilar, the percentage of women on the boards of the Russell 3000 increased from 18.0% to 18.5% in the fourth quarter of 2018, pushing the Equilar Gender Diversity Index to 0.37 (with 1.0 representing board gender parity). At that rate, gender parity would be expected by 2034.