Yintoni ilaser yaye yenziwa ngubani?
Context:I-laser sisixhobo esikhupha ukukhanya ngenkqubo yokukhulisa okubonakalayo ngokusekwe kukukhutshwa okukhuthaziweyo kwemitha ye-electromagnetic. Igama elithi laser ligama elifutshane elivela kwi-acronym ye-light amplification ngokukhutshwa kwe-radiation. I-laser yokuqala yakhiwa ngo-1960 nguTheodore Maiman kwi-Hughes Research Laboratories, ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi we-theoretical nguCharles H. Townes no-Arthur Leonard Schawlow.  Ilaser yahlukile kweminye imithombo yokukhanya kuba ikhupha ukukhanya okungaguquguqukiyo. Ukuhambelana kwendawo kuvumela ukuba ilaser igxininiswe kwindawo emxinwa, evumela ukusetyenziswa njengokusika ilaser kunye nelithography. Ukuhambelana kwendawo kwakhona kuvumela ukuba umbane we-laser uhlale umxinwa kumgama omkhulu (collimation), okwenza ukuba usetyenziso olufana nezikhombisi ze-laser kunye ne-lidar (ukufumanisa ukukhanya kunye nokuhamba). Iilasers zisenokuba ne-temporal coherence ephezulu, nto leyo ezivumela ukuba zikhuphe ukukhanya okunemitha emxinwa kakhulu. Ngenye indlela, i-temporal coherence ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imijukujelwa emfutshane yokukhanya enobubanzi obubanzi kodwa ixesha elifutshane njenge-femtosecond.  Ii-lasers zisetyenziswa kwiidiski ze-optical disc, iiprinta ze-laser, izikena ze-barcode, izixhobo zokulandelelana kwe-DNA, unxibelelwano lwe-fiber-optic, kunye noluntu olukhululekileyo, ukwenziwa kwe-chip semiconductor (photolithography), utyando lwe-laser kunye nonyango lolusu, ukusika kunye nezinto zokuthambisa, izixhobo zomkhosi nezomthetho zokumakisha iinjongo kunye nokulinganisa umgama kunye nesantya, kunye nemiboniso yokukhanya kwe-laser yokuzonwabisa. I-laser ye-semiconductor eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kufutshane ne-UV nayo isetyenzisiwe endaweni ye-light-emitting diodes (i-LEDs) ukukhuthaza i-fluorescence njengomthombo wokukhanya okumhlophe. Oku kuvumela indawo encinci yokukhupha imitha ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wokukhanya kwelaser kwaye kuthintela ukuwa okubangelwa zii-LED; izixhobo ezinjalo sele zisetyenziswa kwezinye izibane eziphambili zeemoto.
Ilaser sisixhobo esikhupha ukukhanya okuvela kumthombo wemitha yombane. Ilaser yokuqala yakhiwa ngowe-1960 nguTheodore Maiman kwiiLebhu zoPhando zikaHughes, ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi wezakwalizwi kaCharles H. Townes noArthur Leonard Schawlow.  Iilaser zikhupha uhlobo oluthile lokukhanya. Ukukhanya okuhambelanayo. Ukungqinelana kunokulinganiswa ngokwendawo okanye ngexesha. Ukuhambelana kwendawo kwenza ukuba imitha yelaser ihlale imxinwa kumgama omde. Ukuhambelana kwexesha kunokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izibane zokukhanya ezifutshane kakhulu.  Eminye imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwee-lasers zii-optical disc drives, iiprinta ze-laser, izikena ze-barcode, ifayibha ebonakalayo kunye ne-photolithography