Fingqa umlando we-NATO
Context:Isivumelwano saseDunkirk sasayinwa yiFrance ne-United Kingdom ngomhlaka 4 Mashi 1947, ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili nokuqala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, njengesivumelwano sokusebenzisana kanye nosizo oluhlangene uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa yiJalimane noma iSoviet Union. Ngo-March 1948, lesi sibopho sanwetshwa eSivumelwaneni saseBrussels ukuze sihlanganise namazwe aseBenelux, akha iNhlangano Yesivumelwano SaseBrussels, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi iWestern Union. Izingxoxo zokwakha umfelandawonye wamasosha obanzi, owawuzohlanganisa iNyakatho Melika, zaqala futhi kulelo nyanga e-United States, lapho inqubomgomo yabo yezangaphandle ngaphansi kwe-Truman Doctrine yayikhuthaza ubumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokumelene nezenzo ababezibheka njengokuhlasela kwamaKhomanisi, njengokudutshulwa kukaFebhuwari 1948 eCzechoslovakia. Lezi zingxoxo zaphumela ekusayinweni kweSivumelwano SaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic ngo-April 4, 1949 amazwe angamalungu eWestern Union kanye ne-United States, iCanada, iPortugal, i-Italy, iNorway, iDenmark ne-Iceland. Isithunywa sevangeli saseCanada uLester B. Pearson wayengumbhali oyinhloko nomhleli walesi sivumelwano.  Igumbi elide elingunxande elinemigqa eminingi yabantu abahlezi ohlangothini ngalunye, namafulegi alenga ekugcineni. IGerman West yajoyina i - NATO ngo - 1955, okwaholela ekwakhekeni kwe - Warsaw Pact ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi. ISivumelwano SaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic sasingasebenzi kwaze kwaba yilapho iMpi YaseKorea iqalisa ukusungulwa kweNATO ukuze isetshenziswe ngesakhiwo sezempi esihlanganisiwe. Lokhu kwahlanganisa ukwakhiwa kweSupreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) ngo-1951, eyamukela izakhiwo eziningi zezempi nezinhlelo zeWestern Union, kufaka phakathi izivumelwano zabo zokwenza imishini ibe ejwayelekile kanye nezivumelwano zokumisa amabutho ezempi angaphandle emazweni aseYurophu. Ngo-1952, kwamiswa isikhundla sikaNobhala-Jikelele we-NATO njengenhloko yomphakathi yenhlangano. Ngalowo nyaka futhi kwaqhutshwa izivivinyo zokuqala ezinkulu zasolwandle ze-NATO, i-Exercise Mainbrace kanye nokujoyina kweGreece neTurkey kule nhlangano. Ngemva kwezingqungquthela zaseLondon naseParis, iNtshonalanga Jalimane yavunyelwa ukuba ihlome kabusha ngokwempi, njengoba yajoyina i-NATO ngoMeyi ka-1955, okwaba yisici esiyinhloko ekwakhiweni kweSivumelwano saseWarsaw esibuswa yiSoviet, esahlukanisa izinhlangothi ezimbili eziphikisanayo zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi.  Ukwakhiwa koDonga LwaseBerlin ngo-1961 kwaphawula ukuphakama kwezingxabano zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, lapho amabutho ase-US angu-400 000 ayemise eYurophu. Ukungabaza ngokuqina kobudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu ne-United States kwahamba kancane, kanye nokungabaza ngokuthembeka kokuzivikela kwe-NATO ngokumelene nokuhlasela kweSoviet okungenzeka <unk> ukungabaza okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuvinjelwa kwe-nuclear yaseFrance nokuhoxiswa kweFrance esakhiweni sezempi se-NATO ngo-1966. Ngo-1982, iSpain eyayisanda kuthola umbuso wentando yeningi yajoyina le nhlangano.  Izinguquko zika-1989 eYurophu zaholela ekuhloleni kabusha amasu enhloso ye-NATO, uhlobo, imisebenzi, nokugxila ezwenikazi. Ngo-Okthoba 1990, i-East Germany yaba yingxenye yeFederal Republic of Germany kanye ne-alliance, kwathi ngoNovemba 1990, i-alliance yasayina iSivumelwano se-Conventional Armed Forces e-Europe (CFE) eParis neSoviet Union. Yagunyaza ukuncishiswa okuqondile kwezempi kulo lonke izwekazi, okwaqhubeka ngemuva kokuwa kweSivumelwano SaseWarsaw ngoFebhuwari 1991 nokuhlakazwa kweSoviet Union ngoDisemba lowo, okwasusa izitha eziyinhloko ze-NATO. Lokhu kwaqala ukunciphisa izindleko zempi nemishini eYurophu. Isivumelwano se-CFE savumela abasayinile ukuba basuse izingcezu zezikhali ezivamile ezingu-52,000 eminyakeni eyishumi nesithupha eyalandela, futhi savumela ukusetshenziswa kwezimali kwezempi ngamalungu aseYurophu e-NATO ukuba kwehle ngamaphesenti angu-28 kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-2015. Ngo - 1990 abaholi abaningana baseNtshonalanga baqinisekisa uMikhail Gorbachev ukuthi i - NATO yayingeke yandise empumalanga, njengoba kwembulwe imemorandamu yezingxoxo zangasese. Nokho, umbhalo wokugcina weSivumelwano Sokuxazululwa Kokugcina Ngokuphathelene neJalimane, esasayinwa kamuva ngalowo nyaka, wawungenayo indaba yokwanda ngasempumalanga.  Izingxenye ezimbili zikakhonkolo odongeni olude oluphambi kwesakhiwo esigobile esinamafasitela aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukuwa koDonga LwaseBerlin ngo - 1989 kwaphawula ushintsho olukhulu endimeni ye - NATO eYurophu, futhi le ngxenye yodonga manje isiboniswa ngaphandle kwendlunkulu ye - NATO. Ngawo-1990, le nhlangano yandisa imisebenzi yayo yaba yizimo zezombusazwe nezenhlalakahle ezazingakaze zibe yizinkinga ze-NATO. Ngesikhathi sokuQhekeka kweYugoslavia, inhlangano yaqhuba ukungenelela kwayo kokuqala kwezempi eBosnia kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-1995 futhi kamuva neYugoslavia ngo-1999. Lezi zingxabano zabangela ukuhlelwa kabusha okukhulu kwezempi ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Isakhiwo sezempi se-NATO sancishiswa futhi sahlelwa kabusha, kwamiswa amabutho amasha njenge-Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps.  Ngokwezombusazwe, inhlangano yafuna ubudlelwano obungcono namazwe asanda kuzimela aseCentral naseMpumalanga Yurophu, futhi kwasungulwa izinkundla zezombusazwe zokubambisana kwesifunda phakathi kweNATO nomakhelwane bayo phakathi nalesi sikhathi sangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kufaka phakathi i-Partnership for Peace kanye nesinyathelo se-Mediterranean Dialogue ngo-1994, i-Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council ngo-1997, kanye ne-NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council ngo-1998. Engqungqutheleni yaseWashington ngo-1999, iHungary, iPoland, neCzech Republic zajoyina ngokusemthethweni i-NATO, futhi lenhlangano yakhipha neziqondiso ezintsha zobulungu "ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zobulungu". Lezi zinhlelo zazilawula ukwengezwa kwamalungu amasha esivumelwano. Ukukhethwa kukaMongameli waseFrance uNicolas Sarkozy ngo-2007 kwaholela ekuguqulweni okukhulu kwesimo sezempi saseFrance, okwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokubuyela ebulungwini obugcwele ngo-4 Ephreli 2009, okwakubandakanya neFrance ukujoyina kabusha i-NATO Military Command Structure, ngenkathi igcina isithiyo senuzi esizimele.  Isigaba 5 sesivumelwano saseNyakatho ye-Atlantic, esifuna amazwe angamalungu ukuba asize noma yiliphi izwe elingamalungu elihlaselwa yizibhamu, sasetshenziswa okokuqala futhi kuphela ngemva kokuhlaselwa kukaSeptemba 11, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwathunyelwa amabutho e-Afghanistan ngaphansi kwe-ISAF eholwa yi-NATO. Le nhlangano isebenze ngemisebenzi eminingi eyengeziwe kusukela lapho, kufaka phakathi ukuthumela abaqeqeshi e-Iraq, ukusiza ekusebenzeni kokulwa nobugebengu, futhi ngo-2011 ukuphoqelela indawo yokungahambi ngezindiza phezu kweLibya ngokuhambisana ne-UN Security Council Resolution 1973.  Ukuhlanganiswa kweCrimea yiRussia kwaholela ekulahlweni okunamandla yiwo wonke amalungu e-NATO, futhi kwaba ngesinye sezikhathi eziyisikhombisa lapho i-Article 4, ebiza ukubonisana phakathi kwamalungu e-NATO, isetshenzisiwe. Izikhathi zangaphambilini zifaka phakathi iMpi yase-Iraq neMpi Yombango yaseSyria. Engqungqutheleni ka-2014 eWales, abaholi bamazwe angamalungu e-NATO bazibophezela ngokokuqala ngqá ngokusemthethweni ukuchitha okulingana okungenani namaphesenti amabili omkhiqizo wabo ophelele wasekhaya kwezokuphepha ngo-2024, obekulokhu kuyisiqondiso esingekho emthethweni kuphela. Engqungqutheleni ka-2016 eWarsaw, amazwe e-NATO avumelana ngokwakhiwa kwe-NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, eyathumela amaqembu amane empi ahlukahlukene e-Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania nasePoland. Ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokuhlasela kweRussia i-Ukraine ngo-2022, amazwe amaningana e-NATO athumela amasosha omhlaba, imikhumbi yempi nezindiza zokulwa ukuqinisa i-eastern flank yomfelandawonye, futhi amazwe amaningi aphinde asebenzisa i-Article 4. NgoMashi 2022, abaholi be-NATO bahlangana eBrussels engqungqutheleni engajwayelekile eyayihlanganisa nabaholi be-Group of Seven kanye ne-European Union. Amazwe angamalungu e-NATO avuma ukusungula ama-battlegroup amane engeziwe eBulgaria, eHungary, eRomania naseSlovakia, futhi izinto ze-NATO Response Force zaqala ukusebenza okokuqala ngqa emlandweni we-NATO.  Kusukela ngoJuni 2022, i-NATO yayibeke amasosha angu-40 000 ngasohlangothini lwayo olusempumalanga olungamakhilomitha angu-2 500 ukuze idikibalise ukuhlasela kweRussia. Abangaphezu kwesigamu saleli nani baye bathunyelwa eBulgaria, eRomania, eHungary, eSlovakia, nasePoland, amazwe amahlanu ahlanganisa ibutho elikhulu elihlangene elaliyibutho le - NATO elinamabutho angu - 259 000. Ukuze kwengezwe iButho Lomoya LaseBulgaria, iSpain yathumela ama-Eurofighter Typhoon, iNetherlands yathumela izindiza eziyisishiyagalombili zokuhlasela i-F-35, futhi izindiza ezengeziwe zokuhlasela zaseFrance nezaseMelika nazo zazizokufika maduze.  I-NATO inokusekelwa umphakathi kuwo wonke amazwe ayo angamalungu.
Inhlangano ye-North Atlantic Treaty (i-NATO, isiFulentshi: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord), noma iNorth Atlantic Alliance, i-Atlantic Alliance, i-Western Alliance, iyinhlangano yezempi. Yasungulwa iSivumelwano SaseNyakatho ye - Atlantic ngo - 1949 futhi yasayinwa eWashington, DC, e - United States, ngo - April 4, 1949. Amalungu ayo ngo-1949 kwakungu-United States, iBelgium, iNetherlands, iLuxembourg, iFrance, i-United Kingdom, iCanada, iPortugal, i-Italy, iNorway, iDenmark ne-Iceland. NgoFebruary 18, 1952, iGrisi neTurkey nazo zajoyina.  Lapho iNtshonalanga Jalimane ijoyina le nhlangano ngoMeyi 9, 1955 kwachazwa ngokuthi "isikhathi esinqunyiwe emlandweni wezwekazi lethu" nguHalvard Lange, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle waseNorway ngaleso sikhathi. Umphumela waba iSivumelwano SaseWarsaw, esasayinwa ngoMeyi 14, 1955 yiSoviet Union kanye namazwe ayo ayesekela i-NATO.  Ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngo-1999, amazwe amathathu ayengawamaKhomanisi, iHungary, iCzech Republic nePoland, ajoyina iNATO. Ngo - March 29, 2004, amanye amazwe ayisikhombisa aseNyakatho Yurophu naseMpumalanga Yurophu ajoyina i - NATO: i - Estonia, iLatvia neLithuania kanye neSlovenia, iSlovakia, iBulgaria neRomania.  I-Croatia ne-Albania zathola isimemo sokuba amalungu e-NATO ngo-April 3, 2008. IRiphabhulikhi yaseMakedoniya yathola isimemo kuphela esinemibandela ngoba yavinjelwa yiGreece ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwegama layo neGreece.  IMontenegro yajoyina ngomhlaka 5 Juni 2017. Ngemuva kokushintsha igama layo ukuqeda impikiswano, iNyakatho Macedonia yajoyina i-NATO ngomhlaka-27 Mashi 2020 futhi yaba yilungu layo lama-30. I-Ireland yajoyina ngokusemthethweni i-NATO ngomhlaka-8 Septhemba 2020 njengombukeli.  Ngo-Ephreli 2023, iFinland yajoyina i-NATO, kulandela imizamo yokujoyina kusukela ngo-2022 lapho iRussia ihlasela i-Ukraine.