Pfupisa nhoroondo yeNATO
Context:Chibvumirano cheDunkirk chakasainwa neFrance neUnited Kingdom musi wa 4 Kurume 1947, mushure meHondo Yenyika II uye kutanga kweHondo Yemashoko, seChibvumirano cheAlliance uye Mutual Assistance muchiitiko chekurwiswa kweGerman kana Soviet Union. Muna March 1948, mubatanidzwa uyu wakawedzerwa muChibvumirano cheBrussels kuti ubatanidze nyika dzeBenelux, dzichiumba Sangano reChibvumirano cheBrussels, rinowanzozivikanwa seWestern Union. Kurukurirano dzechibvumirano chakakura chamauto, icho chaigona kubatanidza North America, dzakatangawo mwedzi iwoyo muUnited States, uko mutemo wayo wokunze pasi peTruman Doctrine wakasimudzira kubatana kwamarudzi ose mukurwisana nezviito zvavakaona sekupandukira kwechiKomonisiti, zvakadai seFebruary 1948 coup d'état muCzechoslovakia. Nhaurirano idzi dzakaguma nokusainwa kweNorth Atlantic Treaty musi wa4 April 1949 nenhengo dzenyika dzeWestern Union pamwe chete neUnited States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, neIceland. Mumiriri weCanada Lester B. Pearson akanga ari munyori anokosha nomunyori wesungano yacho.  Kamuri refu rectangular ine mitsara yakawanda yevanhu vakagara kurutivi rumwe norumwe, uye mireza yakarembera kumugumo. West Germany yakabatana neNATO muna 1955, iyo yakatungamirira kukuumbwa kweWarsaw Pact inokwikwidzana mukati meHondo Yemashoko. Chibvumirano cheNorth Atlantic chakanga chisina basa zvikuru kutozosvikira Hondo yeKorea yatanga kugadzwa kweNATO kuti iite kuti ive nechimiro chemauto chakabatana. Izvi zvaisanganisira kuumbwa kweSupreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) muna 1951, iyo yakatora akawanda emasangano nemazano ehondo eWestern Union, kusanganisira zvibvumirano zvavo zvekuenzanisa michina uye zvibvumirano zvekuisa mauto ekunze munyika dzeEurope. Muna 1952, chinzvimbo choMunyori Mukuru weNATO chakagadzwa somukuru mukuru wehurumende musangano racho. Gore iroro rakaonawo kutanga kukuru kweNATO kudzidzira gungwa, Exercise Mainbrace uye kubatana kweGreece neTurkey kusangano. Zvichitevera misangano yeLondon neParis, West Germany yakabvumidzwa kuunganidzazve zvombo zvehondo, sezvo vakabatana neNATO muna Chivabvu 1955, iyo yaive, zvakare, chinhu chikuru mukugadzirwa kweSoviet-inotungamirwa Warsaw Pact, ichitsanangura mativi maviri anopesana eHondo Yemashoko.  Kuvakwa kweRusvingo rweBerlin muna 1961 kwakaratidzira kukwirira kwokusanzwisisana kweHondo Yemashoko, apo mauto eU.S. 400 000 akanga akaiswa muEurope. Kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pesimba reukama pakati penyika dzeEurope neUnited States kwakaramba kuchiderera, pamwe chete nokusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekuvimbika kwekudzivirirwa kweNATO pakurwiswa kweSoviet kunotarisirwa - kusava nechokwadi kwakatungamirira kukudziridzwa kweFrance yakazvimirira yezvombo zvenyukireya uye kubviswa kweFrance kubva muchimiro cheuto reNATO muna 1966. Muna 1982, Spain yakanga ichangobva kuva yorusununguko yakabatana nesangano racho.  Shanduko dza1989 muEurope dzakatungamirira kukuongororwazve kwamarongero kwechinangwa cheNATO, mavara, mabasa, uye kunangidzirwa mukondinendi. Muna October 1990, East Germany yakava chikamu cheFederal Republic yeGermany uye mubatanidzwa, uye muna November 1990, mubatanidzwa wakasaina Chibvumirano cheConventional Armed Forces muEurope (CFE) muParis neSoviet Union. Yakarayira kuderedzwa kwemauto kwakananga mukondinendi yose, uko kwakaenderera mberi mushure mekuparara kweWarsaw Pact muna Kukadzi 1991 nekuparadzwa kweSoviet Union muna Zvita iwoyo, izvo zvakabvisa vavengi vakuru veNATO. Ikoku kwakatanga kuderedzwa kwemari yokurwisa nezvombo muEurope. Chibvumirano cheCFE chakabvumira vanyori kubvisa zvombo zvechiuto 52 000 mumakore gumi nematanhatu akatevera, uye chakabvumira mari yechiuto nenhengo dzeNATO dzokuEurope kuderera nezvikamu 28 kubva muzana kubva muna 1990 kusvika muna 2015. Muna 1990 vimbiso dzakapiwa navatungamiriri vanoverengeka vokuMadokero kuna Mikhail Gorbachev dzokuti NATO yaisazowedzera mberi kumabvazuva, sezvakaratidzwa nemiromo yehurukuro dzomunhu oga. Zvisinei, rugwaro rwokupedzisira rweSungano yeGadziriro Yokupedzisira Pamusoro peGermany, yakasainwa gare gare gore iroro, rwakanga rusina kutaura nezvenhau yokuwedzera kumabvazuva.  Zvikamu zviviri zvekongiri zvemadziro muuswa hwemazambiringa pamberi pechivako chakakombama chine mahwindo egirazi rebhuruu. Kuwa kweRusvingo rweBerlin muna 1989 kwakaratidza kuchinja kukuru mubasa reNATO muEurope, uye chikamu ichi chorusvingo zvino chinoratidzwa kunze kwedzimbahwe reNATO. Mumakore ekuma1990, sangano rakawedzera mabasa aro mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika uye evanhu ayo akanga asati ambove nehanya neNATO. Munguva yekuparara kweYugoslavia, sangano rakaita kupindira kwaro kwemauto kwekutanga muBosnia kubva muna 1992 kusvika muna 1995 uye gare gare muYugoslavia muna 1999. Kurwisana uku kwakakonzera kuchinja kukuru kwemauto pakapera Hondo Yemashoko. Chimiro chemauto cheNATO chakaderedzwa ndokurongwazve, nemasimba matsva akadai seMuzinda weAllied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps yakagadzwa.  Mune zvematongerwo enyika, sangano iri rakatsvaga hukama huri nani nenyika dzichangobva kuzvitonga dzeCentral neEastern Europe, uye maforamu edzimhosva ekushandira pamwe kwenzvimbo pakati peNATO nevavakidzani vayo akagadzirwa mukati menguva iyi mushure meCold War, kusanganisira Kubatana kweRunyararo uye chirongwa cheMediterranean Dialogue muna 1994, Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council muna 1997, uye NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council muna 1998. Pamusangano wepamusoro weWashington wa1999, Hungary, Poland, neCzech Republic zvakabatana zviri pamutemo neNATO, uye sangano racho rakabudisawo nhungamiro itsva dzokuva nhengo ne"Zvirongwa Zvokutarisira Kuva Nhengo" zvomunhu oga. Zvirongwa izvi zvakaronga kuwedzerwa kwaizoitwa dzimwe nhengo itsva dzesangano racho. Kusarudzwa kweMutungamiri weFrance Nicolas Sarkozy muna 2007 kwakatungamira kune shanduko huru yechinzvimbo chemauto eFrance, chakaguma nekudzokera kunhengo izere musi wa4 Kubvumbi 2009, iyo yaisanganisirawo France kudzokera kuNATO Military Command Structure, uku ichichengetedza yakazvimirira yenyukireya.  Nyaya 5 yeNorth Atlantic treaty, inoda kuti nyika dziri nhengo dziuye kuzobatsira nyika ipi neipi iri nhengo iri kurwiswa nezvombo, yakashandiswa kekutanga uye chete mushure mekurwiswa kwaSeptember 11, mushure mekunge mauto aendeswa kuAfghanistan pasi peNATO inotungamirirwa neISAF. Sangano rakaita mabasa akawanda kubvira ipapo, kusanganisira kutumira varairidzi kuIraq, kubatsira mumabasa ekurwisa kupamba, uye muna 2011 kumanikidza nzvimbo isina kubhururuka pamusoro peLibya maererano neUN Security Council Resolution 1973.  Kubatanidzwa kweRussia kweCrimea kwakatungamirira kukutsoropodzwa kwakasimba nenhengo dzose dzeNATO, uye yakanga iri imwe yenguva nomwe kuti Article 4, iyo inodaidzira kubvunzana pakati penhengo dzeNATO, yakashandiswa. Nguva dzapakuvamba dzakabatanidzwa mukati meHondo yeIraq neHondo yeVanhu yeSyria. Pamusangano wa2014 wekuWales, vatungamiri venyika dziri nhengo dzeNATO vakazvipira kekutanga kushandisa mari inoenzana ne2 muzana yezvigadzirwa zvavo zvemunyika kudzivirirwa panosvika gore ra2024, iyo yaingova nhungamiro isiri yepamutemo. Pamusangano we2016 weWarsaw, nyika dzeNATO dzakabvumirana pakugadzirwa kweNATO Enhanced Forward Presence, iyo yakashandisa mapoka mana ehondo ehondo dzakawanda muEstonia, Latvia, Lithuania, nePoland. Pamberi uye panguva yekupinda kweRussia muUkraine muna 2022, nyika dzinoverengeka dzeNATO dzakatumira mauto epasi, ngarava dzehondo uye ndege dzehondo kusimbisa rutivi rwekumabvazuva rwesangano, uye nyika dzinoverengeka dzakashandisazve Chinyorwa 4. Muna Kurume 2022, vatungamiri veNATO vakasangana muBrussels kumusangano unoshamisa waibatanidzawo vatungamiri veGroup of Seven neEuropean Union. Nyika dziri nhengo dzeNATO dzakabvumirana kugadza mamwe mapoka mana ehondo muBulgaria, Hungary, Romania, neSlovakia, uye zvinhu zveNATO Response Force zvakaitwa kuti zvivepo kokutanga munhoroondo yeNATO.  Kubva muna Chikumi 2022, NATO yakanga yaendesa mauto e40,000 kumativi ayo ekumabvazuva akareba makiromita 2,500 (1,550 mi) kudzivirira kurwisa kweRussia. Inopfuura hafu yenhamba iyi yakaiswa muBulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, nePoland, idzo nyika shanu dzinobatanidza simba guru rakabatana raichimbova NATO ravarwi 259 000. Kuzadza Mauto Emhepo eBulgaria, Spain yakatumira Eurofighter Typhoons, Netherlands yakatumira ndege dzokurwisa dzeF-35, uye dzimwe ndege dzokurwisa dzeFrance neUnited States dzaizosvika nokukurumidza.  NATO ine rutsigiro rwevanhu munyika dzayo dziri nhengo.
Sangano reNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO, French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord), kana kuti North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance, Western Alliance, mubatanidzwa wemauto. Yakagadzwa neNorth Atlantic Treaty muna 1949 uye yakasainwa muWashington, DC, United States, pana April 4, 1949. Nhengo dzaro muna 1949 dzakanga dziri United States, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark neIceland. Pana February 18, 1952, Greece neTurkey zvakabatanawo.  Apo West Germany yakabatana nesangano musi wa9 May 1955 yakarondedzerwa se"chinhu chinokosha munhau yekondinendi yedu" naHalvard Lange, Gurukota rezvekunze reNorway panguva iyoyo., mugumisiro wacho waiva Chibvumirano cheWarsaw, chakasainwa musi wa14 May 1955 neSoviet Union nenyika dzayo dze satellite semhinduro kuNATO.  Pashure peHondo Yemashoko muna 1999 nyika nhatu dzaichimbova dzechiKomonisiti, Hungary, Czech Republic, nePoland dzakabatana neNATO. Musi waMarch 29, 2004, dzimwe nyika nomwe dzokuchamhembe kweEurope uye dzokuEastern Europe dzakabatana neNATO: Estonia, Latvia neLithuania uyewo Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, neRomania.  Croatia neAlbania zvakagamuchira kokero yokuva nhengo dzeNATO pana 3 April 2008. Republic of Macedonia yakagamuchira kokero bedzi ine migariro nemhaka yokuti yakarambidzwa neGreece nemhaka yekukakavadzana kwayo nezita neGreece.  Montenegro yakabatana musi wa5 Chikumi 2017. Mushure mekushandura zita rayo kupedza gakava, North Macedonia yakabatana neNATO musi wa27 Kurume 2020 uye ikava nhengo yayo yechi30. Ireland yakabatana zviri pamutemo neNATO musi wa 8 Gunyana 2020 semucherechedzi.  Muna Kubvumbi 2023, Finland yakabatana neNATO, zvichitevera kuyedza kujoina kubvira muna 2022 Russia ichipinda muUkraine.