The DEA's overstep is sadly consistent with its prior practice. In 2017, two lawsuits were filed against the DEA in connection with, among other things, the DEA's effort to categorize all CBD extract as a Schedule I substance, regardless of its source, including federally legal hemp, and to hold the DEA in contempt for failure to adhere to a court mandate issued in 2004, prohibiting DEA interference in hemp. In that mandate, the 9 th Circuit Court of Appeals invalidated a series of DEA "rules," thereby halting the criminalization of products derived from the non-psychoactive components of the cannabis plant expressly exempted from the definition of "marihuana" in the Controlled Substances Act (such as mature stalks, sterilized seed, etc.). In each lawsuit, the hemp industry prevailed.