Dǎɣ santo ən təbiɗawt taqalat, aliɣi ən wa dazaran harat ən tabarat tahusket əd amitkal ənes.
Context:Harwa dat ijji ən tamusne ən éleətrie, adinat aqalan atiwazaynen fal adabaratan ən kaləsse ən éleətroniq. Əkitban wən misrtan arunen iganen 2750 dat alwaq wananaɣ iganen fal imanan wən sund "Thunderer wan Nil", əd əknanen sund "emagu" ən imanan iyad dak. Imadanan ən électrique aqalan deɣqanen atiwazayan aywadan efdan ən wətyan darat awen fal imusanən ad imusənan ən greətan arunen, romaintan ad araban. Imaɣran ajjotnen n aru chund Pliny wa maqqoran d Scribonius Largus allaɣen fal assahat n electric shock ijjanen s electric catfish d electric ray tan tolas issanan as shock tan chund win addoben ad ikrichan haratan wi s itawan conductor tan Addinat wi ilanen torhinnawen chund gout meɣ tazzarat n eɣaf ijjan ad issinan imanan n as tadlimt tan assahat t addobat a tan isassaɣru Əmigridan arunen dǎɣ Mediterranée əssənan as haratan iyad, sund timətawen ən amber, adoben adiqilan aygan dǎɣ təmuqunt tan amass fal adakal haratan ən təmuqunen sund təzunawen. Thales wan Miletus ikna iddikud n ikayadan fal static electricity edes n awatay wan 600 data annabi ɣisa, s inta as orda as anmarha ijjan amber magnetic, s anmizlay n mineral tan chund magnetite war ilen arori Thales war eqqel tiditt daɣ amedran n as tarha taqqal fal magnetic effect mucham science tan darat awa t amos aharoj jir magnetism d electricity Daɣ awa allaɣat ta-ite tan majrad, Parthians addobat a ilan musnat n electroplating, ijjan fal ag-az n Baghdad Battery daɣ awatay wan 1936 olahan id galvanic cell kuddeɣ as war eha ach-ak as artefact eqqal electrical daɣ almaɣna net Electricity taqqal harat n musnat har awatay wan 1600, alwaq wa id scientist wan England William Gilbert iktab De Magnete, s ijja teɣare n electricity d magnetism, izlay jir lodestone effect d static electricity id izjar nen s amber Ijja isim wan Latin eynayan electricus ("wan amber" meɣ "chund amber", elektron, isim wan Greek wan "amber") i ad isilmad fal samal n iji n haratan madroynen darat as ikras "Asidu wen eway id ismawan win tangilist ""electric"" d ""electricity"", id izjaran s tizarat daɣ alkittab n Pseudodoxia Epidemica wan Thomas Browne daɣ awatay wan 1646" Alxidmat tiyyad ijja daɣ awatay wan 1700 d tizarat n awatay wan 1800 s Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray d CF du Fay Darat awa daɣ awatay wan 1800, Benjamin Franklin ijja farak ajjen daɣ elektrik, isassaɣraw ilalan net i ad isassaɣir alxidmat net Dǎɣ juin 1752, eqal atiwazayan fal adigiš adabaratan ən métal dǎɣ amas ən tabarat tan kətit taśohet əd igig ən kətit dǎɣ əmik ən əmik ən əmik ən əmik. Ijjit n tisirad tijja ɣur tisirad har ammas n afus net issikna as tadlimt taqqal a id eqqalan elektrik Ikfa isalan fal alxal n Leyden jar s eqqal asuj n aɣazan n iddikud maqqoran n tadogant n efew daɣ awa id eqqalan efew eha iddikud n tadogant d tadogant Daɣ awatay wan 1775, Hugh Williamson iktab i Royal Society fal amiyiz n amiyiz wan electric eel; daɣ awatay wen daɣ, surgeon d anatomist John Hunter afissaran edey n ichrutan win electric n ehare Daɣ awatay wan 1791, Luigi Galvani ijja efes net wan bioelectromagnetics, issikna as électricity taqqal a fal neuron tan ikfan ismawan i muscles Batir tan win Alessandro Volta, meɣ voltaic pile, daɣ awatay wan 1800, ijjan s layer tan n zinc d copper, ikf-an sicentist tan edag n assahat n elèktrik olaɣan fal imakin tan win electrostatic s kala axdaman Afaham n electromagnetism, tartit n electric d magnetic phenomena, eqqal fal Hans Christian Ørsted d André-Marie Ampère daɣ awatay wan 1819-1820. Michael Faraday ijjan electric motor daɣ awatay wan 1821 d Georg Ohm ijja amiyiz n matematik n circuit wan electric daɣ awatay wan 1827 Electricity d magnetism (d efew) aqqalan a orakan James Clerk Maxwell hullan daɣ "On Physical Lines of Force" daɣ awatay wan 1861 d 1862. Ahuskat as santo ən 19e temede nawatay igan təwaƭ ən šik dǎɣ təmusne tan éleətronique, samando ən 19e temede nawatay igan təwaƭ ta maqarat dǎɣ génie éleətronique. Dǎɣ adinat sund Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1er Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla əd George Westinghouse, électrique ataqal aygašan dǎɣ tarha ən tənumaq dǎɣ lalan wi amutaynen fal tamudre ta taynayat. Daɣ awatay wan 1887, Heinrich Hertz ijraw as electrodes idaynen s ultraviolet light iknanat tiɣiswen n elektrik s alxidmat Dǎɣ 1905, Albert Einstein iliɣat əšiɣil iyan igan aliɣi ən salan ən təmusne ən əšiɣil ən fotoélectrique sund adiqil agaraw ən aśahat ən tanure aqalnen atiwafan dǎɣ əmik iyan ən əmik wan quantique, itaganen éleətrontan. Ajaraw wen eraw id amutti wan quantum Einstein igraw alhak wan Nobel daɣ Physics daɣ awatay wan 1921 fal "afuk net n achareɣa wan photoelectric effect" Aśahat ən fotoélectrique eqalan deɣqanen amitkalan dǎɣ fotocellules atamosnen adobatnen adiqilan atiwagrawan dǎɣ tabarawen ən tafuk. "Imik wa ezzaran n solid-state eqqal ""cat's-whisker detector"" exdam s tizarat daɣ awatay wan 1900 daɣ radio receivers" Waya tan olahnen ən tisigwen aqalan aygan dǎɣ samando ən əkristall assohen (sund əkristall ən germanium) fal agaraw ən əmik ən radio fal əšiɣil ən təbiɗawt ən samando. Daɣ solid-state component, amarad eqal aygan dǎɣ haratan oɣadnen əd asirtay iganen dǎɣ təbiɗawt fal asimutiy əd asiwid ənes. Aɣeš wan amarad adobat adiqil atiwagan dǎɣ əsin əmikan: sund éleətrontan winan ila əšiɣil, əd sund əšiɣilan winan ila əšiɣil ən éleətrontan atiwazaynen fal salan. Charge tan win d izirwan aqqalan a afhamen daɣ awa id eqqalan quantum physics Harkuk, isuj n edey eqqal semiconductor crystalline Electronic solid-state ewad iddikud net s tiw-at n teknoloji tan transistor Transistor wa ezzaran exdam, transistor n titbaqqet n contact ijjan germanium, ijja John Bardeen d Walter Houser Brattain daɣ Bell Labs daɣ awatay wan 1947, ilkam transistor wan bipolar junction daɣ awatay wan 1948
"Imik wa ezzaran n solid-state eqqal ""cat's-whisker detector"" exdam s tizarat daɣ awatay wan 1900 daɣ radio receivers" Waya tan olahnen ən tisigwen aqalan aygan dǎɣ aśuhu dǎɣ əmik ən cristal oɣadan (sund cristal ən germanium) fal agaraw ən əmik ən radio dǎɣ əšiɣil ən təbiɗawt ən aśuhu.