A report from Northern Sky Research (NSR) suggests that satellite-based phone connectivity is "on the brink of mainstream adoption". NSR says that the latest collaboration agreements between likes of SpaceX, T-Mobile, Apple and Globalstar have reinforced the notion of early deployments. "Satellite operators AST SpaceMobile, Lynk and Omnispace are also advancing in partnership with mobile network leaders like Vodafone, Nokia and AT&T. Unlike technically proven (FSS-band) LEO-HTS satcom constellations requiring communication terminals, these new initiatives aim to deliver on the promise of direct satellite-to-regular-handset communications through cellular and MSS spectrum in areas unreachable by existing cell towers. Yet, architectural facets drive a wide set of capabilities ranging from asynchronous emergency texting to continuous voice and broadband data connectivity," says NSR.