Shwankathela imbali yeNATO
Context:UMnqophiso waseDunkirk watyikitywa yiFransi neUnited Kingdom ngomhla we-4 kweyoKwindla ngo-1947, emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini nokuqala kweMfazwe ebandayo, njengomnqophiso woManyano noNcedo oluManyeneyo kwimeko yokuhlaselwa kweJamani okanye iSoviet Union. NgoMatshi 1948, lo manyano lwandiswa kwiSivumelwano saseBrussels ukuze luquke amazwe aseBenelux, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho iBrussels Treaty Organization, ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yiWestern Union. Iingxoxo zomanyano olubanzi lomkhosi, olwalunokuquka uMntla Merika, zaqala kwinyanga leyo eUnited States, apho umgaqo-nkqubo wabo wezangaphandle phantsi kweTrumman Doctrine wakhuthaza umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokuchasene nezenzo ababezibona njengobundlobongela bamaKomanisi, njengokubhukuqa kukaFebruwari 1948 eCzechoslovakia. Ezi ngxoxo zaphumela ekutyikityweni kweMvumelwano yeMntla Atlantic ngoAprili 4, 1949 ngamazwe angamalungu eNtshona Union kunye neUnited States, iKhanada, iPortugal, iItali, iNorway, iDenmark neIceland. Isithethi saseKhanada uLester B. Pearson wayengumbhali oyintloko nomyili wale mvumelwano.  Igumbi elide elingunxande elinemigca emininzi yabantu abahleli kwicala ngalinye, kunye neeflegi ezixhonyiweyo ekupheleni. IWest Germany yajoyina iNATO ngowe-1955, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubunjweni kweWarsaw Pact eyayikhuphisana nayo ebudeni beMfazwe Yomlomo. UMnqophiso woMntla weAtlantiki wawungasebenzi de iMfazwe yaseKorea yaqalisa ukusekwa kweNATO ukuwuphumeza ngesakhiwo semikhosi esihlanganisiweyo. Oku kwaquka ukwakhiwa kweSupreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) ngo1951, eyamkela uninzi lwezakhiwo zemikhosi yaseNtshona Union kunye nezicwangciso, kubandakanya nezivumelwano zabo zokumisela izixhobo kunye nezivumelwano zokumisa imikhosi yasemkhosini yangaphandle kumazwe aseYurophu. Ngowe-1952, isikhundla sokuba nguNobhala-Jikelele weNATO sasekwa njengesona sikhulu sesizwe. Kuloo nyaka kwabonwa nokuqala kwezifundo ezinkulu zaselwandle zeNATO, Exercise Mainbrace kunye nokwamkelwa kweGrisi neTurkey kulo mbutho. Emva kweeNgqungquthela zaseLondon naseParis, iJamani eseNtshona yavunyelwa ukuba iphinde ihlomele emkhosini, njengoko yajoyina i-NATO ngoMeyi ka-1955, nto leyo, yaba yinto ebalulekileyo ekudalweni kweSivumelwano saseWarsaw esilawulwa yiSoviet, esichaza amacala amabini aphikisayo eMfazwe ebandayo.  Ukwakhiwa koDonga lwaseBerlin ngowe-1961 kwaphawula incopho yeengxwabangxwaba zeMfazwe ebandayo, xa amajoni angama-400 000 aseUnited States ayemisiwe eYurophu. Amathandabuzo malunga nokuqina kobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu kunye ne-United States aphelile kwaye ahamba, kunye namathandabuzo malunga nokuthembeka kokhuselo lwe-NATO ngokuchasene nokuhlasela kweSoviet ekulindelekileyo - amathandabuzo akhokelela kuphuhliso lwe-French nuclear deterrent kunye nokurhoxa kweFrance kwisakhiwo sempi se-NATO ngo-1966. Ngowe-1982, iSpeyin eyayisandul' ukuzimela ngokwedemokhrasi yajoyina umanyano.  Iinguqulelo zowe-1989 eYurophu zakhokelela ekuhlolweni ngokutsha kwenjongo yeNATO, uhlobo, imisebenzi, kunye nokugxila kwilizwekazi. Ngo-Oktobha 1990, iMpuma Jamani yaba yinxalenye yeFederal Republic yaseJamani kunye nomanyano, kwaye ngoNovemba 1990, umanyano lwasayina iSivumelwano seMikhosi eQinisekisiweyo eYurophu (CFE) eParis kunye neSoviet Union. Yagunyazisa ukuncitshiswa kwemikhosi ethile kwilizwekazi, eyaqhubeka emva kokuwa kweWarsaw Pact ngoFebruwari 1991 kunye nokuchithwa kweSoviet Union ngoDisemba, okwasusa iintshaba eziphambili zeNATO. Oku kwaqalisa ukuncitshiswa kweendleko zempi nezixhobo eYurophu. Isivumelwano se-CFE savumela abatyikityi ukuba basuse izixhobo ezingama-52,000 zemfazwe kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu elandelayo, saza savumela inkcitho yemikhosi yamalungu aseYurophu e-NATO ukuba yehle ngama-28 ekhulwini ukususela ngowe-1990 ukuya kowe-2015. Ngowe - 1990 iinkokeli eziliqela zaseNtshona zaqinisekisa uMikhail Gorbachev ukuba i - NATO yayingayi kukhula iye ngasempuma, njengoko kwaboniswa yimemorandam yeencoko zabucala. Noko ke, isicatshulwa sokugqibela seMvumelwano yoLungiso lokugqibela ngokubhekisele kwiJamani, esatyikitywa kamva ngaloo nyaka, sasingenawo umbandela wokwandiswa ngasempuma.  Amacandelo amabini aphakamileyo ekhonkrithi eludongeni kwibala lengca phambi kwesakhiwo esigobileyo esineefestile zeglasi eluhlaza. Ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin ngowe-1989 kwaphawula inguqulelo kwindima yeNATO eYurophu, yaye eli candelo lodonga ngoku liboniswa ngaphandle kwikomkhulu leNATO. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, lo mbutho wandisa imisebenzi yawo kwiimeko zezopolitiko nezobuntu ezazingakhange zichaphazele i-NATO ngaphambili. Ngexesha lokuQhekeka kweYugoslavia, eli qela laqala ukungenelela emkhosini eBosnia ukususela ngowe-1992 ukuya kowe-1995 yaye kamva eYugoslavia ngowe-1999. Ezi ngxabano zabangela ukuba kubekho uhlengahlengiso olukhulu lomkhosi emva kweMfazwe ebandayo. Ulwakhiwo lomkhosi weNATO lwasuswa lwaza lwahlelwa ngokutsha, kunye nemikhosi emitsha efana ne-Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps esekwe.  Ngokwezopolitiko, lo mbutho wafuna ubudlelwane obungcono kunye namazwe amatsha azimeleyo akuMbindi naseMpuma Yurophu, kwaye iiforamu zezobupolitika zentsebenziswano yengingqi phakathi kweNATO kunye nabamelwane bayo zasekwa ngeli xesha emva kweMfazwe ebandayo, kubandakanya ubambiswano loXolo kunye ne-Mediterranean Dialogue inyathelo ngo-1994, iBhunga loBambiswano lwe-Euro-Atlantic ngo-1997, kunye neBhunga eliDibeneyo eliQhelekileyo le-NATO-Russia ngo-1998. Kwindibano eyayiseWashington ngowe-1999, iHungary, iPoland, neCzech Republic zamkela ngokusemthethweni iNATO, yaye le ntlangano yakhupha imiyalelo emitsha yobulungu "neziCwangciso Zokusebenza Zobulungu". Ezi zicwangciso zalawula ukongezwa kwamalungu amatsha omanyano. Unyulo lukaMongameli waseFrance uNicolas Sarkozy ngo-2007 lukhokelele kuhlaziyo olukhulu lwesikhundla somkhosi waseFrance, olwagqitywa kukubuyela kubulungu obupheleleyo ngo-4 Epreli 2009, obekubandakanya iFrance ukubuyela kwi-NATO Military Command Structure, ngelixa igcina amandla enyukliya azimeleyo.  Inqaku lesi-5 lomnqophiso weNorth Atlantic, elifuna ukuba amazwe angamalungu eze kunceda naliphi na ilizwe elingamalungu ahlaselwa ngezixhobo, laqala ukusetyenziswa emva kokuhlaselwa kukaSeptemba 11, emva koko kwasetyenziswa imikhosi eAfghanistan phantsi kwe-ISAF ekhokelwa yi-NATO. Umbutho usebenze uluhlu lweendima ezongezelelweyo ukusukela ngoko, kubandakanya ukuthumela abaqeqeshi e-Iraq, ukunceda kwimisebenzi yokulwa ubundlobongela, kwaye ngo-2011 ukunyanzelisa indawo yokungaphazanyiswa ngenqwelomoya eLibya ngokuhambelana ne-UN Security Council Resolution 1973.  Ukuthimba kweRashiya iCrimea kwakhokelela ekugwetyweni ngamandla ngawo onke amalungu e-NATO, yaye yayisesinye sezihlandlo ezisixhenxe apho iGatya 4, elifuna ukubonisana phakathi kwamalungu e-NATO, liye lasetyenziswa. Amaxesha angaphambili aquka ngexesha leMfazwe yase-Iraq kunye neMfazwe yase-Syria. KwiNgqungquthela yowe-2014 yaseWales, iinkokheli zamazwe angamalungu e-NATO zazibophelela ngokusesikweni okokuqala ukuba zichithe imali elingana neepesenti ezimbini zeemveliso zazo zelizwe jikelele kukhuselo ngowama-2024, nto leyo ngaphambili eyayingumgaqo ongekho sesikweni kuphela. Kwingqungquthela yeWarsaw yowe-2016, amazwe e-NATO avumelana ngokusekwa kwe-NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, eyayisasaza amaqela amane ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo e-Estonia, eLatvia, eLithuania nasePoland. Ngaphambi nangethuba lohlaselo lwaseRashiya lwaseUkraine ngo-2022, amazwe aliqela e-NATO athumela amajoni omhlaba, iinqanawa zemfazwe neenqwelo-moya zokulwa ukomeleza umkhosi wasempuma womanyano, namazwe amaninzi aphinda asebenzise iGatya 4. NgoMatshi 2022, iinkokheli ze-NATO zahlangana eBrussels kwindibano engaqhelekanga eyayibandakanya iinkokheli ze-Group of Seven kunye ne-European Union. Amazwe angamalungu eNATO avuma ukuseka amaqela amane okulwa eBulgaria, eHungary, eRomania, naseSlovakia, kwaye izinto zeNATO Response Force zenziwa zasebenza okokuqala kwimbali yeNATO.  Ukususela ngoJuni 2022, i-NATO yayisele ithumele amajoni angama-40 000 kumda wayo ongangeekhilomitha ezingama-2 500 (1,550 mi) kwicala lasempuma ukuthintela ukuhlasela kweRashiya. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesi sixa siye sathunyelwa eBulgaria, eRomania, eHungary, eSlovakia nasePoland, amazwe amahlanu aqokelela umkhosi omkhulu odityanisiweyo owawusuka kwiNATO wamajoni angama-259.000. Ukongezelela kumkhosi womoya waseBulgaria, iSpeyin yathumela iinqwelo - moya ze - Eurofighter Typhoon, iNetherlands yathumela iinqwelo - moya ezisibhozo ze - F - 35, yaye kungekudala kwakuza kufika iinqwelo - moya ezongezelelekileyo zaseFransi nezaseMerika.  I-NATO inandipha inkxaso yoluntu kumazwe angamalungu ayo.
Umbutho woMnqophiso weMntla weAtlantiki (NATO, isiFrentshi: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord), okanye uManyano lweMntla weAtlantiki, uManyano lweAtlantiki, uManyano lwaseNtshona, ngumanyano lomkhosi. Yasekwa nguMnqophiso weNorth Atlantic ngowe-1949 yaza yasayinwa eWashington, DC, eUnited States, ngoAprili 4, 1949. Amalungu alo ngowe-1949 yayiyiUnited States, iBelgium, iNetherlands, iLuxembourg, iFransi, iUnited Kingdom, iKhanada, iPortugal, iItali, iNorway, iDenmark neIceland. NgoFebruwari 18, 1952, iGrisi neTurkey nazo zajoyina.  Xa iNtshona Jamani yajoyina umbutho ngomhla we-9 kaMeyi 1955 yachazwa "njengendawo etshintshayo kwimbali yelizwekazi lethu" nguHalvard Lange, uMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseNorway ngelo xesha. Isiphumo yayisiVumelwano saseWarsaw, esatyikitywa ngomhla we-14 kaMeyi 1955 yiSoviet Union kunye namazwe ayo asekelayo njengempendulo kwiNATO.  Emva kweMfazwe Yomlomo ngowe-1999 amazwe amathathu awayesakuba ngawamaKomanisi, iHungary, iCzech Republic nePoland, aba ngamalungu eNATO. NgoMatshi 29, 2004, amanye amazwe asixhenxe akumntla Yurophu nawaseMpuma Yurophu ajoyina iNATO: iEstonia, iLatvia neLithuania kwakunye neSlovenia, iSlovakia, iBulgaria neRomania.  IKroatia neAlbania zifumene isimemo sobulungu beNATO ngomhla we-3 kuEpreli 2008. IRiphabhlikhi yaseMakedoni yafumana isimemo esinesimo esibekiweyo kuphela kuba yafakelwa i-veto yiGrisi ngenxa yengxabano yegama layo neGrisi.  IMontenegro ijoyine ngomhla we-5 kweyeSilimela 2017. Emva kokutshintsha igama layo ukuze kupheliswe imbambano, iNorth Macedonia yajoyina i-NATO ngomhla wama-27 kweyoKwindla 2020 kwaye yaba lilungu layo lama-30. I-Ireland yajoyina ngokusemthethweni i-NATO ngomhla we-8 Septemba 2020 njengomgcini.  NgoAprili 2023, iFinland yajoyina i-NATO, kulandela iinzame zokujoyina ukusukela ngo-2022 ukuhlasela kweRashiya eUkraine.