Before the sanctions, India and the U.S. were other top destinations. PDVSA's largest customers, state-run CNPC and PetroChina through wide oil-for-debt deals, have not imported Venezuelan oil since the U.S. imposed secondary sanctions in 2020, so small refiners in China have been taking the Venezuelan cargoes instead. Before sanctions, PDVSA also had oil supply contracts with U.S. oil refiners including its Houston-based subsidiary Citgo Petroleum, Valero Energy and PBF Energy; India's Reliance Industries and Nayara Energy; and European firms such as Italy's Eni and Spain's Repsol.