Three main gene editing platforms are currently in use: zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effect proteins and the most recently discovered gene editing technology: clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and its CRISPR associated Cas proteins. In particular, the advent of the CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing system has revolutionised the field with its superior simplicity and versatility compared to previous designer nuclease technologies [ 34, 35, 36 ]. Even with the emergence of CRISPR–Cas9, delivery of nucleic acids into target cells and tissues remains a key bottleneck for clinical translation, owing to safety concerns associated with the use of viruses, and low transfection efficiency observed with non-viral delivery systems [ 34, 35, 36 ]. Viral vectors continue to be used as the primary delivery system in the CRISPR–Cas9 field; however, non-viral systems are emerging as a promising alternative [ 37 ].